723:
interclavicle and clavicles tend to be more lightly built in terrestrial taxa, with little to no ornamentation. In contrast, these elements are massively ossified in the aquatic stereospondyls and are well ornamented in the same fashion as the skull. The cleithrum and scapulocoracoid is more developed in terrestrial taxa, and the coracoid tends not to ossify in aquatic forms such that there is only a much shorter scapula present. The pelvis comprises the ilium, ischium and pubis, the last of which does not always ossify in aquatic forms. The sutural contacts between elements may also be visible, even when all three ossify. The forelimb comprised the typical radius, ulna, humerus and manus. These bones are typically more developed with greater surface area for muscle attachment in taxa inferred to have been terrestrial. Many dissorophoids have long and slender limbs. Historically it has been thought that all temnospondyls had only four fingers, but this has been shown not to be true in at least a few stereospondyls (
696:
enlarged as the main body of the vertebrae. Early concepts of stereospondyl required the pleurocentra to be entirely absent, but newer concepts only require that the intercentrum has become greatly enlarged. This weaker type of backbone indicates that stereospondylous temnospondyls spent more time in water. Additional types that are less common are the plagiosaurid-type in which there is a single enlarged centrum of uncertain homology; and the tupilakosaurid-type vertebrae (diplospondyly) in which the pleurocentra and intercentra are the same size and form discs; this occurs in tupilakosaurid dvinosaurs but also at least some brachyopids and several other non-temnospondyls. The neural spines tend to be of similar height throughout the presacral region of the trunk, but some temnospondyls exhibit increasing height towards the mid-trunk, followed by a decrease in height to produce a more hump-backed contour. The most extreme is observed in the dissorophid
643:. Recent studies have suggested that these large openings provided additional attachment sites for musculature and that many temnospondyls were capable of retracting their eyeballs through the vacuities, which is observed in modern frogs and salamanders that also have these large palatal openings; there is no evidence for a buccal pump mechanism for respiration. Temnospondyls often have extensive coverings of teeth on their palates, as well as in their jaws, in contrast to modern amphibians. Some of these teeth are so large that they are referred to as tusks or fangs. Although most temnospondyls have monocuspid teeth, the presence of bicuspid and/or pedicellate teeth in some dissorophoids has been cited as evidence for close relatedness to lissamphibians. In some temnospondyls, such as the dvinosaur
121:
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the structure of the bones which would have supported them. Scientists have disagreed on what these bones imply. Scientists who compare temnospondyls to fish find that the bones correlate with internal gills, while those who compare them closely to salamanders consider the bones to correlate with external gills. This conundrum, known as
Bystrow's paradox, has made it difficult to assess the configuration of gills in aquatic temnospondyls.
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1513:
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3630:
7233:. Like most living frogs, female temnospondyls would have laid masses of eggs in water while males released sperm to fertilize them. Several fossils were described from the Early Permian of Texas in 1998 that may be egg masses of dissorophoid temnospondyls. They were the first-known fossils of amphibian eggs. The fossils consist of small disks with thin membranes that are probably
7445:. Despite this feature likely being an example of convergent evolution (as other lungfish exclusively possessed internal gills), it still remains a useful gauge for how temnospondyl gills developed. The study concluded that fully aquatic gilled temnospondyls (including but not limited to dvinosaurs) possessed internal gills as adults and external gills as larvae.
1385:, the various dissorophoid subclades, dvinosaurs and zatracheids. Stereospondylomorphs and stereospondyls first appeared in the early Permian, although the former may have appeared earlier and merely be undocumented at present. The vast majority of the Carboniferous records come from the midwestern United States, such as the Linton, Five Points and Mazon Creek
7238:
but the type of amphibian that laid them cannot be known because no body fossils are preserved with the eggs. The eggs are thought to be from dissorophoids because they are likely to be close relatives of modern amphibians, and probably had similar reproductive strategies. They are also the most common amphibians from the deposit in which the eggs were found.
7449:
cross-sectional thickness of limb bones in adult metoposaurids shows that they could not withstand the stress of terrestrial locomotion. Juvenile individuals have bones that are thick enough to withstand this stress, and could probably move about on land. To maintain a terrestrial lifestyle, a temnospondyl's limb bones would have to thicken with positive
323:, although some were almost fully terrestrial, returning to the water only to breed. These temnospondyls were some of the first vertebrates fully adapted to life on land. Although temnospondyls are amphibians, many had characteristics such as scales and large armour-like bony plates (osteoderms) that generally distinguish them from the modern soft-bodied
691:. Two primary types of vertebrae are recognized in temnospondyls: stereospondylous and rhachitomous vertebrae. In rhachitomous vertebrae, the intercentra are large and wedge-shaped, and the pleurocentra are relatively small blocks that fit between them. Both elements support a spine-like neural arch, and well-developed interlocking projections called
6323:
teeth begin to calcify at their tips. Calcification normally proceeds downward to the base of the tooth, but calcification from the tip stops abruptly in pedicellate teeth. Calcification resumes at the base, leaving an area in the center of the tooth uncalcified. This pattern is apparent in both living amphibians and certain dissorophoid fossils.
1489:(260.4–251.0 Mya), a major group called Stereospondyli became more dependent on life in the water. The vertebrae became weak, the limbs small, and the skull large and flat, with the eyes facing upwards. During the Triassic period, these animals dominated the freshwater ecosystems, evolving in a range of both small and large forms. During the
5501:, a clade of small aquatic temnospondyls from the Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic. They placed Dvinosauria within Limnarchia, but more recent studies disagree on their position. For example, a 2007 study places them even more basal than euskelians, while a 2008 study keeps them as basal limnarchians.
7461:
Temnospondyls and other early tetrapods have rounded otic notches in the back of the skull that project into the cheek region. In life, the otic notch would have been covered by a membrane called the tympanum, which is seen as a disk-like area in living frogs. The tympanum is involved in hearing, and
7407:
Studies of temnospondyl development have reached differing conclusions regarding what forms of gills were present in temnospondyls which possessed the organs. Although some species possessed external gills which were preserved as soft tissue, for many groups the type of gill can only be inferred from
6322:
in small, paedomorphic or immature temnospondyls has been cited as the most convincing argument in favor of the temnospondyl origin of lissamphibians. Seen in lissamphibians and many dissorophoid temnospondyls, pedicellate teeth have calcified tips and bases. During the development of most tetrapods,
5544:
and
Brachyopoidea. While Capitosauria and Trematosauria are still widely used, Rhytidostea is not often supported as a true clade in recent analyses. Rhytidosteids and brachyopoids are now grouped with trematosaurians, but lydekkerinids are still considered to be a primitive family of stereospondyls.
