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small material objects. Pyke suggested that 4 or 6 inches (100 or 150 mm) pipes would handle smaller equipment and larger objects could be passed through two-foot pipes. Furthermore, there was no reason why the pipes should stop at the shore, they could be extended inland as required. Bernal gave a cautious endorsement to the idea, adding that it would require a great deal of investigation. Pyke's idea was similar to the cleaning brushes that are sometimes forced along pipes by the pressure of the fluid and to the
528:, citing humanitarian reasons. Pyke campaigned for Christian leaders to make simultaneous public statements condemning the Nazis, raising money to set up an organisation to combat anti-Semitism. He wrote a number of magazine articles on the irrationality of prejudice and started work on a book. In his published letters and articles, Pyke insisted that it was necessary to collect data and this struck a chord with other thinkers who would – giving full credit for the germ of an idea to Pyke – go on to establish the
505:. It fostered the individual development of children; children were given great freedom and were supported rather than punished. The teachers were seen as observers of the children, who were seen as research workers. For a short time, The Maltings was a critical if not a commercial success; it was visited by many educationists and it was the subject of a film documentary. Pyke had ambitious plans for the school and began to interfere with the day-to-day running, whereupon Susan Isaacs left The Maltings.
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834:. A biography of Pyke by David Lampe indicates that he had decided to use ice reinforced with wood fibres, but other accounts make it clear that this is not the case. Pyke was not the first to suggest a floating mid-ocean stopping point for aircraft, nor the first to suggest that such a floating island could be made of ice, German scientist Dr. A. Gerke of Waldenburg in Germany proposed the idea and carried out some preliminary experiments in Lake Zurich in 1930.
548:(VIAS) organisation, encouraging individuals with little money to contribute their time and skills instead. This was opposed by trade unionists who believed that unpaid work might set a dangerous precedent, but Pyke persisted. By October 1938, twenty-five vehicles had been sent to Spain including two mobile blood transfusion units, and by the end of the war, more than seventy vehicles had been contributed. Organised by
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cost about the same as an equivalent energy in the form of coal and that while Europe had plenty of sugar and unemployed people, there was a shortage of coal and oil. He recognised that such a use of human muscle power was in some ways distasteful, but could not see that the logic of arguments about calories and coal were unlikely to be sufficiently persuasive.
893:; this could be self-powered or towed to where it would be used. He also suggested the use of pykrete to make breakwaters and landing stages. At the time, Max Perutz thought the ideas were practical and that the preceding research on pykrete was sufficiently advanced to allow Pyke's plan to be executed. The plan was not put into action, but for the allied
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on previous escapes, and together with Falk, made a decision to escape, following a regime of calisthenic exercise to prepare. On the afternoon of 9 July 1915, Pyke and Falk crept into a hut and hid under tennis nets, using glare from the sunset to blind the patrolling guard. Successful, they waited until dark and climbed over the perimeter fences.
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theatre and fundamental to the 1943 decision to invade France by landing on the beaches of
Normandy, with no harbours and a 24-foot tide. Pyke's idea was to use pipes of the type that were used to transport fuel from ship to shore, to move sealed containers that would contain any type of sufficiently
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Pyke then proposed that his idea for "Power-Driven Rivers" could be extended to the transport of personnel. The pipes would need to be at least two feet in diameter and the pressures would have to be high. He worked out ideas for supplying the passengers with oxygen and suggested that the problem of
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from ice that was either frozen naturally or artificially. Whereas conventional aircraft carriers were restricted to relatively small, specialised aircraft, these could launch and land conventional fighters and bombers. As such, they could provide air cover for convoys in mid-Atlantic, staging posts
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based on an old patent called the
Armstead snow motor. This consisted of a pair of lightweight cylinders, shaped like very large artillery shells, to support the weight of the vehicle. These cylinders have a spiral flange that digs into the snow; when the cylinders turn (in opposite directions), the
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to avoid attention and higher stock broking charges. The Pykes had a son, David Pyke (1921–2001), and Pyke became preoccupied by the question of his son's education. In
October 1924, to create an education that differed from his own and promoted curiosity whilst equipping young people to live in the
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and food poisoning, but recovered in summer. Despite illness, he thought about the possibility of escape and repeatedly questioned fellow inmates. Most were pessimistic about escape, but an
Englishman, Edward Falk, agreed despite the low success rate of other attempts. Pyke compiled statistical data
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in secret by sending volunteers to
Germany to interview ordinary people. He would train the volunteers personally. The plan was that the interviewers should pose as golfers on a tour of Germany and that interviews should be informal, with the questions being inserted into everyday conversation; the
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The greater his gains, the more he invested until he began to see himself and the people who ran the Great Ormond Street office as a gang of economic corsairs, youthful
