2857:(not to be confused with spin) was noticed to go up and down along with particle mass. The higher the mass, the lower (more negative) the strangeness (the more s quarks). Particles could be described with isospin projections (related to charge) and strangeness (mass) (see the uds nonet figures). As other quarks were discovered, new quantum numbers were made to have similar description of udc and udb nonets. Because only the u and d mass are similar, this description of particle mass and charge in terms of isospin and flavour quantum numbers only works well for the nonets made of one u, one d and one other quark and breaks down for the other nonets (for example ucb nonet). If the quarks all had the same mass, their behaviour would be called
2032:
1989:
34:
15695:
3284:
2861:, because they would all behave in exactly the same way with respect to the strong interaction. However, as quarks do not have the same mass, they do not interact in the same way (exactly like an electron placed in an electric field will accelerate more than a proton placed in the same field because of its lighter mass), and the symmetry is said to be
3046:
2779:
In the "isospin picture", the three pions and three rhos were thought to be the different states of two particles. However, in the quark model, the rhos are excited states of pions. Isospin, although conveying an inaccurate picture of things, is still used to classify hadrons, leading to unnatural
1407:
for each particle type) were simultaneously mirror-reversed, then the new set of wavefunctions would perfectly satisfy the laws of physics (apart from the weak interaction). It turns out that this is not quite true: In order for the equations to be satisfied, the wavefunctions of certain types of
5655:(i.e., are composed of quarks) and are color-neutral with zero baryon number, and thus by conventional definition are mesons. Yet, these particles do not consist of a single quark/antiquark pair, as all the other conventional mesons discussed above do. A tentative category for these particles is
2083:. Although they had different electric charges, their masses were so similar that physicists believed that they were actually the same particle. The different electric charges were explained as being the result of some unknown excitation similar to spin. This unknown excitation was later dubbed
4825:
Flavoured mesons are mesons made of pair of quark and antiquarks of different flavours. The rules are simpler in this case: The main symbol depends on the heavier quark, the superscript depends on the charge, and the subscript (if any) depends on the lighter quark. In table form, they are:
1517:, a quark and an antiquark have opposite intrinsic parities. Therefore, the intrinsic parity of a meson is the product of the intrinsic parities of the quark (+1) and antiquark (−1). As these are different, their product is −1, and so it contributes the "+1" that appears in the exponent.
514:
experiments. The lightest group of mesons is less massive than the lightest group of baryons, meaning that they are more easily produced in experiments, and thus exhibit certain higher-energy phenomena more readily than do baryons. But mesons can be quite massive: for example, the
666:(1939–1945), with most physicists working in applied projects for wartime necessities. When the war ended in August 1945, many physicists gradually returned to peacetime research. The first true meson to be discovered was what would later be called the
3279:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S&=-(n_{\text{s}}-n_{\bar {\text{s}}})\\C&=+(n_{\text{c}}-n_{\bar {\text{c}}})\\B^{\prime }&=-(n_{\text{b}}-n_{\bar {\text{b}}})\\T&=+(n_{\text{t}}-n_{\bar {\text{t}}}),\end{aligned}}}
6244:
1545:-parity is only defined for mesons that are their own antiparticle (i.e. neutral mesons). It represents whether or not the wavefunction of the meson remains the same under the interchange of their quark with their antiquark. If
6568:
1353:. If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call "left" and what we call "right". This concept of mirror reflection is called
378:, but are not thought to play a role in nature today. However, such heavy mesons are regularly created in particle accelerator experiments that explore the nature of the heavier quarks that compose the heavier mesons.
1959:
1848:
7897:
7665:
6044:
10054:
9877:
4025:
1750:-parity. Instead of simply comparing the wavefunction after exchanging quarks and antiquarks, it compares the wavefunction after exchanging the meson for the corresponding antimeson, regardless of quark content.
646:
had about the right mass to be Yukawa's carrier of the strong nuclear force, but over the course of the next decade, it became evident that it was not the right particle. It was eventually found that the
3000:
1695:
1612:
3051:
723:
to hypothesize in 1947 that it was actually a new and different meson. Over the next few years, more experiments showed that the pion was indeed involved in strong interactions. The pion (as a
3651:
Mesons are classified into types according to their spin configurations. Some specific configurations are given special names based on the mathematical properties of their spin configuration.
3579:
14616:"Fermilab's CDF scientists make it official: They have discovered the quick-change behavior of the B-sub-s meson, which switches between matter and antimatter 3 trillion times a second"
695:, they identified a cosmic particle having an average mass close to 200 times the mass of electron. This discovery was made in 1947 with improved full-tone photographic emulsion plates, by
5662:
There are at least five exotic meson resonances that have been experimentally confirmed to exist by two or more independent experiments. The most statistically significant of these is the
719:, based on photographic films placed in the Andes mountains. Some of those mesons had about the same mass as the already-known mu "meson", yet seemed to decay into it, leading physicist
2767:
12800:
Herb, S. W.; Hom, D.; Lederman, L.; Sens, J.; Snyder, H.; Yoh, J.; et al. (1977). "Observation of a di-muon resonance at 9.5 GeV in 400 GeV proton-nucleus collisions".
2623:) as they are each composed of a same total number of up and down quarks and antiquarks. Under the isospin model, they were considered a single particle in different charged states.
1496:
2094:
When the first mesons were discovered, they too were seen through the eyes of isospin and so the three pions were believed to be the same particle, but in different isospin states.
607:
word for "intermediate", because its predicted mass was between that of the electron and that of the proton, which has about 1,836 times the mass of the electron.
336:. All mesons are unstable, with the longest-lived lasting for only a few tenths of a nanosecond. Heavier mesons decay to lighter mesons and ultimately to stable
659:
like the electron, rather than a meson. Physicists in making this choice decided that properties other than particle mass should control their classification.
5678:: a particle composed of two quarks and two antiquarks. See the main article above for other particle resonances that are candidates for being exotic mesons.
689:, and observed long curved ionizing tracks that appeared to be different from the tracks of alpha particles or protons. In a series of articles published in
6164:
6491:
3040:
flavour quantum numbers respectively. They are related to the number of strange, charm, bottom, and top quarks and antiquark according to the relations:
351:
Outside the nucleus, mesons appear in nature only as short-lived products of very high-energy collisions between particles made of quarks, such as
1867:
15618:
14602:
3786:
1759:
7838:
7606:
5985:
1072:) of a particle is the combination of the two intrinsic angular momentums (spin) and the orbital angular momentum. It can take any value from
9996:
9819:
3967:
12612:
mesons; however, the weak eigenstates are considered separate particles only for kaons because of their dramatically different lifetimes.
1041:
singlet. Because mesons are made of one quark and one antiquark, they are found in triplet and singlet spin states. The latter are called
2630:
was adopted, physicists noted that the isospin projections were related to the up and down quark content of particles by the relation
385:
particle family, which are defined simply as particles composed of two or more quarks. The other members of the hadron family are the
15368:
15606:
2916:
1349:-parity is left-right parity, or spatial parity, and was the first of several "parities" discovered, and so is often called just
774:. However, this use has fallen out of favor, and mesons are now defined as particles composed of pairs of quarks and antiquarks.
1631:
2842:
2783:
Because mesons are hadrons, the isospin classification is also used for them all, with the quantum number calculated by adding
1551:
751:
are used to model this force as well, but to a lesser extent. Following the discovery of the pion, Yukawa was awarded the 1949
3670:
1122:
1057:
14619:
14606:
13277:
13208:
12933:
12694:
393:, which do not have the conventional valence quark content of two quarks (one quark and one antiquark), but four or more.
14648:
389:: subatomic particles composed of odd numbers of valence quarks (at least three), and some experiments show evidence of
12649:
is often dropped because it is the "fundamental" unit of spin, and it is implied that "spin 1" means "spin 1
3295:
15504:
13513:
13457:
13310:
324:. Because mesons are composed of quark subparticles, they have a meaningful physical size, a diameter of roughly one
1373:
all behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to
15585:
13374:
Wigner, E. (1937). "On the
Consequences of the Symmetry of the Nuclear Hamiltonian on the Spectroscopy of Nuclei".
427:(antimeson) in which quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks and vice versa. For example, a positive
3289:
meaning that the Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula is equivalent to the expression of charge in terms of quark content:
2101:. Isospin projections varied in increments of 1 just like those of spin, and to each projection was associated a "
1408:
particles have to be multiplied by −1, in addition to being mirror-reversed. Such particle types are said to have
2907:
14524:
van
Beveren, E.; Rupp, G.; Petropoulos, N.; Kleefeld, F. (2003). "The light scalar mesons within quark models".
2636:
13225:
13243:
1449:
651:
did not participate in the strong nuclear interaction at all, but rather behaved like a heavy version of the
12886:
12845:
15601:
14580:
14514:
13490:
13105:
2310:
quarks). The success of the isospin model is now understood to be an artifact of the similar masses of the
966:
Two quarks can have their spins aligned, in which case the two spin vectors add to make a vector of length
412:, the difference in quark number between mesons and baryons results in conventional two-quark mesons being
13124:
1064:), that is the angular momentum due to quarks orbiting each other, and also comes in increments of 1
1013:
triplet. If two quarks have oppositely aligned spins, the spin vectors add up to make a vector of length
747:, which is explicitly used to model strong interaction between quarks. Other mesons, such as the virtual
483:
449:) is made of one up quark and one down antiquark; and its corresponding antiparticle, the negative pion (
102:
12661:
is chosen to be 1, and therefore drops out of equations. The remainder of this article uses the "assume
1722:-parity was originally thought to be conserved, but was later found to be violated on rare occasions in
12609:
13068:
12757:
Augustin, J.E.; Boyarski, A.; Breidenbach, M.; Bulos, F.; Dakin, J.; Feldman, G.; et al. (1974).
9524:
9393:
7926:
7694:
15677:
14493:
13025:
792:
13331:
15089:
14501:
12982:
Lattes, C.; Occhialini, G.; Muirhead, H.; Powell, C. (1947). "Processes involving charged mesons".
14615:
3819:
Flavourless mesons are mesons made of pair of quark and antiquarks of the same flavour (all their
15734:
15645:
15280:
14907:
14641:
12949:
12802:
12763:
12720:
2851:
233:
89:
14603:"What happened to the antimatter? Fermilab's DZero experiment finds clues in quick-change meson"
12925:
2326:
quarks have similar masses, particles made of the same number of them also have similar masses.
506:
are nonetheless more stable than the more massive, and hence are easier to observe and study in
15580:
14917:
13302:
13269:
13200:
9589:
9579:
5749:
5739:
5603:
5597:
5588:
5582:
3905:
3830:
3820:
3684:
3604:
3029:
2808:
for each positively charged up-or-down quark-or-antiquark (up quarks and down antiquarks), and
1136:
796:
752:
487:
15667:
12710:
Aubert, J.J.; Becker, U.; Biggs, P.; Burger, J.; Chen, M.; Everhart, G.; et al. (1974).
2466:
1366:
743:). This is an approximation, as the actual carrier of the strong force is believed to be the
712:
13294:
13261:
13192:
14539:
13422:
13385:
13340:
13141:
13034:
12811:
12772:
12729:
2833:
for each negatively charged up-or-down quark-or-antiquark (up antiquarks and down quarks).
624:
507:
364:
3643:, and are rather convoluted. The rules are presented below, in table form for simplicity.
1714:-parity rarely is studied on its own, but more commonly in combination with P-parity into
619:, had originally named the particle the "mesotron", but he was corrected by the physicist
8:
15682:
14665:
14575:
13479:
13120:
13094:
3640:
708:
671:
635:
612:
67:
14543:
13426:
13389:
13344:
13145:
13038:
12860:
12815:
12776:
12733:
5566:
mesons) follow the rules of flavourless mesons, even if they aren't truly "flavourless".
4736:
mesons) follow the rules of flavourless mesons, even if they aren't truly "flavourless".
2105:". Because the "pion particle" had three "charged states", it was said to be of isospin
15625:
14634:
14555:
14529:
13356:
13173:
13001:
12918:
12551:
5616:
4796:
3720:
3698:
2080:
1506:
1370:
1326:
1046:
475:
321:
309:
94:
52:
13434:
579:
predicted the existence and the approximate mass of the "meson" as the carrier of the
15694:
15662:
15575:
15054:
14799:
14726:
14588:
13509:
13453:
13360:
13326:
13306:
13295:
13273:
13262:
13204:
13193:
13177:
13165:
13132:
13050:
13005:
12929:
12827:
12690:
12540:
11636:
11012:
10854:
10254:
8603:
7994:
7514:
7379:
7178:
6849:
6239:{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}+d{\bar {d}}-2s{\bar {s}}}{\sqrt {6}}} \,}
4466:
2076:
620:
210:
6563:{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}+d{\bar {d}}+s{\bar {s}}}{\sqrt {3}}} \,}
1269:
Particle physicists are most interested in mesons with no orbital angular momentum (
15729:
15672:
15443:
15218:
15079:
15064:
14746:
14657:
14559:
14547:
13430:
13393:
13348:
13157:
13153:
13149:
13042:
12993:
12984:
12898:
12819:
12780:
12737:
12621:
12381:
12211:
12032:
11855:
10699:
9264:
9099:
8928:
8759:
7034:
6989:
5667:
4546:
3677:
3612:
2291:
1723:
1389:
1382:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1297: = 0, although they are not the only ones. It is also possible to obtain
1053:
817:
813:
771:
724:
691:
592:
491:
471:
258:
248:
98:
20:
13098:
15724:
15719:
15640:
15565:
15549:
15489:
14899:
14824:
14814:
14804:
14716:
13413:
13376:
12467:
12439:
12340:
12318:
12270:
12168:
12146:
11595:
11573:
10561:
9367:
9223:
9201:
9056:
9034:
8562:
8540:
6894:
6465:
5477:
5455:
5359:
5337:
5268:
5246:
5221:
5150:
5126:
5104:
4345:
2862:
837:
800:
675:
479:
356:
204:
14567:
13483:
12785:
12758:
12742:
12711:
12458:
The exact value depends on the method used. See the given reference for detail.
5623:
4803:
704:
15699:
15613:
15570:
15306:
15094:
14867:
14789:
14784:
14706:
12902:
12823:
12626:
12478:
11173:
9683:
9566:
8273:
5841:
5726:
5687:
5501:
5384:
3663:
3590:
2098:
1514:
1443:
For mesons, parity is related to the orbital angular momentum by the relation:
1115:
805:
788:
767:
732:
720:
584:
227:
144:
136:
47:
13046:
12997:
12981:
12750:
15713:
15657:
15509:
15476:
15268:
15238:
15170:
15029:
14809:
14736:
14721:
12654:
12544:
12192:
10655:
10235:
9599:
9562:
9080:
8058:
7271:
5932:
5759:
5722:
4644:
4574:
2880:
2102:
2088:
1404:
782:
728:
700:
639:
608:
604:
596:
580:
576:
542:
181:
116:
14444:
14411:
14374:
14340:
14306:
14272:
14235:
14219:
14186:
14152:
14119:
14082:
14048:
14015:
13982:
13948:
13915:
13882:
13848:
13811:
13778:
13745:
13711:
13677:
13644:
13611:
13578:
13545:
12703:
11081:
10920:
10764:
10626:
9329:
9171:
9005:
8836:
8668:
8511:
8346:
7087:
6959:
15635:
15185:
15175:
15165:
14926:
14877:
14819:
14741:
14696:
13397:
13169:
13054:
12597:
11407:
10680:
9520:
9386:
8438:
7015:
5656:
5646:
5633:
4813:
3764:
3742:
2079:
in 1932 to explain the similarities between protons and neutrons under the
1510:
1400:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1010:
1005:
696:
679:
663:
630:
The first candidate for Yukawa's meson, in modern terminology known as the
627:). Heisenberg pointed out that there is no "tr" in the Greek word "mesos".