1572:
with hundreds of individuals preserved together have been found in the southwestern United States, Morocco, India, and western Europe. They have often been interpreted as mass death events caused by droughts in floodplain environments. Recent studies show these dense assemblages were instead probably
1406:
Middle
Permian records of temnospondyls are relatively sparse, and some of these are debated as a result of the uncertain age and correlation of different deposits in North America (Chickasha, Flowerpot Formations), Niger (Moradi Formation), Brazil (Rio do Rasto Formation), and Russia (Mezen complex)
1232:
or "true labyrinthodonts". The names
Stegocephalia and Labyrinthodontia were used interchangeably to refer to the order in which it belonged. The labyrinthodontian suborders Microsauria and Branchiosauria, both of which contain temnospondyls, were distinct from Labyrinthodonta. Within Labyrinthodonta
754:
Unlike modern amphibians, many temnospondyls are covered in small, closely packed scales. The undersides of most temnospondyls are covered in rows of large ventral plates. During early stages of development, they first have only small, rounded scales. Fossils show, as the animals grew, the scales on
7309:
is seen in dissorophoids, eryopids and zatrachydids, with aquatic larvae developing into adults capable of living on land. Several types of dissorophoids, such as branchiosaurids, do not fully metamorphose, but retain features of juveniles such as external gills and small body size in what is known
7171:
vertebra of the neck. As the skull is raised, the quadrate bone pushes forward and causes the lower jaw to protrude outward. Other stereospondyls probably also lifted their skulls, but they are not as well adapted for such movement. D.M.S. Watson was the first to suggest skull lifting as a means of
549:
Skulls are generally parabolic to triangular in shape when viewed from above, and they were particularly flattened in semiaquatic to aquatic taxa, with dorsally facing orbits. The skull is usually covered in pits and ridges to form a honeycomb-like pattern. One of the most recent hypotheses for the
7486:
of lobe-finned fishes. The positioning of the stapes and the shape of the otic region suggests that the tympani of temnospondyls and frogs are homologous, but the tympani of these amphibians are no longer considered homologous with the hearing systems of reptiles, birds and mammals. Therefore, ear
7341:
are known from both large adult specimens and small larvae, showing an extreme change in body shape. In these species, the shape and proportions of skull bones change in the early stages of development. The ornamentation on the surface of the skull roof also develops at this time. Small, regularly
7237:
and halo-like areas surrounding them that are most likely mucous coatings. They are attached to plant fossils, suggesting that these temnospondyls laid eggs on aquatic plants much like modern frogs. The mucous membranes show that the eggs were laid by amphibians, not fish (their eggs lack mucous),
7112:
is indeed both an advanced stereospondyl and a relative of caecilians, this means that although all lissamphibians are descended from temnospondyls, the different groups would have descended from different branches of the temnospondyl family tree. Anurans and urodelans would therefore be surviving
3886:
Most phylogenetic analyses of temnospondyl interrelationships focus on individual families. One of the first broad-scale studies of temnospondyl phylogeny was conducted by paleontologist Andrew Milner in 1990. A 2007 study made a "supertree" of all temnospondyl families, combining the family-level
2390:
Tetrapoda or the stem of
Tetrapoda. Crown-group tetrapods are descendants of the most recent common ancestor of all living tetrapods and stem tetrapods are forms that are outside the crown group. Modern amphibians have recently been suggested as descendants of temnospondyls, which would place them
1328:
More recent study of temnospondyls has largely focused on their paleobiology and resolving their internal relationships. With a few exceptions, the monophyly of
Temnospondyli is not questioned, and the disuse of terms like Labyrinthodontia and Stegocephalia continues. Temnospondyls continue to be
695:
strengthen the connections between vertebrae. The strong backbone and strong limbs of many rhachitomous temnospondyls allowed them to be partially, and in some cases fully, terrestrial. In stereospondylous vertebrae, the pleurocentra have been greatly reduced or lost entirely, with the intercentra
558:
may have been an early solution to the problem). However, there are many other possible hypotheses for the purpose of the ornamentation (e.g., increasing surface area for better adhesion of the skin to the skull), and the function(s) remains largely unresolved due to the absence of this feature in
7331:
would attach to in life. However, some fully mature temnospondyls also possess hyobranchial bones but did not have external gills. A dense covering of scales is also seen in larvae and adults. Major body changes occur in metamorphosis, including the reshaping and strengthening of skull bones, the
820:
have been considered close relatives of the group. Alternatively, these osteoderms may have served as mineral reservoirs to allow plagiosaurids to respond to a variety of environmental conditions. Contrary to older assumptions, more recent studies have argued that the temnospondyls evolved from a
714:
is dissimilar to that of pelycosaurs in which it is entirely formed by the spine. The majority of temnospondyls have presacral counts between 23 and 27, with reduction observed in some amphibamiforms and elongation observed in many dvinosaurs. Caudal length is highly variable, and complete caudal
577:
system used to detect vibrations in water in modern fish and certain modern amphibians. Many taxa, especially those inferred to have been terrestrial, have an opening at the midline near the tip of the snout called the internarial fenestra / fontanelle; this may have housed a mucous gland used in
7448:
While most temnospondyls are aquatic in early stages of life, most metoposaurids appear to have been terrestrial in their juvenile stage. Like other
Mesozoic temnospondyls, adult metoposaurids were adapted to a semiaquatic lifestyle. Their bones are not highly developed for movement on land. The
5548:
A new phylogeny of temnospondyls was offered by paleontologist Rainer Schoch in 2013. It supported many of the clades that were found by Yates and Warren, but it did not find support for their division of derived stereospondyls into
Euskelia and Limnarchia. Eryopids were found to be more closely
1295:
proposed that the evolutionary history of these large amphibians could be seen through changes in their vertebrae. Embolomerous forms in the
Carboniferous graded into rhachitomous forms in the Permian, and finally into stereospondyls in the Triassic. More importantly, Watson began using the term
7466:
of more advanced tetrapods. It was traditionally thought that the tympanum developed very early in tetrapod evolution as a hearing organ and progressed to form the eardrum of amniotes. Thus, temnospondyls possessed a hearing system supposedly ancestral to that of living amphibians and reptiles.
7279:
rather than mating in water. The presence of three individuals in one block of sandstone shows that the temnospondyls were gregarious. The head of one individual rests under the tail of another in what may be a courtship display. Internal fertilization and similar courtship behavior are seen in
1286:
centra composed only of the intercentra. Cope objected to von Zittel's classification, considering the vertebrae of lepospondyls and stereospondyls indistinguishable because each had a simple spool shape. He continued to use
Ganocephala and Labyrinthodonta (which he alternatively referred to as
1675:
vertebrae at different points in the same vertebral column. Other taxa have intermediate morphologies that do not fit into any category. Rachitomi is no longer recognized as an exclusive group (i.e. it includes Stereospondyli rather than being a counterpart to it), but Stereospondyli is still
1662:
Originally, temnospondyls were classified according to the structure of their vertebrae. Early forms, with complex vertebrae consisting of a number of separate elements, were placed in the suborder Rachitomi, and large Triassic aquatic forms with simpler vertebrae were placed in the suborder
7421:, probably only had internal gills as adults. Nevertheless, external gills are known to have been conclusively present in at least some temnospondyls. However, these situations only occur in larval specimens or members of specialized groups such as the branchiosaurids. One living species of
7153:
Although the earliest temnospondyls were primarily semiaquatic, they had the ability to feed on land. Later, eryopoids and dissorophoids, some well adapted to terrestrial life, also fed on land. Some eryopoids became better adapted toward life in water and shifted their diets toward aquatic
829:
Very little is known of the soft tissue of temnospondyls because the conditions necessary to preserve such material are uncommon. The most extensive records come from fine-grained deposits in the Carboniferous and Permian of Germany; the small-bodied and aquatic dissorophoids and the larger
722:
The pectoral girdle comprised an unpaired interclavicle, paired clavicles, paired cleithra, and paired scapulae / scapulocoracoids as with most other early tetrapods. These elements differ widely in variation across temnospondyls, with such variation attributed to different lifestyles. The
1667:, this classification is no longer viable. The basic rhachitomous condition is found in many primitive tetrapods, and is not unique to one group of temnospondyls. Moreover, the distinction between rhachitomous and stereospondylous vertebrae is not entirely clear. Some temnospondyls have
710:, remains enigmatic, but it is thought to have stiffened the vertebral column in association with the relative terrestriality of this clade. Recent histological work has demonstrated that most of this hyperelongation is formed by the osteoderm capping the spine, and thus the sail of
390:, or even as descendants of both groups (with caecilians evolving from lepospondyls and frogs and salamanders evolving from temnospondyls). There is further disagreement about a temnospondyl origin of lissamphibians related to whether the modern groups arose from only one group (
1336:
Temnospondyls were also documented from an increasingly broad geographic and stratigraphic range in the 20th and 21st centuries, including the first occurrences from historically undersampled regions such as Antarctica, Lesotho, Japan, Namibia, New Zealand, Niger, and Türkiye.
1332:
As with evolutionary biology in general, computer-assisted phylogenetic methods have greatly facilitated phylogenetic inference of the relationships of both Temnospondyli at large and specific sub-groups. Other quantitative analyses have addressed morphometrics, biomechanics,
838:
from the Triassic of New South Wales, Australia, displays extensive soft tissue, hinting at the girth of the animal in life. Trace fossils attributed to temnospondyls are fairly common, especially from the Carboniferous through the Triassic. Common ichnogenera include
7494:. Early tetrapods like temnospondyls have thick stapes with poor impedance matching, so it is now thought that they were not used for hearing. Instead, these thick stapes may have functioned to support the tissue that covers the otic notch. Early temnospondyls, like
402:
as the closest relatives of modern amphibians. Similarities in teeth, skulls and hearing structures link the two groups. Whether temnospondyls are considered part of the tetrapod crown or stem thus depends on their inferred relationship to lissamphibians.