Bloomsbury intellectual buccaneers slashing through the City and coming away with all its money, and with it endowing a worthwhile
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Hunger – real hunger – not your going without afternoon tea, or no-eggs-at-breakfast sort of affair – can, when a man is utterly without occupation, make life one continual aching weary desire. If the desire is not satisfied, or does not abate of its own
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After World War II, Pyke's inventions continued. One suggestion for the problems of energy-starved post-war Europe was to propel railway wagons by human muscle power – employing 20 to 30 men on bicycle-like mechanisms to pedal a cyclo-tractor. Pyke reasoned that the energy in a pound of sugar
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Pyke arranged for some food parcels to be sent to friends in
Ruhleben; the boxes contained details of his method of escape concealed in false bottoms. Although his parcels arrived, no prisoner attempted to repeat his methods. As an escaped prisoner of war, he was exempt from conscription and his
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In early
October, 1914, after six days in Germany, Pyke was arrested in his bed-sitting room, and was taken away leaving a letter written in English on his desk. Confined to a small cell in solitary confinement, he believed that he might not be executed after all; remarking that "the German
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Pyke's memorandum included a couple of cover notes. The first requested that
Mountbatten should read the suggestions himself before allowing it to fall into the hands of "that damned fool Lushington". The second, longer, note asked that Mountbatten read the first thirty pages of the memorandum
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He remained always the knight-errant, from time to time gathering round him a small band of followers but never a leader of big movements. Because of the very greatness of his ideas most of his life was one of frustration and disappointment, but he has left behind to all who knew him and were
842:, concluded that Pyke's main proposals were feasible. In December 1942, Prime Minister Churchill issued a directive that research on the project should be pressed forward with the highest priority and he expressed the opinion that nature be allowed to do as much of the work as possible.
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wrote to
Mountbatten recommending that Pyke's Norway scheme, originally rejected by Keyes, be re-examined and that Mountbatten should take Pyke onto his staff. Mountbatten valued Pyke's ideas, and for liberalising other staff, eventually adopted the plan. The scheme became
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In late 1943, Pyke submitted to Mountbatten a memorandum, nearly fifty pages long, explaining his ideas for a solution to the problem of unloading stores from ships where no proper port facilities are available and few roads inland. This circumstance was common in the
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and worked on a number of ideas for practical inventions. Inspired by the sight of barrage balloons, he conceived the idea of using them to mount microphones allowing the location of aircraft to be ascertained by triangulation. Pyke was unaware that the development of
629:, Pyke recalled all his agents and they arrived back in England over the following few days. Pyke's original idea had been to present Hitler with an account of the true feelings of the German people, but this did not materialise with the outbreak of war. Raleigh and
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for use by labourers. He published aggressive propaganda brochures pointing out that British workers were not to consider their contributions a form of charity while Spanish people were fighting and dying for their fellow workers. To answer a shortage of
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to send him to Berlin. He used the passport obtained from an American sailor by travelling via Denmark. In Germany, he conversed with local Germans, and eavesdropped on other people's conversations, witnessing the mobilisation of Germans for war with the
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before deciding whether it was worthwhile to continue "It may be gold: it may only glitter. I can't tell. I have been hammering at it too long and am blinded". Mountbatten handed it to Brigadier Wildman-Lushington, and Lushington with the assistance of
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In January 1915, he was transferred to another prison where he was able to mix with other prisoners and buy newspapers, learning that thousands of foreigners had passed through this prison for a period of quarantine before being transferred to the
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found his body the following Monday morning. The coroner gave a verdict of suicide at a moment of mental unbalance. Before consuming the pills, he had written private letters that made it clear that his death was premeditated. An obituary in
390:. As they rested, they were discovered by a soldier and tried to talk their way out of the encounter, only to discover the soldier was Dutch and they were already 50 yards (46 m) inside the Netherlands. From here, made their way to
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Lampe gives very few details of Pyke's time in prison, although he mentions a period of 112 days of solitary confinement – 16 weeks. This is longer than Pyke's 13 weeks to which might be added a further 10 days at other
394:. Pyke visited his news editor to confess that his mission had failed. However, the editor told Pyke that the story of his escape, based on a long telegraph report Pyke had sent from Amsterdam, had become one of the biggest
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accord (as it very often does), it can have disastrous effects on a man's mind. It has been known to make men think very seriously about the rights of property, and a few have become so unbalanced as to become socialists.
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Pyke proposed that this system could be used to move people from ship to shore, from island to island, through swamps and over mountains and anywhere where conventional transport was difficult. The idea was never used.
