251:
466:
386:
687:
454:
599:
322:
486:
541:
36:
671:. The government's intervention at Glen Davis was not successful, despite an expansion in 1946. Never profitable, the Glen Davis Shale Oil Works was closed in May 1952, once its accumulated losses had exceeded the value of capital and loans. Glen Davis soon became virtually a ghost town, declining from a population of 2000 at its peak to only 115, including the surrounding area, in 2016. The ruins of the old works are now a minor tourist attraction.
497:, but this had ceased. The oil shale of New South Wales is particularly rich in oil content. The genesis of a revival of the shale oil industry was partially due a need for a secure source of oil in wartime, and partially to provide employment for unemployed miners on the Western coalfield. These dual objectives, efficient local oil production and employment creation, would not always align in their outcomes.
204:. George went to England to learn the craft from some of his mother’s family. In 1913, plant for the manufacture of gelatin was added to the Woolston factory. It was soon supplying not only New Zealand but also Australia and Canada. In 1915, the middle brother, Maurice, who had been working as a marine engineer, joined Davis at the Woolston factory.
679:, published in 1993. The company became a part of Fielder Gillespie in 1983. The factory at Botany was only closed in 1990. Its site was reused mainly for warehouses, and only a small part of the once extensive gardens remain. Gelatin sold under the brand name, Davis Gelatine, is still made at a modern plant in
222:, a suburb of Sydney, Foundations of the new factory were laid, in December 1917, and it produced its first gelatin in early January 1919. Botany was already the site of tanneries and other industries that produced by products of meat production, to which was added the gelatin made by the new factory.
234:
Between 1921 and 1926, the family interests were restructured so that the
Australian company, Davis Gelatine (Australia) Pty Ltd, became the holding company, with subsidiary companies in New Zealand, South Africa and Canada, all under the name Davis Gelatine. George Davis was Managing Director of the
647:
Davis died at home of cardiovascular disease on 13 July 1947, after being ill for some weeks. He was survived by his wife, who died in 1981. At the time of his death, he was chairman of Davis
Gelatine (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., and its associated companies, Cockatoo Docks and Engineering Co. Pty. Ltd. Mount
536:
A new company, National Oil
Proprietary Ltd, had been set up to build and run the operations. The amount of capital for the company, £500,000, which would later prove to be inadequate, had been based on estimates made by the government. Davis contributed £166,000 and Commonwealth Government £344,000
674:
The Davis
Gelatine company remained in family hands, under the leadership of one of Charles Christopher ('Chris') Davis's children, Malcolm Chris Davis (1917–2009), as a publicly-listed company, Davis Gelatine Consolidated Limited. Malcolm Davis retired in 1978, after having expanded the business
606:
For his role in establishing the industry, Davis had been knighted in
January 1941. After December 1941, the by then Sir George Davis remained chairman of the board of National Oil but was effectively sidelined, as the board consisted largely of government appointees and he had lost his position as
583:
Work on the new plant began in 1938, but the first oil was not produced at the remotely-situated plant until
January 1940, by which time Australia was at war. The plant had cost £1,300,000, and more capital was raised from shareholders, with the Commonwealth Government providing more funds in
655:
Cockatoo
Dockyard and Engineering was taken over by Vickers in 1947, having played a vital role during the Second World War. It was Davis who had saved it from terminal decline, during the 1930s, and expanded it to allow it to be such an important wartime facility. Following a change of government
289:
The Davis
Gelatine recipe booklets were published in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and South Africa, and from 1932 in Great Britain. There were nine editions compiled between 1922 and 1947; a complete revision was made in 1949. The booklets would eventually be printed in five languages; English,
639:
Following the end of the Second World War, Davis and his wife left
Australia for ten months—up to the end of December 1946—during which time they visited overseas branches of his companies—in England, South Africa, Canada, and America—and also visited Norway and Sweden. It is probable that during
348:
The plant was competitive, despite high wages, evidence that
Australia had a competitive advantage in the production of gelatin, on a very large scale. By 1928, the Botany plant had trebled in size and was the largest in the world. The combined output of Davis Gelatine plants accounted for 10% of
579:
Originally, Davis's plan was to use Estonian-made tunnel kilns, but as costs rose and war seemed imminent, a decision was made to rebuild retorts at Glen Davis, using designs and reused materials from the old retorts at Newnes; that decision resulted in an expensive and protracted relocation
344:
and small sinews, both by-products of the meat industry. The process included acid baths, washing, and lime pits. Last was a drying room, reported to be like a 'tame hurricane', where the water content of sheets of gelatin were dried, reducing their thickness from 3/8 inch to 1/32 inch.