7395:
is exhibited in the wide range of sizes among specimens, but the lack of terrestrially adapted adult forms suggests that these temnospondyls were neotenic. Unlike other temnospondyls, their postcranial skeletons developed quickly but were still partly
6358:
was known since 1969, and the presence of pedicellate teeth in its jaws has led some paleontologists to conclude soon after its naming that it was a relative of modern amphibians. It was first described as a "protolissamphibian", and the specific name
7411:
Bystrow's paradox was resolved by a 2010 study. This study found that grooved ceratobrachnial structures (components of the branchial arches) are correlated with internal gills. Ancient tetrapods which preserved grooved ceratobranchials, such as the
1169:
Other animals that would later be classified as temnospondyls were placed in a group called Ganocephala, which was characterized by plate-like skull bones, small limbs, fish-like scales and branchial arches. Unlike labyrinthodonts, they did not have
3128:
Other studies place modern amphibians as the descendants of lepospondyls and place temnospondyls in a more basal position within the stem of Tetrapoda. Below is a cladogram from Laurin and Reisz (1999) placing Temnospondyli outside crown Tetrapoda:
1007:. As more fossils were uncovered in England, Owen depicted these labyrinthodonts as the "highest" form of batrachian and compared them to crocodiles, which he considered the highest form of reptiles. He also noted the large labyrinthodonts of the
6317:
Recently, the theory that temnospondyls were the ancestors of all lissamphibians has gained wide support. The skull morphology of some small temnospondyls has been compared to those of modern frogs and salamanders, but the presence of bicuspid,
1162:(although more detailed studies found it to be a temnospondyl). Soft tissue, such as scales and external gills, were found in many well-preserved branchiosaur fossils from Germany. In the early 20th century, branchiosaurs would be recognized as
1282:. He placed microsaurs in Lepospondyli, a group which he characterized as having simple, spool-shaped vertebral centra. Temnospondyli included forms with the centra divided into pleurocentra and intercentra. All members of Stereospondyli had
830:
stereospondylomorphs are frequently preserved with outlines of soft tissue around the skeleton. Typically preserved features include the outline of the body, external gills, and parts of the eye or stomach. An amphibamiform specimen from the
311:. During about 210 million years of evolutionary history, they adapted to a wide range of habitats, including freshwater, terrestrial, and even coastal marine environments. Their life history is well understood, with fossils known from the
1290:
Temnospondyli became a commonly used name at the turn of the 20th century. Paleontologists included both embolomeres and rhachitomes in the group. Cope's Ganocephala and Labyrinthodonta fell out of use. In 1919, British paleontologist
7271:
was cannibalistic, eating its young like many amphibians do today. If this was the case, the bones of these smaller individuals were originally located in the throat and were pushed into the pharyngeal pouch as the animal fossilized.
370:
based on the structure of their vertebrae. Temnospondyli means "cut vertebrae", as each vertebra is divided into several parts (intercentrum, paired pleurocentra, neural arch), although this occurs widely among other early tetrapods.
1397:
in the Czech Republic. The early Permian record of temnospondyls is also concentrated in these regions. Most of the clades from the Late Carboniferous continued to be successful, with a particularly high diversity of dissorophoids.
7186:
also fed in this way. At the time it was thought that these temnospondyls lifted their heads with strong jaw muscles, but it is now thought that they used larger muscles in the neck that were attached to the large pectoral girdle.
793:
also have armor, although it only covers the midline of the back with one or two narrow rows of plates that tightly articulated with the vertebrae, and osteoderms are also known from a few trematopids. Other temnospondyls, such as
15380:"A new stereospondylomorph, Korkonterpeton kalnense gen. et sp. nov., from lower Permian of the Czech Krkonoše Piedmont Basin and a redescription of Intasuchus silvicola from the lower Permian of Russia (Temnospondyli, Amphibia)"
737:, there are both taxa with four fingers and taxa with five. The hindlimb comprised the typical tibia, fibula, femur and pes. Relative development is as with the forelimb. All temnospondyls with a known pes have five digits.
1457:, increasing aridity and the diversification of reptiles contributed to a decline in terrestrial temnospondyls, but semiaquatic and fully aquatic stereospondylomorph temnospondyls continued to flourish, including the large
638:
The palate of temnospondyls generally consists of the same bones found in other early tetrapods. Among the most distinguishing features of temnospondyls are the interpterygoid vacuities, two large holes in the back of the
1122:
in juvenile skeletons, indicating they were amphibious for at least the first part of their lives; ribs that do not connect at the underside of the rib cage; and deep pits in the skull that were interpreted as space for
386:), or whether the whole group died out without leaving any descendants. Different hypotheses have placed modern amphibians as the descendants of temnospondyls, as descendants of another group of early tetrapods called
821:
terrestrial ancestor (although with aquatic eggs and larvae), and that it was the forms that later returned to water and an aquatic lifestyle which evolved a spine more rigid and stiffer than the terrestrial species.
1259:, had lost their pleurocentra, and the intercentra made up the entire body of the vertebrae. Embolerimi had intercentra and pleurocentra that were of equal size. Embolomeres are now identified as a separate group of
1467:, developed long snouts and a close similarity to crocodiles, although they lacked the armor characteristic of the latter group. These temnospondyls included the largest-known batrachomorph, the over 5.5-meter-long
1415:
Assemblage Zones of South Africa are less controversial. Additional records are known from Brazil, China, Turkey, and the Isheevo complex of Russia. A mixture of taxa are represented, including stereospondylomorphs
7453:, meaning that they would grow at a greater rate than the rest of the body. This is not the case in metoposaurids, meaning that as their bodies grew larger they became less adapted toward a terrestrial lifestyle.
6309:
Using fossil evidence, there are three main theories for the origin of modern amphibians. One is that they evolved from dissorophoid temnospondyls. Another is that they evolved from lepospondyls, most likely the
630:
for hearing, although there is substantial variation among temnospondyls in the anatomy of this notch such that it may not have served this function in all temnospondyls, and some clades like plagiosaurids and
9630:"Exceptional endocranium and middle ear of Stanocephalosaurus (Temnospondyli: Capitosauria) from the Triassic of Algeria revealed by micro-CT scan, with new functional interpretations of the hearing system"
1300:
removed embolomeres from the group, narrowing its scope to rhachitomes and stereospondyls. His classification of labyrinthodonts was based heavily on characteristics of the skull rather than the vertebrae.
7212:
are able to withstand a high degree of compression. Compressive forces would have been experienced when biting down on prey. Earlier aquatic tetrapods and tetrapod ancestors differ from temnospondyls like
17561:
Rinehart, L.F.; Lucas, S.G.; Heckert, A.B. (2009). "Limb allometry and lateral line groove development indicates terrestrial-to-aquatic lifestyle transition in Metoposauridae (Amphibia: Temnospondyli)".
366:, although these names are now rarely used. Animals now grouped in Temnospondyli were spread out among several amphibian groups until the early 20th century, when they were found to belong to a distinct
1118:, a reference to the wide, flat heads of temnospondyls and other early tetrapods. During this time, paleontologists considered temnospondyls to be amphibians because they possessed three main features:
1314:) to refer to Rhachitomi and Stereospondyli, excluding Embolomeri. Romer agreed with this classification, but used the name Temnospondyli to avoid confusion with Labyrinthodontia in its wider sense (
7157:
Most aquatic stereospondyls have flattened heads. When feeding, they probably opened their mouths by lifting their skulls instead of lowering their lower jaws. The jaw mechanics of the plagiosaurid
1130:
Several suborders of stegocephalians were recognized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Animals now regarded as temnospondyls were primarily labyrinthodonts, but some were classified in the
755:
the undersides of their bodies developed into large, wide ventral plates. The plates overlap each other in a way that allows a wide range of flexibility. Later semiaquatic temnospondyls, such as
17469:
Steyer, J.S.; Laurin, M.; Castanet, J.; de Ricqlès, A. (2004). "First histological and skeletochronological data on temnospondyl growth: palaeoecological and palaeoclimatological implications".
1206:(which attached the head to the neck) were features that were also shared with fishes. Thus, they were considered a link between early fishes and more advanced forms such as stegocephalians.
9365:"The first articulated skeleton ofDendrerpeton acadianum(Temnospondyli, Dendrerpetontidae) from the Lower Pennsylvanian locality of Joggins, Nova Scotia, and a review of its relationships"
6367:, a disk-like membrane that functions like an ear drum, is similar to that of frogs and has also been used as evidence for a close relationship. Other features including the shape of the
1549:, and adapted to life at the bottom of lakes and rivers. By this time, temnospondyls had become a common and widespread component of semiaquatic ecosystems. Some temnospondyls, such as
808:. The scutes may have provided stability for the spine, as they would have limited flexibility and may have been connected by strong ligaments. A carapace of osteoderms is also seen in
6340:
and was nicknamed the "frogamander" for its frog-like head and salamander-like body. It was thought to be the most closely related temnospondyl to lissamphibians and was placed as the
7275:
Body impressions of Early Carboniferous temnospondyls from Pennsylvania suggest that some terrestrial temnospondyls mated on land like some modern amphibians. They reproduced through
7154:
organisms. The first primarily aquatic feeders were archegosaurs in the Permian. Trematosaurs and capitosaurs became independently aquatic and also returned to this type of feeding.
