169:
24:
682:, Kerry Kovarik argues that the exact language of the final draft of the Act exceeded the intent of Congress, as indicated by the generating committees and the Congressional debate record, creating "inequities" and poor judicial interpretations, with unintended negative consequences for crash victims, far beyond what Congress intended, to include any aircraft with less than 20 passenger seats, operated in any activity other than scheduled commercial service, including helicopters and business jets, despite a lack of Congressional discussion of those exemptions.
762:. Cessna Chairman and CEO Russell W. Meyer said it was in response to passage of GARA, and in keeping with his "promise". However, Cessna did not resume production of most of its propeller aircraft line; including its most efficient and high-performance piston-propeller aircraft, or any of its twin-engined propeller aircraft. Cessna continued to focus chiefly on business jets and commercial/utility turboprop aircraft.
288:, and Reagan's subsequent firing of most U.S. air traffic controllers, resulted in significant reductions of U.S. flight operations—particularly in general aviation, which was subjected to a new system of "flow control" regulating flights from busy airports, undermining the utility of general aviation in the U.S.
276:
recession, and rising interest rates in the general economy; termination of the investment tax credit for light aircraft purchases; aircraft market saturation (due partly to accumulated numbers of old, but still flyable, light aircraft built in abundance during the industry's economically favorable "boom" years);
667:(D-South Carolina), who objected to Sen. Kassebaum's attempt to attach the GARA as an amendment to his regular Fiscal 1994 FAA Reauthorization Bill. Hollings finally agreed to support a version of GARA, as a separate bill, that delayed protection from the original 15 years to the finally-successful 18 years.
307:
there had been no fear of program discontinuance. This surge in student (and subsequently licensed private) pilots also triggered a transient surge in orders for light aircraft—for training and personal use—which also quickly consumed the veteran-related aircraft demand that would normally have been
280:
and foreign aircraft competition (and inadequate response by US manufacturers); declines in consumer discretionary income; the changing demographics of income and wealth distribution, reducing the number of potential buyers; sharply increased fuel costs; urban sprawl competing with airport space; and
146:
generally shielding most manufacturers of aircraft (carrying fewer than 20 passengers), and aircraft parts, from liability for most accidents (including injury or fatality accidents) involving their products that are 18 years old or older (at the time of the accident), even if manufacturer negligence
350:
said it was in response to rising product liability costs, and Meyer promised to return Cessna to propeller aircraft production if (and when) the
Congress passed satisfactory changes in product liability law. In the meantime, Cessna shifted its focus to business jets and commercial/utility turboprop
740:
below the 1970s production quantities (see graph). Meanwhile, contrary to an implied goal of GARA, average general aviation aircraft prices continued to rise. This was largely attributable to the shift of GA manufacturers towards building high-end turbine (turboprop and jet) business and luxury
718:
Furthermore, when a part is installed as addition, modification or replacement, exemption for claims of liability arising out of this part kicks in 18 years after installation of that part. So a 20-year-old aircraft may still be the object of a successful suit against a manufacturer in regards of
202:
At the time, industry analysts estimated that the U.S. decline in general aviation aircraft manufacturing eliminated somewhere between 28,000 and 100,000 jobs—as unit production dropped by 95% between the 1970s peak and the early 1990s—sharply different from other segments of the global aerospace
876:
However, others have argued that safety improvement in general aviation have been chiefly the result of a market shift away from owner-flown aircraft, towards professionally operated aircraft, and due to other changes, such as improving technology, advances in pilot education and training, and
226:
Insurance underwriters, worldwide, began to refuse to sell product liability insurance to U.S. general aviation manufacturers. By 1987, the three largest GA manufacturers claimed their annual costs for product liability ranged from $ 70,000 to $ 100,000 per airplane built and shipped that year.
813:
has cited testimony March 1997 by Cessna senior vice president John E. Moore, before the Senate
Commerce Committee, March 6, 1997, acknowledging that Cessna's product liability costs had not been reduced after the passage of the GARA. In fact, purchase prices of various types of light aircraft
275:
However, other economics of general aviation had also begun to erode the market for light aircraft, including: rising insurance rates and restrictions for aircraft manufacturers, owners, operators, and maintenance providers, largely in response to the accident-liability issues; inflation and
222:
Rising claims against the industry triggered a rapid increase in manufacturers' liability insurance premiums during the 1980s. Industry-wide, in just 7 years, the manufacturers' liability premiums increased nearly nine-fold, from approximately $ 24 million in 1978 to $ 210 million in 1985.
1413:
697:
The final law exempted manufacturers of general aviation aircraft (aircraft with less than 20 passenger seats, not operated in scheduled commercial service), and their component parts, from liability for any of their products that were 18 years old or older at the time of the accident.
1243:
Table 1.7, "U.S.-Manufactured
General Aviation Airplanes: Units Shipped, Net Factory Billings and Companies Reporting," General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA), Washington, D.C., as posted by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Washington,
218:
Average cost of manufacturer's liability insurance for each airplane manufactured in the U.S. had risen from approximately $ 50 per plane in 1962 to $ 100,000 per plane in 1988, according to a report cited by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, a 2,000-fold increase in 24 years.
