German Shepherd - Knowledge

1115: 1075: 4797: 674: 558: 428:. Fathering many pups, Horand's most prolific was Hektor von Schwaben. Hektor was inbred with another of Horand's offspring and produced Heinz von Starkenburg, Beowulf, and Pilot, who later sired a total of 84 pups, mostly through being inbred with Hektor's other offspring. This inbreeding was deemed necessary in order to fix the traits being sought in the breed. Beowulf's progeny also were inbred and it is from these pups that all German Shepherds draw a genetic link. It is believed the society accomplished its goal mostly due to von Stephanitz's strong, uncompromising leadership and he is therefore credited with being the creator of the German Shepherd Dog. 5418: 1341: 1333: 1232: 69: 1099: 1041:, all of the dogs trained were German Shepherd females. An experiment in temperament testing of a group of Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds showed that the Retrievers scored higher on average in emotional stability, ability to recover promptly from frightening situations, cooperative behaviour and friendliness; while the German Shepherds were superior in aggression and defensive behaviour. These results suggested that Labrador Retrievers were more suited to guide dog work while German Shepherds were more suited to police work. 686: 730: 638: 1324:, lameness, and potentially osteoarthritis of the joint. A North American study analysing more than 1,000,000 hip and 250,000 elbow scans in dogs over the age of two found the German Shepherd Dog to have a rate of hip and elbow dysplasia to be 18.9% and 17.8% respectively. The German Shepherd had the 8th highest rate of hip dysplasia and 6th highest rate of elbow dysplasia. Another North American study found 10.26% of German Shepherd Dogs surveyed at teaching hospitals to have hip dysplasia, compared to 3.52% overall. 858: 1410: 887: 499: 5406: 1087: 662: 1136: 595:. The AKC official breed standard does not set a standard weight range. They have a domed forehead, a long square-cut muzzle with strong jaws and a black nose. The eyes are medium-sized and brown. The ears are large and stand erect, open at the front and parallel, but they often are pulled back during movement. A German Shepherd has a long neck, which is raised when excited and lowered when moving at a fast pace as well as stalking. The tail is bushy and reaches to the 941: 350: 650: 1190: 914: 5430: 796: 389:, an ex-cavalry captain and former student of the Berlin Veterinary College, was an ex-member of the Phylax Society who firmly believed dogs should be bred for working. He admired the intelligence, strength and ability of Germany's native sheepdogs, but could not find any one single breed that satisfied him as the perfect working dog. 997:. They are known for being easy to train and good for performing tasks and following instructions. They are especially well known for their police work, being used for tracking criminals, patrolling troubled areas and detection and holding of suspects. Additionally, thousands of German Shepherds have been used by the military. These 365: 1048:

are more widely used for this work, although there are still German Shepherds being trained. In 2013, about 15% of the dogs trained by Guide Dogs of America were German Shepherds, while the remainder are Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers. The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association in the United

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would affect the breed's popularity and legality. The name Alsatian remained for five decades, until 1977, when successful campaigns by dog enthusiasts pressured the British kennel clubs to allow the breed to be registered again as German Shepherds. The word "Alsatian" once appeared in parentheses as

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German Shepherds are moderately active dogs and are described in breed standards as self assured. The breed is marked by a willingness to learn and an eagerness to have a purpose. They are curious, which makes them excellent guard dogs and suitable for search missions. They can become overprotective

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During the 1890s, attempts were being made to standardise dog breeds. Dogs were being bred to preserve traits that assisted in their job of herding sheep and protecting their flocks from predators. In Germany this was practised within local communities, where shepherds selected and bred dogs. It was

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German Shepherds are still used for herding and tending sheep grazing in meadows next to gardens and crop fields. They are expected to patrol the boundaries to keep sheep from trespassing and damaging the crops. In Germany and other places these skills are tested in utility dog trials also known as

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The White Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States. White-coated German Shepherds were once banned from registration in their native Germany, but in the United States and Canada the coloration gained a following and a breed club was formed specifically for white German

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The Shiloh Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States. It was developed in the 1970s and 1980s to correct behavioural and conformational issues that have been bred into modern German Shepherds, and was bred for its large size, length of back, temperament and soundness of

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acquired a German Shepherd named "Prinz" in 1921, during his years of poverty, but he had been forced to lodge the dog elsewhere. However, she managed to escape and return to him. Hitler, who adored the loyalty and obedience of the dog, thereafter developed a great liking for the breed. Hitler kept

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and 12.7 years for purebreds; a 2022 UK study using veterinary records found a life expectancy of 10.16 years compared to 11.23 overall and 11.82 for crossbreeds; in Italy a 2024 study found a life expectancy of 10 years, the same as the overall but less than the 11 year average for crossbreeds; a

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Popularity increased again after Sieger Pfeffer von Bern became the 1937 and 1938 Grand Victor in American Kennel club dog shows, only to have another decline at the conclusion of World War II, due to anti-German sentiment. Popularity increased gradually until 1993, when they became the third most

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In 1899, von Stephanitz was attending a dog show when he was shown a dog named Hektor Linksrhein. Hektor was the product of few generations of selective breeding and completely fulfilled what von Stephanitz believed a working dog should be. He was pleased with the strength of the dog and

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was formed in 1891 with the intention of creating standardised development plans for native dog breeds in Germany. The society disbanded after only three years due to ongoing internal conflicts regarding the traits in dogs that the society should promote; some members believed dogs should be bred

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Roccaro, Mariana; Salini, Romolo; Pietra, Marco; Sgorbini, Micaela; Gori, Eleonora; Dondi, Maurizio; Crisi, Paolo E.; Conte, Annamaria; Dalla Villa, Paolo; Podaliri, Michele; Ciaramella, Paolo; Di Palma, Cristina; Passantino, Annamaria; Porciello, Francesco; Gianella, Paola; Guglielmini, Carlo;

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was produced in 1975, which was loosely based on the actual dog's story, setting the events more than a decade after the real Kántor died. It became one of the staple productions of Hungarian television history, making German Shepherds the most popular dog breed in the country ever since. The

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recognised that the breed had the necessary skills for herding sheep, such as intelligence, speed, strength and keen senses of smell. The results were dogs that were able to do such things, but that differed significantly, both in appearance and ability, from one locality to another.

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varieties. The all-black and sable varieties are acceptable according to most standards; however, the blue and liver are considered to be serious faults and the all-white is grounds for instant disqualification from showing in conformation at All Breed and Specialty Shows.

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While an Australian report from 1999 provides statistics showing that German Shepherds are the breed third most likely to attack a person in some Australian locales, once their popularity is taken into account, the percentages of attacks by German Shepherds drops to 38th.

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are debilitating conditions that are often associated with genetic makeup, malnutrition, and stress-related events. Some breeds like the German Shepherd, are predisposed to a variety of different skeletal disorders, including but not limited to: canine hip dysplasia,

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detection and mine detection dog, among others. They are suited for these lines of work because of their keen sense of smell and their ability to work regardless of distractions. At one time the German Shepherd was the breed chosen almost exclusively to be used as a

490:. The reputation of the German Shepherds as a dangerous breed had grown to such an extent that it was briefly banned to import them in Australia in 1929. Potential legislation was even considered to require that all German shepherds in South Australia be sterilised. 807:'s original ideology that German Shepherds should be bred primarily as working dogs and that breeding should be strictly controlled to eliminate defects quickly. He believed that, above all else, German Shepherds should be bred for intelligence and working ability. 830:

The Kennel Club's position is that "this issue of soundness is not a simple difference of opinion, it is the fundamental issue of the breed's essential conformation and movement." The Kennel Club has decided to retrain judges to penalise dogs with these problems.