430:
He turned the dockyard operations around and expanded the range of services it could provide, in time for it to become a vital part of the war effort. At its peak, the yard employed 3,500 workers, ten times the number that had been employed when the new company took over. Following the
225:
Following the same pattern as in New Zealand, the Davis family bought out competitors in Australia and expanded the Botany factory. Davis’s maternal cousin Jack Ball emigrated to Australia, in 1924, and became manager of the Botany factory and a director of the Australian company.
477:
The revival of the dockyard had brought Davis to the attention of the Commonwealth and New South Wales governments, as a person who could tackle something new and get it done, quickly and effectively. However, both the governments at the time were controlled by the
357:
Davis married in Sydney, on the same day that he had bought the land for the Botany factory. His wife was Elizabeth Eileen Schischka, (1889 – 1981)—known as Eileen—the Auckland-born daughter of a friend of his mother, who had come with him to Sydney. Her family had
174:
Both the Davis and Ball families were involved in glue manufacture in England. His parents had emigrated from England in 1879, intending to farm in New Zealand. Instead Charles Davis set up a small glue factory at New Lynn in 1881, moving to a new larger factory at
188:
It was not until 1901 that Davis joined the family business. In 1903, his father bought out the other shareholders, and divided those shares equally between Davis and his elder brother Chris. In 1909, the company bought a rival manufacturer based at
560:. Davis chose not to re-establish operations at Newnes but instead to build an entirely new plant in the relatively remote Capertee Valley. The refined fuel would be carried via a new pipeline running over a saddle from the Capertee Valley into the
179:
in 1888. The eldest son Charles Christopher (Chris) Davis was working in factory from 1892. By 1899 Chris was the manager of the company that his father formed in that year, New Zealand Glue Co. Ltd, in which his father held a one third share.
523:
Administration and my own, asked him to shoulder this further national obligation at Glen Davis. He promptly agreed, and without stint gave to it his time and boundless energy and much of his resources taking from it not one penny of
376:
However, his life remained dominated by business, as he became involved in other areas of activity that were important to Australia’s response to the deteriorating international situation during the 1930s and the Great Depression.
698:' recipe booklets, many of which seem to have survived the changing fashions of home cooking. The recipes use relatively large amounts of gelatin and, consequently, some appear quite unappetising, at least to modern-day tastes.
675:
into areas such as sealants, paper conversion, food stabilisers and emulsifiers, PVC plastics compounding, gummed tapes and paper coating, wine production, and food essences and flavourings. He wrote a history of the company,
1920:
422:
decision, in 1929, which effectively precluded the Commonwealth government-owned dockyard from tendering for work against private companies, and by the effects of the Great Depression. In 1933, Davis formed a new company
580:
exercise, and old retort technology. Otherwise, Davis built a very modern plant, with a highly mechanised shale mine that promised to produce at a high enough rate to make the plant economically viable.
365:
Although he was keen on travel, gardening and motoring, as recreational pursuits, his business interests were his life. Davis was hearing-impaired and that made him reticent in company. He wore an
493:
In the 1930s, Australia was almost entirely dependent for its petroleum supplies on imports; at best there was some local refining of imported crude oil. There had been production of oil from
533:
and the United States, over eleven months. He returned in January 1938. Samples of oil shale were sent to Estonia and the United States for trial processing into refined petroleum products.
482:—a political party that favoured private enterprise as opposed to government ownership of industries—and rightly or wrongly, Davis was seen as being associated with that side of politics.
1912:
215:
After a share issue in 1916, a decision was made to expand to Australia. George who had set up gelatin manufacturing in New Zealand was chosen to set up a new factory in Australia.
701:
The 1926 edition of the recipe booklet contains what is probably the first known publication of a recipe for a dessert called 'Pavlova', seemingly giving it a firm place in
506:, on 28 May 1936, invited offers for developing the oil industry in the Glen Davis area. Davis responded to this invitation and the result was the agreement ratified in the
163:, a suburb of Auckland, on 22 November 1883. His parents were Charles George Davis and Lillian Edwedinah, née Ball, and he was their third and youngest son. Davis attended
620:, and was very much in line with Davis’s own view on ideal workers communities. However, in its early years, conditions at the remotely-situated town site were primitive.