409:
As a consequence of these changes, and others, the general aviation industry began to suffer from a shortage of new aircraft, particularly for training, rental and charter use. The three main training planes of the industry in the 1980s, the two-seat
1166:
329:
The three leading general aviation aircraft manufacturers (accounting for over half of U.S. general aviation aircraft production) underwent major negative changes, which each blamed at least partially on rising product liability costs. Specifically:
675:, and no other purpose. Meyer also promoted the bill as a "jobs" bill, to win the support of aircraft industry unions and other organized labor, traditionally popular with Democrats (who, at the time, controlled both houses of Congress).
1156:(a detailed, documented history of Cessna Aircraft Company, supported by them; most references to this source are coupled with references to more independent sources), Write Stuff Enterprises, 2007, Ft.Lauderdale, Florida. Ch.15-16.
504:(ATLA). The proposed legislation directly threatened their power and wealth, and would create a potentially wide-ranging precedent that could lead to similar legislation affecting lawsuits over other products and issues.
308:
spread out more evenly over several years—creating, instead, a sudden, fleeting "peak" in aircraft purchases in the late 1970s, in place of what might otherwise have been a lower, longer, more-even "plateau" in the data.
1830:
1283:
741:
aircraft, while keeping piston aircraft productions at a small fraction of their 1970s levels. The manufacturers were able to get increased income with smaller numbers of far-more-expensive airplanes (see graph).
727:
There is debate about the results of the GARA. Some believe it has revitalized the industry, and some believe it has made little difference, even encouraging continued or resumed production of high-risk vehicles.
1503:," downloaded from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University website, May 27, 2013, which notes: "In 2009, general aviation (GA) was responsible for approximately 95% of civil aviation accidents and 89% of fatalities."
316:
As a consequence of these factors, apparently, general aviation aircraft manufacturers began to experience sharply declining revenues and rising costs, in the 1980s, with resulting declines in income, and rising
242:- General aviation aircraft manufacturers chiefly specialized in small and light aircraft which often remained in operation for several decades after their manufacture, much longer than automobiles or even most
579:(R-Utah), who successfully persuaded GARA backers (particularly GAMA) to support a simpler bill, and then helped Rep. Glickman acquire more than 300 "co-sponsors" for the bill in the House of Representatives.
430:
During the 1980s and 1990s, under the leadership of Cessna
Chairman Russ Meyer and GAMA President Ed Stimpson, the industry pressured Congress, for several years, to enact limits on aircraft manufacturers'
266:
lawsuits became a rapidly rising area of specialty for the legal profession in the 1980s, with some attorneys successfully specializing in targeting general aviation aircraft manufacturers and insurers.
671:
The bill's language was reportedly drafted by Sen. Kassebaum (R-Kansas), Rep. Glickman (D-Kansas) and GAMA/Cessna
Chairman Russ Meyer, with Meyer pushing for simplification to a bill focused only on a
295:
for military veterans—with veterans scrambling to get the training while it was still available. The surge, some analysts have indicated, consumed most of the veterans' demand for flight-training that
814:(including some Piper, Beech and reintroduced Cessna models) went up sharply during the early years of GARA, leaving doubt about industry representatives' claims that GARA would cut airplane prices.
549:. Kassebaum led the Congressional effort, and co-sponsored the legislation with Rep. Glickman (below). Kassebaum gathered more than 60 "co-sponsors" for the bill in the 100-seat, Democrat-dominated
178:
aircraft production in the U.S. -- following its 30-year peak in the late 1970s—dropped sharply over the next few years to a fraction of its original volume—from approximately 18,000 units in
772:") continued in and out of troubles, but continued producing the types that had survived during the 1980s; and restored some that it had cut from its product line, such as the single-engine
809:
of the U.S. Congress estimated, after GARA's passage, that 25,000 new jobs had been created, exactly the quantity predicted at the hearings. However, the public-interest advocacy group
285:
338:, long the world's highest-volume aircraft producer, and largest general aviation aircraft manufacturer, posted its first-ever annual loss, in 1983. Following acquisition by
199:
General aviation aircraft manufacturers in the 1980s and 1990s began to terminate or reduce production of their piston-powered propeller aircraft, or struggled with solvency.
467:
1834:
1280:
1500:
988:
822:
Since GARA, attorneys have begun pressing other segments of the general aviation industry and community as alternative defendants to the manufacturers, including:
846:) typically airport-based aviation service businesses providing flight training, charter flying, rental aircraft, aircraft storage, fueling and/or maintenance.)
1173:(71 J. Air L. & Com. 411), Summer, 2006, Southern Methodist University School of Law, Dallas, Texas, as posted on LexisNexis.com; also listed for sale at
1391:
849:
The result of shifted liability focus has been an increase in costs elsewhere in the industry, and directly to aircraft owners and pilots, and their estates.
649:, who had a reputation for blocking liability reform. Brooks' committee sat on the bill, initially, but when it appeared his committee might be bypassed by a
150:
While GARA is considered a landmark event in the modern history of
America's general aviation industry, debate continues over the effects and ethics of GARA.