564:
424:
390:
60:
14597:— An interactive visualisation allowing physical properties to be compared
13293:
Gottfried, K.; Weisskopf, V.F. (1986). "Hadronic spectroscopy: G-parity".
13161:
12793:
1954:{\displaystyle |q_{1}{\bar {q}}_{2}\rangle =-|{\bar {q}}_{1}q_{2}\rangle }
516:
15650:
15418:
15321:
15316:
15233:
15228:
15158:
15112:
15069:
15034:
14993:
14885:
14849:
14711:
12528:
12362:
11617:
11388:
11154:
10542:
10518:
9969:
9584:
9245:
8584:
8419:
8254:
6875:
5744:
4763:
4672:
4374:
3824:
3025:
2848:
2627:
2295:
1843:{\displaystyle |q_{1}{\bar {q}}_{2}\rangle =|{\bar {q}}_{1}q_{2}\rangle }
1273: = 0), therefore the two groups of mesons most studied are the
538:
12601:
7892:{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {d{\bar {s}}-s{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,}
7660:{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {d{\bar {s}}+s{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,}
6039:{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}-d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,}
5550:
a flavour quantum number. This means that the charged pion-like mesons (
4720:
a flavour quantum number. This means that the charged pion-like mesons (
541:, first seen 1974, is about three times as massive as a proton, and the
15392:
15286:
15276:
15258:
15148:
15049:
14984:
14701:
14626:
14534:
13352:
12536:
12524:
12013:
10993:
9594:
9516:
9513:
9389:
8909:
7495:
5754:
5675:
3836:
3033:
2031:
1988:
1374:
686:
511:
368:
352:
325:
33:
14551:
12831:
10049:{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}+d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} }
9872:{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}-d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} }
4020:{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}-d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} }
2024:
587:
together. If there were no nuclear force, all nuclei with two or more
39:
15534:
15524:
15494:
15387:
15353:
15346:
15223:
15213:
15208:
15180:
14948:
14731:
10410:
10210:
9792:
9642:
9620:
9558:
6822:
6679:
6655:
6138:
5718:
4394:
4325:
4178:
4158:
4138:
2196:
1715:
748:
682:
662:
There were years of delays in the subatomic particle research during
360:
317:
13020:
1424: = −), whereas the other particles are said to have
470:
Because mesons are composed of quarks, they participate in both the
374:
Higher-energy (more massive) mesons were created momentarily in the
19:
This article is about the subatomic particle. For the software, see
15630:
15458:
15413:
15397:
15358:
15331:
15044:
15039:
15019:
14989:
14979:
14974:
14794:
14769:
14764:
14691:
13286:
11836:
10835:
9664:
9458:. However, it is known that a difference between the masses of the
8740:
7974:
7359:
7251:
7159:
5912:
5822:
4745:
3628:
3620:
1738:
1537:
652:
499:
495:
375:
341:
337:
14523:
13529:
12608:
Note that these issues also exist in principle for other neutral,
12596:
are not exactly correct, since there is a small correction due to
16:
Subatomic particle; made of equal numbers of quarks and antiquarks
15539:
15529:
15499:
15453:
15448:
15423:
15341:
15326:
15253:
15248:
15153:
15138:
15084:
15059:
15024:
14953:
14935:
14674:
13452:(2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 21–56.
12099:
11990:
11969:
11922:
11815:
11794:
11747:
11704:
11526:
11483:
11364:
11342:
11295:
11252:
11132:
11110:
9574:
8886:
8865:
8719:
8698:
8396:
8375:
8233:
8212:
5734:
5663:
5432:
5411:
5316:
5295:
5080:
5059:
5033:
5012:
4970:
4939:
4916:
4872:
3898:
3845:
3596:
3037:
1981:
1362:
891:
Because spin projections vary in increments of 1 (that is 1
849:
740:
716:
567:, first seen in 1977, is about ten times as massive as a proton.
417:
333:
106:
12756:
2097:
The mathematics of isospin was modeled after the mathematics of
685:
photographic plates in the high altitude mountainous regions of
15519:
15514:
15143:
15130:
15121:
14943:
14857:
14756:
14528:. AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 660. pp. 353–366.
13264:
Discrete
Symmetries and CP Violation: From Experiment to Theory
13195:
Discrete
Symmetries and CP Violation: From Experiment to Theory
12291:
12119:
11942:
11724:
11546:
10183:
9603:
6759:
6699:
6312:
6292:
6111:
6091:
5763:
5652:
1520:
As a consequence, all mesons with no orbital angular momentum (
736:
656:
588:
386:
382:
345:
329:
306:
82:
267:
15544:
15484:
15336:
15074:
15014:
14969:
14862:
14840:
14683:
3639:(q) content. The rules for classification are defined by the
3636:
2776:-symbols are the count of up and down quarks and antiquarks.
845:
744:
413:
313:
72:
56:
2995:{\displaystyle Q=I_{3}+{\frac {1}{2}}(B+S+C+B^{\prime }+T),}
15311:
15243:
15203:
14779:
14774:
14520:— Compiles authoritative information on particle properties
13530:
Observation of the resonant character of the Z(4430)− state
13411:
Gell-Mann, M. (1964). "A Schematic of
Baryons and Mesons".
12577:
12556:
12504:
12483:
12470:
11767:
11503:
11315:
11272:
10970:
10949:
10814:
10793:
10490:
10470:
10450:
10430:
10385:
10364:
10341:
10321:
10163:
10140:
10120:
10100:
9942:
9922:
9765:
9745:
8185:
8165:
8145:
8122:
8102:
8082:
8038:
8018:
7954:
7812:
7785:
7765:
7742:
7722:
7580:
7472:
7451:
7423:
7403:
7339:
7316:
7296:
7138:
7117:
6802:
6782:
6739:
6719:
6635:
6615:
6438:
6418:
6398:
6375:
6355:
6335:
5960:
5801:
5780:
5671:
5198:
5177:
4991:
4895:
4110:
4090:
4070:
667:
648:
643:
631:
616:
503:
428:
288:
155:
13497:
2383:. For example, the three pions all have different charges
1690:{\displaystyle |q{\bar {q}}\rangle =-|{\bar {q}}q\rangle }
783:
Spin, orbital angular momentum, and total angular momentum
486:. Mesons are classified according to their quark content,
294:
273:
2843:
Flavour (particle physics) § Flavour quantum numbers
1607:{\displaystyle |q{\bar {q}}\rangle =|{\bar {q}}q\rangle }
328:(10 m), which is about 0.6 times the size of a
5539:
For the purpose of nomenclature, the isospin projection
4709:
For the purpose of nomenclature, the isospin projection
2199:", also with three charged states. Its "charged states"
12709:
1325: = 1 mesons is an active area of research in
13244:"The Discovery of Charge—Conjugation Parity Asymmetry"
13012:
10001:
9824:
7843:
7611:
6496:
6169:
5990:
5651:
There is experimental evidence for particles that are
3972:
1513:. The "+1" comes from the fact that, according to the
14509:
12942:
9999:
9822:
7841:
7609:
6494:
6167:
5988:
3970:
3595:
Mesons are classified into groups according to their
3298:
3049:
2919:
2639:
1870:
1762:
1634:
1554:
1452:
1388:
distinguish "left" from "right", a phenomenon called
297:
291:
276:
270:
14526:
Hadron
Physics: Effective Theories of Low Energy QCD
13112:
12759:"Discovery of a narrow resonance in ee annihilation"
711:, who were investigating cosmic ray products at the
12799:
5863:
467:), is made of one up antiquark and one down quark.
285:
282:
264:
261:
13473:
13471:
13469:
13292:
13253:
13217:
13184:
12917:
12848:. Presentation Speech. The Noble Foundation. 1949.
12678:
10048:
9871:
7891:
7659:
6562:
6238:
6048:
6038:
5622:When the spectroscopic state is unknown, mass (in
5619:of the meson is known, it is added in parentheses.
4802:When the spectroscopic state is unknown, mass (in
4799:of the meson is known, it is added in parentheses.
4019:
3573:
3278:
2994:
2761:
1953:
1842:
1689:
1606:
1490:
852:—specifically in this case, particles having spin
599:called his carrier particle the meson, from μέσος
13441:
13319:
13301:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp.
13235:
13226:"CP Symmetry Violation—The Search for its origin"
7901:
7669:
7536:
7200:
6249:
2337:quark composition determines the charge, because
2285:
15711:
13404:
12924:(Reprint ed.). Dover Publications. p.
12852:
9882:
6572:
3574:{\displaystyle Q={\frac {2}{3}}-{\frac {1}{3}}.}
359:. Mesons are routinely produced artificially in
14613:
14600:
13522:
13466:
12950:"D. M. Bose: A Scientist Incognito (editorial)"
12909:
12887:"On the Interaction of Elementary Particles. I"
9705:
5535:
5533:
1505:is a result of the parity of the corresponding
1309: = 1. How to distinguish between the
12712:"Experimental observation of a Heavy Particle
11690:
11469:
11235:
11066:
10908:
10749:
10611:
10304:
9314:
9153:
8990:
8821:
8653:
8496:
8331:
7937:
7234:
5895:
895:), a single quark has a spin vector of length
623:(whose father was a professor of Greek at the
502:. Although no meson is stable, those of lower
14642:
14494:"A table of some mesons and their properties"
14141:
13666:
13367:
13086:
13021:"Experiments with high-energy neutrino beams"
12920:The Great Physicists from Galileo to Einstein
5593:= 0, 1, 2, 3, ...), a superscript ∗ is added.
2075:The concept of isospin was first proposed by
1068:. The total angular momentum (quantum number
727:) is also used as force carrier to model the
320:, usually one of each, bound together by the
13839:
13837:
13700:
13503:
13191:Sozzi, M. S. (2008b). "Charge Conjugation".
12861:"On the Interaction of Elementary Particles"
10083:
9908:
9731:
9360:Makeup inexact due to non-zero quark masses.
7705:
6944:
6598:
6275:
6074:
5530:
3850:= 0). The rules for flavourless mesons are:
1948:
1905:
1837:
1797:
1684:
1655:
1601:
1575:
1399:Based on this, one might think that, if the
14263:
14261:
13633:
13018:
12543:, so these are the particles with definite
1106:Meson angular momentum quantum numbers for
14649:
14635:
14491:
14224:
13800:
13448:Wong, S.S.M. (1998). "Nucleon Structure".
13325:
2836:
2762:{\displaystyle I_{3}={\frac {1}{2}}\left,}
2253:, corresponded to the isospin projections
2166:, corresponded to the isospin projections
14533:
14472:
14470:
14110:
14108:
13834:
13534:
13410:
12891:Nippon Sugaku-Buturigakkwai Kizi Dai 3 Ki
12784:
12741:
12684:
12461:
9356:
7888:
7656:
6559:
6235:
6035:
2872:) was related to the isospin projection (
2070:
1049:, depending on their parity (see below).
820:of a particle. It comes in increments of
816:quantity that represents the "intrinsic"
575:From theoretical considerations, in 1934
14656:
14402:
14400:
14258:
14208:
13767:
13734:
13567:
12665:units" convention for all types of spin.
9382:
2298:in 1964 (containing originally only the
2030:
1987:
1861: = +1). On the other hand, if
1625: = +1). On the other hand, if
14496:. Department of Physics and Astronomy.
12442:(Γ). Here the conversion τ =
9370:(Γ). Here the conversion τ =
5674:in 2014. It is a candidate for being a
4739:
1491:{\displaystyle P=\left(-1\right)^{L+1}}
1403:for each particle (more precisely, the
1052:There is another quantity of quantized
911:, and has two spin projections, either
423:Each type of meson has a corresponding
355:(high-energy protons and neutrons) and
15712:
15120:
14467:
14433:
14363:
14329:
14295:
14175:
14105:
13600:
13477:
13373:
13329:(1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne".
13259:
13223:
13190:
13118:
13092:
12884:
12858:
12454:
12434:
5692:
2195:respectively. Another example is the "
494:and various other properties, such as
14630:
14620:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
14614:Perricone, Mike (25 September 2006).
14607:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
14397:
14071:
14037:
14004:
13971:
13937:
13904:
13871:
13260:Sozzi, M. S. (2008c). "CP-Symmetry".
13241:
12915:
9398:
9362:
3814:
1975:
1289: = 0, which corresponds to
973:with three possible spin projections
770:, which is involved in mediating the
13508:(2nd ed.). Longman Publishing.
13447:
13268:. Oxford University Press. pp.
13199:. Oxford University Press. pp.
12687:Introduction to Elementary Particles
4751:
4748:is only relevant for neutral mesons.
4820:
3854:Nomenclature of flavourless mesons
1746:-parity is a generalization of the
13:
13504:Burcham, W. E.; Jobes, M. (1995).
10028:
10022:
10010:
10004:
9851:
9845:
9833:
9827:
7870:
7864:
7852:
7846:
7638:
7632:
7620:
7614:
6541:
6535:
6523:
6517:
6505:
6499:
6217:
6211:
6196:
6190:
6178:
6172:
6017:
6011:
5999:
5993:
5636:, nothing is added in parentheses.
5596:If the meson is not pseudoscalar (
4816:, nothing is added in parentheses.
3999:
3993:
3981:
3975:
3165:
2975:
2780:and often confusing nomenclature.
2613:but they all have similar masses (
1436: = +1, or alternatively
1420: = −1, or alternatively
1003:and their combination is called a
758:For a while in the past, the word
655:, and was eventually classed as a
14:
15746:
14601:Perricone, Mike (22 March 2006).
14485:
13069:"Particles of the Standard Model"
12466:There are two complications with
9509:
5587:is in the "normal series" (i.e.,
4830:Nomenclature of flavoured mesons
3646:
3584:
1524: = 0) have odd parity (
15693:
15586:Timeline of particle discoveries
10675:
10537:
10230:
9989:
9812:
9530:
7832:
7600:
7010:
6870:
6485:
6157:
5979:
5640:
5521:
5379:
5241:
5099:
4965:
4865:
2066:configuration also form a nonet.
642:of cosmic ray interactions. The
257:
32:
13061:
12975:
12963:(11–12). November–December 2010
12639:
4703:
3809:
2887:) and flavour quantum numbers (
312:composed of an equal number of
14618:(Press release). Batavia, IL:
14605:(Press release). Batavia, IL:
13154:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018
12878:
12838:
10031:
10013:
9854:
9836:
7873:
7855:
7641:
7623:
6544:
6526:
6508:
6220:
6199:
6181:
6020:
6002:
4002:
3984:
3565:
3562:
3555:
3529:
3523:
3516:
3490:
3484:
3477:
3451:
3448:
3432:
3429:
3422:
3396:
3390:
3383:
3357:
3351:
3344:
3318:
3315:
3266:
3259:
3233:
3213:
3206:
3180:
3153:
3146:
3120:
3100:
3093:
3067:
2986:
2949:
2739:
2696:
2286:Replacement by the quark model
1926:
1915:
1893:
1872:
1815:
1804:
1785:
1764:
1675:
1665:
1649:
1636:
1592:
1582:
1569:
1556:
1301: = 1 particles from
367:in the collisions of protons,
1:
13435:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3
12846:"Nobel Prize in Physics 1949"
12672:
2614:
1020:and only one spin projection
670:(or pion). During 1939–1942,
15602:History of subatomic physics
14581:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
14515:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
14220:Particle listings – J/Ψ
13506:Nuclear and Particle Physics
13491:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
13450:Introductory Nuclear Physics
13297:Concepts of Particle Physics
13125:"Review of Particle Physics"
13106:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
12632:
12539:, which determines how they
9392:. No definite lifetime (see
634:, was discovered in 1936 by
7:
14568:"Naming scheme for hadrons"
13528:LHCb collaborators (2014):
13484:"Naming scheme for hadrons"
12786:10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1406
12743:10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1404
12689:(2nd ed.). Wiley-VCH.
