541:, an evolutionary group that includes living frogs and salamanders but not caecilians, which are the third major lineage of modern amphibians (the three main groups of modern amphibians are collectively known as lissamphibians). As was the case in some previous analyses, caecilians were found to be the descendants of a group of small amphibious Paleozoic tetrapods called Lepospondyli while frogs and salamanders had an independent origin within Temnospondyli. The phylogeny supported by the 2008 analysis has been called the "
143:
3251:
3268:
3245:
125:
341:
is a nearly complete skeleton (USNM 489135) about 11 centimetres (4.3 in) long, that is articulated, preserved in ventral view, missing only the stylopodia, zeugopodia, and ventral portions of the skull and pectoral girdle. It is preserved in red
545:
hypothesis" and is one of three main hypotheses for lissamphibian origins. The other two hypotheses are the "lepospondyl hypothesis", which places all lissamphibians as the closest relatives of a group of lepospondyls called
305:, the group that includes modern frogs and salamanders. It possesses a mixture of characteristics from both groups, including a large frog-like head and a salamander-like tail. These features have led to it being dubbed a
350:
has a rounded and flattened head, well-developed limbs, and a small tail. Its vertebral column is somewhat shorter than those of related amphibolids. The large, round head and shortened vertebral column are features
558:
was an amphibamid temnospondyl, and since all modern amphibians nested within
Lepospondyli, it was positioned far from the ancestry of frogs and salamanders. A 2012 study of the
554:. Paleontologists David Marjanović and Michel Laurin published studies in 2008 and 2009 that supported the lepospondyl hypothesis. Their phylogenetic analyses confirmed that
2229:
Anderson, J. S.; Reisz, R. R.; Scott, D.; Frobish, N. B.; Sumida, S. S. (2008). "A stem batrachian from the Early
Permian of Texas and the origin of frogs and salamanders".
489:
489135 was collected from a fossil locality known as Don's Dump Fish Quarry in Baylor County, Texas in 1995. It was then rediscovered in the collections of the
3412:
3348:
3179:
2685:
2664:
3200:
3158:
2715:
366:
2891:
404:
bone is much shorter in length than it is in other amphibamids, but similar in proportion to living amphibians. As in most frogs, the
3335:
2449:
3427:
3432:
490:
486:
3417:
508:
392:, one at the tooth base and one at the tooth tip, surrounding a middle layer of softer, uncalcified dentine. The
3422:
550:, and the "temnospondyl hypothesis", which has all lissamphibians derived from amphibamid temnospondyls like
2442:
2470:
2339:
142:
2208:, "Ancient Amphibian: Debate Over Origin Of Frogs And Salamanders Settled With Discovery Of Missing Link"
388:, a feature shared with modern amphibians. Pedicellate teeth are characterized by two layers of hardened
2307:"A reevaluation of the evidence supporting an unorthodox hypothesis on the origin of extant amphibians"
3250:
412:
possesses another modern amphibian characteristic at the back of the skull, a widened bone called the
594:
from the original 2008 phylogenetic analysis (left) and a cladogram from the 2012 analysis (right):
3244:
2528:
3326:
3079:
2435:
2382:"The Braincase of Eocaecilia micropodia (Lissamphibia, Gymnophiona) and the Origin of Caecilians"
2204:
1840:
1033:
400:. The preserved portion lacks the large palatal teeth commonly found in other temnospondyls. The
3379:
3288:
3271:
2555:
500:
3353:
396:, which in other amphibians bears many distinguishing characteristics, is poorly preserved in
3407:
3374:
3366:
3223:
1475:
674:
3402:
2648:
1784:
977:
584:
294:
20:
8:
514:
579:
is more closely related to frogs and salamanders than it is to caecilians, meaning that
420:
with modern amphibians are also seen in other amphibamids. For example, the amphibamids
2408:
2381:
2362:
2254:
370:
137:
3361:
3186:
2413:
2290:
2273:
2258:
2246:
1244:
385:
2366:
3135:
2403:
2393:
2354:
2318:
2285:
2238:
1769:
962:
478:
317:, the group that contains all modern amphibians including frogs, salamanders, and
3193:
2989:
2843:
2678:
2513:
2491:
2398:
1196:
203:
3151:
3059:
2657:
2619:
2597:
2567:
2458:
1451:
650:
494:
2380:
Maddin, H. C.; Jenkins, F. A.; Anderson, J. S. (2012). Farke, Andrew A (ed.).