877:
better operating methods and practices." A reduction in flight hours, owing to economic factors, is also suspected to contribute to a decline in accidents.
750:, in 1997, resumed very limited propeller aircraft production of its two most popular (and statistically safest) models that had been suspended in 1986; the
291:
Also cited by some was an unsustainable surge in student pilots, triggered by the proposed elimination of government-funded private pilot training under the
1648:
564:
division of
Bombardier Aerospace, and many other aviation enterprises. Glickman co-sponsored the legislation with Sen. Kassebaum (above), and aided by Rep.
2070:
1078:
591:
2100:
2013:
complete text of the 1994 law, as provided by The
Editors of AVweb, from documents Provided by the U.S. Department of Transportation, January 14, 2001
1539:
705:
If the manufacturer withheld or concealed information from the FAA, or misrepresented information, that is directly related to the accident's cause;
1722:
1546:
401:), shifting company emphasis towards professionally operated corporate turboprops and business jets, and small military and commercial aircraft.
359:
went in and out of bankruptcy, under various names, suspending or eliminating some long-popular models from its product line, such as the 2-seat
1177:
711:
If an otherwise-exempt aircraft killed or injured someone not aboard the aircraft (e.g.: a person on the ground, struck by the aircraft); or
2063:
1567:
914:
1855:
1369:
2077:
1941:
1617:, Washington, D.C., Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 82-600545, NTIS order #PB82-207606; particularly "Strike Impacts", pp.57-58.
1038:
447:
736:
Following passage of the GARA, U.S. general aviation aircraft production, in units, roughly doubled in five years, but still remained
660:(D-Ohio), who gave a detailed speech, March 16, 1994 on the floor of the U.S. Senate, critiquing the proposed provisions of the GARA.
514:. However, Rodengen quotes GAMA President Ed Stimpson as claiming that simplification of the bill, eliminating all aspects but the
1817:
215:
costs, driving aircraft prices beyond the market, and they said their production cuts were in response to that growing liability.
1973:
1813:
1448:
501:
457:
2082:
1043:
235:
Industry representatives and analysts variously blamed one or more of three general factors for rising product liability costs:
1765:
569:
2023:," online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The Presidency Project online archives, Univ. of California at Santa Barbara.
1238:
917:," online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The Presidency Project online archives, Univ. of California at Santa Barbara.
1591:
1214:
1901:
Brighter Skies For
General Aviation: Fractional ownership and other trends help the industry climb out of a 15-year nosedive
2049:
972:
168:
873:) have argued that the outcomes of GARA demonstrate that product liability limits motivate safer behavior by consumers.
620:(R-Texas), who offered a defense to Sen. Metzenbaum's critique, remarks, March 16, 1994 on the floor of the U.S. Senate.
1900:
1668:
642:
533:
U.S. Senator Nancy Landon Kassebaum (R-Kansas) from the home state of Cessna, Beech Aircraft/Raytheon Aircraft, the
708:
If the accident victim is a passenger on an air ambulance flight, or otherwise in flight, to get medical treatment;
76:
1466:
560:(D-Kansas) from Wichita, "the Air Capital City" the hometown of Cessna, Beech Aircraft/Raytheon Aircraft, and the
2042:
A Good Idea Stretched Too Far: Amending the General Aviation Revitalization Act to Mitigate Unintended Inequities
1990:
1614:
965:
A Good Idea Stretched Too Far: Amending the General Aviation Revitalization Act to Mitigate Unintended Inequities
1075:
1750:
1742:
529:
Some, with connections to general aviation were among the forces mobilized to pass the legislation, including:
2087:
Aircraft Builders Council. (a legalistic dissertation on the evolving use and interpretation of the statute).
1627:
1331:
1048:
Aircraft Builders Council. (a legalistic dissertation on the evolving use and interpretation of the statute).
794:) continued production of the two piston-engine aircraft models that had survived the pre-GARA shakeout, the
1715:
1925:
1917:
1702:
653:, Brooks scheduled hearings on the bill in his committee, which eventually passed the GARA with amendments.
125:
2062:
Report on Investigation No. 332-204, Under Section 332 of the Tariff Act of 1930, USITC Publication 1817,
1566:
Report on Investigation No. 332-204, Under Section 332 of the Tariff Act of 1930, USITC Publication 1817,
1414:
SYMPOSIUM ON THE GENERAL AVIATION REVITALIZATION ACT: The Push for Statutes of Repose in General Aviation
252:(per passenger, per mile traveled) for general aviation aircraft than most other forms of transportation.
2071:
The rise and fall of general aviation: product liability, market structure, and technological innovation
1719:
1076:
The rise and fall of general aviation: product liability, market structure, and technological innovation
393:, and discontinuing all other piston-propeller aircraft models (from the 2-seat, single-engine Model 77
631:
1089:, June 22, 1995, American Society of Transportation and Logistics, Inc., as reproduced on the website
342:
Corporation in September 1985, Cessna suspended all propeller aircraft production in 1986 (except the
1957:
862:
806:
646:
636:
690:
The General Aviation Revitalization Act was passed by the Congress in 1994, and signed by President
139:
aircraft manufacturers, by limiting the duration of their liability for the aircraft they produce.