12615:
12554:given in the table for the
2908:Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula
1729:
1531:
1332:
1129:
777:
762:was sometimes used to mean
484:electromagnetic interaction
396:Because quarks have a spin
10:
15751:
14518:(main page). Lawrence, CA.
12903:10.11429/ppmsj1919.17.0_48
12868:Proc. Phys.-Math. Soc. Jpn
12824:10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.252
9519:. Makeup is missing small
5685:
5644:
5629:) is added in parentheses.
4809:) is added in parentheses.
3588:
2868:It was noted that charge (
2840:
1979:
1736:
1535:
1339:
786:
570:
18:
15691:
15594:
15558:
15475:
15436:
15406:
15380:
15376:
15367:
15299:
15267:
15194:
15129:
15111:
15007:
14962:
14934:
14925:
14916:
14898:
14876:
14848:
14839:
14755:
14682:
14673:
14664:
13478:Amsler, C.; et al. (
13119:Amsler, C.; et al. (
13093:Amsler, C.; et al. (
13047:10.1103/RevModPhys.61.533
13026:Reviews of Modern Physics
12998:10.1007/s00016-014-0128-6
9440:are given as that of the
5670:in 2007 and confirmed by
5632:When the meson is in its
5546:is treated as if it were
4837:
4834:
4812:When the meson is in its
4716:is treated as if it were
3904:
3897:
3858:
2290:This belief lasted until
1381:-symmetry). However, the
1208:
1149:
793:angular momentum operator
226:
203:
143:
131:
123:
112:
88:
78:
66:
46:
31:
15619:mathematical formulation
15214:Eta and eta prime mesons
14502:Georgia State University
14492:Nave, C.R., ed. (2005).
13019:Steinberger, J. (1989).
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5612:is added as a subscript.
4761:=1, the ψ is called the
1058:orbital angular momentum
482:also participate in the
38:Mesons of spin 0 form a
15281:Double-charm tetraquark
14593:thingsmadethinkable.com
14589:"Mesons made thinkable"
13249:. The Nobel Foundation.
13231:. The Nobel Foundation.
12897:. 日本物理学会、日本数学会: 48–57.
12885:Yukawa, Hideki (1935).
12803:Physical Review Letters
12764:Physical Review Letters
12721:Physical Review Letters
5681:
3821:flavour quantum numbers
3635:) when applicable, and
2837:Flavour quantum numbers
766:force carrier, such as
591:would fly apart due to
381:Mesons are part of the
13398:10.1103/PhysRev.51.106
13332:Zeitschrift für Physik
12685:Griffiths, D. (2008).
12653:". In some systems of
12462:Notes on neutral kaons
10050:
9873:
9525:notes on neutral kaons
7893:
7661:
6564:
6240:
6040:
4021:
3605:total angular momentum
3575:
3280:
2996:
2763:
2071:Original isospin model
2067:
2028:
1955:
1844:
1691:
1608:
1492:
797:Total angular momentum
753:Nobel Prize in Physics
488:total angular momentum
416:, whereas baryons are
371:, or other particles.
15678:Wave–particle duality
15668:Relativistic particle
14805:Electron antineutrino
14510:"Particle Data Group"
13224:Cronin, J.W. (1980).
12602:CP violation in kaons
10051:
9874:
7894:
7662:
6565:
6241:
6041:
4757:For the special case
4022:
3576:
3281:
2997:
2764:
2467:quantum superposition
2112:Its "charged states"
2034:
2023:configuration form a
1991:
1956:
1845:
1692:
1609:
1493:
1367:electromagnetic force
755:for his predictions.
713:University of Bristol
615:, who discovered the
508:particle accelerators
365:particle accelerators
14908:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
14658:Particles in physics
14445:Particle listings –
14412:Particle listings –
14375:Particle listings –
14341:Particle listings –
14307:Particle listings –
14273:Particle listings –
14236:Particle listings –
14187:Particle listings –
14153:Particle listings –
14120:Particle listings –
14083:Particle listings –
14049:Particle listings –
14016:Particle listings –
13983:Particle listings –
13949:Particle listings –
13916:Particle listings –
13883:Particle listings –
13849:Particle listings –
13812:Particle listings –
13779:Particle listings –
13746:Particle listings –
13712:Particle listings –
13678:Particle listings –
13645:Particle listings –
13612:Particle listings –
13579:Particle listings –
13546:Particle listings –
13242:Fitch, V.L. (1980).
9997:
9820:
7839:
7607:
6492:
6165:
5986:
5666:, discovered by the
3968:
3296:
3047:
2917:
2637:
2364:quarks carry charge
2341:quarks carry charge
2318:quarks. Because the
2035:Combinations of one
1992:Combinations of one
1868:
1853:then, the meson is "
1760:
1632:
1617:then, the meson is "
1552:
1450:
1102:in increments of 1.
625:University of Munich
205:Electric charge
149:from 134.9 MeV/
15683:Particle chauvinism
15626:Subatomic particles
14576:Particle Data Group
14544:2003AIPC..660..353V
13480:Particle Data Group
13427:1964PhL.....8..214G
13390:1937PhRv...51..106W
13345:1932ZPhy...77....1H
13146:2008PhLB..667....1A
13121:Particle Data Group
13095:Particle Data Group
13039:1989RvMP...61..533S
12957:Science and Culture
12916:Gamow, G. (1988) .
12859:Yukawa, H. (1935).
12816:1977PhRvL..39..252H
12777:1974PhRvL..33.1406A
12734:1974PhRvL..33.1404A
12552:linear combinations
12535:eigenstates of the
12479:neutral kaon mixing
9611:(>5% of decays)
9609:Commonly decays to
5771:(>5% of decays)
5769:Commonly decays to
5693:Pseudoscalar mesons
5617:spectroscopic state
4831:
4797:spectroscopic state
3855:
3656:
3641:Particle Data Group
1964:then the meson is "
1700:then the meson is "
1317: = 0 and
1305: = 0 and
1293: = 1 and
1281: = 0 and
1111:
1047:pseudoscalar mesons
709:Giuseppe Occhialini
672:Debendra Mohan Bose
636:Carl David Anderson
613:Carl David Anderson
28:
14476:J.W. Cronin (1980)
13353:10.1007/BF01342433
10046:
10044:
9869:
9867:
9788:Neutral rho meson
9616:Charged rho meson
7889:
7886:
7657:
7654:
6845:Charmed eta meson
6560:
6557:
6236:
6233:
6036:
6033:
4829:
4017:
4015:
3853:
3815:Flavourless mesons
3721:Pseudovector meson
3699:Pseudoscalar meson
3654:
3571:
3276:
3274:
2992:
2759:
2081:strong interaction
2068:
2029:
1976:Isospin and charge
1972: = −1).
1951:
1840:
1708: = −1).
1687:
1604:
1528: = −1).
1507:spherical harmonic
1488:
1371:strong interaction
1327:meson spectroscopy
1105:
638:and others in the
478:. Mesons with net
476:strong interaction
322:strong interaction
310:subatomic particle
175:to 9.460 GeV/
26:
15707:
15706:
15663:Massless particle
15471:
15470:
15467:
15466:
15432:
15431:
15295:
15294:
15107:
15106:
15103:
15102:
15055:Magnetic monopole
15003:
15002:
14894:
14893:
14835:
14834:
14815:Muon antineutrino
14800:Electron neutrino
14552:10.1063/1.1570585
13279:978-0-19-929666-8
13210:978-0-19-929666-8
13133:Physics Letters B
12935:978-0-486-25767-9
12771:(23): 1406–1408.
12728:(23): 1404–1406.
12696:978-3-527-40601-2
12531:. However, they
12452:is given instead.
12432:
12431:
11100:(892) decay modes
10939:(892) decay modes
10043:
10042:
10034:
10016:
9866:
9865:
9857:
9839:
9380:is given instead.
9354:
9353:
7885:
7884:
7876:
7858:
7653:
7652:
7644:
7626:
6985:Bottom eta meson
6556:
6555:
6547:
6529:
6511:
6232:
6231:
6223:
6202:
6184:
6032:
6031:
6023:
6005:
5526:
5525:
4699:
4698:
4014:
4013:
4005:
3987:
3807:
3806:
3558:
3554:
3539:
3519:
3515:
3500:
3480:
3476:
3461:
3446:
3425:
3421:
3406:
3386:
3382:
3367:
3347:
3343:
3328:
3313:
3262:
3258:
3243:
3209:
3205:
3190:
3149:
3145:
3130:
3096:
3092:
3077:
2947:
2742:
2738:
2723:
2699:
2695:
2680:
2661:
2077:Werner Heisenberg
1929:
1896:
1818:
1788:
1724:weak interactions
1678:
1652:
1595:
1572:
1440: = +).
1267:
1266:
621:Werner Heisenberg
563:) containing the
537:) containing the
245:
244:
15742:
15697:
15673:Virtual particle
15444:Mesonic molecule
15378:
15377:
15374:
15373:
15219:Bottom eta meson
15127:
15126:
15118:
15117:
15090:W′ and Z′ bosons
15080:Sterile neutrino
15065:Majorana fermion
14932:
14931:
14923:
14922:
14846:
14845:
14825:Tau antineutrino
14680:
14679:
14671:
14670:
14651:
14644:
14637:
14628:
14627:
14623:
14610:
14596:
14584:
14579:. Lawrence, CA:
14572:
14563:
14537:
14519:
14505:
14477:
14474:
14465:
14463:
14462:
14461:
14453:
14452:
14437:
14431:
14429:
14428:
14427:
14420:
14419:
14404:
14395:
14393:
14392:
14391:
14383:
14382:
14367:
14361:
14358:
14357:
14356:
14349:
14348:
14333:
14327:
14324:
14323:
14322:
14315:
14314:
14299:
14293:
14290:
14289:
14288:
14281:
14280:
14265:
14256:
14253:
14252:
14251:
14244:
14243:
14228:
14222:
14212:
14206:
14204:
14203:
14202:
14195:
14194:
14179:
14173:
14170:
14169:
14168:
14161:
14160:
14145:
14139:
14137:
14136:
14135:
14128:
14127:
14112:
14103:
14101:
14100:
14099:
14091:
14090:
14075:
14069:
14067:
14066:
14065:
14057:
14056:
14041:
14035:
14033:
14032:
14031:
14024:
14023:
14008:
14002:
14000:
13999:
13998:
13991:
13990:
13975:
13969:
13967:
13966:
13965:
13957:
13956:
13941:
13935:
13933:
13932:
13931:
13924:
13923:
13908:
13902:
13900:
13899:
13898:
13891:
13890:
13875:
13869:
13867:
13866:
13865:
13857:
13856:
13841:
13832:
13830:
13829:
13828:
13820:
13819:
13804:
13798:
13796:
13795:
13794:
13787:
13786:
13771:
13765:
13763:
13762:
13761:
13754:
13753:
13738:
13732:
13730:
13729:
13728:
13720:
13719:
13704:
13698:
13696:
13695:
13694:
13686:
13685:
13670:
13664:
13662:
13661:
13660:
13653:
13652:
13637:
13631:
13629:
13628:
13627:
13620:
13619:
13604:
13598:
13596:
13595:
13594:
13587:
13586:
13571:
13565:
13563:
13562:
13561:
13554:
13553:
13538:
13532:
13526:
13520:
13519:
13501:
13495:
13494:
13488:
13475:
13464:
13463:
13445:
13439:
13438:
13408:
13402:
13401:
13371:
13365:
13364:
13323:
13317:
13316:
13300:
13290:
13284:
13283:
13267:
13257:
13251:
13250:
13248:
13239:
13233:
13232:
13230:
13221:
13215:
13214:
13198:
13188:
13182:
13181:
13129:
13116:
13110:
13109:
13103:
13090:
13084:
13083:
13081:
13079:
13065:
13059:
13058:
13016:
13010:
13009:
12979:
12973:
12972:
12970:
12968:
12954:
12946:
12940:
12939:
12923:
12913:
12907:
12906:
12882:
12876:
12875:
12865:
12856:
12850:
12849:
12842:
12836:
12835:
12797:
12791:
12790:
12788:
12754:
12748:
12747:
12745:
12707:
12701:
12700:
12682:
12666:
12664:
12660:
12652:
12648:
12643:
12622:Mesonic molecule
12595:
12593:
12592:
12584:
12583:
12574:
12572:
12571:
12563:
12562:
12522:
12520:
12519:
12511:
12510:
12501:
12499:
12498:
12490:
12489:
12457:
12451:
12450:
12446:
12438:PDG reports the
12437:
12413:
12408:
12400:
12398:
12397:
12391:
12388:
12387:
12379:
12377:
12376:
12369:
12368:
12358:
12356:
12355:
12347:
12346:
12336:
12334:
12333:
12325:
12324:
12314:Charmed B meson
12309:
12308:
12306:
12305:
12298:
12297:
12288:
12286:
12285:
12277:
12276:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12241:
12237:
12230:
12228:
12227:
12221:
12218:
12217:
12209:
12207:
12206:
12199:
12198:
12188:
12186:
12185:
12178:
12175:
12174:
12164:
12162:
12161:
12153:
12152:
12142:Strange B meson
12137:
12136:
12134:
12133:
12126:
12125:
12116:
12114:
12113:
12106:
12105:
12082:
12077:
12076:
12075:
12071:
12064:
12062:
12058:
12051:
12049:
12048:
12042:
12039:
12038:
12030:
12028:
12027:
12020:
12019:
12009:
12007:
12006:
12000:
11997:
11996:
11986:
11984:
11983:
11976:
11975:
11960:
11959:
11957:
11956:
11949:
11948:
11939:
11937:
11936:
11929:
11928:
11905:
11900:
11899:
11898:
11894:
11887:
11885:
11881:
11874:
11872:
11871:
11865:
11862:
11861:
11853:
11851:
11850:
11843:
11842:
11832:
11830:
11829:
11822:
11821:
11811:
11809:
11808:
11801:
11800:
11785:
11784:
11782:
11781:
11774:
11773:
11764:
11762:
11761:
11754:
11753:
11743:
11741:
11739:
11738:
11731:
11730:
11721:
11719:
11718:
11711:
11710:
11699:
11698:
11696:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11666:
11662:
11655:
11653:
11652:
11646:
11643:
11642:
11634:
11632:
11631:
11624:
11623:
11613:
11611:
11610:
11602:
11601:
11591:
11589:
11588:
11580:
11579:
11569:strange D meson
11564:
11563:
11561:
11560:
11553:
11552:
11543:
11541:
11540:
11533:
11532:
11522:
11520:
11518:
11517:
11510:
11509:
11500:
11498:
11497:
11490:
11489:
11478:
11477:
11475:
11457:
11452:
11451:
11450:
11446:
11439:
11437:
11433:
11426:
11424:
11423:
11417:
11414:
11413:
11405:
11403:
11402:
11395:
11394:
11383:
11381:
11380:
11374:
11371:
11370:
11359:
11357:
11356:
11349:
11348:
11333:
11332:
11330:
11329:
11322:
11321:
11312:
11310:
11309:
11302:
11301:
11291:
11289:
11287:
11286:
11279:
11278:
11269:
11267:
11266:
11259:
11258:
11247:
11246:
11244:
11240:
11223:
11218:
11217:
11216:
11212:
11205:
11203:
11199:
11192:
11190:
11189:
11183:
11180:
11179:
11171:
11169:
11168:
11161:
11160:
11149:
11147:
11146:
11139:
11138:
11127:
11125:
11124:
11117:
11116:
11099:
11098:
11097:
11090:
11089:
11078:
11077:
11075:
11071:
11051:
11050:
11046:
11040:
11038:
11031:
11029:
11028:
11022:
11019:
11018:
11010:
11008:
11007:
11000:
10999:
10989:
10987:
10986:
10980:
10977:
10976:
10966:
10964:
10963:
10956:
10955:
10938:
10937:
10936:
10929:
10928:
10917:
10916:
10914:
10893:
10892:
10888:
10882:
10880:
10873:
10871:
10870:
10864:
10861:
10860:
10852:
10850:
10849:
10842:
10841:
10831:
10829:
10828:
10821:
10820:
10810:
10808:
10807:
10800:
10799:
10783:(1S) decay modes
10782:
10781:
10780:
10773:
10772:
10761:
10760:
10758:
10754:
10731:
10729:
10725:
10718:
10716:
10715:
10709:
10706:
10705:
10697:
10695:
10694:
10687:
10686:
10672:
10670:
10669:
10662:
10661:
10645:(1S) decay modes
10644:
10643:
10642:
10635:
10634:
10623:
10622:
10620:
10616:
10593:
10591:
10587:
10580:
10578:
10577:
10571:
10568:
10567:
10559:
10557:
10556:
10549:
10548:
10535:
10533:
10532:
10525:
10524:
10509:
10507:
10505:
10504:
10497:
10496:
10487:
10485:
10484:
10477:
10476:
10467:
10465:
10464:
10457:
10456:
10447:
10445:
10444:
10437:
10436:
10427:
10425:
10424:
10417:
10416:
10405:
10403:
10401:
10400:
10392:
10391:
10382:
10380:
10379:
10371:
10370:
10360:
10358:
10356:
10355:
10348:
10347:
10338:
10336:
10335:
10328:
10327:
10316:
10315:
10313:
10309:
10286:
10284:
10280:
10273:
10271:
10270:
10264:
10261:
10260:
10252:
10250:
10249:
10242:
10241:
10227:
10225:
10224:
10217:
10216:
10201:
10200:
10198:
10197:
10190:
10189:
10180:
10178:
10177:
10170:
10169:
10159:
10157:
10155:
10154:
10147:
10146:
10137:
10135:
10134:
10127:
10126:
10117:
10115:
10114:
10107:
10106:
10095:
10094:
10092:
10088:
10065:
10063:
10056:
10055:
10053:
10052:
10047:
10045:
10038:
10037:
10036:
10035:
10027:
10018:
10017:
10009:
10002:
9986:
9984:
9983:
9976:
9975:
9960:
9959:
9957:
9956:
9949:
9948:
9939:
9937:
9936:
9929:
9928:
9917:
9916:
9914:
9890:
9889:
9887:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9875:
9870:
9868:
9861:
9860:
9859:
9858:
9850:
9841:
9840:
9832:
9825:
9809:
9807:
9806:
9799:
9798:
9783:
9782:
9780:
9779:
9772:
9771:
9762:
9760:
9759:
9752:
9751:
9740:
9739:
9737:
9713:
9712:
9710:
9702:
9700:
9699:
9693:
9690:
9689:
9681:
9679:
9678:
9671:
9670:
9659:
9657:
9656:
9649:
9648:
9637:
9635:
9634:
9627:
9626:
9535:
9534:
9512:
9506:
9501:
9496:on the order of
9495:
9494:
9493:
9485:
9484:
9476:
9475:
9474:
9466:
9465:
9457:
9456:
9455:
9448:
9447:
9439:
9438:
9437:
9429:
9428:
9420:
9419:
9418:
9410:
9409:
9402:The mass of the
9401:
9385:
9379:
9378:
9374:
9366:PDG reports the
9365:
9359:
9348:
9347:
9346:
9338:
9337:
9326:
9325:
9323:
9319:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9290:
9283:
9281:
9280:
9274:
9271:
9270:
9262:
9260:
9259:
9252:
9251:
9241:
9239:
9238:
9230:
9229:
9219:
9217:
9216:
9208:
9207:
9197:Charmed B meson
9190:
9189:
9188:
9180:
9179:
9168:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9129:
9125:
9118:
9116:
9115:
9109:
9106:
9105:
9097:
9095:
9094:
9087:
9086:
9076:
9074:
9073:
9066:
9063:
9062:
9052:
9050:
9049:
9041:
9040:
9030:Strange B meson
9023:
9022:
9021:
9014:
9013:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8995:
8978:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8967:
8960:
8958:
8954:
8947:
8945:
8944:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8926:
8924:
8923:
8916:
8915:
8905:
8903:
8902:
8896:
8893:
8892:
8882:
8880:
8879:
8872:
8871:
8854:
8853:
8852:
8845:
8844:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8826:
8809:
8804:
8803:
8802:
8798:
8791:
8789:
8785:
8778:
8776:
8775:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8757:
8755:
8754:
8747:
8746:
8736:
8734:
8733:
8726:
8725:
8715:
8713:
8712:
8705:
8704:
8687:
8686:
8685:
8677:
8676:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8658:
8635:
8633:
8629:
8622:
8620:
8619:
8613:
8610:
8609:
8601:
8599:
8598:
8591:
8590:
8580:
8578:
8577:
8569:
8568:
8558:
8556:
8555:
8547:
8546:
8536:strange D meson
8529:
8528:
8527:
8520:
8519:
8508:
8507:
8505:
8501:
8481:
8480:
8476:
8470:
8468:
8464:
8457:
8455:
8454:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8436:
8434:
8433:
8426:
8425:
8415:
8413:
8412:
8406:
8403:
8402:
8392:
8390:
8389:
8382:
8381:
8364:
8363:
8362:
8355:
8354:
8343:
8342:
8340:
8336:
8316:
8315:
8311:
8305:
8303:
8299:
8292:
8290:
8289:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8271:
8269:
8268:
8261:
8260:
8250:
8248:
8247:
8240:
8239:
8229:
8227:
8226:
8219:
8218:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8199:
8192:
8191:
8182:
8180:
8179:
8172:
8171:
8162:
8160:
8159:
8152:
8151:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8136:
8129:
8128:
8119:
8117:
8116:
8109:
8108:
8099:
8097:
8096:
8089:
8088:
8078:
8076:
8074:
8073:
8065:
8064:
8055:
8053:
8052:
8045:
8044:
8035:
8033:
8032:
8025:
8024:
8014:
8012:
8010:
8009:
8001:
8000:
7991:
7989:
7988:
7981:
7980:
7971:
7969:
7968:
7961:
7960:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7942:
7920:
7919:
7915:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7890:
7887:
7880:
7879:
7878:
7877:
7869:
7860:
7859:
7851:
7844:
7830:
7828:
7827:
7819:
7818:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7792:
7791:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7772:
7771:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7756:
7749:
7748:
7739:
7737:
7736:
7729:
7728:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7710:
7688:
7687:
7683:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7655:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7645:
7637:
7628:
7627:
7619:
7612:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7587:
7586:
7555:
7554:
7550:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7533:
7531:
7530:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7512:
7510:
7509:
7502:
7501:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7458:
7457:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7437:
7430:
7429:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7410:
7409:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7386:
7385:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7366:
7365:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7346:
7345:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7330:
7323:
7322:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7303:
7302:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7286:
7278:
7277:
7268:
7266:
7265:
7258:
7257:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7239:
7219:
7218:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7166:
7165:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7145:
7144:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7124:
7123:
7106:
7105:
7104:
7096:
7095:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7060:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7044:
7041:
7040:
7032:
7030:
7029:
7022:
7021:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6996:
6995:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6968:
6967:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6926:
6924:
6920:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6882:
6881:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6856:
6855:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6829:
6828:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6809:
6808:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6789:
6788:
6778:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6766:
6765:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6746:
6745:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6726:
6725:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6706:
6705:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6686:
6685:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6662:
6661:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6642:
6641:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6622:
6621:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6561:
6558:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6540:
6531:
6530:
6522:
6513:
6512:
6504:
6497:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6472:
6471:
6461:Eta prime meson
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6445:
6444:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6425:
6424:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6405:
6404:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6382:
6381:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6362:
6361:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6342:
6341:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6319:
6318:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6299:
6298:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6280:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6237:
6234:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6216:
6204:
6203:
6195:
6186:
6185:
6177:
6170:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6145:
6144:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6118:
6117:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6098:
6097:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6034:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6016:
6007:
6006:
5998:
5991:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5967:
5966:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5939:
5938:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5919:
5918:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5829:
5828:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5808:
5807:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5787:
5786:
5697:
5696:
5668:Belle experiment
5611:
5606:
5602:= 0) or vector (
5600:
5591:
5585:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5542:
5537:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5508:
5507:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5462:
5461:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5418:
5417:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5391:
5390:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5366:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5344:
5343:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5323:
5322:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5302:
5301:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5275:
5274:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5253:
5252:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5228:
5227:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5184:
5183:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5157:
5156:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5111:
5110:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5087:
5086:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5066:
5065:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5040:
5039:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5019:
5018:
5008:
5006:
5005:
4998:
4997:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4977:
4976:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4946:
4945:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4902:
4901:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4832:
4828:
4821:Flavoured mesons
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4770:
4769:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4712:
4707:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4679:
4678:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4651:
4650:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4609:
4608:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4581:
4580:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4553:
4552:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4511:
4510:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4473:
4472:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4431:
4430:
4419:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4401:
4400:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4381:
4380:
4370:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4352:
4351:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4332:
4331:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4290:
4289:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4253:
4252:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4216:
4215:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4185:
4184:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4165:
4164:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4145:
4144:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4117:
4116:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4096:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4077:
4076:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4035:
4034:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4016:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3980:
3973:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3934:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3865:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3833:
3827:
3693:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3657:
3655:Types of mesons
3653:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3551:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3447:
3439:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3314:
3306:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3169:
3168:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3018:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2979:
2978:
2948:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2900:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2787:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2662:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2622:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2478:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2394:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2292:Murray Gell-Mann
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2206:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2109:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1875:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1767:
1749:
1745:
1732:
1721:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1668:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1639:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1585:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1559:
1544:
1527:
1523:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1475:
1471:
1439:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1395:
1390:parity violation
1383:weak interaction
1380:
1360:
1348:
1342:Parity (physics)
1335:
1324:
1321: = 0,
1320:
1316:
1313: = 1,
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1285: = 0;
1284:
1280:
1277: = 1;
1276:
1272:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:(quantum number
1054:angular momentum
1030:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
983:
978:
972:
970:
965:
963:
961:
960:
957:
954:
950:
941:
936:
935:
933:
932:
929:
926:
916:
910:
908:
907:
904:
901:
894:
890:
888:
886:
885:
882:
879:
872:
867:
865:
864:
861:
858:
840:
835:
833:
832:
829:
826:
818:angular momentum
811:
808:(quantum number
772:weak interaction
725:virtual particle
562:
561:
560:
553:
552:
536:
535:
534:
527:
526:
472:weak interaction
466:
465:
464:
457:
456:
448:
447:
446:
439:
438:
411:
409:
408:
405:
402:
304:
303:
300:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
279:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
249:particle physics
198:
196:
195:
188:
187:
172:
170:
169:
162:
161:
36:
29:
25:
21:Meson (software)
15750:
15749:
15745:
15744:
15743:
15741:
15740:
15739:
15710:
15709:
15708:
15703:
15687:
15641:Nuclear physics
15590:
15554:
15490:Davydov soliton
15463:
15428:
15402:
15363:
15291:
15263:
15190:
15099:
14999:
14958:
14912:
14890:
14872:
14831:
14751:
14660:
14655:
14587:
14570:
14566:
14508:
14500:. Atlanta, GA:
14488:
14482:
14480:
14475:
14468:
14460:
14457:
14456:
14455:
14451:
14449:
14448:
14447:
14446:
14438:
14434:
14426:
14424:
14423:
14422:
14418:
14416:
14415:
14414:
14413:
14405:
14398:
14390:
14387:
14386:
14385:
14381:
14379:
14378:
14377:
14376:
14368:
14364:
14355:
14353:
14352:
14351:
14347:
14345:
14344:
14343:
14342:
14334:
14330:
14321:
14319:
14318:
14317:
14313:
14311:
14310:
14309:
14308:
14300:
14296:
14287:
14285:
14284:
14283:
14279:
14277:
14276:
14275:
14274:
14266:
14259:
14250:
14248:
14247:
14246:
14242:
14240:
14239:
14238:
14237:
14229:
14225:
14213:
14209:
14201:
14199:
14198:
14197:
14193:
14191:
14190:
14189:
14188:
14180:
14176:
14167:
14165:
14164:
14163:
14159:
14157:
14156:
14155:
14154:
14146:
14142:
14134:
14132:
14131:
14130:
14126:
14124:
14123:
14122:
14121:
14113:
14106:
14098:
14095:
14094:
14093:
14089:
14087:
14086:
14085:
14084:
14076:
14072:
14064:
14061:
14060:
14059:
14055:
14053:
14052:
14051:
14050:
14042:
14038:
14030:
14028:
14027:
14026:
14022:
14020:
14019:
14018:
14017:
14009:
14005:
13997:
13995:
13994:
13993:
13989:
13987:
13986:
13985:
13984:
13976:
13972:
13964:
13961:
13960:
13959:
13955:
13953:
13952:
13951:
13950:
13942:
13938:
13930:
13928:
13927:
13926:
13922:
13920:
13919:
13918:
13917:
13909:
13905:
13897:
13895:
13894:
13893:
13889:
13887:
13886:
13885:
13884:
13876:
13872:
13864:
13861:
13860:
13859:
13855:
13853:
13852:
13851:
13850:
13842:
13835:
13827:
13824:
13823:
13822:
13818:
13816:
13815:
13814:
13813:
13805:
13801:
13793:
13791:
13790:
13789:
13785:
13783:
13782:
13781:
13780:
13772:
13768:
13760:
13758:
13757:
13756:
13752:
13750:
13749:
13748:
13747:
13739:
13735:
13727:
13724:
13723:
13722:
13718:
13716:
13715:
13714:
13713:
13705:
13701:
13693:
13690:
13689:
13688:
13684:
13682:
13681:
13680:
13679:
13671:
13667:
13659:
13657:
13656:
13655:
13651:
13649:
13648:
13647:
13646:
13638:
13634:
13626:
13624:
13623:
13622:
13618:
13616:
13615:
13614:
13613:
13605:
13601:
13593:
13591:
13590:
13589:
13585:
13583:
13582:
13581:
13580:
13572:
13568:
13560:
13558:
13557:
13556:
13552:
13550:
13549:
13548:
13547:
13539:
13535:
13527:
13523:
13516:
13502:
13498:
13486:
13476:
13467:
13460:
13446:
13442:
13414:Physics Letters
13409:
13405:
13377:Physical Review
13372:
13368:
13324:
13320:
13313:
13291:
13287:
13280:
13258:
13254:
13246:
13240:
13236:
13228:
13222:
13218:
13211:
13189:
13185:
13127:
13117:
13113:
13101:
13091:
13087:
13077:
13075:
13067:
13066:
13062:
13017:
13013:
12980:
12976:
12966:
12964:
12952:
12948:
12947:
12943:
12936:
12914:
12910:
12883:
12879:
12863:
12857:
12853:
12844:
12843:
12839:
12798:
12794:
12755:
12751:
12708:
12704:
12697:
12683:
12679:
12675:
12670:
12669:
12662:
12658:
12650:
12646:
12644:
12640:
12635:
12618:
12591:
12588:
12587:
12586:
12582:
12580:
12579:
12578:
12576:
12570:
12567:
12566:
12565:
12561:
12559:
12558:
12557:
12555:
12518:
12515:
12514:
12513:
12509:
12507:
12506:
12505:
12503:
12497:
12494:
12493:
12492:
12488:
12486:
12485:
12484:
12482:
12464:
12453:
12448:
12444:
12443:
12440:resonance width
12411:
12406:
12396:
12394:
12393:
12392:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12383:
12382:
12380:
12375:
12373:
12372:
12371:
12367:
12365:
12364:
12363:
12361:
12354:
12351:
12350:
12349:
12345:
12343:
12342:
12341:
12339:
12332:
12329:
12328:
12327:
12323:
12321:
12320:
12319:
12317:
12304:
12302:
12301:
12300:
12296:
12294:
12293:
12292:
12290:
12284:
12281:
12280:
12279:
12275:
12273:
12272:
12271:
12269:
12268:
12251:
12246:
12239:
12235:
12233:
12226:
12224:
12223:
12222:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12213:
12212:
12210:
12205:
12203:
12202:
12201:
12197:
12195:
12194:
12193:
12191:
12184:
12181:
12180:
12179:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12170:
12169:
12167:
12160:
12157:
12156:
12155:
12151:
12149:
12148:
12147:
12145:
12132:
12130:
12129:
12128:
12124:
12122:
12121:
12120:
12118:
12112:
12110:
12109:
12108:
12104:
12102:
12101:
12100:
12098:
12097:
12080:
12073:
12069:
12068:
12067:
12060:
12056:
12054:
12047:
12045:
12044:
12043:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12034:
12033:
12031:
12026:
12024:
12023:
12022:
12018:
12016:
12015:
12014:
12012:
12005:
12003:
12002:
12001:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11992:
11991:
11989:
11982:
11980:
11979:
11978:
11974:
11972:
11971:
11970:
11968:
11955:
11953:
11952:
11951:
11947:
11945:
11944:
11943:
11941:
11935:
11933:
11932:
11931:
11927:
11925:
11924:
11923:
11921:
11920:
11903:
11896:
11892:
11891:
11890:
11883:
11879:
11877:
11870:
11868:
11867:
11866:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11857:
11856:
11854:
11849:
11847:
11846:
11845:
11841:
11839:
11838:
11837:
11835:
11828:
11826:
11825:
11824:
11820:
11818:
11817:
11816:
11814:
11807:
11805:
11804:
11803:
11799:
11797:
11796:
11795:
11793:
11780:
11778:
11777:
11776:
11772:
11770:
11769:
11768:
11766:
11760:
11758:
11757:
11756:
11752:
11750:
11749:
11748:
11746:
11745:
11744:
11737:
11735:
11734:
11733:
11729:
11727:
11726:
11725:
11723:
11717:
11715:
11714:
11713:
11709:
11707:
11706:
11705:
11703:
11702:
11694:
11692:
11676:
11671:
11664:
11660:
11658:
11651:
11649:
11648:
11647:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11638:
11637:
11635:
11630:
11628:
11627:
11626:
11622:
11620:
11619:
11618:
11616:
11609:
11606:
11605:
11604:
11600:
11598:
11597:
11596:
11594:
11587:
11584:
11583:
11582:
11578:
11576:
11575:
11574:
11572:
11559:
11557:
11556:
11555:
11551:
11549:
11548:
11547:
11545:
11539:
11537:
11536:
11535:
11531:
11529:
11528:
11527:
11525:
11524:
11523:
11516:
11514:
11513:
11512:
11508:
11506:
11505:
11504:
11502:
11496:
11494:
11493:
11492:
11488:
11486:
11485:
11484:
11482:
11481:
11473:
11471:
11455:
11448:
11444:
11443:
11442:
11435:
11431:
11429:
11422:
11420:
11419:
11418:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11409:
11408:
11406:
11401:
11399:
11398:
11397:
11393:
11391:
11390:
11389:
11387:
11379:
11377:
11376:
11375:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11366:
11365:
11363:
11355:
11353:
11352:
11351:
11347:
11345:
11344:
11343:
11341:
11328:
11326:
11325:
11324:
11320:
11318:
11317:
11316:
11314:
11308:
11306:
11305:
11304:
11300:
11298:
11297:
11296:
11294:
11293:
11292:
11285:
11283:
11282:
11281:
11277:
11275:
11274:
11273:
11271:
11265:
11263:
11262:
11261:
11257:
11255:
11254:
11253:
11251:
11250:
11242:
11238:
11236:
11221:
11214:
11210:
11209:
11208:
11201:
11197:
11195:
11188:
11186:
11185:
11184:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11175:
11174:
11172:
11167:
11165:
11164:
11163:
11159:
11157:
11156:
11155:
11153:
11145:
11143:
11142:
11141:
11137:
11135:
11134:
11133:
11131:
11123:
11121:
11120:
11119:
11115:
11113:
11112:
11111:
11109:
11096:
11094:
11093:
11092:
11088:
11086:
11085:
11084:
11083:
11073:
11069:
11067:
11048:
11044:
11043:
11036:
11034:
11027:
11025:
11024:
11023:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11014:
11013:
11011:
11006:
11004:
11003:
11002:
10998:
10996:
10995:
10994:
10992:
10985:
10983:
10982:
10981:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10972:
10971:
10969:
10962:
10960:
10959:
10958:
10954:
10952:
10951:
10950:
10948:
10935:
10933:
10932:
10931:
10927:
10925:
10924:
10923:
10922:
10912:
10910:
10890:
10886:
10885:
10878:
10876:
10869:
10867:
10866:
10865:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10856:
10855:
10853:
10848:
10846:
10845:
10844:
10840:
10838:
10837:
10836:
10834:
10827:
10825:
10824:
10823:
10819:
10817:
10816:
10815:
10813:
10806:
10804:
10803:
10802:
10798:
10796:
10795:
10794:
10792:
10779:
10777:
10776:
10775:
10771:
10769:
10768:
10767:
10766:
10756:
10752:
10750:
10727:
10723:
10721:
10714:
10712:
10711:
10710:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10701:
10700:
10698:
10693:
10691:
10690:
10689:
10685:
10683:
10682:
10681:
10679:
10668:
10666:
10665:
10664:
10660:
10658:
10657:
10656:
10654:
10641:
10639:
10638:
10637:
10633:
10631:
10630:
10629:
10628:
10618:
10614:
10612:
10589:
10585:
10583:
10576:
10574:
10573:
10572:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10563:
10562:
10560:
10555:
10553:
10552:
10551:
10547:
10545:
10544:
10543:
10541:
10531:
10529:
10528:
10527:
10523:
10521:
10520:
10519:
10517:
10503:
10501:
10500:
10499:
10495:
10493:
10492:
10491:
10489:
10483:
10481:
10480:
10479:
10475:
10473:
10472:
10471:
10469:
10463:
10461:
10460:
10459:
10455:
10453:
10452:
10451:
10449:
10443:
10441:
10440:
10439:
10435:
10433:
10432:
10431:
10429:
10423:
10421:
10420:
10419:
10415:
10413:
10412:
10411:
10409:
10407:
10406:
10399:
10396:
10395:
10394:
10390:
10388:
10387:
10386:
10384:
10378:
10375:
10374:
10373:
10369:
10367:
10366:
10365:
10363:
10362:
10361:
10354:
10352:
10351:
10350:
10346:
10344:
10343:
10342:
10340:
10334:
10332:
10331:
10330:
10326:
10324:
10323:
10322:
10320:
10319:
10311:
10307:
10305:
10282:
10278:
10276:
10269:
10267:
10266:
10265:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10256:
10255:
10253:
10248:
10246:
10245:
10244:
10240:
10238:
10237:
10236:
10234:
10223:
10221:
10220:
10219:
10215:
10213:
10212:
10211:
10209:
10196:
10194:
10193:
10192:
10188:
10186:
10185:
10184:
10182:
10176:
10174:
10173:
10172:
10168:
10166:
10165:
10164:
10162:
10161:
10160:
10153:
10151:
10150:
10149:
10145:
10143:
10142:
10141:
10139:
10133:
10131:
10130:
10129:
10125:
10123:
10122:
10121:
10119:
10113:
10111:
10110:
10109:
10105:
10103:
10102:
10101:
10099:
10098:
10090:
10086:
10084:
10061:
10059:
10026:
10025:
10008:
10007:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9994:
9993:
9982:
9980:
9979:
9978:
9974:
9972:
9971:
9970:
9968:
9955:
9953:
9952:
9951:
9947:
9945:
9944:
9943:
9941:
9935:
9933:
9932:
9931:
9927:
9925:
9924:
9923:
9921:
9920:
9912:
9910:
9885:
9883:
9849:
9848:
9831:
9830:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9817:
9816:
9805:
9803:
9802:
9801:
9797:
9795:
9794:
9793:
9791:
9778:
9776:
9775:
9774:
9770:
9768:
9767:
9766:
9764:
9758:
9756:
9755:
9754:
9750:
9748:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9743:
9735:
9733:
9708:
9706:
9698:
9696:
9695:
9694:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9685:
9684:
9682:
9677:
9675:
9674:
9673:
9669:
9667:
9666:
9665:
9663:
9655:
9653:
9652:
9651:
9647:
9645:
9644:
9643:
9641:
9633:
9631:
9630:
9629:
9625:
9623:
9622:
9621:
9619:
9610:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9533:
9508:
9499:
9497:
9492:
9489:
9488:
9487:
9483:
9481:
9480:
9479:
9478:
9473:
9470:
9469:
9468:
9464:
9462:
9461:
9460:
9459:
9454:
9452:
9451:
9450:
9446:
9444:
9443:
9442:
9441:
9436:
9433:
9432:
9431:
9427:
9425:
9424:
9423:
9422:
9417:
9414:
9413:
9412:
9408:
9406:
9405:
9404:
9403:
9397:
9381:
9376:
9372:
9371:
9368:resonance width
9361:
9345:
9342:
9341:
9340:
9336:
9334:
9333:
9332:
9331:
9321:
9317:
9315:
9300:
9295:
9288:
9286:
9279:
9277:
9276:
9275:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9266:
9265:
9263:
9258:
9256:
9255:
9254:
9250:
9248:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9232:
9228:
9226:
9225:
9224:
9222:
9215:
9212:
9211:
9210:
9206:
9204:
9203:
9202:
9200:
9187:
9184:
9183:
9182:
9178:
9176:
9175:
9174:
9173:
9163:
9159:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9139:
9134:
9127:
9123:
9121:
9114:
9112:
9111:
9110:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9101:
9100:
9098:
9093:
9091:
9090:
9089:
9085:
9083:
9082:
9081:
9079:
9072:
9069:
9068:
9067:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9058:
9057:
9055:
9048:
9045:
9044:
9043:
9039:
9037:
9036:
9035:
9033:
9020:
9018:
9017:
9016:
9012:
9010:
9009:
9008:
9007:
8997:
8993:
8991:
8976:
8969:
8965:
8964:
8963:
8956:
8952:
8950:
8943:
8941:
8940:
8939:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8930:
8929:
8927:
8922:
8920:
8919:
8918:
8914:
8912:
8911:
8910:
8908:
8901:
8899:
8898:
8897:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8878:
8876:
8875:
8874:
8870:
8868:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8851:
8849:
8848:
8847:
8843:
8841:
8840:
8839:
8838:
8828:
8824:
8822:
8807:
8800:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8787:
8783:
8781:
8774:
8772:
8771:
8770:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8761:
8760:
8758:
8753:
8751:
8750:
8749:
8745:
8743:
8742:
8741:
8739:
8732:
8730:
8729:
8728:
8724:
8722:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8711:
8709:
8708:
8707:
8703:
8701:
8700:
8699:
8697:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8679:
8675:
8673:
8672:
8671:
8670:
8660:
8656:
8654:
8631:
8627:
8625:
8618:
8616:
8615:
8614:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8589:
8587:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8576:
8573:
8572:
8571:
8567:
8565:
8564:
8563:
8561:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8549:
8545:
8543:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8526:
8524:
8523:
8522:
8518:
8516:
8515:
8514:
8513:
8503:
8499:
8497:
8478:
8474:
8473:
8466:
8462:
8460:
8453:
8451:
8450:
8449:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8432:
8430:
8429:
8428:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8411:
8409:
8408:
8407:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8388:
8386:
8385:
8384:
8380:
8378:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8361:
8359:
8358:
8357:
8353:
8351:
8350:
8349:
8348:
8338:
8334:
8332:
8313:
8309:
8308:
8301:
8297:
8295:
8288:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8267:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8259:
8257:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8246:
8244:
8243:
8242:
8238:
8236:
8235:
8234:
8232:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8221:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8198:
8196:
8195:
8194:
8190:
8188:
8187:
8186:
8184:
8178:
8176:
8175:
8174:
8170:
8168:
8167:
8166:
8164:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8154:
8150:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8144:
8143:
8142:
8135:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8127:
8125:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8115:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8107:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8101:
8095:
8093:
8092:
8091:
8087:
8085:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8067:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8057:
8051:
8049:
8048:
8047:
8043:
8041:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8031:
8029:
8028:
8027:
8023:
8021:
8020:
8019:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8008:
8005:
8004:
8003:
7999:
7997:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7987:
7985:
7984:
7983:
7979:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7967:
7965:
7964:
7963:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7944:
7940:
7938:
7917:
7913:
7912:
7904:
7902:
7868:
7867:
7850:
7849:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7798:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7790:
7788:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7755:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7735:
7733:
7732:
7731:
7727:
7725:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7712:
7708:
7706:
7685:
7681:
7680:
7672:
7670:
7636:
7635:
7618:
7617:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7589:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7552:
7548:
7547:
7539:
7537:
7529:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7508:
7506:
7505:
7504:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7487:
7485:
7484:
7483:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7471:
7464:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7428:
7426:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7408:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7400:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7388:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7368:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7352:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7344:
7342:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7336:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7325:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7309:
7307:
7306:
7305:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7280:
7276:
7274:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7241:
7237:
7235:
7216:
7212:
7211:
7203:
7201:
7193:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7143:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7126:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7094:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7070:
7065:
7058:
7056:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6970:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6951:
6947:
6945:
6922:
6918:
6916:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6888:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6744:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6732:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6668:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6648:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6605:
6601:
6599:
6575:
6573:
6539:
6538:
6521:
6520:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6474:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6282:
6278:
6276:
6252:
6250:
6215:
6214:
6194:
6193:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6081:
6077:
6075:
6051:
6049:
6015:
6014:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5902:
5898:
5896:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5770:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5695:
5690:
5684:
5649:
5643:
5609:
5604:
5598:
5589:
5583:
5571:
5570:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5540:
5538:
5531:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5004:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4823:
4785:
4784:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4695:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4490:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4415:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4368:
4366:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4201:
4199:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4027:
3997:
3996:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3846:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3817:
3812:
3691:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3649:
3593:
3587:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3536:
3532:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3497:
3493:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3458:
3454:
3438:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3403:
3399:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3360:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3325:
3321:
3305:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3273:
3272:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3240:
3236:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3183:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3127:
3123:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3074:
3070:
3057:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3016:
2974:
2970:
2939:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2898:
2878:
2845:
2839:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2773:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2617:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2288:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2073:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1899:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1854:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1791:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1730:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1618:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1502:
1476:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1437:
1433:
1421:
1417:
1393:
1378:
1375:conserve parity
1358:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1333:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1143:
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1123:
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1069:
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1028:
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1021:
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990:
985:
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948:
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927:
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827:
824:
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809:
803:
801:Quantum numbers
787:Main articles:
785:
780:
676:Bibha Chowdhuri
593:electromagnetic
573:
559:
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551:
549:
548:
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533:
531:
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480:electric charge
463:
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455:
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437:
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357:baryonic matter
305:) is a type of
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103:electromagnetic
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
15748:
15738:
15737:
15735:Force carriers
15732:
15727:
15722:
15705:
15704:
15700:Physics portal
15692:
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15614:Standard Model
15611:
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15609:
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15583:
15581:Quasiparticles
15578:
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15477:Quasiparticles
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15284:
15273:
15271:
15269:Exotic hadrons
15265:
15264:
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15256:
15251:
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15236:
15231:
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15133:
15124:
15115:
15109:
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15100:
15098:
15097:
15095:X and Y bosons
15092:
15087:
15082:
15077:
15072:
15067:
15062:
15057:
15052:
15047:
15042:
15037:
15032:
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14895:
14892:
14891:
14889:
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14880:
14874:
14873:
14871:
14870:
14868:W and Z bosons
14865:
14860:
14854:
14852:
14843:
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14832:
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14761:
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14752:
14750:
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14739:
14734:
14729:
14724:
14722:Strange (quark
14719:
14714:
14709:
14704:
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14694:
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14686:
14677:
14668:
14662:
14661:
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14611:
14598:
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14564:
14535:hep-ph/0211411
14521:
14506:
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14486:External links
14484:
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13496:
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13458:
13440:
13421:(3): 214–215.