6302:
estimates place the first lissamphibian in the Late Carboniferous, but the first member of Batrachia (frogs and salamanders, but not caecilians) is estimated to have appeared in the
7206:
Unlike semiaquatic temnospondyls, terrestrial temnospondyls have skulls that are adapted for biting land-living prey. The sutures between the bones of the skull in the dissorophoid
804:
that were in life probably embedded in the skin. All of these temnospondyls were adapted to a terrestrial lifestyle. Armor may have offered protection from predators in the case of
1505:, included medium-sized and large animals 2.3 to 4 m (7.5 to 13.1 ft) in length, with large and flat skulls that could be over a meter long in the largest forms such as
554:
to the bones to neutralize acidic build up in the blood (early semiaquatic tetrapods would have had difficulty expelling carbon dioxide from their bodies while on land, and these
1509:. These animals spent most or all their lives in water as aquatic predators, catching their prey by a sudden opening of the upper jaw and sucking in fish or other small animals.
16787:
Laurin, M. (1998). "The importance of global parsimony and historical bias in understanding tetrapod evolution. Part I — systematics, middle ear evolution, and jaw suspension".
7167:
is thought to have lifted its skull to around 50 degrees above horizontal through the flexing of the atlanto-occipital joint between the occipital condyles of the skull and the
2386:
tetrapods in phylogenetic analyses, with their exact positioning varying between studies. Depending on the classification of modern amphibians, they are either included in the
12876:"Transition between terrestrial-submerged walking and swimming revealed by Early Permian amphibian trackways and a new proposal for the nomenclature of compound trace fossils"
1407:
and the subsequent controversy over Olson's Gap, but there is a general consensus that at least some of these records are Guadalupian in age. Records of rhinesuchids from the
15313:
Cisneros, Juan C.; Marsicano, Claudia; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Richter, Martha; Fröbisch, Jörg; Kammerer, Christian F.; Sadleir, Rudyard W. (2015-11-05).
7320:
also retained gills, although recent studies found that (at least as adults) their gills were internal like those of fish, rather than external like those of salamanders.
14052:"The new problem of Chinlestegophis and the origin of caecilians (Amphibia, Gymnophionomorpha) is highly sensitive to old problems of sampling and character construction"
7441:, includes larval fossils preserving external gills as soft tissue traces. Thus, the gill development of dvinosaurs (and presumably other temnospondyls) mirrored that of
1581:
Temnospondyls reached a peak diversity during the Early Triassic, and progressively declined throughout the subsequent Middle and Late Triassic, with only members of the
16573:
Yates, A.M. (2000). "A new tiny rhytidosteid (Temnospondyli: Stereospondyli) from the Early Triassic of Australia and the possibility of hidden temnospondyl diversity".
16058:"Mortality dynamics and fossilisation pathways of a new metoposaurid-dominated multitaxic bonebed from India: a window into the Late Triassic vertebrate palaeoecosystem"
1027:
in age. Owen used these fossils to counter the notion that reptiles evolved from a sequential progression from early amphibians (what he called "metamorphosed fishes").
11024:"Histological evidence for dermal-endochondral co-ossification of the dorsal blades in the late Paleozoic amphibian Platyhystrix rugosus (Temnospondyli: Dissorophidae)"
7733:
Comparative osteology of Mastodonsaurus giganteus (Jaeger, 1828) from the Middle Triassic (Lettenkeuper: Longobardian) of Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Thüringen)
5407:
features, including a single occipital condyle and a bone called the intertemporal that is absent in other temnospondyls. Edopoids include the Late Carboniferous genus
733:), and the paucity of complete manuses casts doubt on the sweeping characterization of a four-fingered manus as the predominant or plesiomorphic condition. At least in
7540:, a group that includes frogs, and classified Batrachia within Reptilia. What are today classified as reptiles (lizards, snakes, crocodilians and turtles) were called
531:
stereospondyls, had skulls exceeding one meter in length, and the entire animal would have been several meters in length (for reference, the largest living amphibian,
7145:
shows that its heat balance, gas exchange, osmoregulation, and digestion were more similar to those of fish than those of modern aquatic amphibians like salamanders.
7358:
are entirely absent through most of development. Once maturity is reached, most bones have fully formed and growth rate slows. The bones of some temnospondyls like
12941:"Middle Triassic (Ladinian) amphibian tracks from the Lower Keuper succession of southern Germany: Implications for temnospondyl locomotion and track preservation"
7324:
1541:. Metoposaurids are distinguished from capitosauroids by the positioning of their eye sockets near the front of their skulls. Another group of stereospondyls, the
12029:"Comparison and biomechanical interpretations of the vertebrae and osteoderms of Cacops aspidephorus and Dissorophus multicinctus (Temnospondyli, Dissorophidae)"
5470:
In 2000, paleontologists Adam Yates and Anne Warren produced a revised phylogeny of more derived temnospondyls, naming several new clades. Two major clades were
5431:
stage of the Early Carboniferous. Recent analyses place Dendrerpetontidae outside Edopoidea in a more derived position. Other primitive temnospondyls include
935:, indicates a false affinity, the remains belonging, not to the Saurian, but to the Batrachian order of Reptiles." Owen recognized that the animal was not a "
16206:
7354:
by bone) happening more slowly. Vertebrae and limb bones are poorly developed, ribs and fingers are absent in the early stages, and the scapulocoracoid and
5486:. Dissorophoids include small, mostly terrestrial temnospondyls that may be the ancestors of modern amphibians. Eryopoids include larger temnospondyls like
573:, the presence of which is used to infer an aquatically inclined lifestyle. The sulci, which usually run around the nostrils and eye sockets, are part of a
21273:
18033:
8073:
7217:
in that their skulls were also built to withstand tension. This tension would have been experienced during suction feeding underwater. Temnospondyls like
1224:
By the end of the 19th century, most of what are today regarded as temnospondyls were placed in the suborder Labyrinthodonta. The American paleontologist
18625:
8340:"Skull morphology and phylogenetic relationships of a new Middle Triassic plagiosaurid temnospondyl from Germany, and the evolution of plagiosaurid eyes"
9279:"The vertebrate fauna of the Upper Permian of Niger. IV. Nigerpeton ricqlesi (Temnospondyli: Cochleosauridae), and the Edopoid Colonization of Gondwana"
7342:
spaced pits are the first to form, followed by larger ridges. As development continues, the external gills disappear. Small teeth that once covered the
812:, the only primarily aquatic clade with such extensive ossifications. Plagiosaurids may have inherited their armor from a terrestrial ancestor, as both
416:
In 2000, Adam Yates and Anne Warren defined the name Temnospondyli as applying to the clade encompassing all organisms that are more closely related to
20912:
17045:
15732:"A new Permian temnospondyl with Russian affinities from South America, the new family Konzhukoviidae, and the phylogenetic status of Archegosauroidea"
2038:
20142:
12503:"Limb ossification in the Paleozoic branchiosaurid Apateon (Temnospondyli) and the early evolution of preaxial dominance in tetrapod limb development"
5549:
related to stereospondyls than to dissorophoids, which were grouped with dvinosaurs. The clade including Eryopidae and Stereospondylomorpha was named
1373:
from Scotland and an indeterminate temnospondyl from Germany. During the Carboniferous, all of the non-stereospondylomorph clades appeared, including
626:. Most temnospondyls have an indentation at the back of the skull called otic notches. It has typically been inferred that this structure supported a
18380:
18158:
17007:
13656:
11954:
17215:
Lucas, S.G.; Fillmore, D.L.; Simpson, E.L. (2007). "Amphibian body impressions from the Mississippian Mauch Chunk Formation, eastern Pennsylvania".
10262:"The amphibian Erpetosaurus radiatus (Temnospondyli, Dvinosauria) from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Linton, Ohio: morphology and systematic position"
20541:
18446:
18373:
18359:
18043:
16414:
15825:
13503:
13252:
5532:
with eyes near the front of their heads. In 2000, paleontologists Rainer Schoch and Andrew Milner named a third major clade of stereospondyls, the
1213:
by Cope in 1868. He classified Microsauria as a subgroup of Labyrinthodontia, placing many small, amphibian-like animals within it. Among them was
1131:
5490:. The second major clade, Limnarchia, includes most Mesozoic temnospondyls, as well as some Permian groups. Within Limnarchia are the superfamily
21181:
20740:
20491:
18594:
18432:
18063:
17973:
17923:
4661:
1221:
was later placed as a labyrinthodont with other temnospondyls, but confusion existed for many years over the classification of small amphibians.
