328:
339:
145:, due in part to the well-connected network of scientific practitioners and colleagues he had been associated with in New England. It was at this time that the transplanted New England alchemist became involved with the Hartlib circle and the fictitious identity of Eirenaeus Philalethes (a peaceful lover of truth) emerged as a result of currents swirling within the group. Samuel Hartlib was a patron and promoter of applied science, including alchemy and iatrochemistry. Yet, there were individuals within this circle dedicated to preserving secrecy and the protection of knowledge, which may have initially inspired Starkey's alternate identity.
90:, a future Lt. Governor of Massachusetts. It is not entirely known why Starkey decided to leave New England. One clue points to his interest in alchemy and chemical technology. It is known that Starkey was acquiring great skill at building ovens to facilitate alchemical experiments. However, he complained that the region offered unsuitable material needed for their operation, and therefore believed that relocating to England could provide access to better material and higher quality laboratory implements as well. Around this same time he changed his surname to Starkey for reasons that are unknown.
98:– a group of social reformers, utopians, and natural philosophers. Within a few years, however, Starkey found himself in financial trouble and was consequently incarcerated because of debt—possibly twice sometime in late 1653 and again in mid-1654. Imprisoned for a brief period of time, Starkey returned to the practice of alchemy and medicine upon his release in late 1654. Additionally, he wrote and published a number of popular treatises. Yet, his most important work was written under several pseudonyms during the period prior to imprisonment when he was associated with the
115:
matriculated at
Harvard College, where he was exposed to a core curriculum in the classical languages and theology in addition to courses in logic, physics, mathematics, politics, and history. His studies soon focused on chemical philosophy and alchemist theory. Starkey earned his A.B. in 1646 and his A.M. by 1649, although the exact date is uncertain. During his years at Harvard, Starkey was introduced to alchemy through the physics curriculum, which included subjects on metallic transmutation and potable gold. In addition, he acquired a thorough understanding of
157:
manuscripts and tracts were produced that proclaimed these discoveries while advertising that access to concealed alchemical knowledge might be obtained through
Starkey, a "friend" of Philalethes and guardian of his manuscripts. It is also believed that Starkey's interest in concealing his work was driven by a desire to fashion himself as the "master of secrets" whose discoveries were "divinely sanctioned revelations." Certainly this might lift Starkey's socioprofessional standing in the minds of influential patrons within the Hartlib circle.
161:
sufficient income. The cost to personally fund these projects was leaving him financially unstable as debts increased. Finally, in 1653–1654, Starkey's creditors caught up with him. He was imprisoned twice for debt, and when not in prison, he avoided creditors by concealing his whereabouts. To make matters worse, he had lost the support of the
Hartlib circle. It was necessary that a beleaguered Starkey reestablish his financial footing, restore his reputation, and attract new patronage.
186:
perhaps the survival of
Starkey's laboratory journals that is most important, for they provide the least opaque window through which to view the laboratory operations and methodological practices of a seventeenth-century alchemist. Also, Starkey's written works, especially under the name Philalethes, were widely circulated and enormously popular. They were read by notable men of science in the seventeenth century and well into the eighteenth century, to include Boyle, Locke,
194:. Indeed, his writings were influential in the emerging field of chymistry by advancing the doctrine that chemical phenomena are the result of the interaction of insensible particles accompanied by chemical forces. Although George Starkey will probably never be regarded as a canonical figure in early modern science, his achievements nevertheless are significant and contribute to a wider understanding of the nature of science during this period and its historical development.
1851:
173:, an antidotal compound that was consumed to preserve health and prevent illness. Starkey's success in producing his alchahest was limited, and his quest for the philosophers' stone never came to fruition. Although he continued to produce medical treatises, three political pamphlets that he wrote in 1660 along with public disputes he engaged in with other medical practitioners and the Royal College of Physicians further tainted his career.