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During confinement, Pyke longed for books, writing material and socialising. When allowed out for exercise, he moved around the yard and exchanged words with other inmates. He pieced together poems from memory –
622:. Raleigh suggested that there were enough of Pyke's golfers in Germany to challenge the Frankfurt golf club to a match. Pyke concluded that this would be an excellent idea, and put this new plan into action.
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which he thought could be used as a weapon of war: pumped from a ship it could be used to instantly form bulwarks of ice or even be sprayed directly onto enemy soldiers. However, such ideas were according to
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vehicle is propelled forwards. Pyke envisaged that a small force of highly mobile soldiers could occupy the attentions of many enemy soldiers who would be required to guard against possible points of attack.
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It is not only this country but the whole world which, as compared with knowledge of other natural phenomena, lacks knowledge of snow and ice. This is fortunate, for whoever gets there first may get a great
802:; Pyke knew that Perutz had previously worked on the physical properties of snow with regard to the difficulties of Operation Plough. Perutz proposed a solution and in a footnote his memorandum noted that:
512:. The Malting House School was forced to close, Margaret Pyke had to take a job as a headmistress's secretary; she left Geoffrey although they were never divorced. Already suffering from periodic fits of
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Pyke tried to generate interest in his opinion poll results and in repeating the exercise in Germany using people from neutral countries. He got little support, but did attract the attention of
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Pyke and Falk took a tram into Berlin, buying clothes and camping equipment and then traveled west. Within 80 miles (130 km) of the Dutch border, they decided to walk, traversing
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sent a memorandum about Habakkuk to Mountbatten. Pyke returned from Canada. Pyke's original memorandum mentioned other applications for pykrete such as building landing ships for the
264:, was a Jewish lawyer who died when Pyke was only five, leaving his family with no money. His mother quarrelled with relatives and made life "hell" for her children. She sent Pyke to
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work. Certainly, no individual in the strange company ever made any noticeable personal profit, and Pyke's high salary was always paid immediately into the Malting House account.
970:. He remained eager to convey his unconventional ideas, and continued to both write and broadcast them. He campaigned against the death penalty, and for government support of
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twentieth century, he set up an infants' school in his Cambridge home. His wife, Margaret, was a strong supporter of the school and its ideas. Pyke recruited a psychologist,
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The whole experience (of riding in a pipe) however should be far less unpleasant, and take very much less time to become used to, than parachute jumping, or being bombed.
552:, workers were, with the assistance of sympathetic employers who lent the use of machines and premises, able to produce useful items of equipment. Pyke also invented a
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motorcycles that were then plentifully available second-hand, and persuaded workers to make the sidecars free of charge with the results being sent out to Spain.
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by spraying an existing building with pykrete liquid that would freeze into a thick layer. Many of these ideas relied upon a misplaced faith in the qualities of
386:. Approaching the border, they consumed what remained of their food and discarded their equipment apart from some rope made from string, deciding to cross the
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2487:"A Description of the Iceberg Aircraft Carrier and the Bearing of the Mechanical Properties of Frozen Wood Pulp upon Some Problems of Glacier Flow"
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A screw-propelled prototype of the Weasel (probably an Armstead snow motor fitted on a Fordson tractor together with a lightweight driver's cabin)
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405:. Pyke refused, citing lost interest in being a war correspondent. He divided his time between lecturing on his experiences and writing for the
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Pyke also assisted in arranging for the manufacture of mattresses for the Spanish government, for the collection of redundant horse-drawn
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The Malting House school building photographed in 2008. The building is on the corner of Newnham Road and Malting Lane and overlooks the
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of the war. Pyke was the first Englishman to get into Germany and out again, and he was encouraged to write a series of articles for the
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In September 1942, Pyke sent a 232-page memorandum to Mountbatten detailing his ideas. It suggested a number of uses for ice and for
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These details only appear in the 2002 reprint, Pyke did not reveal his escape method in the original work published during the war.
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Pyke's snow vehicle project was superseded by Canadian development of the Weasel tracked personnel carrier, produced first for the
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and burdened with huge debts to his brokers, he withdrew from normal life altogether and survived on donations from close friends.
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In April 1942, Pyke was presented with the problem of how to prevent the icing of ships in Arctic waters. He took the problem to
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821:(water that has been cooled below its freezing point while remaining liquid) and the suggestion of the construction of gigantic
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bags could be used as a substitute for cotton dressings. Soon, moss collected by volunteers in Britain was on its way to Spain.
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423:, and published in 1916. Because the war was still on at that time, Pyke omitted some details of his escape from his account.