684:
17649:
15906:
Sidor, C.A.; Damiani, R.; Hammer, W.R. (2008). "A new Triassic temnospondyl from Antarctica and a review of Fremouw Formation biostratigraphy".
13975:
Kligman, Ben T.; Gee, Bryan M.; Marsh, Adam D.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Smith, Matthew E.; Parker, William G.; Stocker, Michelle R. (2023-01-25).
11382:"A Terrestrial Stereospondyl from the Lower Triassic of South Africa: The Postcranial Skeleton of Lydekkerina Huxleyi (Amphibia: Temnospondyli)"
18983:
18645:
18292:
18207:
18165:
11086:
10907:"Early Permian vertebrates from the Culter Formation of the Placerville area, Colorado, with a section on footprints from the Cutler Formation"
9222:
Damiani, Ross; Sidor, Christian A.; Steyer, J. Sébastien; Smith, Roger M. H.; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Maga, Abdoulaye; Ide, Oumarou (2006-09-11).
5536:. This group included more primitive stereospondyls that could not be placed in either Capitosauria or Trematosauria, and included groups like
5122:
4461:
2156:
688:
11322:"To be or not to be heavier: The role of dermal bones in the buoyancy of the Late Triassic temnospondyl amphibian Metoposaurus krasiejowensis"
9277:
Steyer, J. Sébastien; Damiani, Ross; Sidor, Christian A.; O'Keefe, F. Robin; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Maga, Abdoulaye; Ide, Oumarou (2006-03-30).
20670:
18553:
18366:
18215:
18179:
18093:
14878:
Warren, A. A.; Rubidge, B. S.; Stanistreet, I. G.; Stollhofen, H.; Wanke, A.; Latimer, E. M.; Marsicano, C. A.; Damiani, R. J. (2001-03-26).
12658:"A new chigutisaurid (Brachyopoidea, Temnospondyli) with soft tissue preservation from the Triassic Sydney Basin, New South Wales, Australia"
12008:
Bolt, J.R. (1974). "Armor of dissorophids (Amphibia: Labyrinthodontia): an examination of its taxonomic use and report of a new occurrence".
11734:"Pentadactyl manus of the Metoposaurus krasiejowensis from the Late Triassic of Poland, the first record of pentadactyly among Temnospondyli"
7575:"The phylogeny of the 'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli"
2168:
702:, which has greatly elongated neural spines that form a large sail on its back. The function of this sail, like that of the contemporaneous
18053:
17893:
7659:"The last Labyrinthodont? A new brachyopoid (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the early Jurassic Evergreen formation of Queensland, Australia"
6371:
and the back of the skull, the short ribs, and the smooth skull surface also point to it being a closer relative of lissamphibians than is
1308:
brought the name Temnospondyli back into use in the later 20th century. Säve-Söderbergh used the name Labyrinthodontia in a strict sense (
13871:"A review of the fossil record of caecilians (Lissamphibia: Gymnophionomorpha) with comments on its use to calibrate molecular timetrees"
10883:
4100:
14929:"A presumed stereospondyl (Amphibia, Stereospondyli) from the marine Triassic of Titiroa Stream, Mataura valley, Southland, New Zealand"
8939:"Cranial anatomy of the Permian temnospondyl amphibian Zatrachys serratus Cope 1878, and the phylogenetic position of the Zatrachydidae"
18321:
17993:
1296:
Labyrinthodontia to refer to these groups. The name Temnospondyli was rarely used in the decades that followed. Swedish paleontologist
16454:(Temnospondyli: Dendrerpentonidae) from the Lower Pennsylvanian locality of Joggins, Nova Scotia, and a review of its relationships".
11621:"Large dissorophoid skeletal elements from the Lower Permian Richards Spur Fissures, Oklahoma, and their paleoecological implications"
7512:, which is also seen in frogs and is associated with hearing. Its stapes is also a better transmitter of sound. The hearing system of
7301:
While most types of temnospondyls are distinguished on the basis of features in mature specimens, several are known from juvenile and
18268:
18123:
17696:
17100:"Terrestrial-style feeding in a very early aquatic tetrapod is supported by evidence from experimental analysis of suture morphology"
7470:
Frogs and all other living tetrapods have a rod-like bone called the stapes that aids in hearing by transferring vibrations from the
7374:
show that individuals grew larger past maturity. The oldest individuals usually have more pitting on their skulls with deeper sulci.
6363:
means "connecting" in reference to its inferred transitional position between temnospondyls and lissamphibians. The structure of its
15856:
Vertebral pleurocentra have been lost entirely, with the intercentra enlarged as the main body of the vertebrae, as described above.
1166:
forms of temnospondyls lacking many of the typical features that define the group, and is no longer recognized as a distinct group.
569:), and the import of this disparity is also unclear. Many temnospondyls also have canal-like grooves in their skulls called sensory
21268:
15054:"First occurrence of temnospondyls from the Permian and Triassic of Turkey: Paleoenvironmental and paleobiogeographic implications"
14652:"Multi-Joint Analysis of Pose Viability Supports the Possibility of Salamander-Like Hindlimb Configurations in the Permian Tetrapod
14231:"Phylogenetic reappraisal of Rhytidosteidae (Stereospondyli: Trematosauria), temnospondyl amphibians from the Permian and Triassic"
13812:"Phylogeny of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates reassessed through revision and expansion of the largest published relevant data matrix"
8455:
On the dermal skulls of Lyrocephalus, Aphaneramma, and Benthosaurus, Labyrinthodonts from the triassic of Spitzbergen and N. Russia
8275:"Phylogenetic reappraisal of Rhytidosteidae (Stereospondyli: Trematosauria), temnospondyl amphibians from the Permian and Triassic"
17079:
Markey, M.J. (2006). "Feeding shifts across the fish-amphibian transition are revealed by changes in cranial sutural morphology".
14977:
Sidor, C.A.; O'Keefe, F.R.; Damiani, R.J.; Steyer, J.-S.; Smith, R.M.H.; Larsson, H.C.E.; Sereno, P.C.; Ide, O.; Maga, A. (2005).
20121:
17157:
Mamay, Sergius H.; Hook, Robert W.; Hotton, Nicholas III (1998). "Amphibian eggs from the Lower Permian of north-central Texas".
14978:
14142:
11496:"The Appendicular Skeleton of Eryops Megacephalus Cope, 1877 (Temnospondyli: Eryopoidea) from the Lower Permian of North America"
7800:
559:
lissamphibians. Some temnospondyls also exhibit raised tubercles or pustules instead of pits and grooves (e.g., the dissorophoid
9038:"Revision of the Aquatic Eryopid Temnospondyl Glaukerpeton avinoffi Romer, 1952, from the Upper Pennsyl Vanian of North America"
5561:
for the clade containing all temnospondyls except edopoids and dendrerpetontids. Below is the cladogram from Schoch's analysis:
614:, that have developed in some temnospondyl taxa. The intertemporal, a bone common in stem tetrapods, is only found in some late
9278:
8230:
from the Upper Triassic Fleming Fjord Formation of East Greenland and a reassessment of head lifting in temnospondyl feeding".
7229:
Temnospondyls, like most modern amphibians, reproduced in aquatic environments. Most temnospondyls probably reproduced through
5516:
with flat heads and eyes near the back of the skull. Trematosaurs include a diversity of temnospondyls, including large marine
17343:
Schoch, Rainer R.; Witzmann, Florian (2011-07-01). "Bystrow's Paradox - gills, fossils, and the fish-to-tetrapod transition".
10261:
21263:
16764:
16730:
14295:(Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae"
13422:
13376:
11249:
10707:
Werneburg, Ralf; Steyer, J. Sébastien; Sommer, Georg; Gand, Georges; Schneider, Jörg W.; Vianey-Liaud, Monique (2007-03-12).
10352:
9521:
8711:
8628:
8586:
7975:
Rinehart, Lucas; Lucas, Spencer (2013). "The functional morphology of dermal bone ornamentation in temnospondyl amphibians".
1568:
Triassic temnospondyls were often the dominant semiaquatic animals in their environments. Large assemblages of Late Triassic
17724:
7364:
show growth marks, possibly an indication that growth rate varied with the change in seasons. Fossils of temnospondyls like
1273:
21278:
12695:"The Smallest Known Tetrapod Footprints:Batrachichnus Salamandroidesfrom the Carboniferous of Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada"
8915:
7705:
1389:, and the south-central United States where classic redbed formations are found; and from western Europe, particularly the
679:
are divided into several segments. In living tetrapods, the main body of the vertebra is a single piece of bone called the
602:
of most of the bones of temnospondyls are also seen in other early tetrapods, aside from a few bones in the skull, such as
16207:"Dinosaur burrows in the Otway Group (Albian) of Victoria, Australia, and their relation to Cretaceous polar environments"
6314:. A third hypothesis is that caecilians descended from lepospondyls and frogs and salamanders evolved from dissorophoids.