13403:
13384:(2): 106–119.
13366:
13327:Heisenberg, W.
13318:
13311:
13285:
13278:
13252:
13234:
13216:
13209:
13183:
13162:1854/LU-685594
13111:
13085:
13060:
13033:(3): 533–545.
13011:
12974:
12941:
12934:
12908:
12877:
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12837:
12810:(5): 252–255.
12792:
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12627:Standard Model
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10762:
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10735:
10732:
10719:
10713:
10703:
10692:
10684:
10677:
10674:
10667:
10659:
10652:
10651:Upsilon meson
10648:
10647:
10640:
10632:
10624:
10609:
10606:
10603:
10600:
10597:
10594:
10581:
10575:
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9019:
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9003:
8988:
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8979:
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8961:
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8913:
8906:
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8816:
8813:
8810:
8805:
8792:
8779:
8773:
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8752:
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8716:
8710:
8702:
8695:
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8690:
8682:
8674:
8666:
8651:
8648:
8645:
8642:
8639:
8636:
8623:
8617:
8607:
8596:
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8581:
8574:
8566:
8559:
8552:
8544:
8537:
8533:
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8525:
8517:
8509:
8494:
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8485:
8482:
8471:
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8230:
8224:
8216:
8209:
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8204:
8197:
8189:
8177:
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8157:
8149:
8134:
8126:
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8106:
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8006:
7998:
7986:
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7958:
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7921:
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7883:
7875:
7872:
7866:
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7809:
7805:
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7754:
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7734:
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7407:
7391:
7383:
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7363:
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7308:
7300:
7283:
7275:
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7232:
7229:
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7114:
7110:
7109:
7101:
7093:
7085:
7082:
7079:
7076:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7054:
7048:
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7027:
7019:
7012:
7009:
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6993:
6986:
6982:
6981:
6973:
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6957:
6942:
6939:
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6908:
6898:
6887:
6879:
6872:
6869:
6861:
6853:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6834:
6826:
6814:
6806:
6794:
6786:
6771:
6763:
6751:
6743:
6731:
6723:
6711:
6703:
6691:
6683:
6667:
6659:
6647:
6639:
6627:
6619:
6611:
6596:
6593:
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6587:
6584:
6581:
6570:
6554:
6546:
6543:
6537:
6534:
6528:
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6516:
6510:
6507:
6501:
6487:
6484:
6477:
6469:
6462:
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6422:
6410:
6402:
6387:
6379:
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6347:
6339:
6324:
6316:
6304:
6296:
6288:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6247:
6230:
6222:
6219:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6201:
6198:
6192:
6189:
6183:
6180:
6174:
6159:
6156:
6150:
6142:
6135:
6131:
6130:
6123:
6115:
6103:
6095:
6087:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6046:
6030:
6022:
6019:
6013:
6010:
6004:
6001:
5995:
5981:
5978:
5972:
5964:
5957:
5953:
5952:
5944:
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5924:
5916:
5908:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5861:
5855:
5845:
5834:
5826:
5819:
5813:
5805:
5798:
5792:
5784:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5700:Particle name
5694:
5691:
5688:List of mesons
5686:Main article:
5683:
5680:
5645:Main article:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5630:
5620:
5613:
5594:
5578:
5577:
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5569:
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5543:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5513:
5505:
5498:
5491:
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5467:
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5429:
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5415:
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5288:
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5280:
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5063:
5056:
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5016:
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4951:
4943:
4936:
4930:
4920:
4913:
4907:
4899:
4892:
4886:
4876:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4810:
4800:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4775:
4767:
4750:
4738:
4713:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4684:
4676:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4656:
4648:
4641:
4638:
4633:
4623:
4614:
4606:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4586:
4578:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4558:
4550:
4543:
4540:
4535:
4525:
4516:
4508:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4478:
4470:
4463:
4460:
4455:
4445:
4436:
4428:
4421:
4420:
4412:
4406:
4398:
4386:
4378:
4371:
4363:
4357:
4349:
4337:
4329:
4322:
4319:
4314:
4304:
4295:
4287:
4277:
4267:
4258:
4250:
4240:
4230:
4221:
4213:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4190:
4182:
4170:
4162:
4150:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4122:
4114:
4102:
4094:
4082:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4059:
4049:
4040:
4032:
4012:
4004:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3977:
3959:
3949:
3940:
3932:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3890:
3880:
3871:
3863:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3648:
3647:Types of meson
3645:
3591:List of mesons
3586:
3585:Classification
3583:
3582:
3581:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3557:
3548:
3544:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3518:
3509:
3505:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3479:
3470:
3466:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3424:
3415:
3411:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3385:
3376:
3372:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3346:
3337:
3333:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3312:
3309:
3304:
3301:
3287:
3286:
3271:
3268:
3261:
3252:
3248:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3208:
3199:
3195:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3148:
3139:
3135:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3095:
3086:
3082:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3024:represent the
3003:
3002:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2876:
2852:quantum number
2841:Main article:
2838:
2835:
2813:
2788:
2770:
2769:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2741:
2732:
2728:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2593:
2584:
2576:
2566:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2533:
2524:
2516:
2503:
2493:
2484:
2476:
2459:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2427:
2418:
2410:
2400:
2392:
2366:−
2287:
2284:
2282:respectively.
2277:
2267:
2258:
2248:
2240:
2230:
2222:
2212:
2204:
2190:
2180:
2171:
2161:
2153:
2143:
2135:
2125:
2117:
2072:
2069:
2047:quark and one
2004:quark and one
1980:Main article:
1977:
1974:
1962:
1961:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1851:
1850:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1737:Main article:
1734:
1728:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1615:
1614:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1536:Main article:
1533:
1530:
1515:Dirac equation
1499:
1498:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1340:Main article:
1337:
1331:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1026:
998:
988:
979:
947:−
942:
917:
789:Spin (physics)
784:
781:
779:
776:
721:Robert Marshak
640:decay products
572:
569:
558:
550:
532:
524:
462:
454:
444:
436:
243:
242:
230:
224:
223:
207:
201:
200:
193:
185:
167:
159:
147:
141:
140:
133:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
114:
110:
109:
92:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
50:
44:
43:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15747:
15736:
15733:
15731:
15728:
15726:
15723:
15721:
15718:
15717:
15715:
15702:
15701:
15696:
15690:
15684:
15681:
15679:
15676:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15666:
15664:
15661:
15659:
15658:Exotic matter
15656:
15652:
15649:
15648:
15647:
15646:Eightfold way
15644:
15642:
15639:
15637:
15636:Antiparticles
15634:
15632:
15629:
15627:
15624:
15620:
15617:
15616:
15615:
15612:
15608:
15605:
15604:
15603:
15600:
15599:
15597:
15593:
15587:
15584:
15582:
15579:
15577:
15574:
15572:
15569:
15567:
15564:
15563:
15561:
15557:
15551:
15548:
15546:
15543:
15541:
15538:
15536:
15533:
15531:
15528:
15526:
15523:
15521:
15518:
15516:
15513:
15511:
15508:
15506:
15503:
15501:
15498:
15496:
15493:
15491:
15488:
15486:
15483:
15482:
15480:
15478:
15474:
15460:
15457:
15455:
15452:
15450:
15447:
15445:
15442:
15441:
15439:
15435:
15425:
15422:
15420:
15417:
15415:
15412:
15411:
15409:
15405:
15399:
15396:
15394:
15391:
15389:
15386:
15385:
15383:
15379:
15375:
15372:
15370:
15366:
15360:
15357:
15355:
15352:
15348:
15345:
15343:
15340:
15338:
15335:
15333:
15330:
15328:
15325:
15323:
15320:
15319:
15318:
15315:
15313:
15310:
15308:
15307:Atomic nuclei
15305:
15304:
15302:
15298:
15288:
15285:
15282:
15278:
15275:
15274:
15272:
15270:
15266:
15260:
15257:
15255:
15252:
15250:
15247:
15245:
15242:
15240:
15239:Upsilon meson
15237:
15235:
15232:
15230:
15227:
15225:
15222:
15220:
15217:
15215:
15212:
15210:
15207:
15205:
15202:
15201:
15199:
15197:
15193:
15187:
15184:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15172:
15171:Lambda baryon
15169:
15167:
15164:
15160:
15157:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15145:
15142:
15141:
15140:
15137:
15136:
15134:
15132:
15128:
15125:
15123:
15119:
15116:
15114:
15110:
15096:
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15058:
15056:
15053:
15051:
15048:
15046:
15043:
15041:
15038:
15036:
15033:
15031:
15030:Dual graviton
15028:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15016:
15013:
15012:
15010:
15006:
14995:
14991:
14988:
14986:
14983:
14981:
14978:
14976:
14973:
14971:
14968:
14967:
14965:
14961:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14941:
14939:
14937:
14933:
14930:
14928:
14927:Superpartners
14924:
14921:
14919:
14915:
14909:
14906:
14905:
14903:
14901:
14897:
14887:
14884:
14883:
14881:
14879:
14875:
14869:
14866:
14864:
14861:
14859:
14856:
14855:
14853:
14851:
14847:
14844:
14842:
14838:
14826:
14823:
14821:
14818:
14816:
14813:
14811:
14810:Muon neutrino
14808:
14806:
14803:
14801:
14798:
14797:
14796:
14793:
14791:
14788:
14786:
14783:
14781:
14778:
14776:
14773:
14771:
14768:
14766:
14763:
14762:
14760:
14758:
14754:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14742:Bottom (quark
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14713:
14710:
14708:
14705:
14703:
14700:
14698:
14695:
14693:
14690:
14689:
14687:
14685:
14681:
14678:
14676:
14672:
14669:
14667:
14663:
14659:
14652:
14647:
14645:
14640:
14638:
14633:
14632:
14629:
14621:
14617:
14612:
14608:
14604:
14599:
14594:
14590:
14586:
14582:
14578:
14577:
14569:
14565:
14561:
14557:
14553:
14549:
14545:
14541:
14536:
14531:
14527:
14522:
14517:
14516:
14511:
14507:
14503:
14499:
14495:
14490:
14489:
14483:
14473:
14471:
14464:
14442:
14436:
14430:
14409:
14403:
14401:
14394:
14372:
14366:
14360:
14338:
14332:
14326:
14304:
14298:
14292:
14270:
14264:
14262:
14255:
14233:
14227:
14221:
14217:
14211:
14205:
14184:
14178:
14172:
14150:
14144:
14138:
14117:
14111:
14109:
14102:
14080:
14074:
14068:
14046:
14040:
14034:
14013:
14007:
14001:
13980:
13974:
13968:
13946:
13940:
13934:
13913:
13907:
13901:
13880:
13874:
13868:
13846:
13840:
13838:
13831:
13809:
13803:
13797:
13776:
13770:
13764:
13743:
13737:
13731:
13709:
13703:
13697:
13675:
13669:
13663:
13654:η′
13642:
13636:
13630:
13609:
13603:
13597:
13576:
13570:
13564:
13543:
13537:
13531:
13525:
13517:
13515:0-582-45088-8
13511:
13507:
13500:
13492:
13485:
13481:
13474:
13472:
13470:
13461:
13459:0-471-23973-9
13455:
13451:
13444:
13436:
13432:
13428:
13424:
13420:
13416:
13415:
13407:
13399:
13395:
13391:
13387:
13383:
13379:
13378:
13370:
13362:
13358:
13354:
13350:
13346:
13342:
13339:(1–2): 1–11.
13338:
13335:(in German).
13334:
13333:
13328:
13322:
13314:
13312:0-19-503393-0
13308:
13304:
13299:
13298:
13289:
13281:
13275:
13271:
13266:
13265:
13256:
13245:
13238:
13227:
13220:
13212:
13206:
13202:
13197:
13196:
13187:
13179:
13175:
13171:
13167:
13163:
13159:
13155:
13151:
13147:
13143:
13140:(1): 1–1340.