818:, in the United Kingdom, is involved in a dispute with German Shepherd breed clubs about the issue of soundness in the show strain of the breed. Some show strains have been bred with an extremely roached topline (back) that causes poor gait in the hind legs. 614:

and UK Kennel Clubs while it can compete with standard-coated dogs, but is considered a fault, in the American Kennel Club. The FCI accepted the long-haired type in 2010, listing it as the variety b, while the short-haired type is listed as the variety a.

977:) is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in Switzerland. It descends from the American White Shepherds; the first stud dog of what was to become the breed was an American dog born in 1966 and imported to Switzerland. The variety was recognised by the 1201:

accepted registrations in 1919, 54 German Shepherds were registered. By 1926 this number had grown to over 8000. The breed gained international recognition after the end of World War I. Returning soldiers spoke highly of the breed and animal actors

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popularised the breed further. The first German Shepherd Dog registered in the United States was Queen of Switzerland. Her offspring had defects as the result of poor breeding, which caused the breed to decline in popularity during the late 1920s.

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popular breed in the United States. As of 2016, the German Shepherd is the second most popular breed in the US. It is typically among the most frequently registered breeds in other countries. It was the third-most registered breed by the

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is 60–65 cm (24–26 in) for males, and 55–60 cm (22–24 in) for females. German Shepherds can reach sprinting speeds of up to 30 miles per hour. Shepherds are longer than they are tall, with an ideal proportion of 10 to

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With the rise of large, industrialised cities in Germany, the predator population began to decline, rendering sheepdogs unnecessary. At the same time, the awareness of sheepdogs as a versatile, intelligent class of canine began to rise.

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of their family and territory, especially if not socialised correctly. They are not inclined to become immediate friends with strangers. German Shepherds are highly intelligent and obedient, as well as protective of their owners.

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with the purpose of creating a larger, more cold-resistant version of the German Shepherd. It lacks the physical deformities bred into western show lines of German Shepherds and has become one of Russia's most popular dog types.

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disorder in the German Shepherd dog for a long time. The condition causes growth retardation. The puppy coat is retained into adulthood and guard hairs fail to fully develop outside of the distal extremities. Eventually full

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Multiple studies have found the life expectancy of the German Shepherd to be lower than that of the overall life expectancy found in the study: a 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 11.3 years, compared to 12 years for

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2005 study in Sweden based on insurance data found 51% of German Shepherd dogs died by the age of 10, lower than the overall rate of 10 year survival at 35%. A 2015 French study found a life expectancy of 10.08 years.

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solely for working purposes, while others believed dogs should be bred also for appearance. While unsuccessful in their goal, the Phylax Society had inspired people to pursue standardising dog breeds independently.

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Steffen, F.; Hunold, K.; Scharf, G.; Roos, M.; Flückiger, M. (2007). "A follow-up study of neurologic and radiographic findings in working German Shepherd Dogs with and without degenerative lumbosacral stenosis".

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Witsberger, Tige H.; Villamil, J. Armando; Schultz, Loren G.; Hahn, Allen W.; Cook, James L. (15 June 2008). "Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs".

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Voorbij, Annemarie M. W. Y.; van Steenbeek, Frank G.; Vos-Loohuis, Manon; Martens, Ellen E. C. P.; Hanson-Nilsson, Jeanette M.; van Oost, Bernard A.; Kooistra, Hans S.; Leegwater, Peter A. (23 November 2011).

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During the first half of the twentieth century, the breed came to be strongly identified with Imperial and Nazi Germany, because of its association with purity and militarism. German Shepherds were coveted as

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As Max von Stephanitz stated, 'A pleasing appearance is desirable, but it can not put the dog's working ability into question.' Max pounded the issue that the German Shepherd was a working breed first and

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No. 92 (July 1955) Once Superman had a dog, Batman got one too, in 'Ace, the Bat-Hound!' In the story by writer Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff, Batman and Robin found a German Shepherd called Ace.

4292:"A retrospective study of the prevalence of the canine degenerative myelopathy associated superoxide dismutase 1 mutation (SOD1:c.118G > A) in a referral population of German Shepherd dogs from the UK" 1367:

have been shown to be carriers of the mutation, explaining the spread and prevalence of the disorder. This condition has been observed in breeds that were crossed with German Shepherd dogs such as the

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duty, and they are used to warn soldiers to the presence of enemies or of booby traps or other hazards. German Shepherds have also been trained by military groups to parachute from aircraft or as

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Bailey, Chad M.; Hinchcliff, Katharine M.; Moore, Zachary; Pu, Lee L.Q. (November 2020). "Dog Bites in the United States from 1971 to 2018: A Systematic Review of the Peer-Reviewed Literature".

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When the German Shepherd was introduced to the United States it was initially a popular dog. But as the dogs' popularity grew, it became associated as a dangerous breed owned by gangsters and

610:, and therefore the long-haired variety is rarer. Treatment of the long-haired variation differs across standards; it is accepted but does not compete against standard-coated dogs under the 401:(Society for German Shepherd Dogs). Horand was declared to be the first German Shepherd Dog, and was the first dog added to the society's breed register. In just a few decades of the 878:

The King Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States, its breeders hoping to rectify the physical deformities that have been bred into the original breed.

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is the star of an Austrian Police procedural drama program of the same name, which won many awards, where German Shepherd Rex assists the Vienna Kriminalpolizei homicide unit.

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found that from 1971 to 2018, of all pure breed dogs in the United States, the German Shepherd was responsible for the most bites severe enough to require hospital treatment.

1965:(1999 – March 25, 2012), used by the United States Marine Corps in Iraq and later adopted by the family of a soldier who died in a rocket attack while serving as his handler 3160: 1074: 3753: 3642: 1401:

Untreated dogs usually live between 3-5 years. Dogs that undergo treatment can live healthily for several years but are still unlikely to have a normal life expectancy.

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Kingdom trains some German Shepherds, while the comparable organisation in the US only trains Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers and crosses between these breeds.

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Horand became the center-point of the breeding programs and was bred with dogs belonging to other society members that displayed desirable traits and with dogs from

4458:"Skeletal morpohology and morphometry of the lumbosacral junction in German shepherd dogs and an evaluation of the possible genetic basis for radiographic findings" 512:, by von Stephanitz, translating to "German Shepherd Dog". At the time, all other herding dogs in Germany were referred to by this name; they thus became known as 1482: 3864: 1098: 1320:(CHD) is the abnormal formation of the hip joint and surrounding tissue causing instability and partial dislocation of the hip joint, resulting in pain, 4216: 3402: 5362: 1279:

gene. A small study in the UK showed 16% of young asymptomatic German Shepherds to be homozygous for the mutation, with a further 38% being carriers.

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was so taken by the animal's intelligence, loyalty, and beauty, that he purchased him immediately. After purchasing the dog he changed his name to

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and black body markings which can range from a classic "saddle" to an overall "blanket". Rarer colour variations include sable, pure-black,

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Many common ailments of the German Shepherd are a result of the inbreeding practised early in the breed's life. One such common ailment is

2532: 1856:(died 2000), 14 January 2003 for service in April 1998 in apprehending a gunman and in crowd control during protection of refugees in the 5196: 2717: 1945: 1456: 407:'s establishment, the breed became one of the world's most popular and numerous, a position it has maintained to this day. By 1923, the 6181: 1336:

Two Karelian Bear Dogs at 10 months of age, left is an unaffected littermate and on the right is a bitch affected by pituitary dwarfism

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McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (1 February 2024).

