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equations for massless particles. Otherwise, the mass terms add non-zero additional terms to the
Lagrangian under gauge transformations, violating gauge symmetry. Therefore, at a naĂŻve theoretical level, all gauge bosons are required to be massless, and the forces that they describe are required to
252:(VEV). This VEV couples to three of the electroweak gauge bosons (W, W and Z), giving them mass; the remaining gauge boson remains massless (the photon). This theory also predicts the existence of a scalar
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be long-ranged. The conflict between this idea and experimental evidence that the weak and strong interactions have a very short range requires further theoretical insight.
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has eight generators, corresponding to the eight gluons. The three W and Z bosons correspond (roughly) to the three generators of
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due to the shape of its interaction potential. As a result, the universe is permeated by a non-zero Higgs
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W′ and Z′ bosons refer to hypothetical new gauge bosons (named in analogy with the
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Gauge bosons are different from the other kinds of bosons: first, fundamental
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of elementary particles, with the gauge bosons in the fourth column in red
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According to the
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281:. The hypothetical X and Y bosons mediate interactions between
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requires that gauge bosons are described mathematically by
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has a spin of 2. Therefore, all known gauge bosons are
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Q is for
Quantum – An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics
301:. Analysis of data collected from such sources as the
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474:Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics
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256:, which has been observed in experiments at the
76:are gauge bosons. All known gauge bosons have a
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1787:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
158:Isolated gluons do not occur because they are
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320:, may also be carried by a boson, called the
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16:Elementary particles that are force carriers
529:Explanation of gauge boson and gauge fields
308:has yielded no evidence of X and Y bosons.
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277:predicts additional gauge bosons named
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131:recognizes four kinds of gauge bosons:
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316:The fourth fundamental interaction,
444:The Essential Dictionary of Science
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84:has spin zero and the hypothetical
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119:Gauge bosons in the Standard Model
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371:1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers
336:is played by a similar symmetry:
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442:Clark, John Owen Edward (2004).
1938:Causal dynamical triangulation
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246:spontaneous symmetry breaking
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1513:History of subatomic physics
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99:(the Higgs boson); second,
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421:. Simon & Schuster.
250:vacuum expectation value
1730:Quantum electrodynamics
1720:Electroweak interaction
1192:Double-charm tetraquark
391:Quantum electrodynamics
244:. This field undergoes
238:electroweak interaction
191:quantum electrodynamics
1708:Quantum chromodynamics
502:. CERN. Archived from
446:. Barnes & Noble.
386:Quantum chromodynamics
199:quantum chromodynamics
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1824:Cosmological constant
1589:Wave–particle duality
1579:Relativistic particle
716:Electron antineutrino
193:, the gauge group is
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1933:Loop quantum gravity
1872:Theory of everything
1867:Grand Unified Theory
1841:Neutrino oscillation
1688:Quantum field theory
819:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
569:Particles in physics
478:. World Scientific.
275:Georgi–Glashow model
217:Massive gauge bosons
1900:Split supersymmetry
1862:Kaluza–Klein theory
1735:Fermi's interaction
1594:Particle chauvinism
1537:Subatomic particles
533:Christopher T. Hill
506:on 23 November 2016