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On the evening of Saturday 21 February 1948 in Steele's Road, Hampstead, Pyke shaved his beard and consumed a bottleful of
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on my keep if it was going to be faced with burial expenses on the fifth day". During captivity, he reflected on hunger:
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was employed. Pyke's plans hint that he had some knowledge of the Mulberry plans, perhaps through his contacts with
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In September 1943, Pyke proposed a slightly less ambitious plan for pykrete vessels to be used in support of an
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By 21 August, Pyke had ten interviewers working in Germany. On 25 August, following hints from contacts at the
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2049:"Proposals and inventions of Mr Geoffrey Pyke; gravity propelled ball bomb, pykrete and power driven rivers",
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Between the First and Second World Wars, Pyke attempted a number of money-making schemes, speculating on the
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mainly for the sons of Army officers. At his mother's insistence, Pyke maintained the dress and habits of an
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662:. Pyke's friends concluded that nothing would come of the scheme and persuaded Pyke to let the matter drop.
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The death of Geoffrey Pyke removes one of the most original if unrecognised figures of the present century.
772:, which trained first for Norway but was actually deployed in Italy. The US built hundreds of these as the
707:, Pyke considered the problem of transporting soldiers rapidly over snow. He proposed the development of a
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in which they contrasted the mood in Germany with that in London, and Pyke prepared a report for the
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727:. This changed the character of the department and Mountbatten allowed unusual talents and ideas.
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when he was thirteen. The persecution he suffered instilled in him a hatred of and contempt for "
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347: – and recited them loudly in the darkness. During this time, Pyke questioned his sanity.
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284:". After two years at Wellington, he was withdrawn, tutored privately and then admitted to
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2364:"Science, nature, and hatred: 'finding out' at the Malting House Garden School, 1924–29"
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mentions that Pyke suffered from leukaemia, but this is not given in other sources.
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to carry medical supplies or a patient. He raised funds to pay for American-built
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Pyke continued with his city speculations which funded the Malting House School.
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views had begun to drift towards pacifism. He wrote a memoir of his experiences,
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indirectly affected by him the vision he created for making all things possible.
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Pyke came to public attention when he escaped from internment in Germany during
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200 feet (61 m) long and 50 feet (15 m) wide mounting a single naval
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Strange Brains and Genius: The Secret Lives of Eccentric Scientists and Madmen
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2598:"Trabajadores: The Spanish Civil War through the eyes of organised labour"
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Churchill's Iceman: The True Story of Geoffrey Pyke: Genius, Fugitive, Spy
2159:, Europe's Coal Famine, Manchester, UK, p. 4 column F, 24 August 1945
2141:, Europe's Coal Famine, Manchester, UK, p. 4 column F, 21 August 1945
2123:, Europe's Coal Famine, Manchester, UK, p. 4 column F, 20 August 1945
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1367:"Englishmen Escape From German Camp; Amazing "Walking Tour" From Berlin".
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a system of preconstructed concrete breakwaters and landing stages called
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At the outbreak of the First World War, Pyke quit his studies to become a
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was based on the theories of the American philosopher and educationist
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The project to build a large aircraft carrier of pykrete was known as
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Never in the history of human conflict will so few immobilize so many.
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Margaret was the daughter of a Hampshire doctor, studied history at
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The Armstead Snow Motor Company put out this product demo in 1924.
1521:"Comparisons in Early Years Education: History, Fact, and Fiction"
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praised him and lamented his passing, beginning with the words:
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project that set out to document the lives of ordinary Britons.
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2099:"Men in Pipeline – The Idea That Was Never Carried Out",
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and, characteristically, made his contribution as a part of a
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Pyke was given a commission to look into the problems of the
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might be alleviated by travelling in pairs and by the use of
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Initially, Pyke's idea was rejected. Then, in October 1941,
2213:(letter to the editor), p. 5 column E, 31 January 1948
2195:(letter to the editor), p. 5 column F, 3 December 1947
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355:. Five days later, he was transferred to a third prison in
2285:(25 February 1948). "Mr Geoffrey Pyke – An Appreciation".
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provided a much better means of achieving this effect.
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2309:"Shiver me timbers: The coolest warship ever made"
2105:, Manchester, UK, p. 8 column G, 7 March 1951
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524:In 1934, Pyke opposed the wave of antisemitism in
213:(9 November 1893 – 21 February 1948) was an
923:which today are used for cleaning and telemetry.
865:and for quickly constructing fortifications at a
826:for long flights over seas or as launch pads for
427:was republished in 2002. In March 1918, Pyke met
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2270:(obituary), p. 6 column D, 26 February 1948
1179:http://www.lander.odessa.ua/doc/HenryHemming.pdf
2153:"III – The Organisation of Muscle-Power",
359:, and then to the internment camp at Ruhleben.