1986:
1174:
613:, who gave a sponsoring speech in favor of the GARA, Nov.11, 1993 on the floor of the U.S. Senate.
1635:
987:
Angelley, William (attorney with aviation accident liability law firm Hightower/Angelley, LLP.),
870:
1883:
1799:
Bruner, Borgna, ed., table:"Composition of Congress by Political Party, 1855-2005, pp.79-80 in
1516:" from the 2011 "Wish List", National Transportation Safety Board, 2011, as viewed May 27, 2013
318:
1016:
568:(below) gathered more than 300 "co-sponsors" for the bill in the Democrat-dominated, 435-seat
1954:
General Aviation Safety: Additional FAA Efforts Could Help Identify and Mitigate Safety Risks
1194:
347:
2041:
2037:, Washington, D.C. (video of House of Representatives discussion of GARA and other topics.).
1969:
1606:
1581:
964:
435:. The proposed legislation became known as the "General Aviation Revitalization Act (GARA).
23:
2034:
1017:
The General Aviation Act: When it Comes to Product Liability, Don't Believe What They Claim
802:, but never resumed production of any of the types that it had cut during the GARA debate.
781:
617:
550:
542:
538:
376:
8:
843:
262:, increasingly applied by courts nationwide during the 1960s and 1970s, so that aircraft
243:
2048:, Vol. 31, No. 4 (2008), Jan.2008, p.973, Seattle Univ. School of Law, Seattle, WA, USA
1610:
971:, Vol. 31, No. 4 (2008), Jan.2008, p.973, Seattle Univ. School of Law, Seattle, WA, USA
866:
795:
777:
650:
419:
343:
2030:
1213:
General Aviation Manufacturers' Assn. (the industry's primary lobbying organization),
2021:
Statement on Signing the General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1994, August 17, 1994
1587:
915:
Statement on Signing the General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1994, August 17, 1994
672:
657:
515:
432:
422:, were all removed from the market in the mid-1980s, and none of them ever returned.
381:
263:
212:
143:
132:
1769:
1746:
385:), and shifted its emphasis away from general aviation propeller aircraft, like the
1195:
Testimony of Edward M. Bolen, President, General Aviation Manufacturers Association
893:
799:
744:
The "big three" GA planemakers reacted to the enactment of GARA in differing ways:
339:
259:
175:
136:
2057:
1726:
1672:
1561:
1526:
1287:
1181:
1082:
784:. Some credit GARA with helping New Piper to emerge from bankruptcy and survive.
576:
565:
483:
360:
121:
72:
1929:
1479:
2020:
2006:
1020:
810:
664:
610:
587:
511:
415:
371:
355:
286:
labor-relations battle between President Reagan and FAA air traffic controllers
1708:
462:
the main U.S. organization for owners and pilots of general aviation aircraft.
2094:
1420:
23 Transp. L. J. 323, University of Denver, 1995, as posted on LexisNexis.com
394:
386:
2058:
Competitive assessment of the U.S. commuter and business aircraft industries
1856:"GARA: The General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-298)"
1562:
Competitive assessment of the U.S. commuter and business aircraft industries
2016:
1665:
1197:" before the National Civil Aviation Review Commission (USA), May 28, 1997.
910:
858:
691:
583:
557:
546:
158:
96:
2007:
GARA: The General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-298)
1803:, Information Please (Pearson), Boston, Mass./ Time Inc., Des Moines, Iowa
1152:
Rodengen, Jeffrey L., ed. by Elizabeth Fernandez & Alex Lieber, book:
476:
representing workers at several general aviation manufacturers' factories;
1513:
1276:
776:, reintroduced in 1995, the year after GARA was enacted; and twin-engine
773:
606:
473:
390:
364:
1953:
1583:
Essentials of Aviation Management: A Guide for Aviation Service Business
719:
manufacturer modifications or parts installed within the last 18 years.
714:
In suits over a written warranty involving an otherwise-exempt aircraft.
34:
Senate Bill: S. 1458 (103rd) General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1994
1770:
NBAA Congratulates Aviation Legend Russ Meyer on Hall of Fame Induction
1641:
1469:, Congressional Record, Volume 140 Issue 29 (Wednesday, March 16, 1994)
759:
755:
751:
486:(Kansas is the nation's leading producer of general aviation aircraft);
411:
398:
1689:
1501:
Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing for General Aviation
1311:
452:
particularly represented by Russ Meyer, Cessna's Chairman & CEO;
1749:: Promoter/Advocate, Enshrined 2009" Washington, DC, July 18, 2009,
1290:", speech before the U.S. Senate, November 9, 1993, Washington, D.C.
1326:
1324:
277:
196:(In a 1993 speech, Sen. John McCain said "nearly 500 last year ".)
1918:
Product Liability and Moral Hazard: Evidence from General Aviation
1519:
1392:
Did Economics And Politics Cut The Heart Out Of Personal Aviation?