2358:
2323:
517:, a paleontologist who had worked for the National Museum of Natural History.
3396:
3311:
3172:
3070:
3052:
3010:
2875:
2829:
2809:
2540:
2497:
2306:
1554:
754:
405:
290:
187:
75:
37:
3211:
3165:
3124:
3104:
3045:
2955:
2864:
2836:
2726:
2701:
2671:
2417:
2250:
1958:
1945:
1897:
1640:
1623:
1568:
1515:
1420:
1138:
1090:
833:
816:
768:
714:
619:
542:
534:
530:
440:
428:
413:
326:
314:
281:
277:
274:
233:
3320:
3031:
2919:
2910:
2899:
2884:
2850:
2822:
2784:
2770:
2016:
1499:
698:
547:
50:
2242:
596:
3340:
3117:
3086:
2969:
2933:
2749:
2742:
2030:
1921:
1114:
567:
559:
422:
95:
60:
346:
with only its underside exposed. Like other amphibolid temnospondyls,
3093:
3038:
3024:
2962:
2857:
2798:
2756:
2046:
1995:
1823:
1704:
1680:
1406:
1175:
1016:
897:
873:
605:
591:
563:
538:
454:
343:
318:
302:
154:
100:
44:
3282:
293:, approximately 290 million years ago (Ma), in the area that is now
3305:
3003:
2947:
2940:
2791:
2735:
2482:
1873:
1721:
1066:
914:
482:
434:
357:
174:
124:
90:
85:
70:
65:
55:
2337:
2304:
493:, Washington, D.C., in 2004. The genus name means "elder frog" in
3144:
2763:
2637:
2427:
1259:
389:
267:
105:
80:
477:
was described for the first time on May 22, 2008 in the journal
369:, which is seen other amphibolids and in frogs and supports the
2926:
2777:
2476:
1592:
792:
393:
164:
365:
also has a large embayment at the back of the skull called an
506:
498:
401:
270:
1212:
2228:
529:
was first described in 2008, it was incorporated into a
2379:
355:
shares in common with frogs and the early salamander
240:
408:forms a narrow strip along the side of the palate.
2340:"The origin(s) of modern amphibians: a commentary"
2274:"The origin of modern amphibians: A re-evaluation"
575:to group within Lissamphibia. In this phylogeny,
3394:
2512:
2271:
2617:
2443:
513:(batrakhos, "frog"). The species name honors
373:, an eardrum-like structure used in hearing.
309:by the press. Some more recent studies place
2198:
416:basal plate. Many of the features that link
301:was announced to be the closest relative of
2338:David Marjanović and Michel Laurin (2009).
2305:David Marjanović and Michel Laurin (2008).
2450:
2436:
123:
3413:Cisuralian temnospondyls of North America
2407:
2397:
2322:
2289:
2278:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
297:. When it was first described in 2008,
3395:
2213:
321:, or place modern amphibians far from
19:For the monotypic genus of frogs, see
3287:
3286:
2469:
2431:
2298:
466:also have a wide parasphenoid plate.
376:Many finer details of the skull link
2373:
2272:Sigurdsen, T.; Green, D. M. (2011).