2877:World War I civilian detainees held by Germany
2264:"Mr Geoffrey Pyke – Fearless Innovator",
683:Operation Plough / First Special Service Force
2763:2 million ton pykrete aircraft carrier in WW2
2371:Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
1465:(obituary), p. 14 column G, 21 June 1966
1145:(revised ed.). Oxford University Press.
1136:"Pyke, Geoffrey Nathaniel Joseph (1893–1948)"
1082:and receive an OBE. She died on 19 June 1966.
242:, Pyke proposed the newly invented material,
1913:(published October 1932), 27 February 2008,
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508:In 1927, Pyke lost all his money and became
362:At Ruhleben, Pyke met fellow graduates from
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618:. Pyke travelled to Frankfurt where he met
614:first German city to be targeted would be
2722:. Brief biography and list of inventions.
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1078:and would later serve as chairman of the
905:, who was one of Mulberry's progenitors.
749:, he noted in the minutes of the meeting:
633:did make a broadcast on the newly formed
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1619:, Manchester, UK, p. 6, 2 June 1938
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1005:John Bernal, who knew Pyke well, wrote:
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2307:Battersby, Stephen (22 December 2012).
2177:, p. 5 column F, 11 September 1947
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2171:"Recruitment And Training of Nurses",
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2602:Archives of the Trades Union Congress
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1905:"Ice Island in Mid-Atlantic Proposed"
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2455:. University of Roehampton, London.
1601:, p. 11 column A, 7 April 1938
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609:regime. His idea was to perform an
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313:government was not going to waste 4
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1947:"Ocean Airports of Artificial Ice"
1840:US Army JFK Special Warfare Museum
1771:"Armsted Snow Motors Product Demo"
1662:"Letter: Voluntary Industrial Aid"
1411:, p. 4 column A, 15 June 1918
699:The M29 Weasel eventually produced
546:Voluntary Industrial Aid for Spain
536:Voluntary Industrial Aid for Spain
291:
14:
2923:
2912:War correspondents of World War I
2676:
2525:I Wish I'd Made You Angry Earlier
2135:"II – A Solution Outlined",
2117:"I – The Problem Analysed",
300:. He persuaded the editor of the
19:For those of a similar name, see
2872:Drug-related suicides in England
2832:20th-century British journalists
2784:Ship of Ice – Geoffrey Pyke
2749:
2709:
2681:
2667:Dictionary of National Biography
2664:Morris, Peter, "Geoffrey Pyke",
1659:
1021:
597:In 1939, before the outbreak of
196:
30:
2837:20th-century English memoirists
2299:
2275:
2257:
2230:
2200:
2182:
2164:
2146:
2128:
2110:
2092:
1939:
1897:
1828:
1763:
1653:
1606:
1588:
1452:
1428:
1398:
1360:
1068:
1059:
1049:
908:
2897:20th-century British inventors
2867:Escapees from German detention
2852:British people of World War II
2842:Activists against antisemitism
2580:. 8 March 1948. Archived from
2462:Secret Weapons of World War II
2342:JD Bernal: The Sage of Science
1970:, p. 33, September 1932,
1172:
211:Geoffrey Nathaniel Joseph Pyke
90:Geoffrey Nathaniel Joseph Pyke
21:Geoffrey Pike (disambiguation)
1:
2333:10.1016/S0262-4079(12)63270-9
1962:, vol. 121, no. 3,
1836:"First Special Service Force"
1595:"Engineers And Spanish War",
1088:
863:prospective invasion of Japan
828:amphibious assaults on France
255:
1166:UK public library membership
7:
2793:The Papers of Geoffrey Pyke
2697:To Ruhleben – And Back
2545:To Ruhleben – and Back
2527:, Oxford University Press,
1666:Warwick Digital Collections
1371:. 26 July 1915. p. 4.
1080:Family Planning Association
1014:
859:Chief of Naval Construction
770:First Special Service Force
425:To Ruhleben – And Back
353:internment camp at Ruhleben
286:Pembroke College, Cambridge
10:
2928:
2766:, Metacafe, archived from
2604:. Warwick Digital Library.
2446:"The Malting House School"
1613:"Workers' Aid For Spain",
783:
459:
18:
16:English inventor & spy
2822:20th-century English Jews
2797:Churchill Archives Centre
2735: – Habakkuk project.
2512:10.1017/S0022143000007796
2491:The Journal of Glaciology
2444:Lawrence, Evelyn (1949).
1133:Morris, Peter JT (2004).