1239:
2009 General Aviation Statistical Databook & Industry Outlook
561:
534:
292:
39:
2078:
Trends and Developments: The General Aviation Revitalization Act
1620:
1370:
General Aviation Revitalization Act: Its Effect on Manufacturers
1321:
1039:
Trends and Developments: The General Aviation Revitalization Act
2026:
1692:" on website of Piper Owners' Organization, viewed May 27, 2013
1318:
June, 1993, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Commerce.
594:, who provided substantial support to the proposed legislation.
334:
80:
586:(R-Oklahoma), a general aviation pilot from the home state of
363:(one of the longest-built airplanes in the world), and 6-seat
270:
2055:
Ladomirak, Deborah C., William L. Greene and Diane Manifold,
1781:
Harris, Richard, "Kansas Aviation History: The Long Story",
1600:
1559:
Ladomirak, Deborah C., William L. Greene and Diane Manifold,
1506:
468:
International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers
1547:
Small Business Innovation Research 1999 Program Solicitation
1167:
The General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1994 - An Update
1532:
1761:
1759:
1443:
staff, "Cessna Suspends Production of All Piston Models,"
324:
397:
trainer to the 7-seat, twin-engine, pressurized Model 60
1831:"United States Senator John McCain :: Press Office"
1720:
Rochelle McCullough, L.L.P., Attorneys at Law, Dallas TX
1472:
1159:
159:
General aviation industry decline in the 1980s and 1990s
1756:
518:, won "additional support" of "consumer organizations".
131:
It was intended to counteract the effects of prolonged
1550:, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
404:
124:
on Senate Bill S. 1458 (103rd Congress), amending the
1705:", Piper Flyer Assn., Jan4,2013 (viewed May 27, 2013)
1573:
1023:(non-profit public -interest advocacy group) website.
311:
1924:2012, vol. 55, issue 3, pages 593 - 630, available
1682:
1412:
McNatt, Christopher C., Jr. and Steven L. England, "
203:
industry, where U.S. market share was still strong.
2017:
Clinton, William J., President of the United States
1960:
of the U.S. Congress, Oct 4, 2012, Washington, D.C.
1884:"The New Cessna Singles - Who's Going to Buy Them?"
1695:
1187:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
911:
Clinton, William J., President of the United States
906:
904:
902:
1737:
1735:
1718:," October 22, 2000, Toledo, OH; (also online at:
1658:
1649:"Control issues: 25 years after the Patco strike,"
1364:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1529:," (Google eBook), Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1272:
1270:
2092:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
899:
896:" (1994; 103rd Congress S_ 1458), on GovTrack_us
346:commercial/utility turboprop). Cessna Chairman
1833:. Mccain.senate.gov. 1993-11-09. Archived from
1732:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1095:
2066:, March 1986, as reproduced by GoogleBooks.com
1848:
1820:: a "major force behind passage" of the GARA.
1806:
1586:. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. p. 6.
1570:, March 1986, as reproduced by GoogleBooks.com
1341:
1310:Kronemer, Alexander and J. Edwin Henneberger "
838:aircraft owners' insurance and personal assets
1893:
1714:D. Lee Johnson & Associates, Attorneys, "
1461:
1459:
1457:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1247:
1200:
1033:
1031:
1029:
994:
832:flight instructors and utility/charter pilots
83:) on Sep 14, 1993 (103rd Congress, 1993–1994)
2064:United States International Trade Commission
1878:
1876:
1568:United States International Trade Commission
1379:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
886:
425:
230:
211:Those manufacturers reported rapidly rising
1527:Air transportation:a management perspective
1493:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1281:General Aviation Revitalization Legislation
989:General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1994
894:General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1994
694:in a White House ceremony August 17, 1994.
508:Public-interest / consumer advocacy groups,
271:Other changes to general aviation economics
110:General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1994
2101:United States federal commerce legislation
2076:Aubert, Garth W. and Michael A. Hession, "
1916:Helland, Eric A. and Alexander Tabarrok, "
1795:
1793:
1791:
1785:Committee website, as posted ca.Sept.2011.
1666:"20. The Air Traffic Controllers' Strike,"
1655:at AINonline.com, retrieved April 24, 2018
1553:
1454:
1423:
1217:as downloaded 2014-02-17, Washington, D.C.