3124: 2022:– April 2009), Canadian police dog that discovered the last survivor of the 11 September 2001 attacks in New York City, United States 1255:

found that 45% of the police working dogs were affected by degenerative spinal stenosis, although a small sample size was used. The

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The German Shepherd is one of the most widely used breeds in a wide variety of scent-work roles. These include search and rescue,

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which is close and dense with a thick undercoat. The coat is accepted in two variants: medium and long. The gene for long hair is

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Eventually, the appendage "wolf dog" was dropped, after numerous campaigns by breeders who were worried that becoming known as a

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at the end of the Second World War. Dogs played a role in Nazi propaganda by portraying Hitler as an animal lover. Preparing for

673: 5780: 5322: 2740: 1658: 4664:"A Contracted DNA Repeat in LHX3 Intron 5 Is Associated with Aberrant Splicing and Pituitary Dwarfism in German Shepherd Dogs" 3650: 3612: 2772: 2661: 227: 5462: 5205: 5103: 5058: 4947: 4775: 4645: 4274: 4265:

Oliver, James A.C.; Mellersh, Cathryn S. (2020). "Genetics". In Cooper, Barbara; Mullineaux, Elizabeth; Turner, Lynn (eds.).

3801: 3737: 3626: 3595: 2608: 2402: 2377: 2352: 1717: 1700:(1939–1953), 28 January 1949 for war service in North Africa and England and post-war assistance in an escape from communist 1638:(1941 – 29 April 1945), Hitler's pet on which he tested the cyanide capsules he later consumed to commit suicide, killing her 565: 398: 244: 2190: 6065: 1673: 771: 3672: 3196: 2558: 5327: 5275: 4399:"Identification and validation of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for canine hip dysplasia (CHD) in German shepherd dogs" 2866: 2745: 1105: 754: 1524:(January 1, 1895 – after 1899), considered the first German Shepherd and the genetic basis for modern German Shepherds 537:

of the era. The breed was officially renamed by the UK Kennel Club to "Alsatian Wolf Dog", after the French region of

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Ellie and Jones (Shepherd mixes), 22 August 2013 for saving their owner who collapsed and lost consciousness due to

3948: 1843: 4876:"Kántor: a leghíresebb magyar rendőrkutya története (Kántor: the history of the most famous Hungarian police dog)" 1068:" in Mexico. He is regarded to be the dog who has captured the most drugs in Mexican police and military history. 2419: 1892:

Anya, 6 July 2010 for service as a British police dog in defending an officer from a knife attack in January 2008

1541:(September 1918 – 10 August 1932), Rin Tin Tin Jr., and Rin Tin Tin III, featured in Hollywood films of 1922–1947 896: 2972: 685: 557: 5036: 4893: 3875: 3238: 3230: 3032: 2956: 2691: 2448: 1487: 637: 34: 4920: 3550: 3410: 2275: 534: 5376: 4031:

Teng, Kendy Tzu-yun; Brodbelt, Dave C.; Pegram, Camilla; Church, David B.; O’Neill, Dan G. (28 April 2022).

1379:. Pituitary dwarfism in other dog breeds (excluding those with German Shepherd ancestry) is extremely rare. 3255: 1795: 1752: 4636:

Feldman, Edward C.; Nelson, Richard W.; Reusch, Claudia; Scott-Moncrieff, J. Catharine (8 December 2014).

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Shepherds, calling their variety the White Shepherd. The variety is recognised as a separate breed by the

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While the dog should be approachable and friendly, he does not make immediate friendships with strangers.

1857: 1823: 1787: 1738: 766: 1726:, 12 January 1945 for rescuing people trapped under destroyed buildings in civil defence service in the 1086: 533:, it was believed that the inclusion of the word "German" would harm the breed's popularity, due to the 5773: 5531: 5526: 5396: 1811: 1649: 1340: 1332: 721:, as they are able to quickly learn various tasks and interpret instructions better than other breeds. 709:

ranked the breed in second place. Coupled with their strength, this trait makes the breed desirable as

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Ondreka, N.; Amort, K.H.; Stock, K.F.; Tellhelm, B.; Klumpp, S.W.; Kramer, M.; Schmidt, M.J. (2013).

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The Intelligence of Dogs: A Guide to the Thoughts, Emotions, and Inner Lives of our Canine Companions

1917: 1791: 1764:, 2 March 1945 for locating air-raid casualties in thick smoke in a burning building in civil service 30: 5280: 1741:, April 1945 for locating casualties in thick smoke in burning buildings in civil service in England 1231: 6155: 5561: 5546: 4822: 3702: 2064: 1916:

Gage (died 13 July 2010), 22 August 2013 (posthumously) for service as a police dog in a suburb of

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occurs. The degree of growth retardation and other clinical symptoms varies between affected dogs.

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Investigations into the genealogy in 1978 found the mutation evolved in 1940 or earlier. Multiple

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in the 1950s and early 1960s, later portrayed in fictionalized versions for novels and television

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in the 1950s and early 1960s. After his death his story was fictionalised by two crime novels by

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Hand, M.; Thatcher, C.; Remillard, R.; Roudebush, P. (2000). "Small animal clinical nutrition".

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A common breed club's goal for German Shepherd body conformity, criticised by the UK Kennel Club

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Most commonly, German Shepherds are either tan/black or red/black. Most colour varieties have

6191: 5925: 5805: 5766: 1896: 1756: 1669: 1665: 1395: 1307: 998: 823: 718: 649: 239: 4518:"Long-term genetic selection reduced prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia in 60 dog breeds" 661: 6070: 6055: 6040: 5910: 5875: 5870: 5448: 4675: 4529: 4410: 4044: 3979: 3849: 3618: 3355: 3300: 1317: 1252: 1216: 1158: 1037:. When formal guide dog training began in Switzerland in the 1920s under the leadership of 68: 3135: 3003:"German Shepherd Dog and Puppy Training Tips from the German Shepherd Dog Club of America" 2841: 1950: 1461: 1446:, initially in 1955, through 1964. From 1964 onwards, his appearances have been sporadic. 8: 6186: 6080: 5845: 5825: 5815: 5666: 5617: 4759: 1550: 1521: 1443: 1352: 1154: 1021: 1009:. They were used in World War II as messenger dogs, rescue dogs and personal guard dogs. 747: 413:

claimed 50,000 dues-paying members in more than 500 branches in Germany alone.

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Ajax, 11 June 2013 for service in the civil guard that saved lives by detection of an

6125: 6115: 6095: 6010: 5975: 5945: 5860: 5810: 5308: 5252: 5220: 5201: 5180: 5173: 5156: 5137: 5118: 5099: 5079: 5054: 5032: 5011: 4771: 4711: 4693: 4641: 4609: 4601: 4565: 4547: 4479: 4438: 4326: 4270: 4239: 4197: 4179: 4138: 4130: 4078: 4060: 4013: 3995: 3930: 3797: 3793: 3733: 3622: 3591: 3234: 3110: 3098: 3065: 2952: 2814: 2604: 2600: 2538: 2496:"The police dog situation: Ban on police dogs in Queens urged by magistrate Conway". 2444: 2398: 2373: 2348: 2298: 2147: 2126: 1847: 1578: 1439: 1368: 1294:. It is estimated that 1% of the UK population of German Shepherds has this disease. 1034: 468: 322: 5716: 5332: 4848: 4338: 4251: 4115: 4098: 3224: 2942: 2750: 1145:

deal primarily with the United Kingdom and the United States and do not represent a

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Dogwise: The Natural way to Train your Dog (1992), John Fisher Souvenir Press Ltd.

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An adult Karelian Bear Dog bitch with pituitary dwarfism displaying severe alopecia

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part of the formal breed name of the American Kennel Club and was removed in 2010.

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stated in 2005 that Blondi's death had affected the people in the bunker more than

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The East-European Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the former

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German Shepherds are medium to large-sized dogs. The breed standard height at the

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Alborali, Giovanni L.; Rota Nodari, Sara; Sabatelli, Sonia; Peli, Angelo (2024).