181:, gauge bosons are
44:elementary particle
1928:Superstring theory
1698:Strong interaction
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211:electroweak theory
164:colour confinement
153:strong interaction
151:, which carry the
143:, which carry the
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962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
941:Dual graviton
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
921:
917:
906:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
876:
872:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
850:
848:
844:
841:
839:
838:Superpartners
835:
832:
830:
826:
820:
817:
816:
814:
812:
808:
798:
795:
794:
792:
790:
786:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
764:
762:
758:
755:
753:
749:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
721:Muon neutrino
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
671:
669:
665:
659:
656:
654:
653:Bottom (quark
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
598:
596:
592:
589:
587:
583:
580:
578:
574:
570:
563:
558:
556:
551:
549:
544:
543:
540:
534:
530:
527:
526:
505:
501:
495:
487:
485:981-238-149-X
481:
476:
475:
469:
463:
455:
453:0-7607-4616-8
449:
445:
438:
430:
428:0-684-85578-X
424:
419:
418:
412:
411:Gribbin, John
406:
402:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
362:
360:
357:
351:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
309:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:baryon number
288:
284:
280:
276:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
227:
223:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
167:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:scalar bosons
93:
91:
90:vector bosons
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:force carrier
45:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
2056:Gauge bosons
2027:
2015:
1905:Supergravity
1765:Constituents
1745:Weak isospin
1703:Color charge
1693:Gauge theory
1675:
1609:
1280:Hypothetical
1228:Exotic atoms
1097:Omega baryon
1087:Sigma baryon
1077:Delta baryon
829:Hypothetical
811:Ghost fields
797:Higgs boson
760:
731:Tau neutrino
623:Charm (quark
508:. Retrieved
504:the original
494:
473:
462:
443:
437:
416:
405:
353:
315:
295:proton decay
293:and causing
272:
240:couple to a
231:
220:
187:gauge fields
179:gauge theory
173:
157:
122:
103:, which are
94:
64:
56:gauge theory
36:
30:
1966:Experiments
1857:Technicolor
1819:Dark matter
1713:Quark model
1681:Higgs boson
1676:Gauge boson
1562:Quark model
1330:Theta meson
1233:Positronium
1145:Omega meson
1140:J/psi meson
1070:Antineutron
981:Dark photon
946:Graviphoton
905:Stop squark
613:Down (quark
510:23 November
254:Higgs boson
242:Higgs field
82:Higgs boson
37:gauge boson
2045:Categories
1973:Gran Sasso
1797:Beyond the
1772:CKM matrix
1659:Background
1304:Heptaquark
1265:Superatoms
1198:Pentaquark
1188:Tetraquark
1170:Quarkonium
1060:Antiproton
961:Leptoquark
896:Neutralino
658:antiquark)
648:antiquark)
643:Top (quark
638:antiquark)
628:antiquark)
618:antiquark)
608:antiquark)
577:Elementary
397:References
1542:Particles
1487:Particles
1446:Polariton
1436:Plasmaron
1406:Dropleton
1299:Hexaquark
1270:Molecules
1258:Protonium
1135:Phi meson
1120:Rho meson
1092:Xi baryon
1024:Composite
860:Gravitino
603:Up (quark
312:Gravitons
176:quantized
105:composite
2017:Category
1998:Tevatron
1850:Theories
1807:Evidence
1671:Fermions
1518:timeline
1370:R-hadron
1325:Glueball
1309:Skyrmion
1243:Tauonium
956:Inflaton
951:Graviton
931:Curvaton
901:Sfermion
891:Higgsino
886:Chargino
847:Gauginos
706:Neutrino
691:Antimuon
681:Positron
676:Electron
586:Fermions
470:(2003).
413:(2000).
381:Glueball
365:See also
322:graviton
86:graviton
52:fermions
2029:Commons
1993:Super-K
1829:problem
1506:Related
1477:Baryons
1451:Polaron
1441:Plasmon
1416:Fracton
1411:Exciton
1365:Diquark
1360:Pomeron
1335:T meson
1292:Baryons
1253:Pionium
1238:Muonium
1165:D meson
1160:B meson
1065:Neutron
1050:Nucleon
1042:Baryons
1033:Hadrons
996:Tachyon
971:Majoron
936:Dilaton
865:Photino
701:Antitau
668:Leptons
318:gravity
287:leptons
185:of the
133:photons
66:Photons
41:bosonic
2051:Bosons
1482:Mesons
1431:Phonon
1426:Magnon
1348:Others
1318:Mesons
1211:Others
1107:Mesons
1055:Proton
919:Others
874:Others
855:Gluino
789:Scalar
769:Photon
752:Bosons
595:Quarks
482:
450:
425:
283:quarks
183:quanta
149:gluons
147:; and
109:quarks
101:mesons
74:gluons
72:, and
1895:NMSSM
1470:Lists
1461:Trion
1456:Roton
1396:Anyon
1223:Atoms
986:Preon
926:Axion
881:Axino
774:Gluon
761:Gauge
376:Boson
226:field
207:SU(2)
203:SU(3)
174:In a
113:atoms
39:is a
1890:MSSM
1421:Hole
1248:Onia
1155:Kaon
1115:Pion
686:Muon
512:2016
480:ISBN
448:ISBN
423:ISBN
285:and
273:The
195:U(1)
123:The
78:spin
35:, a
23:The
1988:SNO
1983:LHC
1978:INO
696:Tau
531:by
361:).
332:in
258:LHC
209:in
127:of
31:In
2047::
340:.
260:.
213:.
166:.
155:.
139:;
115:.
92:.
68:,
62:.
1644:e
1637:t
1630:v
1194:)
1190:(
907:)
903:(
561:e
554:t
547:v
514:.
488:.
456:.
431:.
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