207:
The mundane industry of gelatin and glue production, from animal skins, sinews, and bones, waste products of the meat industry, would make the Davis family's fortune.
369:. The couple had no children. From 1917 to 1930 they lived in a house adjacent to the factory at Botany. In 1930, they moved to a house in the harbourside suburb of
293:
As the main manufacturer of gelatin in Australia, the company also benefited from the demand for gelatin generated by other manufacturers. The main ingredients of
513:
Davis withdrew almost entirely from his other activities, and threw himself into the task of creating a modern shale oil industry. It was later said of him by
290:
French, German, Afrikaans and Portuguese. Over the years that the booklets were published, the total number printed was well in excess of one million copies.
1291:
250:
713:
that is still very popular in Australian and New Zealand. Nonetheless, it is often referenced in discussions of the origins of the beloved summer dessert.
607:
Managing Director. He resigned from the board in October 1942. He would devote most of his time thereafter to the Davis Gelatine company and the dockyard.
385:
2185:
686:
556:, through a new mine tunnel between the Wolgan and Capertee valleys and processing the shale at the site of the old works, previously operated by
2195:
465:
235:
company. The organisation sought additional capital from the public in late 1921, floating Davis Gelatine (Australia) Limited, issuing both
616:
To house the workers of the oil shale works, a new town was planned by the New South Wales Government. Its plan would be influenced by the
414:
Possessed of seemingly boundless energy and initiative, Davis formed a syndicate of business interests to take out a lease on the moribund
435:, it became the main ship repair base in the South Pacific for a period; 19 new ships were built there and major repairs undertaken on 40
453:
329:
Davis set out to create a model factory at Botany. It was surrounded by park-like gardens and included facilities for workers, such as a
657:
262:' that it published, over many years beginning in 1922, both in booklet form and in publications, particularly the cookery pages of
1513:
591:
government was fearful for its investment and anxious about the precious oil supply, and its Minister for Supply and Development,
424:
409:
1942:
340:
aquifer and then clarified and filtered. The raw materials were pieces of animal skin that could not be used in the process of
598:
35:
2190:
1504:
1103:
649:
366:
2159:
1054:"Dainty desserts for dainty people : made from Knox's sparkling calves foot Gelatine, the new granulated package"
502:
1030:
999:
968:
937:
263:
400:
at Cockatoo Island, 10 February 1940. The seated woman on the left (partially obscured) is Elizabeth Eileen Davis.
139:(1883 – 1947) was a New Zealand born industrialist. He is notable mainly for his association with Davis Gelatine,
569:
587:
The initial rate of production was disappointing. In 1941, the UAP lost power to the Labor Party. The incoming
537:(together the capital of £500,000), and the New South Wales Government provided £166,000 secured by debentures.
485:
1886:"IN the Supreme Court of New South Wales.—Probate Division.—Notice of intended distribution of estate.—Any"
1806:
1427:
683:, Queensland, the sole remaining gelatin plant in Australasia, which is owned by DGF Stoess AG of Germany.
557:
514:
2105:
2055:
628:
624:
611:
164:
148:
113:
904:
321:
167:. He left school at fifteen, and went to sea for four years in the sailing ships of John Emery and Co.,
668:
661:
448:
279:
243:, with the objective of paying down the debts incurred in its rapid expansion. It had already achieved
144:
1947:
1404:
1373:
1310:
1268:
1240:
370:
171:. He was later to say that he wanted to join the navy, but was not accepted due to his poor hearing.
79:
1182:
640:
this time Davis discussed the sale of Cockatoo Dockyard & Engineering with its eventual buyer,
415:
405:
140:
2155:
758:
473:
using a burning piece of Glen Davis oil shale in 1939. Note the headband securing his hearing aid.
549:
419:
258:'Davis Gelatine' became a famous brand. The company promoted use of gelatin through recipes for '
219:
2131:
1053:
301:—were dry granular gelatin and sugar, with flavouring, and used in the commercial production of
200:
When their father died in April 1913, the two brothers decided to expand into the production of
680:
479:
436:
1604:
1078:
1564:
565:
244:
190:
2180:
2175:
1637:
1476:
656:
policy in 1972, the dockyard entered a long decline. It finally closed at the end of 1991.