3871: 3094: 2198: 2107: 2052: 1875: 1839: 1828: 1782:– 2006), 5 March 2002 on behalf of all search and rescue dogs that served at the 1677: 1645: 1556: 1547:(7 September 1921 – after October 1928), featured in Hollywood films of 1923–1927 1544: 1244: 1220: 1198: 1025: 962: 949: 815: 803:

The modern German Shepherd breed is criticised by experts for straying away from

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Holder, A. L.; Price, J. A.; Adams, J. P.; Volk, H. A.; Catchpole, B. (2014).

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as a separate breed in 2003, and it is now recognised by a number of national

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Awards in the original 1943–1949 series for service in the Second World War

1609:, sometimes identified as Rando, police dog later featured in the 1989 film 5935: 5885: 5800: 5758: 5691: 5556: 5493: 5405: 4715: 4613: 4569: 4483: 4442: 4330: 4311: 4243: 4201: 4142: 4082: 4017: 3934: 3579:

Independent Vision: Dorothy Harrison Eustis and the Story of the Seeing Eye

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that protected a security guard and the public by fighting with an escaped

1936: 1861: 1772: 1727: 1688: 1684: 1321: 1065: 866: 460: 439: 364: 272: 4733: 3821: 2347:. Foreword by Klaus P. Fischer. New York, NY & London, UK: Continuum. 1424:

became one of the earliest canine film stars, and was followed in 1922 by

1247:

which may cause the dog to experience pain later on in life and may cause

569: 6105: 5789: 5671: 5612: 5576: 5422: 5046: 4217:"Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds" 2980: 2276:"Breeding racism: The imperial battlefields of the 'German' shepherd dog" 2006: 2002: 1997: 1968: 1819: 1800: 1761: 1748: 1732: 1697: 1641: 1606: 1538: 1535:(1 October 1917 – 24 June 1929), featured in Hollywood films of 1921–1927 1532: 1425: 1421: 1413: 1207: 1203: 994: 982: 835: 487: 464: 310: 295: 4125: 3952: 1925:

Other military, police, search-and-rescue, and institutional guard dogs

1747:, 27 March 1945 for rescuing a drowning soldier in November 1944 in the 1621:

Rex, protagonist of the Austrian-Italian comedy-drama television series

6110: 5726: 5721: 5701: 5566: 3754:"Armas de Versace, rubíes y diamantes: el lujo de los narcos mexicanos" 1928: 1902: 1706: 1611: 1271:

The German Shepherd Dog is one of the breeds more commonly affected by

776: 710: 603: 326: 183: 4660: 4156:

Egenvall, A; Bonnett, Bn; Hedhammar, å; Olson, P (30 September 2005).

3518:"How to choose the perfect dog to fit your lifestyle, family and home" 1420:

German Shepherds have been featured in a wide range of media. In 1921

940: 6025: 5855: 5835: 5676: 5607: 4215:

Leroy, G. G.; Phocas, F.; Hedan, B.; Verrier, E.; Rognon, X. (2015).

3865:"Top Twenty Breeds in Registration Order for the Years 2015 and 2016" 2165:

Registration figures worldwide – from top thirty to endangered breeds

2110:(in German). Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen. Accessed July 2020. 1989: 1962: 1932: 1906: 1653: 1572: 1502: 1248: 1030: 1017: 714: 526: 472: 421: 417: 349: 291: 3449: 3040: 1259:

found that 19.1% of German Shepherd are affected by hip dysplasia.

475:'s suicide. German Shepherds were also used widely as guard dogs at 6090: 6085: 5990: 5711: 5706: 5681: 5367: 4975:"Finn receives PDSA Gold Medal at PDSA's first ever music festival" 4516:

Oberbauer, A. M.; Keller, G. G.; Famula, T. R. (24 February 2017).

3968:"Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death" 3533: 3531: 1559:, grandson of Strongheart, featured in Hollywood films of 1934–1938 1506: 1357: 1291: 1189: 913: 780: 561: 463:

to test a cyanide capsule on Blondi, and the dog died as a result.

4635: 5627: 5599: 5472: 3263: 2025: 1976: 1972: 1956: 1886: 1467: 1264: 1057: 577: 114: 5247:

Training the Alsatian, the Obedient Companion or Working Partner

3528: 317:. It has since been used in many other types of work, including 6005: 5880: 5551: 5513: 3437: 2578:. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed January 2022. 2479:"German shepherds owned by bootleggers: Kill dog in dry raid". 2345:

Animals in the Third Reich: Pets, scapegoats, and the holocaust

2009:, suggested as a candidate replacement for Rin Tin Tin in films 1984: 1940: 1635: 1582: 1435: 1383: 1061: 538: 444: 341:

had the second-highest number of annual registrations in 2013.

5217:

The German Shepherd Dog: Its History, Development and Genetics

4496: 3721: 3425: 795: 525:

The direct translation of the name was adopted for use in the

467:, a nurse who worked at the emergency casualty station in the 5480: 5274:

German Shepherd Dog Council of Australia in conjunction with

4582: 4155: 4099:"Factors related to longevity and mortality of dogs in Italy" 2012: 1505:

mount of Kántor's body is on display at the Police Museum in

1387: 314: 3965: 2919: 6035: 4375: 4095: 1822:

for explosives and insurgent detection until injured by an

1815: 1391: 1351:, also known as pituitary dwarfism has been known to be an 1276: 5200:. Revised by Schwabacher, Joseph. Hoflin Publishing Ltd. 4455: 3951:. Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. 2009. Archived from 2514:"Ban on Police Dogs in Queens Urged by Magistrate Conway" 1885:

bomb near a guard barracks site on the Spanish island of

838:

and hip dysplasia, other common problems with the breed.

4030: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 1850:

in 1949–1952 (the only surviving dog of a four-dog team)

1838:), 6 February 2007 for anti-insurgency service with the 1282:

German Shepherds have a higher-than-normal incidence of

705:. In a list of breeds most likely to bark as watchdogs, 4214: 3911: 3500: 3498: 3287: 3285: 3080: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2122:

Neonatologie beim Hund: Von der Geburt bis zum Absetzen

1390:

genes are responsible for the defect a mutation in the

5096:

Dogs of the shepherds: a review of the pastoral breeds

4586:

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

3915:

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

3727: 1810:– 20 January 2018), 5 April 2016 for service with the 1565:, featured in Hollywood films and serials of 1938–1946 1512: 1053:

Herdengebrauchshund (HGH) herding utility dog trials.

193:

Tan with black saddle, sable, solid black or bi-colour

5394: 5171:

Strickland, Winifred Gibson; Moses, James A. (1998).