583:would have been a descendant of the
2265:
13:
2457:
491:National Museum of Natural History
14:
3444:
533:analysis that found it to be the
458:also have pedicellate teeth; and
3267:
3266:
3249:
3243:
2291:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00683.x
520:
141:
48:
2331:
444:also have large otic notches;
332:
1:
3428:Fossil taxa described in 2008
2191:
3433:Prehistoric amphibian genera
2399:10.1371/journal.pone.0050743
469:
7:
337:The only known specimen of
313:as the closest relative of
16:Extinct genus of amphibians
10:
3449:
507:
499:
18:
3295:
3262:
3240:
3210:
3134:
3103:
3069:
2998:
2987:
2909:
2874:
2817:
2808:
2725:
2710:
2699:
2647:
2632:
2628:
2613:
2594:
2566:
2548:
2539:
2521:
2508:
2465:
2359:10.1007/s11692-009-9065-8
2324:10.1163/18759866-07703002
2044:
2027:
2020:
1993:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1942:
1935:
1918:
1911:
1894:
1887:
1870:
1863:
1837:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1782:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1718:
1701:
1694:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1637:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1589:
1582:
1565:
1558:
1513:
1496:
1489:
1472:
1465:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1417:
1410:
1257:
1242:
1235:
1210:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1159:
1152:
1135:
1128:
1111:
1104:
1087:
1080:
1063:
1056:
1030:
1013:
1006:
999:
975:
960:
953:
946:
911:
894:
887:
870:
863:
856:
830:
813:
806:
789:
782:
765:
758:
712:
695:
688:
671:
664:
647:
640:
633:
616:
609:
239:
232:
138:Scientific classification
136:
131:
122:
30:
3418:Permian geology of Texas
2311:Contributions to Zoology
384:has a row of very small
380:with modern amphibians.
717:(including caecilians)
537:or closest relative of
587:of modern amphibians.
481:. The nearly complete
325:within a group called
3375:Paleobiology Database
2210:Accessed 22 May 2008.
1476:Seymouria baylorensis
675:Seymouria baylorensis
505:(géros, "elder") and
475:Gerobatrachus hottoni
286:Gerobatrachus hottoni
245:Gerobatrachus hottoni
3423:Transitional fossils
2649:Micromelerpetontidae
2347:Evolutionary Biology
1785:Micromelerpetontidae
978:Micromelerpetontidae
585:last common ancestor
295:Baylor County, Texas
289:) that lived in the
280:(represented by the
21:Geobatrachus walkeri
2243:10.1038/nature06865
515:Nicholas Hotton III
3390:
3389:
3362:Open Tree of Life
3289:Taxon identifiers
3280:
3279:
3258:
3257:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3187:Schoenfelderpeton
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2695:
2694:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2237:(7194): 515–518.
2189:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2006:
2005:
1852:
1851:
1795:
1794:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1652:
1651:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1245:Albanerpetontidae
1224:
1223:
1045:
1044:
988:
987:
935:
934:
926:
925:
845:
844:
744:
743:
735:
734:
726:
725:
386:pedicellate teeth
259:
258:
228:
3440:
3383:
3382:
3370:
3369:
3357:
3356:
3344:
3343:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3284:
3283:
3270:
3269:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3136:Branchiosauridae
2996:
2995:
2815:
2814:
2708:
2707:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2546:
2545:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2467:
2466:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2344:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2226:
2211:
2202:
2023:
2022:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1938:
1937:
1914:
1913:
1890:
1889:
1866:
1865:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1770:Branchiosauridae
1763:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1697:
1696:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1585:
1584:
1561:
1560:
1492:
1491:
1468:
1467:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1413:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1238:
1237:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1155:
1154:
1131:
1130:
1107:
1106:
1083:
1082:
1059:
1058:
1009:
1008:
1002:
1001:
963:Branchiosauridae
956:
955:
949:
948:
890:
889:
866:
865:
859:
858:
809:
808:
785:
784:
761:
760:
691:
690:
667:
666:
643:
642:
636:
635:
612:
611:
602:
601:
597:
512:
511:
504:
503:
242:
222:
215:
202:
186:
146:
145:
127:
117:
47:
36:Temporal range:
28:
27:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3365:
3360:
3352:
3347:
3339:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3291:
3281:
3276:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3206:
3194:Tungussogyrinus
3130:
3107:
3099:
3065:
2992:
2990:Amphibamiformes
2975:
2905:
2870:
2844:Astreptorhachis
2804:
2721:
2704:
2691:
2679:Micromelerpeton
2643:
2622:
2601:
2582:
2562:
2535:
2529:Tetrapodomorpha
2514:Tetrapodomorpha
2504:
2492:Tetrapodomorpha
2472:
2471:
2461:
2456:
2426:
2425:
2378:
2374:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2303:
2299:
2270:
2266:
2227:
2214:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2007:
1853:
1796:
1743:
1734:
1653:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1225:
1197:Triadobatrachus
1046:
989:
936:
927:
846:
745:
736:
727:
523:
472:
335:
255:
248:
221:
213:
204:Amphibamiformes
200:
184:
140:
118:
116:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
42:
41:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3446:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3371:
3358:
3345:
3332:
3317:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3217:
3215:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3152:Branchiosaurus
3148:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3111:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3060:Rubeostratilia
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2711:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2658:Branchierpeton
2653:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2623:
2620:Dissorophoidea
2618:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2598:Dissorophoidea
2595:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2568:Dissorophoidea
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2522:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2485:
2479:
2463:
2462:
2459:Dissorophoidea
2455:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2392:(12): e50743.