1198:
were placed in this group and were considered to be the most primitive members of Reptilia. Their rhachitomous vertebrae,
1134:. Branchiosaurs were small-bodied and had simple conical teeth, while labyrinthodonts were larger and had complex, folded
537:, is about 1.8 meters in body length). Others are smaller and resemble salamanders, in particularly the amphibamiform and
20057:
16037:
Sulej, Tomasz. "Osteology, variability, and evolution of Metoposaurus, a temnospondyl from the Late Triassic of Poland".
12874:
Petti, Fabio M.; Bernardi, Massimo; Ashley-Ross, Miriam A.; Berra, Fabrizio; Tessarollo, Andrea; Avanzini, Marco (2014).
16609:
12809:"A Temnospondyl Trackway from the Early Mesozoic of Western Gondwana and Its Implications for Basal Tetrapod Locomotion"
9734:"The Palatal Interpterygoid Vacuities of Temnospondyls and the Implications for the Associated Eye- and Jaw Musculature"
135:
17385:
Schoch, R.R.; Fröbisch, N.B. (2006). "Metamorphosis and neoteny: alternative pathways in an extinct amphibian clade".
15779:"Osteology of the large dissorophid temnospondyl Anakamacops petrolicus from the Guadalupian Dashankou Fauna of China"
8113:"Comparative histology of sculptured dermal bones in basal tetrapods, and the implications for the soft tissue dermis"
7516:
and related temnospondyls was able to detect airborne sound and may have been ancestral to that of living amphibians.
15945:
11192:
Cope, 1878 (Temnospondyli: Trimerorhachidae): a plesiomorphic temnospondyl from the Lower Permian of North America".
10381:
8860:
7500:, could not hear airborne sound but would have been able to detect vibration in the ground. Later temnospondyls like
7404:
were described with adaptations toward a terrestrial lifestyle, indicating that not all branchiosaurs were neotenic.
11830:"On the squamation of Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, a temnospondyl amphibian from the Upper Permian of Brazil"
8841:"8. A Phylogenetic Investigation of the Inter- and Intrarelationships of the Lissamphibia (Amphibia: Temnospondyli)"
12134:
Ecolsonia cutlerensis, an Early Permian dissorophid amphibian from the Cutler Formation of north-central New Mexico
9508:, Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol. 59, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 327–355,
7854:
7180:, was able to make the same movement. Paleontologist A.L. Panchen also supported the idea in 1959, suggesting that
16237:
15992:
from the Late Triassic of Portugal and comments on the systematics and biogeography of metoposaurid temnospondyls"
15585:"The Rhinesuchidae and early history of the Stereospondyli (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) at the end of the Palaeozoic"
1320:). Unlike modern temnospondyl classification, however, Romer included the primitive Ichthyostegalia in the group.
1245:, had rhachitomous vertebrae with enlarged intercentra that displaced the pleurocentra. Labyrinthodonti, such as
16586:
16541:
14895:
14574:"Morphological evolution of the skull roof in temnospondyl amphibians mirrors conservative ontogenetic patterns"
14158:
11636:
8996:
7816:
19913:
14337:"Interrelationships, palaeobiogeography and early evolution of Stereospondylomorpha (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli)"
12471:
10709:"The earliest tupilakosaurid amphibian with diplospondylous vertebrae from the Late Permian of southern France"
957:
in 1828, basing it on partial occiput, or back portion of the skull. In 1833, he described a complete skull of
19920:
16506:
15919:
15875:(Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Middle Triassic of Germany: anatomy and functional morphology of the skull"
14192:"A systematic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Triassic mastodonsauroids (Temnospondyli: Stereospondyli)"
11684:
11511:
10217:(Temnospondyli: Dissorophoidea), the interrelationships of amphibamids, and the origin of modern amphibians".
9108:"Cranial morphology of the plagiosaurid Gerrothorax pulcherrimus as an extreme example of evolutionary stasis"
20047:
17689:
16913:"Modeling the physiology of the aquatic temnospondyl Archegosaurus decheni from the early Permian of Germany"
16310:
Godfrey, S.J.; Fiorillo, A.R.; Carroll, R.L. (1987). "A newly discovered skull of the temnospondyl amphibian
13412:
10724:
9294:
7400:
when fully mature. Adults likely had an aquatic lifestyle similar to juveniles. Recently, large specimens of
7248:
1497:, even adapted to a life in the sea, the only known batrachomorphs to do so with the exception of the modern
880:, published in 1888. However, temnospondyl remains have been known since the early part of the 19th century.
17057:
16105:"A relict trematosauroid (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Middle Jurassic of the Junggar Basin (NW China)"
10057:
Bolt, J.R. (1969). "Lissamphibian origins: possible protolissamphibian from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma".
9791:"Evolutionary changes in the orbits and palatal openings of early tetrapods, with emphasis on temnospondyls"
7482:. Temnospondyls also have a stapes, which projects into the otic cavity. The stapes likely evolved from the
16493:(Temnospondyli: Dvinosauria) based on new specimens from the Early Permian of Nebraska and Kansas, U.S.A".
12456:"Timeless design: colored pattern of skin in early Permian branchiosaurids (Temnospondyli: Dissorophoidea)"
9669:"Palate anatomy and morphofunctional aspects of interpterygoid vacuities in temnospondyl cranial evolution"
8783:
8139:"Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods"
16668:"Phylogeny of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and nuclear RAG1"
15478:"Olson's Gap or Olson's Extinction? A Bayesian tip-dating approach to resolving stratigraphic uncertainty"
13313:"A contribution to a monograph of the extinct amphibia of North America. New forms from the Carboniferous"
9224:"The vertebrate fauna of the Upper Permian of Niger. V. The primitive temnospondylSaharastega moradiensis"
8397:"A Contribution to a Monograph of the Extinct Amphibia of North America. New Forms from the Carboniferous"
5478:. Euskelia includes the temnospondyls that were once called rhachitomes and includes two subfamilies, the
883:
148:
20114:
14879:
14286:
Eltink, Estevan; Dias, Eliseu V.; Dias-da-Silva, Sérgio; Schultz, Cesar L.; Langer, Max C. (2015-10-15).
12158:"A new genus and species of trematopid amphibian from the Late Pennsylvanian of north-central New Mexico"
11620:
10157:"Morphology and systematics of the Pennsylvanian amphibian Platyrhinops lyelli (Amphibia: Temnospondyli)"
9453:"The otic region ofDoleserpeton(Temnospondyli) and its implications for the evolutionary origin of frogs"
8980:
7995:
7920:"Dermal bone in early tetrapods: a palaeophysiological hypothesis of adaptation for terrestrial acidosis"
1297:
898:, named by Georg Friedrich Jaeger in 1828 from a single tooth that he considered to belong to a reptile.
456:
Rainer Schoch in 2013 defined the name Temnospondyli as applying to “he least inclusive clade containing
120:
16433:
16398:
Milner, A.R. (1990). "The radiations of temnospondyl amphibians". In Taylor, P.D; Larwood, G.P. (eds.).
15840:
13542:
13271:
12455:
7611:
Schoch, R. R. (2013). "The evolution of major temnospondyl clades: An inclusive phylogenetic analysis".
763:, have no evidence of scales. They may have lost scales to make movement easier under water or to allow
14094:"A supertree of Temnospondyli: cladogenetic patterns in the most species-rich group of early tetrapods"
11495:
7199:
has very small teeth and a large area for muscle attachment behind the skull, suggesting that it could
2360:
1676:
considered valid. Below is a simplified taxonomy of temnospondyls showing currently recognized groups:
550:
function of the dermal ornamentation is that it may have supported blood vessels, which could transfer
15730:
Pacheco, Cristian Pereira; Eltink, Estevan; Müller, Rodrigo Temp; Dias-da-Silva, Sérgio (2017-03-04).
15534:
12203:
Dilkes, D.W. (2009). "Comparison and biomechanical interpretations of the vertebrae and osteoderms of
10708:
1283:
21196:
17584:
Lombard, R.E.; Bolt, J.R. (1979). "Evolution of the tetrapod ear: an analysis and reinterpretation".
16844:
Bolt, J.R.; Lombard, R.E. (1985). "Evolution of the amphibian tympanic ear and the origin of frogs".