4515: 2309: 1553:(born 1924), featured in Hollywood films of 1924–1928 5267:"Extended Breed Standard of The German Shepherd Dog" 4740: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4289: 4043:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 6415. 3893: 3495: 3461: 3395: 3370: 3282: 2720:. United Schutzhund Clubs of America. Archived from 2576:

FCI breeds nomenclature: Deutscher Schäferhund (166)

2463:"Being the fashionable dog: Not mad, only natural", 2205: 1716:– October 1955), 29 March 1947 for service with the 1496:. A five-part thriller series for television titled 993:

German Shepherds are a popular selection for use as

298:

of medium to large size. The breed was developed by

3978:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 531. 2321: 1060:, was dissected and his body put on display at the 5300: 5244: 5172: 5074:. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. pp. 3378:"GSD Breed Council – Haemophilia 'A' Testing" 3348:"German Shepherd Dogs – Judges Training Programme" 2773:"Breed Standard for the White German Shepherd Dog" 2617: 701:German Shepherds were bred specifically for their 4640:. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders. pp. 44–49. 4620: 4528:(2). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0172918. 3728:Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy; Taylor, Ty (2010). 3256:"GSD vs. WGSD – It's not a black or white issue!" 3161:"Council Reports of Dog Attacks in NSW 2011/2012" 2637:"German Shepherd – The Ultimate Service Dog" 2252: 1971:(1994–2006), earthquake search and rescue dog of 1597:Won Ton Ton, protagonist of the 1976 comedy film 779:, over 1,180–1,460 newtons (265–328 lbf), a 6168: 2420:"Hitler's nurse breaks 60 years of silence" 5470: 5170: 3537: 2777:White German Shepherd Dog Club of America, Inc. 1466:was a famous and very successful police dog in 895:hips. It has been recognised since 1990 by the 5358:—The original registrar of the German Shepherd 5193: 5098:. Ramsbury, Wiltshire: The Crowood Press Ltd. 4264: 3222: 3168:New South Wales Department of Local Government 3132:New South Wales Department of Local Government 2925: 2629: 2146:, second edition. London: Dorling Kindersley. 1992:(died December 1972), served in battle in the 1588:Joe, protagonist in the NBC television series 1219:in 2020, and seventh-most registered breed by 5774: 5456: 5010:. Edinburgh: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann. 3649:. Guide Dogs of America. 2013. Archived from 2443:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 123. 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 1652:(born 17 January 2018), pets of US President 1143:The examples and perspective in this section 821:The issue was raised in the BBC documentary, 5788: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3675:. Guide Dogs for the Blind Association. 2013 3614:The Dog: Its Behavior, Nutrition, and Health 3293:"German Shepherd Dogs – The Soundness Issue" 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 1627:of 1994–2015, and remakes in other countries 1286:, a common inherited bleeding disorder, and 834:The Kennel Club also recommends testing for 513: 507: 433: 408: 402: 5197:The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture 4758: 3790:Your Happy Healthy Pet: German Shepherd Dog 2819:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2796:"15 Of The Fastest Dog Breeds In The World" 2662:"Change of Name – German Shepherd Dog" 2597:Your Happy Healthy Pet: German Shepherd Dog 2565:. History of Agriculture. 20 November 2017. 1687:recipients (for military and civil defence 1394:gene is responsible for the condition. The 929: 15: 5781: 5767: 5463: 5449: 4357:Universities Federation for Animal Welfare 3409:. Breed Information Centre. Archived from 3323:"KC confirms position on German Shepherds" 2174: 2005:, performing and unofficial police dog in 1235:Portrait of a ten year old German Shepherd 1161:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 67: 16: 4764:DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle 4705: 4687: 4559: 4541: 4473: 4432: 4422: 4396: 4320: 4310: 4191: 4173: 4124: 4114: 4072: 4007: 3772: 3575: 3260:White German Shepherd Dog Club of America 2827: 2581: 2520:. 7 January 1925 – via NYTimes.com. 2273: 1416:, one of the earliest canine stars (1921) 1177:Learn how and when to remove this message 846: 5112: 5005: 4381: 3504: 1600:Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood 1408: 1339: 1331: 1230: 1188: 939: 912: 885: 856: 794: 741: 728: 556: 497: 363: 348: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 5150: 5093: 4762:; Dolan, Hannah, eds. (2010). "1950s". 3455: 3443: 3431: 3197:"Dog Bites: Information and Statistics" 3033:"Breed Standard — German Shepherd" 2735: 2733: 2731: 2530: 2417: 2392: 2315: 1518:The dog on which the breed was founded 1398:offers a genetic test for this defect. 1275:, which is caused by a mutation in the 988: 14: 6169: 5214: 5024: 4873: 4746: 3899: 3842: 3820:. American Kennel Club. Archived from 3787: 3074: 2594: 2438: 2367: 2327: 6061:Old German Herding Dogs (Altdeutsche) 5762: 5444: 5356:Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde e.V. 5045: 4730:"List of films with German Shepherds" 4392: 4390: 3845:"The Most Popular Dog Breeds of 2020" 3647:An International Guiding Eyes Program 3467: 2937: 2931: 2867:"Rasse-Lexikon Deutscher Schäferhund" 2793: 2710: 2397:. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 952. 2372:. Viking-Penguin Books. p. 357. 2338: 2336: 2125:(in German). Hannover: Schlütersche. 2101:Deutscher Schäferhund (Langstockhaar) 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2063: 1889:in 2009 under dangerous circumstances 1718:13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion 1404: 1327: 1290:(EPI), a degenerative disease of the 979:Fédération Cynologique Internationale 447:, who was among several dogs in the ' 443:several more of the breed, including 339:Fédération Cynologique Internationale 252:Fédération Cynologique Internationale 6066:Pastore della Lessinia e del Lagorai 5298: 5242: 5131: 5067: 4980:People's Dispensary for Sick Animals 4953:People's Dispensary for Sick Animals 4926:People's Dispensary for Sick Animals 4899:People's Dispensary for Sick Animals 4267:BSAVA Textbook of Veterinary Nursing 3610: 3473: 2907:from the original on 6 November 2016 2842:"German Shepherd Dog Breed Standard" 2728: 2623: 2439:Jacobs, Benjamin (18 January 2001). 2269: 2267: 2258: 2246: 1674:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1668:while he was in office, which bit a 1661:, police dog later kept as a pet of 1129: 1080:German night-watchman with dog, 1950 397:and von Stephanitz founded the 3223:Brazil-Adelman, Mary Belle (2000). 2871:Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen 2692:"Can the German Shepherd Be Saved?" 2569: 2342: 2113: 1878:recipients (for non-military dogs) 1769:After revival of the medal in 2000 1644:(11 November 2008 – 19 June 2021), 1513:Notable individual German Shepherds 48: 5328:Australian National Kennel Council 5276:Australian National Kennel Council 5235: 4449: 4387: 3354:. 16 February 2010. Archived from 3253: 3083:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2746:Australian National Kennel Council 2718:"USA German Shepherd Dog Standard" 2441:The Dentist of Auschwitz: A memoir 2333: 2305:– via AnimalsAndSociety.org. 2197:. 30 December 2007. Archived from 2157: 2087: 881: 783:, 1,050 newtons (235 lbf), a 755:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 502:Sable bitch (left) and dog (right) 49: 6203: 6182:Dog breeds originating in Germany 5821:Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog 5349: 5331:. 20 August 2013 . Archived from 5134:Training Your German Shepherd Dog 5117:. San Diego: Simon and Schuster. 3818:"AKC Dog Registration Statistics" 3695:"Guide Dog Breeding and Whelping" 3483:. American Rare Breed Association 3299:. 