2372:
2353:(3): 336–338.
2330:
2317:(3): 149–199.
2297:
2264:
2212:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:Proterogyrinus
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:(salamanders)
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
991:
990:
986:
985:
982:
981:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
959:
954:
952:
947:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
933:
932:
929:
928:
924:
923:
920:
919:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
893:
888:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
869:
864:
862:
857:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
843:
842:
839:
838:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
812:
807:
805:
802:
801:
798:
797:
788:
783:
781:
778:
777:
774:
773:
764:
759:
757:
751:
750:
747:
746:
742:
741:
738:
737:
733:
732:
729:
728:
724:
723:
720:
719:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
694:
689:
687:
684:
683:
680:
679:
670:
665:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
651:Proterogyrinus
646:
641:
639:
634:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
615:
610:
608:
600:
522:
519:
471:
468:
334:
331:
257:
256:
249:
237:
236:
230:
229:
211:
207:
206:
198:
191:
190:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
134:
133:
129:
128:
120:
119:
111:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3445:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3327:Gerobatrachus
3322:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3297:Gerobatrachus
3294:
3290:
3285:
3273:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3252:
3246:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3180:Piasimotriton
3177:
3175:
3174:
3173:Milnererpeton
3170:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3109:sensu stricto
3106:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3071:Micropholidae
3068:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3053:Plemmyradytes
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3018:Gerobatrachus
3015:
3013:
3012:
3011:Georgenthalia
3008:
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2876:Dissorophinae
2873:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2830:Arkanserpeton
2827:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:Dissorophidae
2807:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2556:Temnospondyli
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:Temnospondyli
2538:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2498:Temnospondyli
2495:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2207:
2206:Science Daily
2201:
2197:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:(caecilians)
2048:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1980:Gerobatrachus
1974:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1555:Temnospondyli
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:Gerobatrachus
1157:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1003:
997:
996:
993:
992:
984:
983:
980:
979:
973:
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
958:
957:
951:
950:
944:
943:
940:
939:
931:
930:
922:
921:
918:
917:
916:
909:
908:
905:
904:
901:
900:
899:
892:
891:
885:
884:
881:
880:
877:
876:
875:
868:
867:
861:
860:
854:
853:
850:
849:
841:
840:
837:
836:
835:
828:
827:
824:
823:
820:
819:
818:
811:
810:
804:
803:
800:
799:
796:
795:
794:
787:
786:
780:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
770:
763:
762:
756:
755:Temnospondyli
753:
752:
749:
748:
740:
739:
731:
730:
722:
721:
718:
716:
710:
709:
706:
705:
702:
701:
700:
693:
692:
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
676:
669:
668:
662:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
652:
645:
644:
638:
637:
631:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
621:
614:
613:
607:
604:
603:
599:
598:
595:
593:
588:
586:
582:
581:Gerobatrachus
578:
577:Gerobatrachus
574:
573:Gerobatrachus
570:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:Gerobatrachus