617:
530:
8:
1862:
218:
He arrived in Sydney at the end of October 1917, and immediately bought 8 ha of land at
2080:
1975:
397:
1834:
1669:
1338:
1212:
822:
791:
548:
Earlier proposals for restarting shale oil production had been based on resurrecting
432:
341:
310:
1913:"World Heritage Committee approves Australian Convict Sites as places of importance"
540:
309:
some products, particularly canned hams. Gelatin was also used in the production of
1778:
1748:
1583:
Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales (Sydney, NSW : 1901 - 2001)
1449:
1579:"PROCLAMATION - NATIONAL OIL PROPRIETARY LIMITED AGREEMENT RATIFICATION ACT, 1937"
648:
Frome Lime Co. Pty. Ltd., and Animal Health Products Pty. Ltd.; and a director of
529:
He made a tour of existing plants in other countries, visiting Scotland, Germany,
1999:
1725:
1697:
1540:
706:
553:
298:
294:
236:
1645:
1484:
879:
710:
458:
393:
389:
1970:
1885:
1829:
1801:
1773:
1720:
1692:
1578:
1535:
1444:
1333:
1207:
1154:
817:
786:
2169:
1857:
1664:
1399:
1368:
1305:
1263:
1235:
1025:
994:
963:
932:
573:
561:
337:
330:
123:
1208:"Miracle Of Science That Converts Wastage Into Countless Useful Commodities"
592:
520:
194:
1129:
336:
The plant consumed four million gallons of water per week, drawn from the
588:
470:
274:, and similar titles using the word 'Dainty', that were published by the
765:, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
1565:"National Oil Proprietary Limited Agreement Ratification Act 1937 No 2"
2106:"Davis Dainty Dishes | Retro recipes, Pavlova recipe, Vintage recipes"
705:
culinary history. However, Davis Gelatine's recipe is a multi-layered
694:
There was still, in 2022, a thriving market in second-hand copies of '
702:
494:
302:
275:
240:
266:. Davis Gelatine almost certainly took the concept of 'Dainty Dishes
176:
160:
63:
1428:"National Oil Proprietary Limited Agreement Ratification Act 1937"
1159:
641:
359:
306:
201:
508:
National Oil Proprietary Limited Agreement Ratification Act 1937
247:
in Australia, within three years of starting local production.
168:
2015:
1693:"The Oil Extraction Plant at Newnes Valley, New South Wales"
1910:
667:
Davis did not live to see the bitter end of his vision for
1562:
1079:"Knox Gelatine: Dainty Desserts, Candies, Salads (front)"
197:, and George became the manager of the Woolston factory.
572:. The old railway line was lifted, with some of the old
1653:(121). The Light Railway Research Society of Australia.
1492:(121). The Light Railway Research Society of Australia.
1749:"Preserved Steam Locomotives Down Under - Wolgan Shay"
1334:"PETROL FROM SHALE—PLANT GROWS AT GLEN DAVIS (N.S.W.)"
1127:
1605:"National Oil Proprietary Limited Agreement Act 1937"
105:
Lillian Edwedinah (née Ball) and Charles George Davis
595:, moved to take control of operations at Glen Davis.
154:
1890:Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales
1506:Oil Shale Operations in New South Wales, Australia
1104:"1927 Knox Gelatin Dainty Desserts Salads-Candies"
880:"'Davis Dainty Dishes' by Davis Gelatine Pty Ltd"
564:, and then mainly following the route of the old
2167:
2039:
2044:(1937 ed.). Davis Gelatine Co. p. 57.
1911:Chalmers, Emma; Martin, Saray (1 August 2010).
634:
1400:"This Is Why Glen Davis Has Had To Close Down"
461:(right), during a visit to Glen Davis in 1940.
1904:
1502:
623:Probably following the pattern set by nearby
352:
325:Davis Gelatine Factory, Botany, N.S.W. (1937)
1943:"Animal bones set career in family business"
1420:
905:"Davis / dainty dishes; BMHC_14805 on eHive"
1721:"Huge Oil Storage Tanks At Newnes Junction"
652:Ltd. and Alluvial Prospectors Company Ltd.
576:being reused as supports for the pipeline.
442:
380:
1635:
1474:
690:Davis Gelatine's dessert called 'Pavlova'.
183:
34:
1503:Kraemer, A.J.; Thorne, H.M. (July 1951).
868:(1949 ed.). Davis Gelatine Co. 1951.
851:(1937 ed.). Davis Gelatine Co. 1947.