8 February 2010. Archived from 2668:. 19 October 2010. Archived from 2531:Kaleski, Robert (29 March 2011). 2264: 2136: 1288:exocrine pancreatic insufficiency 1257:Orthopedic Foundation for Animals 902: 376:To combat these differences, the 356:, the founder of the breed (with 5428: 5416: 5404: 5279:. 26 March 2012 . Archived from 4967: 4940: 4913: 4299:Canine Genetics and Epidemiology 3226:The German Shepherd Dog Handbook 2779:, September 1997, archived from 2041: 1844:Malayan National Liberation Army 1529:In film, television and fiction 1297: 1134: 1113: 1097: 1085: 1073: 873: 684: 672: 660: 648: 636: 410:Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde 404:Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde 399:Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde 4998: 4886: 4874:László, Enikő (8 August 2020). 4867: 4841: 4815: 4798:"Ace the Bat-Hound appearances" 4790: 4752: 4722: 4654: 4638:Canine and Feline Endocrinology 4576: 4509: 4490: 4345: 4283: 4258: 4208: 4149: 4116:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106155 4089: 4024: 3959: 3941: 3905: 3857: 3836: 3810: 3746: 3687: 3665: 3635: 3604: 3569: 3551:"It's a dog's life in the Army" 3543: 3510: 3340: 3315: 3247: 3216: 3189: 3153: 3117: 3058: 3025: 2995: 2965: 2889: 2859: 2787: 2765: 2749:. 23 March 1991. Archived from 2684: 2654: 2551: 2524: 2506: 2489: 2472: 2457: 2432: 2411: 2386: 2361: 1223:in the United Kingdom in 2016. 897:American Rare Breed Association 790: 696: 602:German Shepherds have a double 304:traditional German herding dogs 4103:Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2794:Staff, HK9 (31 January 2021). 2274:Skabelund, Aaron (June 2008). 2119:Axel Wehrend (editor) (2014). 1104:Rescue dog at the site of the 1001:(MWD) are usually trained for 948:The White Swiss Shepherd Dog ( 810: 724: 552: 286:, also known in Britain as an 13: 1: 4162:Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 3843:Reisen, Jan (16 March 2021). 3643:"Breeds and Matching Process" 3538:Strickland & Moses (1998) 3458:, pp. 14, 140 & 222. 2534:Australian Barkers and Biters 2075: 2016: 1832: 1814:of 2006–2012 in two tours in 1804: 1776: 1710: 1648:(born 1 September 2021), and 1571:, fictional superhero in the 1056:One Mexican German Shepherd, 967:Weisser Schweizer Schäferhund 529:; however, at the end of the 174:22–32 kg (49–71 lb) 162:30–40 kg (66–88 lb) 149:55–60 cm (22–24 in) 137:60–65 cm (24–26 in) 5194:von Stephanitz, Max (1994). 4689:10.1371/journal.pone.0027940 4543:10.1371/journal.pone.0172918 4424:10.1371/journal.pone.0096618 4397:Fels, L.; Distl, O. (2014). 3403:"German Shepherd Dog Health" 3125:"Reported Dog Attack Survey" 3095:10.1097/PRS.0000000000007253 2418:Harding, Luke (2 May 2005). 2080: 2065:[ˈdɔʏtʃɐˈʃɛːfɐˌhʊnt] 1796:New York City, United States 1753:Battle of Walcheren Causeway 1349:Congenital hyposomatotropism 1120:Military dog during training 1106:collapsed World Trade Center 752:A 2020 literature review in 733:A human infant with two dogs 566:Museum of Veterinary Anatomy 309:It was originally bred as a 51:German breed of shepherd dog 7: 6031:Miniature American Shepherd 5215:Willis, Malcolm B. (1976). 5136:. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's. 5053:. New York: DK Publishing. 5051:The Encyclopedia of the Dog 3231:Barron's Educational Series 2977:White Paws: German Shepherd 2873:(in German). Archived from 2144:The Complete Dog Breed Book 1858:Royal Army Veterinary Corps 1251:. A study conducted by the 1157:, discuss the issue on the 841: 767:National Geographic Channel 626:, liver, silver, blue, and 333:. It is commonly kept as a 10: 6208: 5532:German Shorthaired Pointer 5527:German Roughhaired Pointer 5031:. Houghton Mifflin Books. 5008:Companion Animal Nutrition 4475:10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.07.015 4236:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.008 4057:10.1038/s41598-022-10341-6 3992:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w 3949:"Hip Dysplasia Statistics" 3576:Ascarelli, Miriam (2010). 2142:Kim Dennis-Bryan (2020 ). 1812:United States Marine Corps 1632:Pets of political figures 1125: 933: 906: 850: 745: 459:, Hitler ordered Dr. 344: 5916:Carea Castellano Manchego 5796: 5740: 5659: 5626: 5598: 5575: 5542:German Wirehaired Pointer 5522:German Longhaired Pointer 5512: 5479: 5175:The German Shepherd Today 5151:Stevens, Katrina (2002). 5113:Pickeral, Tamsin (2014). 5068:Kern, Francis G. (1990). 5006:Ackerman, Nicola (2008). 4853:Police Museum of Budapest 4598:10.2460/javma.232.12.1818 3927:10.2460/javma.231.10.1529 2559:"Alsatian Dogs Bill 1934" 2547:– via Google Books. 2370:Berlin: The Downfall 1945 2056: 1918:Christchurch, New Zealand 1792:11 September 2001 attacks 1585:in DC Comics 1955–present 1428:. Both have stars on the 1303:Musculoskeletal disorders 1226: 1092:Swedish police dogs, 2007 1044:Currently, Labradors and 691:Long-haired black-and-tan 643:Saddle black-and-tan coat 493: 409: 403: 266: 255: 250: 243: 238: 231: 226: 221: 217: 208: 205: 200: 197: 192: 189: 182: 179: 167: 154: 142: 129: 124: 120: 110: 78: 66: 61: 6156:White Swiss Shepherd Dog 5790:Herding and droving dogs 5299:Hart, Ernest H. (1985). 5028:Planet Dog: A Doglopedia 4948:"PDSA Gold Medal – Dogs" 4175:10.1186/1751-0147-46-121 3703:Guide Dogs for the Blind 3446:, pp. 14 & 140. 2800:Highland Canine Training 2295:10.1163/156853008X357676 2034: 1790:in the aftermath of the 1676:in 1933 while living at 1603:, a spoof of Rin Tin Tin 1449:A German Shepherd named 1382:Unlike humans where the 944:White Swiss Shepherd Dog 936:White Swiss Shepherd Dog 930:White Swiss Shepherd Dog 515:Altdeutsche Schäferhunde 477:Nazi concentration camps 102:Altdeutsche Schäferhunde 31:latest accepted revision 6076:Polish Lowland Sheepdog 6046:New Zealand Heading Dog 5891:Cane Lupino del Gigante 5590:Old German herding dogs 5504:Westphalian Dachsbracke 5489:Bavarian Mountain Hound 5307:. New Jersey: T. F. H. 5303:The German Shepherd Dog 5153:The German Shepherd Dog 5094:Hancock, David (2014). 5025:Choron, Sandra (2005). 4109:. Elsevier BV: 106155. 3732:. Alpine Publications. 3611:Case, Linda P. (2013). 3588:Purdue University Press 3584:West Lafayette, Indiana 3434:, pp. 14 & 28. 3037:New Zealand Kennel Club 2901:Vonziü German Shepherds 2368:Beevor, Antony (2002). 2068:("German Shepherd Dog") 1994:United States Air Force 1784:World Trade Center site 1755:, an engagement of the 1663:United States president 1581:, fictional partner of 1377:Czechoslovakian Wolfdog 1273:degenerative myelopathy 975:Pastore Svizzero Bianco 520:old German herding dogs 337:, and according to the 6101:Sardinian Shepherd Dog 5155:. Willow Creek Press. 4462:The Veterinary Journal 4312:10.1186/2052-6687-1-10 4224:The Veterinary Journal 3705:. 2011. Archived from 3555:The New Zealand Herald 3170:. 2013. Archived from 3134:. 1999. Archived from 2191:"History of the breed" 1911:Hertfordshire, England 1866:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1494:Kántor in the Big City 1430:Hollywood Walk of Fame 1417: 1345: 1337: 1284:Von Willebrand disease 1236: 1194: 974: 966: 953: 945: 918: 891: 862: 861:East-European Shepherd 853:East-European Shepherd 847:East-European Shepherd 800: 734: 719:search and rescue dogs 573: 514: 508: 503: 434: 369: 368:Illustration from 1909 361: 5926:Catahoula Leopard Dog 5906:Cão da Serra de Aires 5806:Australian Cattle Dog 5363:"German Shepherd Dog" 5179:. Howell Book House. 4499:Mark Morris Institute 3619:John Wiley & Sons 3382:Gsdbreedcouncil.co.uk 2926:von Stephanitz (1994) 2741:"FCI Standard No 166" 2393:Kershaw, Ian (2008). 