160:
A few years after arriving in London, Starkey began to suffer from his own success. A variety of projects, from the manufacture of perfumes and pharmaceuticals to the production of sophic mercuries, were pulling him in different directions, straining professional relationships, and failed to generate
176:
In 1665, the plague found London and George
Starkey. For all of his belief in the ability of the Helmontian medicines to cure disease and prevent illness, the Helmontian alchahest Starkey prepared to combat the plague was ineffective. To the end, Starkey remained faithful to the Flemish iatrochemist
114:
Little is known of
Starkey's early education. Prior to the death of his father in 1637, Starkey most likely was tutored, perhaps by his parents or learned acquaintances of the family. After the death of the elder Stirk, Starkey was sent to New England around 1639 to continue his studies. In 1643 he
156:
As the inventor of curative drugs and philosophical mercuries, it is reasonable to assume that
Starkey was concerned with guarding these inventions and preserving his trade secrets. The pseudonym "Philalethes" allowed him to accomplish this by creating a fictitious identity under which a series of
185:
George
Starkey's alchemical laboratory expertise and formalised methodology were highly respected by the scientific community and became the basis for later practices in eighteenth-century experimental chemistry. His influence on Boyle's work and discoveries in chymistry is indisputable. It is
148:
Starkey's move to London was followed by remarkable success in establishing a medical practice and producing and administering medicinal remedies to patients, including Robert Boyle. However, despite his success, Starkey abandoned his patients in 1651 to pursue the "secrets" of alchemy, which
149:
included the production of pharmaceuticals and the transmutation of metallic substances. For example, Starkey's "sophic mercury" was an amalgam of antimony, silver, and mercury, which was supposed to dissolve gold into a mixture that when heated, would produce the mythical
81:
Despite his successful medical practice, Starkey immigrated at age 22 to London, England, in
November 1650 with his wife, Susanna Stoughton, whom he had married earlier that year. Susanna is believed to be the eldest daughter of Colonel
164:
The final years of
Starkey's life were devoted to resurrecting his medical practice and manufacturing income-producing medicines. However, he never wandered far from his chymistry lab and his quest for Van Helmont's
93:
Once in England, Starkey's reputation as an alchemist and chymical furnace maker grew among the scientific community and he soon acquired a network of colleagues from the circle of friends and correspondents of
153:, an agent for transmuting base metals into noble ones. It is also known that Starkey tutored Boyle in the practice of chemistry and experimentation, although Boyle never acknowledged Starkey's tutelage.
138:. Despite his flourishing practice, Starkey decided England could provide better access to the tools required by an alchemist, which prompted him to sail for London with his wife in November 1650.
74:
in 1643 at the age of 15. Introduced to alchemical theory, he would later stylise himself as the "Philosopher by Fire." After graduating from Harvard in 1646, Starkey resided in the
26:, medical practitioner, and writer of numerous commentaries and chemical treatises that were widely circulated in Western Europe and influenced prominent men of science, including
542:
Newman, William R., and Lawrence M. Principe. Alchemy Tried in the Fire: Starkey, Boyle, and the Fate of Helmontian Chemistry. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2002. Print.
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White, Bruce D. and Woodward, Walter W. “’A Most Exquisite Fellow’ – William White and an Atlantic World Perspective on the Seventeenth-Century Chymical Furnace.”
606:
1013:
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Upon his arrival in London, Starkey's credentials as an alchemist were quickly established. He acquired immediate acclaim in England as an alchemical
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Secrets reveal'd; or, An open entrance to the shut-palace of the King, containing the greatest treasure in chymistry never yet so plainly discovered
1623:
169:
or the philosophers' stone. No doubt he continued his search for the perfect liquor alchahest, a medicinal solvent whose purpose was similar to
134:, and had been tutored in the practical applications of metallurgy. His medical practice appears to have been highly successful, which included
127:
During his final years at Harvard, Starkey became increasingly occupied with the practice of medicine. He was a devoted follower of the Flemish
1400:
327:
467:
Experiments for the Preparation of the Sophick Mercury; by Luna, and the Antimonial-Stellate-Regulus of Mars, for the Philosophers Stone
338:
1435:
473:
A breviary of Alchemy, or a commentary upon Sir George Ripley's Recapitulation: Being A Paraphrastical Epitome of his Twelve Gates
556:
356:
The Marrow of Alchemy, being an Experimental Treatise, Discovering the secret and most hidden Mystery of the Philosophers Elixer
1905:
1454:
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observations of various insects indigenous to Bermuda. After the death of his father in 1637, Starkey was sent to
1900:
1387:
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212:
Nature's Explication and Helmont's Vindication; or a short and sure Way to a long and sound life (London, 1657).