210:
16:New Zealand born Australian industrialist
1514:United States Department of the Interior
685:
597:
539:
484:
464:
452:
425:Cockatoo Docks & Engineering Co. Ltd
418:, The yard had been badly affected by a
410:Cockatoo Docks & Engineering Company
384:
320:
249:
2186:Australian manufacturing businesspeople
2056:""Davis Dainty Dishes" - Google Search"
1779:Daily Commercial News and Shipping List
1496:
759:"Davis, Sir George Francis (1883–1947)"
2196:20th-century Australian businesspeople
2168:
1470:
1468:
1394:
1392:
469:George Davis has his cigarette lit by
254:'Davis Dainty Dishes' recipe booklets.
2156:Davis, Sir George Francis (1883–1947)
1997:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1020:
1018:
989:
987:
860:
858:
843:
841:
812:
810:
752:
750:
748:
746:
958:
956:
927:
925:
818:"DAVIS GELATINE (AUSTRALIA) LIMITED"
781:
779:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
316:
313:. It was a material with many uses.
1971:"Davis Gel. ½-year profit up 10 pc"
1465:
1389:
650:Mercantile Mutual Insurance Company
13:
2160:Australian Dictionary of Biography
2001:Davis Gelatine: An Outline History
1713:
1622:
1528:
1445:"Newnes Shale Petrol In Two Years"
1354:
1108:Nostalgic Nellie Cooks Up the Past
1015:
984:
855:
838:
807:
763:Australian Dictionary of Biography
677:Davis Gelatine: An Outline History
272:Dainty Desserts for Dainty People'
14:
2207:
2149:
2129:
1585:. 22 September 1937. p. 3787
953:
922:
776:
723:
503:Commonwealth of Australia Gazette
229:
2081:"The Feast, Passionate Pavlovas"
1923:from the original on 3 June 2012
1292:"The Shischka family connection"
756:
510:, an act of the NSW Parliament.
155:Early life and family background
89:Elizabeth Eileen (née Schischka)
2123:
2098:
2073:
2048:
2033:
2008:
1991:
1963:
1935:
1878:
1850:
1822:
1794:
1766:
1741:
1685:
1657:
1597:
1571:
1563:Parliament of New South Wales.
1556:
1437:
1326:
1298:
1284:
1256:
1228:
1200:
1175:
1147:
1128:Davis Gelatine Pty Ltd (1952).
1121:
1096:
1071:
1046:
602:Plan of the town of Glen Davis.
349:world production in that year.
1979:. 14 February 1969. p. 13
1701:. 8 September 1937. p. 33
1636:Mainwaring, Ross (July 1993).
1475:Mainwaring, Ross (July 1993).
1342:. 23 December 1939. p. 20
972:. 17 November 1945. p. 35
897:
872:
1:
1998:Davis, Malcolm Chris (1993).
1866:. 28 December 1946. p. 9
1810:. 24 December 1941. p. 2
1272:. 14 February 1928. p. 6
1163:. 15 October 1934. p. 17
941:. 17 January 1942. p. 35
795:. 7 September 1940. p. 5
716:
584:the form of a £225,000 loan.
552:, by bringing shale from the
394:Prime Minister Robert Menzies
305:. Dry gelatin was added when
264:The Australian Women's Weekly
1892:. 2 April 1982. p. 1522
1838:. 3 October 1942. p. 13
1729:. 24 January 1941. p. 4
1673:. 14 October 1931. p. 3
1638:"Glen Davis Oil Shale Works"
1477:"Glen Davis Oil Shale Works"
1453:. 24 January 1938. p. 7
1003:. 5 January 1955. p. 22
826:. 1 October 1921. p. 11
787:"GEORGE DAVIS OF GLEN DAVIS"
635:Later life, death and legacy
558:Commonwealth Oil Corporation
7:
2191:Australian Knights Bachelor
2132:"A tiny advance on the Pav"
1782:. 3 January 1941. p. 2
612:Glen Davis, New South Wales
149:Glen Davis, New South Wales
10:
2212:
1216:. 4 April 1936. p. 35
662:UNESCO World Heritage Site
609:
449:Glen Davis Shale Oil Works
446:
403:
353:Marriage and personal life
145:Glen Davis Shale Oil Works
2040:.Unknown artist. (1947).