2061:German pronunciation: 2057:Deutscher Schäferhund 1757:Battle of the Scheldt 1670:United States senator 1666:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1575:universe 1952–present 1412: 1396:University of Utrecht 1343: 1335: 1308:Cauda equina syndrome 1234: 1193:A nine-week-old puppy 1192: 999:military working dogs 943: 916: 889: 860: 824:Pedigree Dogs Exposed 798: 746:Further information: 742:Aggression and biting 732: 560: 535:anti-German sentiment 509:Deutscher Schäferhund 501: 367: 352: 319:disability assistance 240:The Royal Kennel Club 222:Kennel club standards 97:Deutscher Schäferhund 6071:Pembroke Welsh Corgi 6056:Old English Sheepdog 6041:Nenets Herding Laika 5911:Cardigan Welsh Corgi 5876:Bouvier des Flandres 5871:Bouvier des Ardennes 5471:Dogs originating in 4736:on 16 February 2015. 3850:American Kennel Club 3788:Palika, Liz (2008). 2846:American Kennel Club 2595:Palika, Liz (2008). 2195:German Shepherds.com 2106:26 June 2020 at the 1318:Canine hip dysplasia 1253:University of Zurich 1217:American Kennel Club 1155:improve this section 1022:explosives detection 989:Use as a working dog 772:Dangerous Encounters 655:Black mask and sable 506:The breed was named 6081:Portuguese Sheepdog 5846:Bergamasco Shepherd 5826:Basque Shepherd Dog 5816:Australian Shepherd 5667:American Eskimo Dog 5618:Miniature Schnauzer 5562:Small Münsterländer 5547:Large Münsterländer 5335:on 15 February 2014 5286:on 21 February 2014 5243:Cree, John (1977). 4894:"PDSA Dickin Medal" 4680:2011PLoSO...627940V 4534:2017PLoSO..1272918O 4415:2014PLoSO...996618F 4384:, pp. 135–139. 4049:2022NatSR..12.6415T 3984:2024NatSR..14..531M 3881:on 10 December 2019 3211:National Geographic 2753:on 15 February 2014 2395:Hitler: A biography 2343:Sax, Boria (2000). 2283:Society and Animals 1913:, on 5 October 2016 1522:Horand von Grafrath 1483:Kántor Investigates 1353:autosomal recessive 954:Berger Blanc Suisse 748:Dog bite prevention 541:bordering Germany. 435:germanische Urhunde 395:Horand von Grafrath 358:Horand von Grafrath 87:German Shepherd Dog 21:Page version status 6021:Magellan sheep dog 5996:Icelandic Sheepdog 5732:Standard Schnauzer 5646:Miniature Pinscher 5382:on 23 January 2018 5132:Rice, Dan (1999). 4768:Dorling Kindersley 4037:Scientific Reports 3972:Scientific Reports 3413:on 7 November 2017 3358:on 19 October 2011 3266:on 10 January 2014 2672:on 27 October 2010 2537:. Read Books Ltd. 2518:The New York Times 2499:The New York Times 2482:The New York Times 2466:The New York Times 1569:Rex the Wonder Dog 1563:Ace the Wonder Dog 1444:Batman comic books 1418: 1405:In popular culture 1373:Saarloos Wolfhound 1346: 1338: 1328:Pituitary dwarfism 1237: 1195: 946: 924:United Kennel Club 919: 892: 863: 805:Max von Stephanitz 801: 785:Labrador Retriever 735: 574: 504: 387:Max von Stephanitz 370: 362: 354:Max von Stephanitz 300:Max von Stephanitz 27: 6164: 6163: 6126:Spanish Water Dog 6116:Shetland Sheepdog 6096:Pyrenean Sheepdog 6011:Lancashire Heeler 5976:Garafian Shepherd 5971:Galician Palleiro 5946:Croatian Sheepdog 5861:Bohemian Shepherd 5811:Australian Kelpie 5756: 5755: 5219:. K and R Books. 5207:978-99932-80-05-7 5105:978-1-84797-808-0 5060:978-0-7566-6004-8 4921:"PDSA Gold Medal" 4829:. 17 October 2017 4777:978-0-7566-6742-9 4647:978-1-4557-4456-5 4592:(12): 1818–1824. 4276:978-1-910-44339-2 3921:(10): 1529–1533. 3803:978-0-470-19231-3 3739:978-1-57779-106-5 3628:978-1-118-70120-1 3597:978-1-55753-563-4 3199:. 26 January 2008 2983:on 29 August 2008 2973:"About the Breed" 2877:on 25 August 2009 2698:. 28 October 2011 2610:978-0-470-19231-3 2404:978-0-393-06757-6 2379:978-0-670-03041-5 2354:978-0-8264-1289-8 2249:, pp. 11–21. 1848:Malayan Emergency 1685:PDSA Dickin Medal 1579:Ace the Bat-Hound 1440:Ace the Bat-Hound 1369:Karelian Bear dog 1187: 1186: 1179: 1046:Golden Retrievers 1035:visually impaired 1014:cadaver searching 1007:anti-tank weapons 765:According to the 469:Reich Chancellery 323:search-and-rescue 280: 279: 262: 261: 213: 212: 93:Alsatian Wolf Dog 39:24 September 2024 18: 6199: 6177:German shepherds 6136:Swedish Vallhund 6131:Swedish Lapphund 6051:Norwegian Buhund 6016:Lapponian Herder 5966:Finnish Lapphund 5961:Faroese Sheepdog 5956:English Shepherd 5931:Catalan Sheepdog 5841:Belgian Shepherd 5783: 5776: 5769: 5760: 5759: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5442: 5441: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5421: 5420: 5409: 5408: 5400: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5381: 5375:. Archived from 5344: 5342: 5340: 5318: 5306: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5285: 5271: 5262: 5250: 5230: 5211: 5190: 5178: 5166: 5147: 5128: 5109: 5089: 5071:German Shepherds 5064: 5042: 5021: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4732:. Archived from 4726: 4720: 4719: 4709: 4691: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4633: 4618: 4617: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4563: 4545: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4477: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4436: 4426: 4394: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4363:on 24 March 2014 4359:. Archived from 4349: 4343: 4342: 4324: 4314: 4296: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4221: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4195: 4177: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4128: 4118: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4076: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4011: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3955:on 10 June 2009. 3945: 3939: 3938: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3880: 3874:. Archived from 3869: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3785: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3760:. 8 January 2010 3750: 3744: 3743: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3709:on 14 April 2014 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3547: 3541: 3540:, p. 17–28. 3535: 3526: 3525: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3481:"Group 1 Breeds" 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3273: 3271: 3262:. Archived from 3251: 3245: 3244: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3177:on 19 March 2018 3176: 3165: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3140: 3129: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3089:(5): 1166–1176. 3078: 3072: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3039:. Archived from 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3009:. Archived from 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2979:. Archived from 2969: 2963: 2962: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2838: 2825: 2824: 2818: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2737: 2726: 2725: 2724:on 10 June 2008. 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2592: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2476: 2470: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2340: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2203: 2202: 2187: 2172: 2161: 2155: 2140: 2134: 2117: 2111: 2098: 2069: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2045: 2021: 2018: 1955:, police dog in 1954: 1899:in November 2010 1837: 1834: 1809: 1806: 1781: 1778: 1715: 1712: 1709:, a.k.a. Brian ( 1491: 1480: 1465: 1442:appeared in the 1182: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1162: 1138: 1137: 1130: 1117: 1101: 1089: 1077: 961: 769:television show 688: 676: 664: 652: 640: 594: 593: 589: 586: 517: 511: 453:Battle of Berlin 437: 412: 411: 406: 405: 275: 269: 219: 218: 209:10 years or more 198:Litter size 122: 121: 81: 71: 59: 58: 6207: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6141:Tibetan Terrier 5986:German Shepherd 5981:Gaucho sheepdog 5941:Collie (Smooth) 5792: 5787: 5757: 5752: 5736: 5697:Giant Schnauzer 5687:German Pinscher 5655: 5622: 5594: 5585:German Shepherd 5571: 5508: 5475: 5469: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5415: 5403: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5361: 5352: 5347: 5338: 5336: 5321: 5315: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5238: 5236:Further reading 5233: 5227: 5208: 5187: 5163: 5144: 5125: 5106: 5086: 5061: 5039: 5018: 5001: 4996: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4904: 4902: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4882:(in Hungarian). 