1233:
1822:
1817:
1704:
1358:
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34:. After relocating from New England to London, England, in 1650, Starkey began writing under the pseudonym
78:
area and earned a living practising medicine while at the same time experimenting in chemical technology.
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1890:
1676:
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38:. Starkey remained in England and continued his career in medicine and alchemy until his death in the
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Enarratio methodica trium Gebri medicinarum, in quibus contenitur Lapidis Philosophici vera confectio
446:
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George Starkey's Pill vindicated From the unlearned Alchymist and all other pretenders, (undated).
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1258:
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131:
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Gehennical Fire: The Lives of George Starkey, an American Alchemist in the Scientific Revolution
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An appendix to the Unlearned Alchimist Wherein is contained the true Receipt of that Excellent
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39:
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Loimologia A Consolatory Advice And some brief observations Concerning the Present Pest, 1665.
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58:, and Elizabeth Painter. During his early years in Bermuda, Starkey displayed interest in
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A smart Scourge for a silly, sawcy Fool, an answer to letter at the end of a pamphlet of
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54:, the first of at least five children of George Stirk, a Scottish minister and devoted
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Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy
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Ripley Reviv'd, or an Exposition upon Sir George Ripley's Hermetico-Poetical Works
461:
An Exposition upon the First Six Gates of Sir George Ripley's Compound of Alchymie
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Three Tracts of the Great Medicine of Philosophers for Humane and Metalline Bodies
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An Epistolar discourse to the Learned and Deservingauthor of Galeno-pale (1665).
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Alchemy Tried in the Fire: Starkey, Boyle, and the Fate of Helmontian Chymistry
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Royal and other innocent blood crying aloud to heaven for due vengeance (1660).
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First printings of Philalethes' tracts were published between 1654 and 1683:
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All English works of Philalethes have been recently compiled in one volume.
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Drey schöne und auserlesene Tractätlein von Verwandelung der Metallen
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23:
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810:
Mendelsohn, Andrew J. "Alchemy and Politics in England 1649—1665."
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Titles have been abbreviated and are listed in chronological order.
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The admirable efficacy of oyl which is made of Sulphur-Vive (1660).
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Alchemical Works: Eirenaeus Philalethes compiled, Cinnabar, 1994,
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51:
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Liquor Alchahest, or a discourse of that Immortal Dissolvent of
119:
that was important to his alchemist work throughout his career.
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1802:
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70:, where he continued his early education before enrolling at
244:
A brief Examination and Censure OF Several Medicines (1664).
16:
Colonial American alchemist, medical practitioner and writer
224:
Britains Triumph FOR HER Imparallel'd Deliverance (1660).
424:(Amsterdam, 1668, in Latin; London, 1694, in English)
215:
Pyrotechny asserted and illustrated (London, 1658).
599:
835:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002.
828:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
503:The Secret of the Immortal Liquor called Alkahest
1867:
1624:Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air
1401:Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth
455:An Exposition upon Sir George Ripley's Preface
407:. London: W. Godbid for William Cooper. 1669.
376:(in Latin). Amstelodami: J. Janssonium. 1667.
861:
831:Newman, William R. and Principe, Lawrence M.
479:An Exposition upon Sir George Ripley's Vision
269:Works published under the name of Philalethes
1032:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)
821:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994.
610:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
373:Introitus apertus ad occlusum regis palatium
104:Introitus apertus ad occlusum regis palatium
203:Works published under George Starkey's name
197:
1148:John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)
868:
854:
652:White and Woodward, November 2007, p. 292.
433:A short Manuduction to the Caelestial Ruby
1886:17th-century deaths from plague (disease)
1436:Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz
557:"Isaac Newton and the American Alchemist"
209:The Reformed Commonwealth of Bees (1655).
106:, was published in 1667 after his death.
509:A number of these tracts, including the
337:
326:
765:
763:
607:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
550:
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221:The dignity of kinship asserted (1660).
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1224:George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)
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493:(London&Amsterdam, 1678, in Latin)
428:The Art of the Transmutation of Metals
102:. The most famous of these works, the
1304:Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)
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690:
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22:(1628–1665) was a Colonial American
1455:De consideratione quintae essentiae
842:54, no. 3 (November 2007): 285–298.
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579:
505:(London, 1683, English & Latin)
438:The Fountain of Chymical Philosophy
13:
685:
673:
14:
1922:
757:Newman and Principe, 2002, p. 93.
1850:
1849:
1422:Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit
661:Newman and Principe, 2002, p. 8.
1389:Liber de compositione alchemiae
1113:(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova
1072:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)
920:Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)
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1638:Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine
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62:, as evidenced by his written
1:
1705:Theatrum chemicum Britannicum
45:
814:, no. 135 (May 1992): 30–78.
670:William R. Newman, 1994, 19.
643:Mendelsohn, May 1992, p. 50.
631:UK public library membership
319:Resources in other libraries
295:Resources in other libraries
109:
7:
1677:Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum
1663:Bibliotheca chemica curiosa
398:Subsequently translated as:
10:
1927:
1906:People imprisoned for debt
1556:Rosary of the Philosophers
1542:Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis
1481:Liber Hermetis de alchemia
517:were also included in the
1845:
1725:
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1219:pseudo-Bernard of Treviso
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1052:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)
1022:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)
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769:Newman, 1994, pp. 257–70.
487:(London 1678, in English)
481:(London 1677, in English)
475:(London 1677, in English)
469:(London 1677, in English)
463:(London 1677, in English)
457:(London 1677, in English)
451:(London 1677, in English)
449:Epistle to King Edward IV
314:Resources in your library
290:Resources in your library
180:
122:
117:corpuscular matter theory
1067:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)
900:Agathodaemon (legendary)
529:
499:(Amsterdam, 1678, Latin)
262:Paracelsus & Helmont
198:Original published works
1911:17th-century alchemists
1259:Jan Baptist van Helmont
999:Stephanus of Alexandria
730:Newman, 1994, pp. 82–3.
712:Newman, 1994, pp. 62–3.
132:Jan Baptist van Helmont
1901:Harvard College alumni
1092:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)
616:10.1093/ref:odnb/26315
555:Meyer, M:chal (2016).
347:
335:
40:Great Plague of London
1528:Nabataean Agriculture
1415:Books of the Balances
1264:Johann Rudolf Glauber
1234:Giovanni da Correggio
748:Newman, 1994, p. 190.
721:Newman, 1994, pp. 64.
341:
330:
36:Eirenaeus Philalethes
1773:In art/entertainment
1183:(pseudo-)Roger Bacon
945:Zosimos of Panopolis
940:Paphnutia the Virgin
703:Newman, 1994, p. 58.
694:Newman, 1994, p. 54.
682:Newman, 1994, p. 53.
358:. London, UK. 1654.
50:Starkey was born in
1793:Philosophers' stone
1788:Pill of Immortality
1684:Fasciculus chemicus
1631:Turba philosophorum
1549:Physika kai mystika
1279:Michael Sendivogius
1158:pseudo-Michael Scot
994:pseudo-Olympiodorus
935:Ostanes (legendary)
817:Newman, William R.
739:Findlen, 1996, 242.
598:(September 2015) .