520:Work against antisemitism
204:
195:
190:
186:
176:
169:
155:
151:
141:
123:
104:
85:
78:
2753:Experiments with pykrete
2572:"Everybody's Conscience"
2439:, London: Evans Brothers
2437:Pyke, the Unknown Genius
2207:"Helping The Children",
1482:, pp. 35–36, 51–53.
1345:, p. 150, footnote.
1043:
885:. He proposed a pykrete
605:actually thought of the
2541:Pyke, Geoffrey (2002),
2413:Hemming, Henry (2014),
2362:Cameron, Laura (2006).
2346:Oxford University Press
2288:The Manchester Guardian
1369:The Manchester Guardian
964:National Health Service
709:screw-propelled vehicle
477:Susan Sutherland Isaacs
41:is written like a story
2460:Pawle, Gerald (1978),
2340:Brown, Andrew (2005),
1151:10.1093/ref:odnb/92810
1012:
1003:
947:
815:
812:Perutz quoted by Lampe
755:
700:
692:
593:Spying on Nazi Germany
574:bandages and dressings
495:
457:
420:To Ruhleben – And Back
324:
2857:Suicides in Hampstead
2827:20th-century atheists
2727:"The Floating Island"
2690:at Wikimedia Commons
2618:Pickover, Clifford A.
2435:Lampe, David (1959),
2291:. p. 3 column C.
2189:"The Death Penalty",
2057:The National Archives
1459:"Mrs Margaret Pyke",
1007:
999:
937:
804:
751:
742:. When presented to
698:
690:
484:
447:
319:
55:neutral point of view
2907:Former Orthodox Jews
2787:(video), Bright cove
2710:Hall, Peter 'Pete',
2624:, Harper Perennial,
1928:on 24 September 2019
1405:"The Chelsea Fair",
944:Pyke quoted by Lampe
895:invasion of Normandy
796:Cavendish Laboratory
732:Member of Parliament
649:Member of Parliament
599:the Second World War
499:Malting House School
462:Malting House School
440:Malting House School
47:rewrite this article
2503:1948JGlac...1...95P
2383:2006EnPlD..24..851C
2325:2012NewSc.216...63B
2227:, pp. 205–206.
1968:Bonnier Corporation
1585:, pp. 173–182.
1564:, pp. 168–171.
1517:Drummond, Mary Jane
1494:, pp. 120–121.
725:Combined Operations
670:Pyke then wrote on
666:Military inventions
544:, Pyke founded the
181:Military technology
2770:on 28 January 2011
2720:on 10 October 2004
2704:on 26 October 2009
2643:English Eccentrics
2419:Preface Publishing
1777:. 26 December 2008
1357:, pp. 207–14.
1288:, pp. 94–103.
1039:, his first cousin
954:After World War II
883:amphibious assault
819:super cooled water
705:invasion of Norway
701:
693:
554:motorcycle sidecar
458:
429:Margaret Amy Chubb
407:Cambridge Magazine
262:Lionel Edward Pyke
146:Margaret Amy Chubb
51:encyclopedic style
2686:Media related to
1801:, pp. 87–88.
1760:, pp. 91–95.
1748:, pp. 81–83.
1736:, pp. 79–80.
1724:, pp. 77–78.
1712:, pp. 70–77.
1700:, pp. 67–68.
1552:, pp. 61–63.
1506:, pp. 51–52.
1449:, pp. 32–33.
1333:, pp. 24–29.
1276:, pp. 90–94.
1228:, pp. 31–43.
1204:, pp. 16–17.
1164:(Subscription or
1076:Oxford University
871:supercooled water
851:Winston Churchill
823:aircraft carriers
747:Winston Churchill
717:Louis Mountbatten
635:BBC World Service
542:Spanish Civil War
411:Charles Kay Ogden
298:war correspondent
282:The Establishment
208:
207:
171:Scientific career
72:
71:
2919:
2862:British escapees
2847:English atheists
2788:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2757:
2745:
2734:
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2705:
2700:, archived from
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2671:
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2634:
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2516:
2514:
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1921:, archived from
1901:
1895:
1889:
1880:
1874:
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1862:
1856:
1855:
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1851:
1846:on 7 August 2007
1842:. Archived from
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1660:Pyke, Geoffrey.
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1592:
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1527:. Archived from
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1057:
1053:
1031:
1029:Biography portal
1026:
1025:
1024:
978:Death and legacy
945:
878:, impractical.
847:Project Habakkuk
813:
786:Project Habakkuk
780:Project Habakkuk
740:Operation Plough
588:Second World War
530:Mass Observation
493:
468:commodity market
435:Between the wars
372:double pneumonia
288:, to study law.