13139:
13135:
13134:
13126:
13122:
13115:
13107:
13100:
13099:"Quark Model"
13096:
13089:
13074:
13070:
13064:
13056:
13052:
13048:
13044:
13040:
13036:
13032:
13028:
13027:
13022:
13015:
13007:
13003:
12999:
12995:
12991:
12987:
12986:
12978:
12962:
12958:
12951:
12945:
12937:
12931:
12927:
12922:
12921:
12912:
12904:
12900:
12896:
12892:
12888:
12881:
12873:
12869:
12862:
12855:
12847:
12841:
12833:
12829:
12825:
12821:
12817:
12813:
12809:
12805:
12804:
12796:
12787:
12782:
12778:
12774:
12770:
12766:
12765:
12760:
12753:
12744:
12739:
12735:
12731:
12727:
12723:
12722:
12717:
12715:
12706:
12698:
12692:
12688:
12681:
12677:
12656:
12655:natural units
12642:
12638:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12619:
12613:
12611:
12603:
12599:
12594:
12573:
12553:
12549:
12546:
12542:
12538:
12534:
12530:
12526:
12521:
12500:
12480:
12476:
12475:
12474:
12472:
12469:
12459:
12456:
12441:
12436:
12427:
12424:
12421:
12418:
12415:
12410:
12405:
12402:
12399:
12378:
12360:
12357:
12338:
12335:
12316:
12313:
12312:
12307:
12287:
12267:
12264:
12261:
12258:
12255:
12250:
12245:
12232:
12229:
12208:
12190:
12187:
12166:
12163:
12144:
12141:
12140:
12135:
12115:
12096:
12093:
12090:
12087:
12084:
12079:
12066:
12053:
12050:
12029:
12011:
12008:
11988:
11985:
11967:
11964:
11963:
11958:
11938:
11919:
11916:
11913:
11910:
11907:
11902:
11889:
11876:
11873:
11852:
11834:
11831:
11813:
11810:
11792:
11789:
11788:
11783:
11763:
11740:
11720:
11701:
11689:
11686:
11683:
11680:
11675:
11670:
11657:
11654:
11633:
11615:
11612:
11593:
11590:
11571:
11568:
11567:
11562:
11542:
11519:
11499:
11480:
11468:
11465:
11462:
11459:
11454:
11441:
11428:
11425:
11404:
11386:
11382:
11362:
11358:
11340:
11337:
11336:
11331:
11311:
11288:
11268:
11249:
11234:
11231:
11228:
11225:
11220:
11207:
11194:
11191:
11170:
11152:
11148:
11130:
11126:
11108:
11105:
11104:
11101:
11080:
11065:
11062:
11059:
11056:
11053:
11042:
11033:
11030:
11009:
10991:
10988:
10968:
10965:
10947:
10944:
10943:
10940:
10919:
10907:
10904:
10901:
10898:
10895:
10884:
10875:
10872:
10851:
10833:
10830:
10812:
10809:
10791:
10788:
10787:
10784:
10763:
10748:
10745:
10742:
10739:
10736:
10733:
10720:
10717:
10696:
10678:
10671:
10653:
10650:
10649:
10646:
10625:
10610:
10607:
10604:
10601:
10598:
10595:
10582:
10579:
10558:
10540:
10534:
10516:
10513:
10512:
10506:
10486:
10466:
10446:
10426:
10402:
10381:
10357:
10337:
10318:
10303:
10300:
10297:
10294:
10291:
10288:
10275:
10272:
10251:
10233:
10226:
10208:
10205:
10204:
10199:
10179:
10156:
10136:
10116:
10097:
10082:
10079:
10076:
10073:
10070:
10067:
10058:
10039:
10019:
9992:
9985:
9967:
9964:
9963:
9958:
9938:
9919:
9907:
9904:
9901:
9898:
9895:
9892:
9881:
9862:
9842:
9815:
9808:
9790:
9787:
9786:
9781:
9761:
9742:
9730:
9727:
9724:
9721:
9718:
9715:
9704:
9701:
9680:
9662:
9658:
9640:
9636:
9618:
9615:
9614:
9608:
9605:
9601:
9600:Mean lifetime
9598:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9570:
9569:
9564:
9560:
9557:
9552:
9548:Antiparticle
9547:
9542:
9537:
9536:
9531:Vector mesons
9528:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9515:
9511:
9505:
9400:
9395:
9391:
9388:
9384:
9369:
9364:
9358:
9350:
9328:
9313:
9310:
9307:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9285:
9282:
9261:
9243:
9240:
9221:
9218:
9199:
9196:
9195:
9192:
9170:
9152:
9149:
9146:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9120:
9117:
9096:
9078:
9075:
9054:
9051:
9032:
9029:
9028:
9025:
9004:
8989:
8986:
8983:
8980:
8975:
8962:
8949:
8946:
8925:
8907:
8904:
8884:
8881:
8863:
8860:
8859:
8856:
8835:
8820:
8817:
8814:
8811:
8806:
8793:
8780:
8777:
8756:
8738:
8735:
8717:
8714:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8689:
8667:
8652:
8649:
8646:
8643:
8640:
8637:
8624:
8621:
8600:
8582:
8579:
8560:
8557:
8538:
8535:
8534:
8531:
8510:
8495:
8492:
8489:
8486:
8483:
8472:
8459:
8456:
8435:
8417:
8414:
8394:
8391:
8373:
8370:
8369:
8366:
8345:
8330:
8327:
8324:
8321:
8318:
8307:
8294:
8291:
8270:
8252:
8249:
8231:
8228:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8201:
8181:
8161:
8138:
8118:
8098:
8075:
8054:
8034:
8011:
7990:
7970:
7951:
7936:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7922:
7911:
7900:
7881:
7861:
7835:
7829:
7810:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7781:
7758:
7738:
7719:
7704:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7679:
7668:
7649:
7629:
7603:
7597:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7563:
7560:
7557:
7546:
7535:
7532:
7511:
7493:
7490:
7470:
7467:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7442:
7439:
7419:
7396:
7375:
7355:
7332:
7312:
7288:
7267:
7248:
7233:
7230:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7210:
7199:
7196:
7175:
7157:
7154:
7136:
7133:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7108:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7055:
7052:
7031:
7013:
7006:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6958:
6943:
6940:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6915:
6912:
6891:
6873:
6866:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6818:
6798:
6775:
6755:
6735:
6715:
6695:
6671:
6651:
6631:
6612:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6571:
6552:
6532:
6514:
6488:
6481:
6473:η′
6463:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6434:
6414:
6391:
6371:
6351:
6328:
6308:
6289:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6248:
6228:
6208:
6205:
6187:
6160:
6154:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6107:
6088:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6047:
6028:
6008:
5982:
5976:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5928:
5909:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5862:
5859:
5838:
5820:
5817:
5799:
5796:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5760:Mean lifetime
5758:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5712:
5708:Antiparticle
5707:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5689:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5658:
5657:exotic mesons
5654:
5648:
5641:Exotic mesons
5635:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5607:
5601:
5595:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5549:
5536:
5534:
5529:
5518:
5499:
5496:
5475:
5472:
5453:
5450:
5430:
5427:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5382:
5376:
5357:
5354:
5335:
5332:
5314:
5311:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5266:
5263:
5244:
5238:
5219:
5216:
5196:
5193:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5148:
5145:
5124:
5121:
5102:
5096:
5078:
5075:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5031:
5028:
5010:
5007:
4989:
4986:
4968:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4937:
4934:
4914:
4911:
4893:
4890:
4870:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4833:
4827:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4779:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4719:
4706:
4702:
4691:
4688:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4642:
4639:
4601:
4600:
4593:
4590:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4544:
4541:
4503:
4502:
4495:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4464:
4461:
4423:
4422:
4413:
4410:
4390:
4372:
4364:
4361:
4353:η′
4341:
4323:
4320:
4206:
4205:
4197:
4194:
4174:
4154:
4136:
4129:
4126:
4106:
4086:
4068:
4065:
4010:
3990:
3927:
3926:
3923:0, 1, 2, ...
3922:
3920:1, 2, 3, ...
3919:
3917:1, 3, 5, ...
3916:
3914:0, 2, 4, ...
3913:
3912:
3909:
3902:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3843:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3683:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3652:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3568:
3546:
3542:
3533:
3526:
3507:
3503:
3494:
3487:
3468:
3464:
3455:
3443:
3440:
3435:
3413:
3409:
3400:
3393:
3374:
3370:
3361:
3354:
3335:
3331:
3322:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3269:
3250:
3246:
3237:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3197:
3193:
3184:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3161:
3137:
3133:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3084:
3080:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3054:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3008:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2881:baryon number
2875:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2844:
2834:
2781:
2777:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2730:
2726:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2618:140 MeV/
2552:
2468:
2445:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2327:
2297:
2294:proposed the
2293:
2283:
2198:
2104:
2103:charged state
2100:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:Eugene Wigner
2086:
2082:
2078:
2059:antiquark in
2033:
2026:
2016:antiquark in
1990:
1986:
1983:
1973:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1923:
1911:
1908:
1900:
1890:
1881:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1812:
1800:
1792:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1740:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1681:
1672:
1661:
1658:
1646:
1640:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1598:
1589:
1578:
1566:
1560:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1529:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1431:
1427:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1405:quantum field
1402:
1397:
1396:-violation).
1391:
1387:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1330:
1328:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1110:= 0, 1, 2, 3
1103:
1059:
1056:, called the
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1043:scalar mesons
1040:
1036:
1035:
1012:
1008:
1007:
851:
847:
843:
841:
819:
815:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
775:
773:
769:
768:"the Z meson"
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:atomic nuclei
730:
729:nuclear force
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:Hugh Muirhead
698:
694:
693:
688:
684:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:atomic nuclei
582:
581:nuclear force
578:
577:Hideki Yukawa
568:
566:
544:
543:upsilon meson
540:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
394:
392:
391:exotic mesons
388:
384:
379:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
308:
302:
254:
250:
241:
237:
236:
231:
229:
225:
222:
218:
214:
213:
208:
206:
202:
197:
178:
171:
152:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:Hideki Yukawa
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
51:
49:
45:
41:
35:
30:
22:
15698:
15369:Hypothetical
15317:Exotic atoms
15195:
15186:Omega baryon
15176:Sigma baryon
15166:Delta baryon
14918:Hypothetical
14900:Ghost fields
14886:Higgs boson
14820:Tau neutrino
14712:Charm (quark
14592:
14574:
14525:
14513:
14498:Hyperphysics
14497:
14481:
14440:
14435:
14407:
14370:
14365:
14336:
14331:
14302:
14297:
14268:
14231:
14226:
14215:
14210:
14182:
14177:
14148:
14143:
14115:
14078:
14073:
14044:
14039:
14011:
14006:
13978:
13973:
13944:
13939:
13911:
13906:
13878:
13873:
13844:
13807:
13802:
13774:
13769:
13741:
13736:
13707:
13702:
13673:
13668:
13640:
13635:
13607:
13602:
13574:
13569:
13541:
13536:
13524:
13505:
13499:
13449:
13443:
13418:
13412:
13406:
13381:
13375:
13369:
13336:
13330:
13321:
13296:
13288:
13263:
13255:
13237:
13219:
13194:
13186:
13137:
13131:
13114:
13088:
13076:. Retrieved
13073:pdfslide.net
13072:
13063:
13030:
13024:
13014:
12989:
12983:
12977:
12965:. Retrieved
12960:
12956:
12944:
12919:
12911:
12894:
12890:
12880:
12871:
12867:
12854:
12840:
12807:
12801:
12795:
12768:
12762:
12752:
12725:
12719:
12713:
12705:
12686:
12680:
12641:
12607:
12598:CP violation
12532:
12465:
12455:
12435:
12433:
9965:Omega meson
9567:
9521:CP–violating
9510:
9503:
9502:10 MeV/
9399:
9383:
9363:
9357:
9355:
7293:
5727:
5661:
5650:
5647:Exotic meson
5634:ground state
5625:
5547:
4824:
4814:ground state
4805:
4753:
4741:
4717:
4705:
3818:
3810:Nomenclature
3787:Tensor meson
3765:Scalar meson
3743:Vector meson
3650:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3594:
3288:
3021:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3004:
2903:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2625:
2619:
2612:
2328:
2289:
2197:rho particle
2096:
2093:
2084:
2074:
1985:
1963:
1852:
1752:
1742:
1710:
1699:
1616:
1541:
1519:
1511:wavefunction
1500:
1442:
1429:
1425:
1413:
1409:
1401:wavefunction
1398:
1386:
1345:
1268:
1051:
1034:scalar meson
1032:
1006:vector meson
1004:
844:
804:
763:
759:
757:
705:César Lattes
697:Cecil Powell
690:
664:World War II
661:
629:
600:
574:
565:bottom quark
469:
425:antiparticle
422:
395:
380:
373:
350:
252:
246:
239:
234:
220:
216:
211:
176:
150:
90:Interactions
15651:Quark model
15419:Theta meson
15322:Positronium
15234:Omega meson
15229:J/psi meson
15159:Antineutron
15070:Dark photon
15035:Graviphoton
14994:Stop squark
14702:Down (quark
14622:(Fermilab).
14609:(Fermilab).
13489:. Reviews.
13104:. Reviews.
12992:: 694–698.
12529:strangeness
12525:eigenstates
9349:decay modes
9191:decay modes
9024:decay modes
8855:decay modes
8688:decay modes
8530:decay modes
8365:decay modes
7107:decay modes
6979:decay modes
5574:In addition
4788:In addition
3026:strangeness
2849:strangeness
2628:quark model
2296:quark model
595:repulsion.
583:that holds
539:charm quark
517:J/Psi meson
369:antiprotons
353:cosmic rays
48:Composition
15714:Categories
15393:Heptaquark
15354:Superatoms
15287:Pentaquark
15277:Tetraquark
15259:Quarkonium
15149:Antiproton
15050:Leptoquark
14985:Neutralino
14747:antiquark)
14737:antiquark)
14732:Top (quark
14727:antiquark)
14717:antiquark)
14707:antiquark)
14697:antiquark)
14666:Elementary
14443:. (2008):
14439:C. Amsler
14410:. (2008):
14406:C. Amsler
14373:. (2008):
14369:C. Amsler
14339:. (2008):
14335:C. Amsler
14305:. (2008):
14301:C. Amsler
14271:. (2008):
14267:C. Amsler
14234:. (2008):
14230:C. Amsler
14218:. (2008):
14214:C. Amsler
14185:. (2008):
14181:C. Amsler
14151:. (2008):
14147:C. Amsler
14118:. (2008):
14114:C. Amsler
14081:. (2008):
14077:C. Amsler
14047:. (2008):
14043:C. Amsler
14014:. (2008):
14010:C. Amsler
13981:. (2008):
13977:C. Amsler
13947:. (2008):
13943:C. Amsler
13914:. (2008):
13910:C. Amsler
13881:. (2008):
13877:C. Amsler
13847:. (2008):
13843:C. Amsler
13810:. (2008):
13806:C. Amsler
13777:. (2008):
13773:C. Amsler
13744:. (2008):
13740:C. Amsler
13710:. (2008):
13706:C. Amsler
13676:. (2008):
13672:C. Amsler
13643:. (2008):
13639:C. Amsler
13610:. (2008):
13606:C. Amsler
13577:. (2008):
13573:C. Amsler
13544:. (2008):
13540:C. Amsler
13482:) (2008).
13123:) (2008).
13097:) (2008).
12967:5 February
12673:References
12537:weak force
10206:Phi meson
9523:term (see
9517:eigenstate
9394:kaon notes
9390:eigenstate
6134:Eta meson
5676:tetraquark
4838:Antiquark
3823:are zero:
3589:See also:
3034:bottomness
2772:where the
2626:After the
2329:The exact
1501:where the
1369:, and the
749:rho mesons
687:Darjeeling
668:"pi meson"
649:"mu meson"
644:"mu meson"
512:cosmic ray
361:cyclotrons
326:femtometre
318:antiquarks
219:, +1
124:Discovered
68:Statistics
61:antiquarks
15631:Particles
15576:Particles
15535:Polariton
15525:Plasmaron
15495:Dropleton
15388:Hexaquark
15359:Molecules
15347:Protonium
15224:Phi meson
15209:Rho meson
15181:Xi baryon
15113:Composite
14949:Gravitino
14692:Up (quark
13361:186218053
13178:227119789
13006:122718292
12633:Footnotes
12256:−1
10032:¯
10014:¯
9855:¯
9843:−
9837:¯
9559:Rest mass
9543:Particle
9538:Particle
9144:−1
7874:¯
7862:−
7856:¯
7642:¯
7624:¯
6545:¯
6527:¯
6509:¯
6221:¯
6206:−
6200:¯
6182:¯
6021:¯
6009:−
6003:¯
5719:Rest mass
5703:Particle
5615:When the
4795:When the
4003:¯
3991:−
3985:¯
3556:¯
3543:−
3517:¯
3504:−
3478:¯
3465:−
3436:−
3423:¯
3410:−
3384:¯
3371:−
3345:¯
3332:−
3260:¯
3247:−
3207:¯
3194:−
3178:−
3166:′
3147:¯
3134:−
3094:¯
3081:−
3065:−
2976:′
2906:) by the
2859:symmetric
2816:= −
2740:¯
2727:−
2709:−
2697:¯
2684:−
2091:in 1937.
1949:⟩
1927:¯
1912:−
1906:⟩
1894:¯
1838:⟩
1816:¯
1798:⟩
1786:¯
1716:CP-parity
1685:⟩
1676:¯
1662:−
1656:⟩
1650:¯
1602:⟩
1593:¯
1576:⟩
1570:¯
1466:−
1031:called a
735:(between
683:half-tone
363:or other
342:neutrinos
338:electrons
238:, 1
215:, 0
113:Theorized
53:composite
15607:timeline
15459:R-hadron
15414:Glueball
15398:Skyrmion
15332:Tauonium
15045:Inflaton
15040:Graviton
15020:Curvaton
14990:Sfermion
14980:Higgsino
14975:Chargino
14936:Gauginos
14795:Neutrino
14780:Antimuon
14770:Positron
14765:Electron
14675:Fermions
13170:10020536
13055:17747881
12616:See also
12610:flavored
12545:lifetime
12523:are not
12428:Unknown
12425:Unknown
12403:Unknown
12265:Unknown
12094:Unknown
11965:B meson
11917:Unknown
11790:B meson
11338:D meson
11106:D meson
10636:J/ψ
10526:J/ψ
9555:content
9527:below).