4872: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4778: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4634: 4621: 4581: 4577: 4514: 4510: 4495: 4491: 4454: 4450: 4395: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4294: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4263: 4259: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4154: 4150: 4094: 4090: 4029: 4025: 3964: 3960: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3872:The Kennel Club 3867: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3786: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3758:Eleconomista.es 3752: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3529: 3524:. 8 March 2020. 3516: 3515: 3511: 3505:Pickeral (2014) 3503: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3407:The Kennel Club 3401: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3352:The Kennel Club 3346: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3297:The Kennel Club 3291: 3290: 3283: 3269: 3267: 3254:Harder, Aimee. 3252: 3248: 3241: 3221: 3217: 3202: 3200: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3079: 3075: 3063: 3059: 3046: 3044: 3043:on 20 July 2008 3031: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3013:on 3 March 2018 3001: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2951:. p. 134. 2936: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2840: 2839: 2828: 2812: 2811: 2804: 2802: 2792: 2788: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2739: 2738: 2729: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2666:The Kennel Club 2660: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2593: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2529: 2525: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2437: 2433: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2341: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2278: 2272: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2206: 2201:on 1 June 2008. 2189: 2188: 2175: 2162: 2158: 2141: 2137: 2118: 2114: 2108:Wayback Machine 2099: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2060: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2019: 1981:1999 earthquake 1948: 1876:PDSA Gold Medal 1840:Royal Air Force 1835: 1807: 1779: 1713: 1678:the White House 1545:Thunder the Dog 1515: 1485: 1474: 1459: 1407: 1330: 1300: 1245:elbow dysplasia 1229: 1221:The Kennel Club 1183: 1172: 1166: 1163: 1152: 1139: 1135: 1128: 1121: 1118: 1109: 1102: 1093: 1090: 1081: 1078: 991: 957: 938: 932: 911: 905: 890:Shiloh Shepherd 884: 882:Shiloh Shepherd 876: 855: 849: 844: 816:The Kennel Club 813: 793: 750: 744: 727: 699: 692: 689: 680: 677: 668: 665: 656: 653: 644: 641: 591: 587: 584: 582: 555: 546:wolf-dog hybrid 531:First World War 496: 347: 284:German Shepherd 271: 267: 175: 163: 150: 138: 106: 79: 74: 62:German Shepherd 57: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 6205: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6151:White Shepherd 6148: 6146:Welsh Sheepdog 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5951:Dutch Shepherd 5948: 5943: 5938: 5936:Collie (Rough) 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5901:Cane Toccatore 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5831:Bearded Collie 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5786: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5763: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5717:Kromfohrländer 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5641:Biewer Terrier 5638: 5632: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5581: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5537:German Spaniel 5534: 5529: 5524: 5518: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5468: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5445: 5438: 5437: 5425: 5413: 5393: 5392: 5359: 5351: 5350:External links 5348: 5346: 5345: 5319: 5313: 5296: 5263: 5257: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5225: 5212: 5206: 5191: 5185: 5168: 5161: 5148: 5142: 5129: 5123: 5115:Dogs unleashed 5110: 5104: 5091: 5084: 5065: 5059: 5043: 5037: 5022: 5016: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4966: 4939: 4912: 4885: 4866: 4855:(in Hungarian) 4840: 4823:"TV dog stars" 4814: 4789: 4776: 4770:. p. 77. 4751: 4739: 4721: 4674:(11): e27940. 4653: 4646: 4619: 4575: 4508: 4489: 4448: 4386: 4374: 4344: 4282: 4275: 4257: 4207: 4168:(3): 121–136. 4148: 4088: 4023: 3958: 3940: 3904: 3892: 3856: 3835: 3824:on 11 May 2012 3809: 3802: 3796:. p. 25. 3771: 3745: 3738: 3730:Stockdog Savvy 3720: 3686: 3664: 3653:on 8 July 2010 3634: 3627: 3603: 3596: 3568: 3557:. 22 July 2008 3542: 3527: 3509: 3494: 3472: 3470:, p. 387. 3460: 3456:Hancock (2014) 3448: 3444:Hancock (2014) 3436: 3432:Hancock (2014) 3424: 3394: 3369: 3339: 3314: 3281: 3246: 3239: 3215: 3188: 3152: 3141:on 21 May 2009 3116: 3073: 3057: 3024: 2994: 2964: 2957: 2939:Coren, Stanley 2930: 2918: 2888: 2858: 2826: 2786: 2764: 2727: 2709: 2683: 2653: 2641:German Culture 2628: 2616: 2609: 2603:. p. 22. 2580: 2568: 2550: 2543: 2523: 2505: 2502:. 7 July 1924. 2488: 2471: 2456: 2449: 2431: 2410: 2403: 2385: 2378: 2360: 2353: 2332: 2320: 2316:Stevens (2002) 2308: 2263: 2251: 2204: 2173: 2169:FCI Newsletter 2156: 2135: 2112: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2010: 2000: 1987: 1966: 1960: 1943: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1914: 1900: 1897:diabetic shock 1893: 1890: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1851: 1826: 1798: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1759: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1721: 1704: 1702:Czechoslovakia 1682: 1681: 1680: 1656: 1639: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1619: 1604: 1595: 1586: 1576: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1536: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1514: 1511: 1406: 1403: 1329: 1326: 1312:osteoarthritis 1299: 1296: 1228: 1225: 1185: 1184: 1149:of the subject 1147:worldwide view 1142: 1140: 1133: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1112: 1110: 1103: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1072: 1039:Dorothy Eustis 990: 987: 934:Main article: 931: 928: 917:White Shepherd 909:White Shepherd 907:Main article: 904: 903:White Shepherd 901: 883: 880: 875: 872: 851:Main article: 848: 845: 843: 840: 812: 809: 792: 789: 743: 740: 726: 723: 698: 695: 694: 693: 690: 683: 681: 678: 671: 669: 666: 659: 657: 654: 647: 645: 642: 635: 554: 551: 495: 492: 378:Phylax Society 346: 343: 313:, for herding 302:using various 290:, is a German 278: 277: 264: 263: 260: 259: 254: 248: 247: 242: 236: 235: 230: 224: 223: 215: 214: 211: 210: 207: 206:Life span 203: 202: 199: 195: 194: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 173: 171: 168: 165: 164: 161: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 146: 143: 140: 139: 136: 134: 131: 127: 126: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 105: 104: 99: 94: 91: 88: 84: 82: 76: 75: 72: 64: 63: 55: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6204: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 6001:King Shepherd 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5896:Cane di Oropa 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5866:Border Collie 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5851:Berger Picard 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5784: 5779: 5777: 5772: 5770: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5749: 5748:Bullenbeisser 5746: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5636:Affenpinscher 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5499:Hanover Hound 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5466: 5461: 5459: 5454: 5452: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5401: 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