1037:Aubert, Garth W. and Michael A. Hession, "
1026:
983:
981:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
678:However, in a January 2008 article in the
448:General Aviation Manufacturers Association
206:
2069:Truitt, Lawrence J. and Scott E. Tarry, "
1942:Aviation, Liability Law, and Moral Hazard
1873:
1775:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1220:
1074:Truitt, Lawrence J. and Scott E. Tarry, "
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
731:
163:
1979:
1974:Aircraft Owners & Pilots Association
1934:
1814:Aircraft Owners & Pilots Association
1540:TOPIC 04 General Aviation Revitalization
1449:Aircraft Owners & Pilots Association
1293:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
458:Aircraft Owners & Pilots Association
1910:
1788:
1607:"Chapter 4: Aviation Growth Scenarios,"
1579:
978:
502:Association of Trial Lawyers of America
325:General aviation manufacturers' changes
2093:
1766:National Business Aircraft Association
1716:Lawsuits Again Threaten Piper Aircraft
1611:Airport and Air Traffic Control System
1401:
1312:Productivity in aircraft manufacturing
920:
817:
1963:
1051:
1987:Fact Sheet – General Aviation Safety
1947:
1215:General Aviation Revitalization Act
405:General aviation aircraft shortages
17:General Aviation Revitalization Act
13:
1465:Metzenbaum, Howard, U.S. Senator,
852:
312:Cumulative effect on manufacturers
258:including the rise of the rule of
167:
14:
2112:
1999:
1970:"General Aviation Safety Record"
1772:," Washington, DC, July 18, 2009
1486:July 2007, as reproduced on the
22:
1991:Federal Aviation Administration
1972:, "Let's Go Flying" section of
1823:
1615:Office of Technology Assessment
1447:magazine, July 1986, pp.24-25,
1376:, January 1998, Vol. 65, No. 1
1171:Journal of Air Law and Commerce
1751:National Aviation Hall of Fame
1743:National Aviation Hall of Fame
1679:2000, retrieved April 24, 2018
1467:remarks before the U.S. Senate
1398:magazine blog, August 29, 2012
1332:"Mayday! The declining pilot,"
685:
609:(R-Arizona), a retired career
87:Passed the Senate Aug. 1, 1994
1:
2046:Seattle University Law Review
1922:Journal of Law and Economics,
1279:, U.S. Senator (R-Arizona), "
969:Seattle University Law Review
880:
112:, also known by its initials
1976:website, viewed May 27, 2013
1753:(NAHF) website, Dayton, Ohio
1741:Cessna Aircraft Company, in
842:(This list includes "FBOs" (
758:. In 1998, they resumed the
126:Federal Aviation Act of 1958
7:
2031:House Session June 27, 1994
1653:Aviation International News
1638:, CQ Press, Washington, D.C
1418:Transportation Law Journal,
722:
645:(D-Texas), Chairman of the
367:"Cherokee Six"/"Saratoga".
256:Changes in the legal system
10:
2117:
1783:Kansas Aviation Centennial
701:Certain exceptions apply:
632:Senate Judiciary Committee
299:have been spread out over
153:
1989:," on the website of the
1958:General Accounting Office
863:Claremont McKenna College
829:maintenance organizations
807:General Accounting Office
647:House Judiciary Committee
637:House Judiciary Committee
426:GARA promoted and opposed
281:regulatory restrictions.
231:Product liability factors
64:
59:
51:
38:
30:
21:
1993:, as viewed May 27, 2013
1745:(NAHF) biography note, "
1338:retrieved April 24, 2018
680:Seattle Univ. Law Review
625:Congressional opposition
570:House of Representatives
1940:Tabarrok, Alex (blog) "
1907:magazine, Dec. 21, 2004
1768:(NBAA) press release, "
1636:Congressional Quarterly
1580:Rodwell, J. F. (2003).
1514:General Aviation Safety
1374:Defense Counsel Journal
1175:SMU Law Review Archives
871:George Mason University
335:Cessna Aircraft Company
207:Product liability costs
95:by President President
1165:Brady, Orla M., Esq. "
1087:Transportation Journal
732:Manufacturing outcomes
441:(advocates) included:
319:contingent liabilities
172:
164:Manufacturing downturn
1944:," February 19, 2013.
1899:Miller, William H., "
1747:Russell W. Meyer, Jr.
1703:Piper PA-18 Super Cub
1630:," October 19, 1984,
1480:Safe Airplane -- NOT!
1316:Monthly Labor Review,
1091:FreePatentsOnline.com
991:, on October 25, 2011
599:Congressional support
348:Russell W. Meyer, Jr.
171:
2040:Kovarik, Kerry V., "
2035:C-SPAN Video Library
2033:," video and notes,
1368:Kister, Thomas H., "
1154:The Legend of Cessna
963:Kovarik, Kerry V., "
844:fixed-base operators
641:U.S. Representative
618:Kay Bailey Hutchison
575:U.S. Representative
556:U.S. Representative
543:light sport aircraft
539:Bombardier Aerospace
527:Members of Congress.
493:included (chiefly):
482:led by U.S. Senator
377:Raytheon Corporation
250:Higher fatality rate
1651:December 18, 2006,
1488:Aviation Answer-Man
826:parts manufacturers
818:Liability diffusion
500:represented by the
480:Kansas politicians,
470:Union (IAM)/(IAMAW)
244:commercial aviation
240:Long-lived products
118:Public Law 103-298,
60:Legislative history
18:
1801:Time Almanac 2006,
1725:2014-02-22 at the
1671:2011-05-10 at the
1478:Harris, Richard, "
1451:, Washington, D.C.