447:Sir George Ripley's
445:An Exposition upon
151:philosopher's stone
1896:English scientists
1891:English alchemists
1691:Musaeum Hermeticum
1617:Summa perfectionis
1596:(pseudo-Aristotle)
1586:Secret of Creation
1535:Ordinal of Alchemy
1178:pseudo-Ramon Llull
1082:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
812:Past & Present
596:Newman, William R.
520:Musaeum Hermeticum
348:
336:
1863:
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1698:Theatrum chemicum
1514:Mirror of Alchimy
1466:Tabula Smaragdina
1443:Clavis sapientiae
1382:Aurora consurgens
1353:
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1289:Pierre-Jean Fabre
1239:Heinrich Khunrath
1153:Magister Salernus
1128:Guido di Montanor
915:pseudo-Democritus
877:Alchemy (general)
629:(Subscription or
303:By George Starkey
276:Library resources
177:that he revered.
88:William Stoughton
1918:
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1567:Step of the Sage
1507:Mappae clavicula
1474:Leyden papyrus X
1375:Atalanta fugiens
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1345:Mary Anne Atwood
1330:Eugène Canseliet
1209:Andreas Libavius
1188:Taddeo Alderotti
963:Fang (alchemist)
910:pseudo-Cleopatra
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1563:Rutbat al-ḥakīm
1447:Miftāḥ al-ḥikma
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1335:Frater Albertus
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1309:Wilhelm Homberg
1214:Basil Valentine
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1133:Hugh of Evesham
1108:pseudo-Albertus
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1049:
1047:Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1014:Arabic-Islamic
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
990:
988:
984:
983:
981:
980:
975:
970:
965:
959:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
896:
894:
893:Greco-Egyptian
887:
881:
880:
873:
872:
865:
858:
850:
844:
843:
836:
829:
822:
815:
806:
803:
800:
799:
783:
771:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
696:
684:
672:
663:
654:
645:
636:
578:
544:
534:
533:
531:
528:
507:
506:
500:
494:
488:
482:
476:
470:
464:
458:
452:
442:
441:
440:
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430:
418:
417:
399:
395:
394:
368:
322:
321:
316:
311:
305:
301:
298:
297:
292:
286:
285:
281:George Starkey
274:
273:
266:
265:
258:
255:
252:
249:Lionel Lockyer
245:
242:
239:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
199:
196:
182:
179:
136:iatrochemistry
124:
121:
111:
108:
100:Hartlib circle
96:Samuel Hartlib
47:
44:
20:George Starkey
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1923:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
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1816:
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1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:Prima materia
1796:
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1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
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1724:
1714:
1713:
1712:Tripus aureus
1709:
1707:
1706:
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1700:
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1692:
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1657:
1656:Aureum vellus
1653:
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1640:
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1632:
1628:
1626:
1625:
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1614:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1602:Sirr al-asrār
1599:
1597:
1595:
1594:Sirr al-asrār
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1575:Seventy Books
1572:
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1558:
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1502:
1501:
1497:
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1485:Liber dabessi
1482:
1478:
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1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1457:
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1452:
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1433:
1431:
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1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1408:Book of Mercy
1405:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1377:
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1371:
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1362:
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1356:
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1333:
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1328:
1326:
1323:
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1316:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:Samuel Norton