8861:B meson
8694:B meson
8371:D meson
8208:D meson
7576:K-Short
7084:Unknown
6050:134.9766
5715:content
4771:J/ψ
4746:C-parity
3895:content
3629:C-parity
3621:G-parity
2360:whereas
2343:+
1739:G-parity
1538:C-parity
1532:C-parity
1432:parity (
1426:positive
1416:parity (
1410:negative
1351:"parity"
850:fermions
778:Overview
741:neutrons
678:exposed
653:electron
528:J/ψ
500:G-parity
496:C-parity
418:fermions
376:Big Bang
307:hadronic
209:−1
15730:Hadrons
15595:Related
15566:Baryons
15540:Polaron
15530:Plasmon
15505:Fracton
15500:Exciton
15454:Diquark
15449:Pomeron
15424:T meson
15381:Baryons
15342:Pionium
15327:Muonium
15254:D meson
15249:B meson
15154:Neutron
15139:Nucleon
15131:Baryons
15122:Hadrons
15085:Tachyon
15060:Majoron
15025:Dilaton
14954:Photino
14790:Antitau
14757:Leptons
14583:. 2004.
14560:6295609
14540:Bibcode
13423:Bibcode
13386:Bibcode
13341:Bibcode
13142:Bibcode
13035:Bibcode
12832:1155396
12812:Bibcode
12773:Bibcode
12730:Bibcode
12600:. See
12477:Due to
12468:neutral
12447:⁄
12072:⁄
11895:⁄
11447:⁄
11384:(2007)
11360:(2007)
11213:⁄
11150:(2010)
11128:(2010)
11047:⁄
10889:⁄
10228:(1020)
9550:symbol
9545:symbol
9507:exists.
9375:⁄
8968:⁄
8799:⁄
8477:⁄
8312:⁄
7916:⁄
7903:497.614
7808:K-Long
7684:⁄
7671:497.614
7551:⁄
7538:497.614
7240:0.0021)
7236:(1.2380
7215:⁄
7202:493.677
6251:547.853
5901:0.0005)
5897:(2.6033
5865:139.570
5710:symbol
5705:symbol
5664:Z(4430)
5653:hadrons
5173:strange
4858:bottom
4852:strange
4207:Mix of
3597:isospin
3038:topness
2879:), the
2830:
2818:
2805:
2793:
2381:
2358:
2085:isospin
1982:Isospin
1857:even" (
1733:-parity
1621:even" (
1509:of the
1363:Gravity
1336:-parity
962:
934:
922:
909:
897:
887:
875:
866:
854:
834:
822:
812:) is a
737:protons
717:England
589:protons
571:History
410:
398:
387:baryons
346:photons
334:neutron
232:0
107:gravity
73:bosonic
15725:Bosons
15720:Mesons
15571:Mesons
15520:Phonon
15515:Magnon
15437:Others
15407:Mesons
15300:Others
15196:Mesons
15144:Proton
15008:Others
14963:Others
14944:Gluino
14878:Scalar
14858:Photon
14841:Bosons
14684:Quarks
14558:
14359:(2007)
14325:(2010)
14162:ω
14129:ρ
13721:η
13687:η
13621:η
13588:π
13555:π
13512:
13456:
13359:
13309:
13305:–311.
13276:
13272:–275.
13207:
13203:–120.
13176:
13168:
13078:24 May
13053:
13004:
12985:Nature
12932:
12830:
12693:
12481:, the
12449:Γ
12299:γ
12127:γ
11950:γ
11775:π
11732:γ
11554:γ
11511:π
11323:π
11280:π
11072:0.002)
11068:(7.346
11035:896.00
10877:891.66
10514:J/Psi
10498:π
10478:π
10458:π
10438:π
10418:ρ
10191:γ
10171:π
10148:π
10128:π
10108:π
10060:782.65
9987:(782)
9977:ω
9950:π
9930:π
9884:775.49
9810:(770)
9800:ρ
9773:π
9753:π
9660:(770)
9650:ρ
9638:(770)
9628:ρ
9396:below)
9387:Strong
9377:Γ
9160:−0.027
9158:+0.026
8996:0.009)
8992:(1.530
8827:0.011)
8823:(1.638
8502:0.015)
8498:(4.101
8337:0.007)
8333:(1.040
8193:π
8173:π
8153:π
8130:π
8110:π
8090:π
8071:μ
8066:ν
8046:μ
8026:π
8002:ν
7962:π
7943:0.020)
7939:(5.116
7793:π
7773:π
7750:π
7730:π
7711:0.005)
7707:(8.953
7431:π
7411:π
7387:ν
7347:π
7324:π
7304:π
7284:μ
7279:ν
7259:μ
7097:η
6997:η
6969:η
6857:η
6830:η
6810:π
6790:π
6767:γ
6747:π
6727:π
6707:γ
6687:ρ
6663:η
6643:π
6623:π
6574:957.66
6483:(958)
6446:π
6426:π
6406:π
6383:π
6363:π
6343:π
6320:γ
6300:γ
6146:η
6119:γ
6099:γ
6054:0.0006
5968:π
5945:μ
5940:ν
5920:μ
5809:π
5788:π
5713:Quark
5608:= 1),
5562:, and
5407:bottom
4835:Quark
4732:, and
4680:θ
4652:η
4554:η
4474:η
4382:ω
4333:η
4186:ρ
4166:ρ
4146:ρ
4118:π
4098:π
4078:π
3613:parity
3020:, and
3005:where
2863:broken
2562:π
2550:states
2509:) and
2455:π
2396:π
2306:, and
2261:= +1 ,
2244:ρ
2235:, and
2226:ρ
2208:ρ
2174:= +1 ,
2157:π
2148:, and
2139:π
2121:π
1968:odd" (
1704:odd" (
1365:, the
1355:parity
1087:up to
1039:spin-0
1029:= 0 ),
1011:spin-1
1001:= −1),
846:Quarks
836:
814:vector
799:, and
707:, and
692:Nature
680:Ilford
657:lepton
609:Yukawa
603:, the
597:Yukawa
510:or in
492:parity
458:π
440:π
414:bosons
383:hadron
330:proton
314:quarks
163:π
135:~140 (
119:(1935)
95:strong
83:hadron
79:Family
57:quarks
27:Mesons
15559:Lists
15550:Trion
15545:Roton
15485:Anyon
15312:Atoms
15075:Preon
15015:Axion
14970:Axino
14863:Gluon
14850:Gauge
14571:(PDF)
14556:S2CID
14530:arXiv
14441:et al
14408:et al
14371:et al
14337:et al
14303:et al
14291:(892)
14269:et al
14232:et al
14216:et al
14183:et al
14171:(782)
14149:et al
14116:et al
14079:et al
14045:et al
14012:et al
13979:et al
13945:et al
13912:et al
13879:et al
13845:et al
13808:et al
13775:et al
13742:et al
13708:et al
13674:et al
13641:et al
13608:et al
13575:et al
13542:et al
13487:(PDF)
13357:S2CID
13247:(PDF)
13229:(PDF)
13174:S2CID
13128:(PDF)
13102:(PDF)
13002:S2CID
12953:(PDF)
12874:(48).
12864:(PDF)
12541:decay
12471:kaons
11039:0.025
10945:Kaon
10881:0.026
10789:Kaon
10755:0.03)
10751:(1.22
10676:Self
10673:(1S)
10592:0.011
10538:Self
10448:) / (
10310:0.01)
10306:(1.55
10285:0.020
10231:Self
10089:0.07)
10085:(7.75
9990:Self
9813:Self
9707:775.4
9553:Quark
9540:name
9155:1.470
8659:0.07)
8655:(5.00
7907:0.024
7833:Self
7675:0.024
7601:Self
7542:0.024
7447:Kaon
7206:0.016
7113:Kaon
7011:Self
7008:(1S)
6871:Self
6868:(1S)
6717:) / (
6486:Self
6255:0.024
6158:Self
5980:Self
5956:Pion
5872:0.000
5776:Pion
5055:charm
4849:charm
3844:= 0,
3835:= 0,
3829:= 0,
3660:Type
3637:quark
3627:) or
3030:charm
2280:= −1
2270:= 0 ,
2193:= −1
2183:= 0 ,
2110:= 1 .
2055:, or
2043:, or
2025:nonet
2012:, or
2000:, or
1263:4, 2
1249:3, 1
1235:2, 0
982:= +1,
971:= 1 ,
760:meson
745:gluon
605:Greek
601:mesos
253:meson
132:Types
40:nonet
15510:Hole
15337:Onia
15244:Kaon
15204:Pion
14775:Muon
14254:(1S)
13510:ISBN
13454:ISBN
13307:ISBN
13274:ISBN
13205:ISBN
13166:PMID
13080:2020
13051:PMID
12969:2011
12930:ISBN
12828:OSTI
12691:ISBN
12645:The
12575:and
12550:The
12502:and
11691:>
11470:>
11438:0.19
11241:1.9)
11237:(6.9
11204:0.17
11082:See
10921:See
10911:7.35
10765:See
10730:0.26
10627:See
10617:0.2)
10613:(7.1
10588:.916
10281:.445
10064:0.12
9888:0.34
9514:Weak
9477:and
9421:and
9330:See
9320:0.7)
9316:(4.6
9287:6276
9172:See
9006:See
8837:See
8790:0.31
8669:See
8634:0.34
8512:See
8469:0.17
8347:See
8304:0.20
7088:See
7057:9300
6960:See
6950:0.3)
6946:(2.5
6777:) or
6604:0.2)
6600:(3.2
6578:0.24
6281:0.3)
6277:(5.0
6080:0.6)
6076:(8.4
5682:List
5672:LHCb
5624:MeV/
4961:down
4846:down
4804:MeV/
3794:1, 3
3750:0, 2
3725:0, 1
3036:and
2847:The
2571:= (
2465:= a
2405:= (
2333:and
2322:and
2314:and
2272:and
2185:and
2099:spin
2064:= 1
2021:= 0
1430:even
1385:does
1260:4, 2
1246:3, 1
1232:2, 0
1018:= 0,
993:and
991:= 0,
848:are
806:Spin
739:and
674:and
632:muon
617:muon
504:mass
498:and
474:and
429:pion
344:and
316:and
251:, a
228:Spin
145:Mass
137:List
127:1947
105:and
99:weak
59:and
14785:Tau
14548:doi
13431:doi
13394:doi
13349:doi
13303:303
13270:231
13158:hdl
13150:doi
13138:667
13043:doi
12994:doi
12990:159
12926:315
12899:doi
12820:doi
12781:doi
12738:doi
12533:are
12527:of
12422:+1
12419:+1
12262:+1
12242:1.3
12236:412
12091:+1
12063:0.5
12057:325
11914:+1
11886:0.5
11880:325
11693:3.4
11684:+1
11681:+1
11667:0.5
11661:112
11472:3.1
11463:+1
11434:.97
11432:006
11229:+1
11200:.27
11198:010
10726:.30
10724:460
10586:096
10279:019
9911:4.5
9734:4.5
9711:0.4
9563:MeV
9498:2.2
9311:+1
9308:+1
9150:+1
9130:0.6
9124:366
8987:+1
8955:.53
8953:279
8818:+1
8786:.15
8784:279
8647:+1
8644:+1
8630:.49
8628:968
8490:+1
8465:.84
8463:864
8325:+1
8300:.62
8298:869
7927:(*)
7695:(*)
6925:1.2
6919:980
6331:or
5723:MeV
5581:If
5548:not
5291:top
4855:top
4718:not
3619:),
3611:),
3603:),
2791:= +
2469:of
2087:by
1753:If
1428:or
1414:odd
1412:or
1361:).
1100:| ,
1092:= |
1077:= |
1045:or
1037:or
1009:or
937:or
920:= +
764:any
731:in
715:in
611:or
332:or
247:In
15716::
14591:.
14573:.
14554:.
14546:.
14538:.
14512:.
14469:^
14399:^
14260:^
14107:^
13836:^
13468:^
13429:.
13417:.
13392:.
13382:51
13380:.
13355:.
13347:.
13337:77
13201:88
13172:.
13164:.
13156:.
13148:.
13136:.
13130:.
13071:.
13049:.
13041:.
13031:61
13029:.
13023:.
13000:.
12988:.
12961:76
12959:.
12955:.
12928:.
12895:17
12893:.
12889:.
12872:17
12870:.
12866:.
12826:.
12818:.
12808:39
12806:.
12779:.
12769:33
12767:.
12761:.
12736:.
12726:33
12724:.
12718:.
12657:,
12473::
12416:0
12259:0
12238:.8
12117:+
12088:0
12085:0
12059:.1
11940:+
11911:0
11908:0
11882:.1
11765:+
11742:or
11722:+
11697:10
11687:0
11663:.3
11544:+
11521:or
11501:+
11476:10
11466:0
11460:0
11313:+
11290:or
11270:+
11245:10
11232:0
11226:0
11076:10
11063:0
11060:0
11057:1
11054:1
10915:10
10905:0
10902:0
10899:1
10896:1
10759:10
10746:0
10743:0
10740:0
10737:1
10734:0
10621:10
10608:0
10605:0
10602:0
10599:1
10596:0
10488:+
10468:+
10428:+
10404:or
10383:+
10359:or
10339:+
10314:10
10301:0
10298:0
10295:0
10292:1
10289:0
10181:+
10158:or
10138:+
10118:+
10093:10
10080:0
10077:0
10074:0
10071:1
10068:0
9940:+
9915:10
9905:0
9902:0
9899:0
9896:1
9893:1
9763:+
9738:10
9728:0
9725:0
9722:0
9719:1
9716:1
9606:)
9595:B'
9571:)
9324:10
9305:0
9166:10
9147:0
9126:.3
9000:10
8984:0
8981:0
8959:33
8831:10
8815:0
8812:0
8663:10
8650:0
8641:0
8638:0
8506:10
8493:0
8487:0
8484:0
8341:10
8328:0
8322:0
8319:0
8183:+
8163:+
8140:or
8120:+
8100:+
8077:or
8056:+
8036:+
8013:or
7992:+
7972:+
7947:10
7934:0
7931:0
7923:0
7783:+
7760:or
7740:+
7715:10
7702:0
7699:0
7691:0
7567:0
7564:0
7561:1
7558:0
7421:+
7398:or
7377:+
7357:+
7334:or
7314:+
7290:or
7269:+
7244:10
7231:0
7228:0
7225:1
7222:0
7081:0
7078:0
7075:0
7061:40
6954:10
6941:0
6938:0
6935:0
6932:0
6929:0
6921:.3
6820:+
6800:+
6757:+
6737:+
6697:+
6673:or
6653:+
6633:+
6608:10
6595:0
6592:0
6589:0
6586:0
6583:0
6436:+
6416:+
6393:or
6373:+
6353:+
6310:+
6285:10
6272:0
6269:0
6266:0
6263:0
6260:0
6109:+
6084:10
6071:0
6068:0
6065:0
6062:0
6059:1
5930:+
5905:10
5892:0
5889:0
5886:0
5883:0
5880:1
5874:35
5867:18
5766:)
5755:B'
5731:)
5659:.
5558:,
5554:,
5532:^
5522:—
4863:up
4843:up
4728:,
4724:,
4282:,
4245:,
4202:a
3803:2
3781:0
3759:1
3737:1
3715:0
3032:,
3028:,
3013:,
3009:,
2910::
2902:,
2895:,
2891:,
2865:.
2615:c.
2608:)
2548:)
2511:(
2471:(
2442:)
2302:,
2217:,
2130:,
2051:,
2039:,
2008:,
1996:,
1726:.
1720:CP
1718:.
1329:.
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