1336:Air Facts Journal,
1330:Collins, Richard,
1286:2017-12-12 at the
1180:2013-01-03 at the
1081:2017-07-11 at the
867:Alexander Tabarrok
770:New Piper Aircraft
651:discharge petition
592:Commander Aircraft
498:Lawsuit attorneys,
420:Beechcraft Skipper
344:Cessna 208 Caravan
184:to 4,000 units in
173:
71:in the Senate by
16:
1926:on EconPapers.com
1818:this about Inhofe
1647:Mark, Robert P.,
1628:Safety in the Air
1613:,' January 1982,
1593:978-0-7872-9762-6
1525:Wensveen, J.G., "
792:Raytheon Aircraft
790:(by then renamed
673:statute of repose
658:Howard Metzenbaum
516:statute of repose
433:product liability
382:Raytheon Aircraft
264:product liability
213:product liability
144:statute of repose
133:product liability
106:
105:
2108:
1994:
1983:
1977:
1967:
1961:
1951:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1914:
1908:
1897:
1891:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1827:
1821:
1810:
1804:
1797:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1763:
1754:
1739:
1730:
1712:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1664:Manning, Jason,
1662:
1656:
1645:
1639:
1624:
1618:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1577:
1571:
1557:
1551:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1476:
1470:
1463:
1452:
1438:
1421:
1410:
1399:
1390:Franson, Dave, "
1388:
1377:
1366:
1339:
1328:
1319:
1308:
1291:
1274:
1245:
1235:
1218:
1211:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1093:
1072:
1049:
1035:
1024:
1013:
992:
985:
976:
961:
918:
908:
897:
890:
375:was acquired by
340:General Dynamics
260:strict liability
190:to 928 units in
176:General aviation
137:general aviation
99:on Aug 17, 1994.
44:
26:
19:
15:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2091:
2090:
2083:2004 Law Report
2002:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1968:
1964:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1915:
1911:
1898:
1894:
1881:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1764:
1757:
1740:
1733:
1727:Wayback Machine
1713:
1709:
1700:
1696:
1690:Piper Super Cub
1687:
1683:
1673:Wayback Machine
1663:
1659:
1646:
1642:
1625:
1621:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1578:
1574:
1558:
1554:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1439:
1424:
1411:
1402:
1389:
1380:
1367:
1342:
1334:October, 2012,
1329:
1322:
1309:
1294:
1288:Wayback Machine
1275:
1248:
1236:
1221:
1212:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1182:Wayback Machine
1169:,"* (excerpt),
1164:
1160:
1151:
1096:
1083:Wayback Machine
1073:
1052:
1044:2004 Law Report
1036:
1027:
1014:
995:
986:
979:
962:
921:
909:
900:
891:
887:
883:
855:
853:Safety outcomes
820:
734:
725:
688:
577:James V. Hansen
566:James V. Hansen
484:Nancy Kassebaum
428:
407:
361:Piper Super Cub
327:
314:
273:
233:
209:
166:
161:
156:
122:Act of Congress
102:
93:Signed into law
73:Nancy Kassebaum
42:
12:
11:
5:
2114:
2104:
2103:
2089:
2088:
2074:
2067:
2053:
2038:
2024:
2014:
2001:
2000:External links
1998:
1996:
1995:
1978:
1962:
1946:
1933:
1909:
1892:
1872:
1847:
1822:
1805:
1787:
1774:
1755:
1731:
1707:
1694:
1681:
1657:
1640:
1619:
1599:
1592:
1572:
1552:
1531:
1518:
1505:
1492:
1484:In Flight USA,
1471:
1453:
1422:
1400:
1378:
1340:
1320:
1292:
1246:
1219:
1199:
1186:
1158:
1094:
1050:
1025:
1021:Public Citizen
993:
977:
919:
898:
884:
882:
879:
854:
851:
840:
839:
836:
835:flight schools
833:
830:
827:
819:
816:
811:Public Citizen
766:Piper Aircraft
733:
730:
724:
721:
716:
715:
712:
709:
706:
687:
684:
669:
668:
665:Fritz Hollings
661:
654:
639:
634:
622:
621:
614:
596:
595:
588:Aero Commander
580:
573:
554:
520:
519:
512:Public Citizen
505:
488:
487:
477:
463:
453:
427:
424:
416:Piper Tomahawk
406:
403:
379:(and renamed
372:Beech Aircraft
356:Piper Aircraft
326:
323:
313:
310:
272:
269:
268:
267:
253:
247:
232:
229:
208:
205:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
104:
103:
101:
100:
90:
84:
65:
62:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:
36:
35:
32:
28:
27:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2113:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1956:", GAO-13-36
1955:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1889:
1886:May 8, 1997,
1885:
1882:Busch, Mike,
1879:
1877:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1837:on 2017-12-12
1836:
1832:
1826:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1535:
1528:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1196:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
990:
984:
982:
974:
970:
966:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
916:
912:
907:
905:
903:
895:
889:
885:
878:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
850:
847:
845:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
824:
823:
815:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:
739:
729:
720:
713:
710:
707:
704:
703:
702:
699:
695:
693:
683:
681:
676:
674:
666:
663:U.S. Senator
662:
659:
656:U.S. Senator
655:
652:
648:
644:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
628:
626:
619:
616:U.S. Senator
615:
612:
611:Naval aviator
608:
605:U.S. Senator
604:
603:
602:
600:
593:
589:
585:
582:U.S. Senator
581:
578:
574:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:
548:
545:manufacturer
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:
530:
528:
524:
517:
513:
509:
506:
503:
499:
496:
495:
494:
492:
485:
481:
478:
475:
471:
469:
464:
461:
459:
454:
451:
449:
444:
443:
442:
440:
436:
434:
423:
421:
417:
413:
402:
400:
396:
395:Beech Skipper
392:
388:
387:Beech Bonanza
384:
383:
378:
374:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
357:
352:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:
331:
322:
320:
309:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
282:
279:
265:
261:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
241:
238:
237:
236:
228:
224:
220:
216:
214:
204:
200:
197:
195:
194:
189:
188:
183:
182:
177:
170:
151:
148:
147:was a cause.