240:Second World War
200:
164:Project Habakkuk
111:
108:21 February 1948
99:
97:
76:
75:
67:
64:
58:
49:to introduce an
34:
33:
26:
2927:
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2922:
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2920:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2887:Jewish atheists
2802:
2801:
2781:
2773:
2771:
2760:
2738:
2725:
2694:
2679:
2657:
2632:
2613:
2611:Further reading
2608:
2587:
2585:
2570:
2565:
2551:Collins Library
2535:
2476:
2448:
2429:
2403:
2401:
2366:
2356:
2319:(2896): 63–65.
2302:
2297:
2296:
2280:
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2258:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2235:
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2188:
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2170:
2169:
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2068:
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2048:
2047:
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2035:
2031:
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2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1959:Popular Science
1949:
1945:
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1940:
1931:
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1910:Modern Mechanix
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980:
968:minority report
956:
946:
943:
911:
814:
811:
788:
782:
685:
668:
660:Stafford Cripps
595:
590:
558:Harley-Davidson
538:
522:
494:
491:
464:
442:
437:
335:Rudyard Kipling
302:Daily Chronicle
294:
292:First World War
276:. He became an
260:Pyke's father,
258:
119:
113:
109:
100:9 November 1893
95:
93:
92:
91:
81:
68:
62:
59:
44:
35:
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24:
17:
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5:
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2834:
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2824:
2819:
2814:
2800:
2799:
2790:
2779:
2758:
2747:
2744:, Combined Ops
2736:
2723:
2707:
2678:
2677:External links
2675:
2674:
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2091:
2089:, p. 168.
2074:
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2062:
2041:
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2025:Battersby 2012
2014:
2012:, p. 128.
2002:
2000:, p. 136.
1987:
1938:
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1869:
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1531:on 18 May 2008
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984:sleeping pills
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952:
941:
929:claustrophobia
910:
907:
855:Mackenzie King
809:
784:Main article:
781:
778:
744:Prime Minister
684:
681:
672:grand strategy
667:
664:
656:Clement Attlee
627:Foreign Office
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460:Main article:
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307:Russian Empire
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156:Known for
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132:educationalist
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118:, London, U.K.
114:
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2715:
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2693:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:Geoffrey Pyke
2684:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2656:0-7117-0683-2
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2639:Timpson, John
2636:
2633:
2631:0-688-16894-9
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2584:on 5 May 2009
2583:
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2564:0-9719047-8-2
2560:
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2534:0-19-859027-X
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2497:(3): 95–104.
2496:
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2428:9781848094437
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2416:
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2400:
2396:
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2391:10.1068/d374t
2388:
2384:
2380:
2377:(6): 851–72.
2376:
2372:
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2357:
2355:0-19-851544-8
2351:
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2334:
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2313:New Scientist
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2053:
2052:The Catalogue
2045:
2039:, p. 90.
2038:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2006:
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1994:
1992:
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1813:, p. 97.
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1688:, p. 67.
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1633:, p. 66.
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1425:, p. 30.
1424:
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1395:, p. 29.
1394:
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1300:, p. 23.
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1234:
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921:pipeline pigs
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80:Geoffrey Pyke
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66:
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52:
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39:This article
37:
28:
27:
22:
2882:British Jews
2783:
2772:, retrieved
2768:the original
2762:
2752:
2740:
2730:
2718:the original
2712:
2702:the original
2696:
2680:
2666:
2642:
2621:
2601:
2586:. Retrieved
2582:the original
2575:
2544:
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2494:
2490:
2464:, New York:
2461:
2452:
2436:
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2374:
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2341:
2316:
2312:
2300:Bibliography
2286:
2277:
2265:
2259:
2247:
2240:, March 1948
2237:
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2208:
2202:
2190:
2184:
2172:
2166:
2156:The Guardian
2154:
2148:
2138:The Guardian
2136:
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2120:The Guardian
2118:
2112:
2102:The Guardian
2100:
2094:
2065:
2051:
2044:
2032:
2005:
1979:, retrieved
1964:Harlan, Iowa
1957:
1952:Google Books
1941:
1930:, retrieved
1923:the original
1908:
1899:
1872:
1860:
1848:. Retrieved
1844:the original
1839:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1786:
1779:. Retrieved
1774:
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1741:
1729:
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1693:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:
1655:
1626:
1616:The Guardian
1614:
1608:
1596:
1590:
1583:Hemming 2014
1562:Hemming 2014
1557:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:the original
1524:
1511:
1499:
1492:Hemming 2014
1487:
1460:
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1430:
1418:
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1338:
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1174:
1154:. Retrieved
1140:
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1109:
1102:Hemming 2014
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1070:
1061:
1051:
1008:
1004:
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909:Men in pipes
880:
844:
840:J. D. Bernal
836:
816:
805:
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756:
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729:Conservative
723:as Chief of
714:
702:
669:
646:Conservative
643:
624:
611:opinion poll
596:
562:
550:Trade Unions
539:
526:Nazi Germany
523:
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496:
485:
481:
472:stockbrokers
465:
424:
418:
415:
409:, edited by
402:
396:Fleet Street
377:
361:
349:
338:
328:
325:
320:
311:
295:
274:Orthodox Jew
259:
247:
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210:
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170:
110:(1948-02-21)
73:
60:
45:Please help
40:
2902:1948 deaths
2812:1893 births
2649:: Jarrold,
2555:McSweeney's
2521:Perutz, Max
2483:Perutz, Max
2254:, Epilogue.