1544:. 22 July 1937. p. 1
1408:. 17 June 1952. p. 2
1377:. 14 July 1947. p. 3
1314:. 6 July 1940. p. 16
1034:. 21 May 1942. p. 27
1000:Australian Women's Weekly
969:Australian Women's Weekly
938:Australian Women's Weekly
457:George Davis (left) with
367:early type of hearing aid
129:
119:
109:
101:
93:
85:
80:Vaucluse, New South Wales
69:
50:
45:
33:
23:
1244:. 5 May 1926. p. 16
568:to new storage tanks at
443:Glen Davis and shale oil
416:Cockatoo Island Dockyard
406:Cockatoo Island Dockyard
381:Cockatoo Island Dockyard
165:King's College, Auckland
141:Cockatoo Island Dockyard
114:King's College, Auckland
1753:www.australiansteam.com
1369:"DEATH OF SIR G. DAVIS"
1130:"'Davis Dainty Dishes'"
1058:Hagley Digital Archives
631:, after Davis himself.
627:the new town was named
544:Refinery at Glen Davis.
500:A public notice in the
184:Business in New Zealand
1609:www.legislation.gov.au
884:collection.maas.museum
691:
618:‘Garden City’ movement
603:
545:
490:
480:United Australia Party
474:
462:
401:
326:
255:
211:Expansion to Australia
1948:Sydney Morning Herald
1405:Sydney Morning Herald
1374:Sydney Morning Herald
1311:Sydney Morning Herald
1269:Sydney Morning Herald
1241:Sydney Morning Herald
1155:"AUSTRALIAN GELATINE"
689:
601:
566:Wolgan Valley Railway
543:
489:Retorts at Glen Davis
488:
468:
456:
388:
324:
276:Knox Gelatine Company
253:
64:New Lynn, New Zealand
151:is named after him.
137:George Francis Davis
28:George Francis Davis
2158:, by R. Ian Jack -
2042:Davis Dainty Dishes
1802:"TWO OIL CHIEFS GO"
1306:"PETROL FROM SHALE"
1264:"WEALTH FROM WASTE"
866:Davis Dainty Dishes
709:, nothing like the
696:Davis Dainty Dishes
396:, at the launch of
392:, George Davis and
333:and tennis courts.
280:Johnstown, New York
260:Davis Dainty Dishes
40:George Davis c.1947
1665:"NEWNES OIL SHALE"
1536:"£500,000 COMPANY"
1083:digital.tcl.sc.edu
849:Davis ainty Dishes
692:
604:
546:
491:
475:
463:
402:
327:
256:
1774:"KNIGHT BACHELOR"
433:Fall of Singapore
427:to run the yard.
317:Factory at Botany
311:photographic film
133:
132:
2203:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2016:"Davis Gelatine"
2012:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1917:The Courier–Mail
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1830:"SIR GEO. DAVIS"
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1642:
1633:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1511:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1365:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1134:trove.nla.gov.au
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
991:
982:
981:
979:
977:
960:
951:
950:
948:
946:
929:
920:
919:
917:
915:
901:
895:
894:
892:
890:
876:
870:
869:
862:
853:
852:
845:
836:
835:
833:
831:
814:
805:
804:
802:
800:
783:
774:
773:
772:
770:
754:
245:market dominance
147:, in Australia.
76:
61:22 November 1883
60:
58:
46:Personal details
38:
21:
20:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2166:
2165:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1863:West Australian
1856:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1807:Daily Telegraph
1800:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1726:Lithgow Mercury
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1640:
1634:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1541:Lithgow Mercury
1534:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1516:. pp. 4–44
1509:
1501:
1497:
1479:
1473:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1367:
1366:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1006:
1004:
993:
992:
985:
975:
973:
962:
961:
954:
944:
942:
931:
930:
923:
913:
911:
903:
902:
898:
888:
886:
878:
877:
873:
864:
863:
856:
847:
846:
839:
829:
827:
816:
815:
808:
798:
796:
785:
784:
777:
768:
766:
755:
724:
719:
658:Cockatoo Island
637:
614:
570:Newnes Junction
554:Capertee Valley
515:Bertram Stevens
451:
445:
412:
404:Main articles:
383:
355:
319:
299:Aeroplane Jelly
237:ordinary shares
232:
213:
186:
159:He was born at
157:
78:
74:
62:
56:
54:
41:
29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2164:
2163:
2151:
2150:External links
2148:
2145:
2144:
2122:
2097:
2072:
2060:www.google.com
2047:
2032:
2020:Davis Gelatine
2007:
1990:
1976:Canberra Times
1962:
1951:. 22 July 2009
1934:
1903:
1877:
1849:
1835:Smith's Weekly
1821:
1793:
1765:
1740:
1712:
1684:
1656:
1646:Light Railways
1621:
1596:
1570:
1555:
1527:
1495:
1485:Light Railways
1464:
1436:
1419:
1388:
1353:
1325:
1297:
1283:
1255:
1227:
1213:Smith's Weekly
1199:
1187:RecipeTips.com
1174:
1146:
1120:
1095:
1070:
1045:
1014:
983:
952:
921:
896:
871:
854:
837:
823:Smith's Weekly
806:
792:Smith's Weekly
775:
757:Jack, R. Ian,
721:
720:
718:
715:
636:
633:
610:Main article:
574:bullhead rails
447:Main article:
444:
441:
390:Pattie Menzies
382:
379:
354:
351:
318:
315:
295:jelly crystals
231:
230:Davis Gelatine
228:
212:
209:
193:, a suburb of
185:
182:
156:
153:
131:
130:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
77:(aged 63)
71:
67:
66:
52:
48:
47:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2208:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2133:
2126:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2043:
2036:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2004:. M.C. Davis.