16057:
15778:
15731:
11023:
10285:"The South African stereospondylMicroposaurusfrom the Middle Triassic of the Sydney Basin, Australia"
9846:"Contribution of eye retraction to swallowing performance in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens"
1654:
was one of the largest of the brachyopoids, with an estimated weight of 500 kg (1,100 lb).
949:
was later found to be a crocodile-like reptile. Additional material, including skulls, firmly placed
19899:
18722:
17491:
16806:
Vasil'eva, A.B.; Smirnov, S.V. (2001). "Pedicellate teeth and the problems of amphibian phylogeny".
13444:
13102:
11320:
Kalita, Sudipta; Teschner, Elżbieta M.; Sander, P. Martin; Konietzko-Meier, Dorota (December 2022).
1154:
from North America, that had poorly developed bones, external gills, and no ribs. Some skeletons of
20221:
20088:
19927:
17682:
12256:"The bone histology of osteoderms in temnospondyl amphibians and in the chroniosuchianBystrowiella"
9583:"The oldest stegocephalian from the Iberian Peninsula: evidence that temnospondyls were euryhaline"
8573:, Handbook of Sensory Physiology, vol. 3 / 3, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 257–278,
8112:
7431:) has external gills as larvae which are reconfigured into internal gills as adults. Despite adult
464:
19906:
18727:
14832:
14488:"The Roots of Amphibian Morphospace: A Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Paleozoic Temnospondyls"
14392:"The putative lissamphibian stem-group: phylogeny and evolution of the dissorophoid temnospondyls"
13297:
13083:
11439:"The Postcranium of Archegosaurus Decheni, and a Phylogenetic Analysis of Temnospondyl Postcrania"
10755:
21149:
21031:
20989:
20706:
19892:
19862:
16954:"Temnospondyli bite club: ecomorphological patterns of the most diverse group of early tetrapods"
14613:"Temnospondyli bite club: ecomorphological patterns of the most diverse group of early tetrapods"
11102:"Ichthycanthus platypus Cope, 1877, Reidentified as the Dissorophoid Amphibian Amphibamus lyelli"
9085:"A new find of Trematosuchus (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the Cynognathus zone of South Africa"
7427:
6818:
2319:
analyses of the group, Gardiner (1983) recognized five characteristics that made Temnospondyli a
1255:
831:
561:
29:
21235:
21222:
17003:"The structure, evolution and origin of the Amphibia. The "Orders" Rachitomi and Stereospondyli"
13652:"The Structure, Evolution and Origin of the Amphibia. The "Orders" Rachitomi and Stereospondyli"
13570:
11871:"Morphological and histological changes of dermal scales during the fish-to-tetrapod transition"
11732:
Konietzko-Meier, Dorota; Teschner, Elżbieta M.; Bodzioch, Adam; Sander, P. Martin (2020-07-24).
10814:"A description of the vertebral column of Eryops, based on the notes and drawings of A.S. Romer"
8691:
667:, tusks in the lower jaw pierce the palate and emerge through openings in the top of the skull.
21258:
21111:
21094:
20107:
20042:
19826:
18733:
17794:
17486:
15535:"Temnospondyls from the Beaufort Group (Karoo Basin) of South Africa and Their Biostratigraphy"
11274:
10543:
Witzmann, F.; Rothschild, B. M.; Hampe, O.; Sobral, G.; Gubin, Y. M.; Asbach, P. (2013-04-03).
7276:
7230:
1274:
Vertebra-based classifications and the origin of the name "Temnospondyli" (1888 – 20th century)
873:
221:
16720:
15986:
Brusatte, Stephen L.; Butler, Richard J.; Mateus, Octávio; Steyer, J. Sébastien (2015-03-23).
13636:
13356:
13196:
10756:"Tupilakosaur-like vertebrae in Bothriceps australis , an Australian brachyopid stereospondyl"
10600:"Vertebral Development in Paleozoic and Mesozoic Tetrapods Revealed by Paleohistological Data"
9186:"A cochleosaurid temnospondyl amphibian from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Linton, Ohio, U.S.A."
8565:
Schwartz, Erich (1974), Bullock, T. H.; Fessard, A.; Hartline, P. H.; Kalmijn, Ad. J. (eds.),
1420:) and rhinesuchid stereospondyls, as well as some of the latest occurrences of dissorophoids (
1278:
In 1888, von Zittel divided stegocephalians among three taxa: Lepospondyli, Temnospondyli and
21230:
21217:
21209:
17518:
Fritsch, 1877 (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the Lower Permian of Bohemia (Czech Republic)".
16754:
13368:
13361:
13352:
13173:
8178:"The Lapillopsidae: a new family of small temnospondyls from the Early Triassic of Australia"
2383:
1585:
and Trematosauroidea surviving into the Jurassic and the Cretaceous. Among brachyopoids, the
764:
444:(a clade containing all organisms that are more closely related to modern amphibians than to
350:
Temnospondyls have been known since the early 19th century, and were initially thought to be
21186:
7323:
Temnospondyl larvae are often distinguished by poorly developed bones and the presence of a
6375:. Below is a cladogram modified from Sigurdsen and Bolt (2010) showing the relationships of
21168:
21016:
20794:
17883:
17527:
17478:
17441:
17304:
17166:
17111:
17016:
16924:
16682:
16463:
16323:
16221:
16171:
16116:
16069:
16003:
15960:
15790:
15743:
15696:
15645:
15583:
Marsicano, Claudia A.; Latimer, Elizabeth; Rubidge, Bruce; Smith, Roger M.H. (2017-05-29).
15546:
15440:
15326:
15269:
15214:
15167:
15115:
15065:
14993:
14940:
14844:
14724:
14712:
14611:
FORTUNY, J.; MARCÉ-NOGUÉ, J.; DE ESTEBAN-TRIVIGNO, S.; GIL, L.; GALOBART, À. (2011-06-24).
14538:
14452:
14403:
14348:
14242:
13988:
13921:
13756:
13665:
13589:
13471:
13324:
13141:
13007:
12952:
12887:
12820:
12706:
12614:
12353:
12220:
12169:
12040:
11963:
11450:
11393:
11286:
11201:
11035:
10767:
10611:
10509:
10296:
10226:
10168:
10066:
10018:
9971:
9802:
9680:
9376:
9235:
8740:
8651:"The evolution of the amphibian lateral line system and its bearing on amphibian phylogeny"
8408:
8351:
8286:
8239:
8189:
7869:
7855:"A stem batrachian from the Early Permian of Texas and the origin of frogs and salamanders"
7670:
7620:
7221:
were among the first tetrapods that were almost exclusively terrestrial and fed by biting.
7126:
5732:
5463:. They are almost 40 million years younger than other basal temnospondyls, implying a long
2014:
1858:
1287:
Rhachitomi) to distinguish animals based on the absence or presence of occipital condyles.
538:
18715:
17611:
12994:
Cisneros, Juan Carlos; Day, Michael O.; Groenewald, Jaco; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2020-01-06).
12084:"Dissorophid diversity at the early Permian cave system near Richards Spur, Oklahoma, USA"
10985:"A Platyhystrix-like Amphibian with Fused Vertebrae, from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Ohio"
9412:"The braincase and middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli)"
1672:
927:"ought not to be retained, because it recalls unavoidably the idea of the mammalian genus
8:
20303:
20062:
19242:
17668:
14527:"Morphospace occupation of temnospondyl growth series: a geometric morphometric approach"
13745:"Stem caecilian from the Triassic of Colorado sheds light on the origins of Lissamphibia"
13289:
13052:
12603:"Lissamphibian-like toepads in an exceptionally preserved amphibamiform from Mazon Creek"
8053:
Coldiron, Ronn W. (1974). "Possible functions of ornament in labyrinthodont amphibians".
5433:
4184:
2356:
2331:; large openings called interpterygoid vacuities are present between the pterygoids; the
1573:
the result of currents transporting and accumulating dead individuals in certain areas.
1390:
1355:
1107:
1016:
130:
21023:
21009:
17531:
17482:
17445:
17308:
17289:
17170:
17115:
17020:
16928:
16686:
16467:
16327:
16225:
16175:
16120:
16073:
16007:
15964:
15826:"Fishes and amphibians from the Late Permian Pedra de Fogo Formation of Northern Brazil"
15794:
15747:
15700:
15649:
15550:
15444:
15330:
15273:
15218:
15171:
15119:
15069:
14997:
14944:
14848:
14728:
14542:
14456:
14407:
14352:
14246:
14191:
14050:
Marjanović, David; Maddin, Hillary C.; Olori, Jennifer C.; Laurin, Michel (2023-07-27).