145:
140:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
98:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
66:
63:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
2081:
2056:
2050:PDF download
2045:
2010:
1981:
1965:
1949:
1936:
1930:on JSTOR.org
1921:
1912:
1905:IndustryWeek
1904:
1895:
1887:
1863:. Retrieved
1859:
1850:
1839:. Retrieved
1835:the original
1825:
1808:
1800:
1782:
1777:
1710:
1697:
1684:
1676:
1660:
1652:
1643:
1631:
1622:
1602:
1582:
1575:
1560:
1555:
1545:
1538:
1534:
1521:
1508:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1444:
1440:
1417:
1395:
1373:
1335:
1315:
1277:McCain, John
1237:
1189:
1170:
1161:
1153:
1090:
1086:
1042:
973:PDF download
968:
888:
875:
859:Eric Helland
856:
848:
841:
821:
804:
791:
787:
786:
769:
765:
764:
747:
746:
743:
737:
735:
726:
717:
700:
696:
692:Bill Clinton
689:
679:
677:
670:
624:
623:
598:
597:
584:James Inhofe
558:Dan Glickman
547:Rans Designs
537:division of
526:
522:
521:
507:
497:
490:
489:
479:
466:
456:
446:
438:
437:
429:
408:
380:
370:
369:
354:
353:
333:
332:
328:
315:
304:
300:
296:
290:
283:
274:
255:
249:
239:
234:
225:
221:
217:
210:
201:
198:
192:
191:
186:
185:
180:
179:
174:
149:
141:
130:
117:
113:
109:
107:
97:Bill Clinton
92:
86:
68:
43:(colloquial)
1632:CQ Research
857:Economists
686:GARA passed
643:Jack Brooks
607:John McCain
551:U.S. Senate
474:labor union
391:Beech Baron
365:Piper PA-32
2011:AVweb.com,
1841:2013-05-29
1445:AOPA Pilot
1441:AOPA Pilot
881:References
788:Beechcraft
627:included:
601:included:
510:including
439:Proponents
412:Cessna 152
399:Beech Duke
351:aircraft.
246:airliners.
142:GARA is a
69:Introduced
31:Long title
525:included
523:Promoters
491:Opponents
284:The 1981
89:on
52:Nicknames
2095:Category
2029:Video, "
1723:Archived
1669:Archived
1482:," from
1284:Archived
1178:Archived
1079:Archived
782:Seminole
768:(alias "
723:Outcomes
278:kitplane
40:Acronyms
1816:, says
1490:website
796:Bonanza
562:Learjet
535:Learjet
460:(AOPA),
450:(GAMA),
301:several
293:GI Bill
154:History
2027:C-SPAN
1865:5 June
1609:from '
1590:
1396:Forbes
1085:," in
865:) and
778:Seneca
748:Cessna
541:, and
472:- the
418:, and
303:years
1928:, or
1888:AVweb
1860:AVweb
1675:from
800:Baron
774:PA-32
465:the
297:would
193:1994.
187:1986.
116:, is
2080:,"
1867:2024
1812:The
1588:ISBN
1314:,"
1244:D.C.
805:The
798:and
780:and
754:and
455:the
445:the
389:and
181:1978
114:GARA
108:The
55:GARA
47:GARA
2044:,"
2019:, "
2009:,"
1920:,"
1903:,"
1544:in
1416:,"
1394:,"
1372:,"
1041:,"
1019:,"
967:,"
913:, "
760:206
756:182
752:172
738:far
135:on
120:an
2097::
1875:^
1858:.
1790:^
1758:^
1734:^
1634:,
1456:^
1425:^
1403:^
1381:^
1343:^
1323:^
1295:^
1249:^
1222:^
1202:^
1097:^
1053:^
1028:^
996:^
980:^
922:^
901:^
590:/
414:,
321:.
305:if
128:.
81:KS
2085:,
2073:"
2060:,
2052:.
2005:"
1985:"
1890:.
1869:.
1844:.
1729:,
1701:"
1688:"
1677:,
1626:"
1596:.
1564:,
1542:,
1512:"
1499:"
1241:,
1193:"
1184:.
1046:,
1015:"
975:.
892:"
869:(
861:(
572:.
553:.
79:–
77:R
75:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)