2003:
2002:
1994:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1922:
1919:. Australia.
1918:
1914:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1672:
1671:
1670:Barrier Miner
1666:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1566:
1559:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1515:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1429:
1423:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1293:
1287:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1026:"Advertising"
1021:
1019:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:"Advertising"
990:
988:
971:
970:
965:
964:"Advertising"
959:
957:
940:
939:
934:
933:"Advertising"
928:
926:
910:
906:
900:
885:
881:
875:
867:
861:
859:
850:
844:
842:
825:
824:
819:
813:
811:
794:
793:
788:
782:
780:
764:
760:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
722:
714:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
688:
684:
682:
678:
672:
670:
665:
663:
659:
653:
651:
645:
643:
632:
630:
626:
621:
619:
613:
608:
600:
596:
594:
590:
585:
581:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:Wolgan Valley
559:
555:
551:
542:
538:
534:
532:
527:
525:
522:
516:
511:
509:
505:
504:
498:
496:
487:
483:
481:
472:
467:
460:
455:
450:
440:
438:
434:
428:
426:
421:
417:
411:
407:
399:
395:
391:
387:
378:
374:
372:
368:
363:
361:
350:
346:
343:
339:
338:Botany Swamps
334:
332:
331:bowling green
323:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
287:
286:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
252:
248:
246:
242:
238:
227:
223:
221:
216:
208:
205:
203:
198:
196:
192:
181:
178:
172:
170:
166:
162:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
128:
125:
124:Industrialist
122:
118:
115:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
72:
68:
65:
53:
49:
44:
37:
32:
22:
19:
2137:20 September
2135:. Retrieved
2130:Young, Sam.
2125:
2115:20 September
2113:. Retrieved
2109:
2100:
2090:20 September
2088:. Retrieved
2084:
2075:
2065:20 September
2063:. Retrieved
2059:
2050:
2041:
2035:
2023:. Retrieved
2019:
2010:
2000:
1993:
1983:22 September
1981:. Retrieved
1974:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1946:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1916:
1906:
1894:. Retrieved
1889:
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1861:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1833:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1805:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1777:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1752:
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1724:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1696:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1668:
1659:
1650:
1644:
1612:. Retrieved
1608:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1582:
1573:
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1539:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1505:
1498:
1489:
1483:
1455:. Retrieved
1448:
1439:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1403:
1379:. Retrieved
1372:
1346:22 September
1344:. Retrieved
1339:Australasian
1337:
1328:
1318:27 September
1316:. Retrieved
1309:
1300:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1267:
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1239:
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:
1192:21 September
1190:. Retrieved
1186:
1183:"Canned Ham"
1177:
1167:21 September
1165:. Retrieved
1158:
1149:
1139:22 September
1137:. Retrieved
1133:
1123:
1113:21 September
1111:. Retrieved
1107:
1098:
1088:21 September
1086:. Retrieved
1082:
1073:
1063:21 September
1061:. Retrieved
1057:
1048:
1038:20 September
1036:. Retrieved
1031:Western Mail
1029:
1007:20 September
1005:. Retrieved
998:
976:20 September
974:. Retrieved
967:
945:20 September
943:. Retrieved
936:
914:20 September
912:. Retrieved
908:
899:
889:20 September
887:. Retrieved
883:
874:
865:
848:
830:22 September
828:. Retrieved
821:
797:. Retrieved
790:
767:, retrieved
762:
700:
695:
693:
676:
673:
666:
654:
646:
638:
622:
615:
605:
593:Jack Beasley
586:
582:
578:
547:
535:
528:
518:
512:
507:
501:
499:
492:
476:
459:Premier Mair
429:
413:
398:HMAS Warrego
375:
364:
356:
347:
335:
328:
292:
288:
284:
283:
271:
267:
259:
257:
233:
224:
217:
214:
206:
199:
195:Christchurch
187:
173:
158:
136:
134:
75:(1947-07-13)
73:13 July 1947
18:
2181:1947 deaths
2176:1883 births
1927:8 September
1698:Sydney Mail
471:Harold Holt
2170:Categories
1858:"PERSONAL"
1520:2 December
1236:"GELATINE"
717:References
703:Antipodean
681:Beaudesert
669:Glen Davis
629:Glen Davis
625:Glen Alice
439:warships.