553:
552:Gerobatrachus
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:Gerobatrachus
521:Relationships
518:
516:
510:
502:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
467:
465:
461:
457:
456:
451:
447:
443:
442:
437:
436:
431:
430:
425:
424:
419:
418:Gerobatrachus
415:
411:
410:Gerobatrachus
407:
406:palatine bone
403:
399:
398:Gerobatrachus
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:Gerobatrachus
379:
378:Gerobatrachus
374:
372:
368:
364:
363:Gerobatrachus
360:
359:
354:
353:Gerobatrachus
349:
348:Gerobatrachus
345:
340:
339:Gerobatrachus
330:
328:
324:
323:Gerobatrachus
320:
316:
312:
311:Gerobatrachus
308:
304:
300:
299:Gerobatrachus
296:
292:
291:Early Permian
288:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
269:
265:
264:
263:Gerobatrachus
253:
247:
246:
238:
235:
231:
226:
220:
219:
218:Gerobatrachus
212:
209:
208:
205:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:Temnospondyli
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
135:
130:
126:
121:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
46:
39:
38:Early Permian
33:
32:Gerobatrachus
29:
26:
22:
3408:Dissorophids
3296:
3224:Lissamphibia
3212:Lissamphibia
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3166:Melanerpeton
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3125:Doleserpeton
3123:
3116:
3108:
3105:Amphibamidae
3092:
3085:
3078:
3058:
3051:
3046:Platyrhinops
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2968:
2961:
2956:Reiszerpeton
2954:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2898:
2890:
2883:
2865:Platyhystrix
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2837:Aspidosaurus
2835:
2828:
2821:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:Trematopidae
2714:
2702:Olsoniformes
2686:Nyranerpeton
2684:
2677:
2672:Limnogyrinus
2670:
2665:Eimerisaurus
2663:
2656:
2636:
2596:
2487:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2350:
2346:
2333:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2234:
2230:
2205:
2200:
2045:
2029:
2028:
1994:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1959:Lissamphibia
1946:Doleserpeton
1944:
1943:
1920:
1919:
1898:Platyrhinops
1896:
1895:
1872:
1871:
1839:
1838:
1822:
1821:
1783:
1768:
1720:
1719:
1703:
1702:
1679:
1678:
1641:Dendrerpeton
1639:
1638:
1624:Balanerpeton
1622:
1621:
1591:
1590:
1569:Greererpeton
1567:
1566:
1516:Lepospondyli
1514:
1498:
1497:
1474:
1473:
1450:
1449:
1421:Acanthostega
1419:
1418:
1258:
1243:
1211:
1195:
1194:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1139:Doleserpeton
1137:
1136:
1113:
1112:
1091:Platyrhinops
1089:
1088:
1065:
1064:
1032:
1031:
1015:
1014:
976:
961:
913:
912:
896:
895:
872:
871:
834:Dendrerpeton
832:
831:
817:Balanerpeton
815:
814:
791:
790:
769:Greererpeton
767:
766:
715:Lepospondyli
713:
697:
696:
673:
672:
649:
648:
620:Acanthostega
618:
617:
589:
580:
576:
572:
566:
555:
551:
548:lysorophians
543:polyphyletic
535:sister taxon
531:phylogenetic
526:
524:
474:
473:
464:Doleserpeton
463:
459:
453:
450:Doleserpeton
449:
445:
441:Platyrhinops
439:
433:
429:Doleserpeton
427:
421:
417:
414:parasphenoid
409:
397:
381:
377:
375:
362:
356:
352:
347:
338:
336:
327:Lepospondyli
322:
315:Lissamphibia
310:
306:
298:
285:
284:
282:type species
278:temnospondyl
262:
261:
260:
251:
244:
243:
234:Type species
224:
217:
216:
194:
132:Restoration
31:
25:
3403:Amphibamids
3321:Wikispecies
3201:Xerodromeus
3159:Leptorophus
3080:Micropholis
3032:Limnerpeton
2920:Brevidorsum
2911:Eucacopinae
2900:Dissorophus
2885:Broiliellus
2851:Iratusaurus
2823:Anakamacops
2785:Phonerpeton
2771:Mattauschia
2716:Palodromeus
2017:Gymnophiona
1841:Micropholis
1500:Limnoscelis
1034:Micropholis
699:Limnoscelis
590:Below is a
367:optic notch
333:Description
307:frogamander
3397:Categories
3118:Amphibamus
3087:Pasawioops
2970:Zygosaurus
2934:Conjunctio
2892:Diploseira
2750:Anconastes
2743:Actiobates
2577:see below↓
2284:(2): 457.