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1274:Michael Maier
1272:
1270:
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1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
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1194:
1193:Thomas Norton
1191:
1189:
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1179:
1176:
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1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
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1151:
1149:
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1144:
1141:
1139:
1138:Johann of Laz
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:George Ripley
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:Late medieval
1099:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:Ibn Waḥshiyya
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
989:
985:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
958:
956:
952:
946:
943:
941:
938:
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933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
895:
891:
888:
886:
882:
878:
871:
866:
864:
859:
857:
852:
851:
848:
841:
837:
834:
830:
827:
823:
820:
816:
813:
809:
808:
797:
796:0-9640067-0-7
793:
787:
778:
776:
766:
764:
754:
745:
736:
727:
718:
709:
700:
691:
689:
679:
677:
667:
658:
649:
640:
632:
617:
613:
609:
608:
602:
597:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
566:
562:
561:Distillations
558:
551:
549:
539:
535:
527:
524:
522:
521:
516:
512:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
448:
443:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
423:
420:
419:
414:
410:
406:
405:
400:
397:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:
351:
345:
340:
333:
329:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
304:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
270:
263:
259:
256:
253:
250:
246:
243:
240:
237:
233:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
206:
204:
195:
193:
189:
178:
174:
172:
168:
162:
158:
154:
152:
146:
144:
139:
137:
133:
130:
120:
118:
107:
105:
101:
97:
91:
89:
85:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:entomological
61:
57:
53:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1855:All articles
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1648:Compilations
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1493:Liber ignium
1491:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1373:
1294:Robert Boyle
1249:Isaac Newton
1244:Hennig Brand
1229:Gerhard Dorn
1223:
1202:Early modern
1173:Petrus Bonus
1118:pseudo-Geber
930:pseudo-Moses
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
805:Bibliography
786:
753:
744:
735:
726:
717:
708:
699:
666:
657:
648:
639:
619:. Retrieved
605:
569:. Retrieved
564:
560:
538:
525:
518:
514:
511:Three tracts
510:
508:
502:
496:
490:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
454:
444:
437:
432:
427:
421:
403:
372:
355:
349:
343:
331:
309:Online books
302:
280:
268:
267:
261:
238:PILL (1663).
235:
232:Diaphoretick
231:
202:
201:
184:
175:
163:
159:
155:
147:
142:
140:
129:iatrochemist
126:
113:
103:
92:
80:
49:
35:
32:Isaac Newton
28:Robert Boyle
19:
18:
1881:1655 deaths
1876:1628 births
1778:Magnum opus
1748:Chrysopoeia
1670:De alchemia
1521:Mutus liber
1500:Liber lucis
1367:Major Works
1254:Jakob Böhme
1143:John Dastin
1087:al-Ṭughrāʾī
973:Master Geng
621:17 February
344:Drey schöne
68:New England
1870:Categories
1823:Substances
1763:Homunculus
1429:Cantong Qi
1340:Fulcanelli
1284:Paracelsus
1077:al-Jildakī
978:Wei Boyang
885:Alchemists
633:required.)
567:(2): 10–11
46:Early life
1818:Processes
1783:Ouroboros
1604:(al-Rāzī)
1325:Carl Jung
1163:Ortolanus
1062:al-ʿIrāqī
1037:Artephius
1027:Alphidius
987:Byzantine
523:of 1678.
515:Introitus
413:904722035
390:776846193
386:759830067
382:883665686
364:607038829
236:Diuretick
167:alchahest
110:Education
56:Calvinist
42:in 1665.
24:alchemist
1813:Yliaster
1393:Morienus
1359:Writings
1269:John Dee
1004:Synesius
571:26 March
513:and the
1832:Unicode
1828:Symbols
1753:Element
1738:Athanor
1733:Alembic
1726:Various
968:Ge Hong
342:Cover,
264:, 1675.
251:(1664).
188:Leibniz
171:theriac
52:Bermuda
1808:Takwin
1318:Modern
905:Chymes
794:
627:
411:
380:
362:
346:, 1675
334:, 1675
278:about
192:Newton
190:, and
181:Legacy
143:savant
123:Career
76:Boston
1803:Rebis
1743:Azoth
840:Ambix
530:Notes
792:ISBN
623:2017
573:2018
409:OCLC
378:OCLC
360:OCLC
234:and
30:and
612:doi
1872::
1834:,
774:^
762:^
687:^
675:^
604:.
581:^
563:.
559:.
547:^
388:,
384:,
271:.
205::
1838:)
1830:(
1588:)
1584:(
1569:)
1565:(
1487:)
1483:(
1468:)
1464:(
1449:)
1445:(
1395:)
1391:(
869:e
862:t
855:v
625:.
614::
575:.
565:2
415:.
392:.
366:.
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