420:High Court
362:ancestry.
241:debentures
143:, and the
120:Occupation
57:1883-11-22
2110:Pinterest
2085:The Feast
660:is now a
495:oil shale
303:ice cream
297:—such as
110:Education
102:Parent(s)
1921:Archived
1220:12 April
371:Vaucluse
360:Bohemian
191:Woolston
177:Onehunga
161:New Lynn
94:Children
2025:3 April
1955:3 April
1896:3 April
1870:3 April
1842:3 April
1814:3 April
1786:3 April
1733:12 July
1677:4 April
1457:3 April
1381:2 April
1276:3 April
1248:3 April
1160:The Age
799:3 April
769:3 April
711:Pavlova
642:Vickers
531:Estonia
517:that, "
342:tanning
307:canning
202:gelatin
1614:5 July
1589:5 July
1548:5 July
589:Curtin
550:Newnes
524:reward
437:Allied
270:from '
220:Botany
169:Boston
86:Spouse
2162:entry
1758:9 May
1705:9 May
1641:(PDF)
1510:(PDF)
1480:(PDF)
1431:(PDF)
1412:9 May
909:eHive
707:jelly
521:Lyons
2139:2022
2117:2022
2092:2022
2067:2022
2027:2022
1985:2022
1957:2022
1929:2012
1898:2022
1872:2022
1844:2022
1816:2022
1788:2022
1760:2022
1735:2020
1707:2022
1679:2022
1616:2020
1591:2020
1550:2020
1522:2012
1459:2022
1414:2022
1383:2022
1348:2022
1320:2022
1278:2022
1250:2022
1222:2022
1194:2022
1169:2022
1141:2022
1115:2022
1090:2022
1065:2022
1040:2022
1009:2022
978:2022
947:2022
916:2022
891:2022
832:2022
801:2022
771:2022
519:the
408:and
239:and
135:Sir
97:None
70:Died
51:Born
1651:XXX
1490:XXX
1450:Sun
526:."
278:of
25:Sir
2172::
2108:.
2083:.
2058:.
2018:.
1973:.
1945:.
1915:.
1888:.
1860:.
1832:.
1804:.
1776:.
1751:.
1723:.
1695:.
1667:.
1649:.
1643:.
1624:^
1607:.
1581:.
1538:.
1512:.
1488:.
1482:.
1467:^
1447:.
1402:.
1391:^
1371:.
1356:^
1336:.
1308:.
1266:.
1238:.
1210:.
1185:.
1157:.
1132:.
1106:.
1081:.
1056:.
1028:.
1017:^
997:.
986:^
966:.
955:^
935:.
924:^
907:.
882:.
857:^
840:^
820:.
809:^
789:.
778:^
761:,
725:^
664:.
644:.
373:.
282:.'
2141:.
2119:.
2094:.
2069:.
2029:.
1987:.
1959:.
1931:.
1900:.
1874:.
1846:.
1818:.
1790:.
1762:.
1737:.
1709:.
1681:.
1618:.
1593:.
1567:.
1552:.
1524:.
1461:.
1433:.
1416:.
1385:.
1350:.
1322:.
1294:.
1280:.
1252:.
1224:.
1196:.
1171:.
1143:.
1117:.
1092:.
1067:.
1042:.
1011:.
980:.
949:.
918:.
893:.
834:.
803:.
268:'
59:)
55:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)