2192:References
2031:Eocaecilia
1922:Amphibamus
1115:Amphibamus
568:Eocaecilia
460:Amphibamus
446:Amphibamus
423:Amphibamus
319:caecilians
275:amphibamid
3094:Tersomius
3039:Nanobamus
3025:Kermitops
2963:Scapanops
2858:Nooxobeia
2799:Tambachia
2757:Ecolsonia
2475:Kingdom:
2259:205212809
1996:Batrachia
1824:Tersomius
1705:Ecolsonia
1681:Tambachia
1407:Tetrapoda
1176:Batrachia
1017:Tersomius
898:Ecolsonia
874:Tambachia
606:Tetrapoda
592:cladogram
564:caecilian
539:Batrachia
485:skeleton
470:Discovery
455:Tersomius
344:siltstone
303:Batrachia
250:Anderson
223:Anderson
161:Kingdom:
155:Eukaryota
43:290
3306:Wikidata
3272:Category
3004:Eoscopus
2948:Parioxys
2941:Kamacops
2792:Rotaryus
2736:Acheloma
2483:Chordata
2481:Phylum:
2477:Animalia
2418:23227204
2386:PLOS ONE
2367:12023942
2251:18497824
1874:Eoscopus
1722:Acheloma
1215:(frogs)
1067:Eoscopus
915:Acheloma
509:βάτραχος
483:holotype
435:Eoscopus
371:tympanum
358:Karaurus
175:Chordata
171:Phylum:
165:Animalia
151:Domain:
3367:6158519
3354:1473115
3341:8651038
3312:Q132803
3145:Apateon
2764:Fedexia
2638:Stegops
2496:Order:
2409:3515621
1260:Caudata
497:, from
390:dentine
268:extinct
210:Genus:
181:Order:
112:↓
3380:153287
2927:Cacops
2778:Mordex
2416:
2406:
2365:
2257:
2249:
2231:Nature
1593:Eryops
793:Eryops
571:found
479:Nature
452:, and
438:, and
394:palate
266:is an
254:, 2008
252:et al.
227:, 2008
225:et al.
3349:IRMNG
2488:Clade
2363:S2CID
2343:(PDF)
2255:S2CID
2047:Apoda
1213:Anura
525:When
501:γέρος
495:Greek
402:vomer
271:genus
195:Clade
3336:GBIF
3222:see
2554:see
2527:see
2414:PMID
2247:PMID
560:stem
487:USNM
462:and
51:PreꞒ
2404:PMC
2394:doi
2355:doi
2319:doi
2286:doi
2282:162
2239:doi
2235:453
273:of
3399::
3377::
3364::
3351::
3338::
3323::
3308::
2490::
2412:.
2402:.
2388:.
2384:.
2361:.
2351:36
2349:.
2345:.
2315:77
2313:.
2309:.
2280:.
2276:.
2253:.
2245:.
2233:.
2215:^
448:,
432:,
426:,
361:.
329:.
197::
101:Pg
45:Ma
40:,
3214:?
2951:?
2895:?
2451:e
2444:t
2437:v
2420:.
2396::
2390:7
2369:.
2357::
2327:.
2321::
2294:.
2288::
2261:.
2241::
562:-
241:†
214:†
201:†
185:†
106:N
96:K
91:J
86:T
81:P
76:C
71:D
66:S
61:O
56:Ꞓ
23:.
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