2037:Perutz 2002
1950:(Online at
1932:18 February
1892:Perutz 1948
1190:Perutz 2002
1156:7 September
1037:Magnus Pyke
933:barbiturate
916:Pacific War
721:Roger Keyes
540:During the
382:fences and
380:barbed wire
340:Jabberwocky
238:During the
233:World War I
2806:Categories
2774:16 January
2283:Bernal, JD
2252:Lampe 1959
2225:Lampe 1959
2087:Lampe 1959
2070:Lampe 1959
2010:Lampe 1959
1998:Lampe 1959
1877:Lampe 1959
1865:Lampe 1959
1823:Lampe 1959
1811:Lampe 1959
1799:Lampe 1959
1781:24 January
1758:Lampe 1959
1746:Lampe 1959
1734:Lampe 1959
1722:Lampe 1959
1710:Lampe 1959
1698:Lampe 1959
1686:Lampe 1959
1631:Lampe 1959
1550:Lampe 1959
1504:Lampe 1959
1480:Lampe 1959
1447:Lampe 1959
1435:Lampe 1959
1423:Lampe 1959
1393:Lampe 1959
1331:Lampe 1959
1298:Lampe 1959
1238:Lampe 1959
1214:Lampe 1959
1168:required.)
1089:References
891:gun turret
876:Max Perutz
807:advantage.
792:Max Perutz
639:War Office
580:sewn into
569:hand-tools
514:depression
503:John Dewey
266:Wellington
256:Early life
218:journalist
128:Journalist
96:1893-11-09
2756:, Simegen
2641:(1996) ,
2399:144096364
2267:The Times
2210:The Times
2192:The Times
2174:The Times
1976:0161-7370
1919:0025-6587
1850:3 January
1598:The Times
1462:The Times
1408:The Times
1377:475890080
1355:Pyke 2002
1343:Pyke 2002
1310:Pyke 2002
1286:Pyke 2002
1274:Pyke 2002
1262:Pyke 2002
1250:Pyke 2002
1226:Pyke 2002
1202:Pyke 2002
1114:Pyke 2002
994:The Times
867:beachhead
800:Cambridge
776:vehicle.
735:Leo Amery
719:replaced
703:With the
652:Leo Amery
616:Frankfurt
578:peat moss
450:Mill Pond
403:Chronicle
368:Cambridge
268:, then a
191:Signature
116:Hampstead
63:June 2018
2795:held at
2670:, Oxford
2620:(1999),
2523:(2002),
2485:(1948).
1966:, U.S.:
1926:(Weblog)
1373:ProQuest
1056:prisons.
1015:See also
988:landlady
942:—
899:Mulberry
810:—
763:Canadian
759:American
658:and Sir
510:bankrupt
490:—
384:quagmire
249:Habakkuk
226:inventor
136:inventor
2741:Pykrete
2731:Cabinet
2647:Norwich
2499:Bibcode
2404:11 June
2379:Bibcode
2321:Bibcode
1981:3 March
1535:30 June
935:drugs.
887:monitor
794:at the
565:ploughs
392:England
278:atheist
244:pykrete
215:English
160:Pykrete
2750:Lois,
2653:
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903:Bernal
582:muslin
399:scoops
364:Oxford
357:Moabit
224:, and
177:Fields
142:Spouse
53:and a
2449:(PDF)
2395:S2CID
2367:(PDF)
1775:Vimeo
1044:Notes
832:Japan
677:radar
492:Lampe
2776:2011
2713:Pyke
2651:ISBN
2626:ISBN
2590:2008
2577:Time
2559:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2470:ISBN
2423:ISBN
2406:2008
2350:ISBN
2238:Time
1983:2019
1972:ISSN
1934:2009
1915:ISSN
1852:2008
1783:2013
1673:2017
1537:2008
1158:2009
768:the
607:Nazi
497:The
452:and
366:and
337:and
134:and
105:Died
86:Born
2733:(7)
2507:doi
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830:or
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