13992:
13925:
13760:
13669:
13593:
13475:
13328:
13178:
Report of the Eleventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science
13145:
13011:
12956:
12891:
12824:
12750:"A revision of tetrapod footprints from the late Carboniferous of the West Midlands, UK"
12710:
12618:
12357:
12224:
12173:
12044:
11967:
11454:
11397:
11290:
11205:
11039:
10771:
10615:
10513:
10300:
10230:
10172:
10070:
10022:
9975:
9806:
9684:
9380:
9325:
9239:
8744:
8412:
8355:
8290:
8243:
8193:
8055:
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas, Lawrence
7873:
7706:"Fishes and amphibians from the Late Permian Pedra de Fogo Formation of northern Brazil"
7674:
7624:
7346:
are lost. The postcranial skeleton does not develop at the same rate as the skull, with
931:, or else a mammilloid form of the tooth... and because the second element of the word,
19984:
19458:
19110:
18546:
18306:
17597:
17543:
17410:
17398:
17274:
17134:
17099:
16983:
16857:
16823:
16590:
16555:
16510:
16375:
16350:
16293:
16280:
Gardiner, B.G. (1983). "Gnathostome vertebrae and the classification of the Amphibia".
15923:
15510:
15409:
15355:
15295:
15238:
15017:
14794:"A giant brachyopoid temnospondyl from the Upper Triassic or Lower Jurassic of Lesotho"
14688:
14441:"Geometric Morphometrics of the Skull Roof of Stereospondyls (Amphibia: Temnospondyli)"
14372:
14207:
14118:
14093:
14027:
13952:
13909:
13846:
13811:
13787:
13744:
13534:
13432:
13236:
13215:
13201:
Palaeontology or A systematic summary of extinct animals and their geological relations
13031:
12996:"Small Footprints Expand Middle Permian Amphibian Diversity in the South African Karoo"
12976:
12921:
12851:
12808:
12784:
12749:
12730:
12638:
12538:
12483:
12436:
12384:
12341:
12322:
12236:
12113:
12064:
11810:
11766:
11714:
11648:
11578:
11523:
11476:
11419:
11354:
11321:
11217:
11121:
11080:
11004:
10965:
10791:
10736:
10642:
10599:
10580:
10473:
10426:
10320:
10242:
10192:
10137:
10090:
9935:
9883:
9826:
9771:
9709:
9482:
9341:
9306:
9259:
9200:
9166:
9065:
9018:
8866:
8819:
8667:
8650:
8547:
8495:
8478:
8434:
8377:
8320:
8255:
8137:
Witzmann, Florian; Scholz, Henning; Müller, Johannes; Kardjilov, Nikolay (2010-07-26).
8011:
7952:
7919:
7918:
Janis, Christine M.; Devlin, Kelly; Warren, Daniel E.; Witzmann, Florian (2012-08-07).
7893:
7828:
7757:"A giant brachyopoid temnospondyl from the Upper Triassic or Lower Jurassic of Lesotho"
7636:
7591:
7574:
7509:
7491:
7475:
7234:
6364:
2335:(a bone involved in hearing) is connected to the parasphenoid and projects upward; the
1225:
970:
627:
599:
143:
15946:"Taphonomy of the Lamy amphibian quarry: A Late Triassic bonebed in New Mexico, U.S.A"
15558:
15258:"The oldest known tetrapod (Temnospondyli) from Germany (Early Carboniferous, Viséan)"
15025:
14612:
14440:
12656:
Hart, Lachlan J.; Gee, Bryan M.; Smith, Patrick M.; McCurry, Matthew R. (2023-08-03).
12502:
12255:
11870:
11141:"Neldasaurus wrightae, a new rhachitomous labyrinthodont from the Texas Lower Permian"
10685:
9598:
9107:
8138:
7435:
specimens having skeletal features correlated with internal gills, another dvinosaur,
519:
Many temnospondyls are much larger than living amphibians, and superficially resemble
21204:
20617:
20444:
19990:
19569:
19229:
18960:
18423:
18392:
18246:
17547:
17402:
17360:
17356:
17320:
17139:
16975:
16970:
16953:
16952:
Fortuny, J.; Marcé-Nogué, J.; de Esteban-Trivigno, S.; Gil, L.; Galobart, À. (2011).
16896:
16875:
16760:
16726:
16698:
16634:
16514:
16380:
16187:
16140:
16132:
16085:
16019:
15927:
15891:
15870:
15806:
15759:
15712:
15661:
15610:
15562:
15515:
15497:
15458:
15413:
15401:
15360:
15342:
15299:
15287:
15242:
15230:
15203:"The temnospondyl amphibians from the Viséan of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland"
15183:
15155:
15133:
15081:
15009:
14956:
14909:
14860:
14813:
14748:
14740:
14693:
14675:
14632:
14628:
14593:
14554:
14507:
14468:
14464:
14421:
14376:
14364:
14314:
14268:
14211:
14172:
14123:
14032:
14014:
13957:
13939:
13890:
13851:
13833:
13792:
13774:
13722:
13714:
13624:
13526:
13418:
13372:
13154:
13125:
13035:
13023:
12980:
12968:
12925:
12913:
12856:
12838:
12789:
12771:
12722:
12675:
12642:
12630:
12583:
12530:
12522:
12518:
12475:
12428:
12389:
12371:
12326:
12314:
12275:
12271:
12185:
12138:
12117:
12105:
12056:
11926:
11909:
11890:
11886:
11851:
11802:
11771:
11753:
11706:
11652:
11640:
11570:
11562:
11515:
11468:
11463:
11438:
11411:
11406:
11381:
11359:
11341:
11302:
11255:
11245:
11152:
11113:
11051:
10996:
10969:
10943:
10924:
10864:
10860:
10825:
10795:
10783:
10740:
10728:
10689:
10647:
10629:
10572:
10564:
10525:
10465:
10434:
10418:
10377:
10370:
10348:
10324:
10312:
10196:
10184:
10129:
10082:
10034:
9987:
9940:
9922:
9875:
9867:
9830:
9818:
9763:
9755:
9714:
9696:
9649:
9610:
9602:
9563:
9517:
9474:
9469:
9452:
9433:
9428:
9411:
9392:
9345:
9298:
9263:
9251:
9204:
9185:
9158:
9127:
9123:
9084:
9057:
9037:
9010:
8958:
8954:
8896:
8856:
8811:
8803:
8799:
8764:
8756:
8707:
8672:
8624:
8582:
8539:
8500:
8459:
8438:
8426:
8381:
8369:
8312:
8205:
8158:
8154:
8093:
8089:
8035:
7957:
7939:
7897:
7885:
7820:
7776:
7737:
7686:
6330:
is thought to be most closely related to Lissamphibia. In 2008, an amphibamid called
6319:
5607:
5418:
5064:
3973:
3603:
2116:
2098:
1800:
1374:
1203:
906:
729:
17414:
16987:
16827:
16594:
16559:
16450:
Holmes, R.B.; Carroll, R.L.; Reisz, R.R. (1998). "The first articulated skeleton of
16160:"Temnospondyl amphibians from the Jurassic of the Southern Junggar Basin (NW China)"
15453:
15428:
15179:
13538:
12734:
12542:
12487:
12440:
12240:
12157:
12068:
11846:
11829:
11718:
11582:
11527:
11480:
11423:
11221:
10584:
10246:
10094:
9887:
9486:
9364:
9310:
9223:
9069:
9022:
8870:
8823:
8324:
8259:
8177:
7832:
7640:
7490:
The ability of the tympanum and stapes to effectively transmit vibrations is called
3336:
2654:
1668:
1110:
in 1868. Cope placed stegocephalians in the class Batrachia, the name then used for
21084:
20663:
20608:
20552:
20421:
19996:
19253:
17593:
17535:
17496:
17449:
17394:
17352:
17312:
17270:
17178:
17174:
17129:
17119:
17024:
16965:
16932:
16891:
16853:
16815:
16690:
16624:
16582:
16545:
16537:
16502:
16475:
16471:
16370:
16362:
16331:
16289:
16229:
16179:
16124:
16077:
16011:
15968:
15915:
15886:
15798:
15751:
15704:
15653:
15600:
15592:
15554:
15505:
15489:
15448:
15391:
15350:
15334:
15277:
15222:
15175:
15123:
15073:
15021:
15001:
14948:
14928:
14899:
14891:
14852:
14805:
14774:
14769:
Colbert, E.H.; Cosgriff, J.W. (1974). "Labyrinthodont amphibians from Antarctica".
14732:
14683:
14667:
14624:
14585:
14546:
14499:
14460:
14411:
14356:
14306:
14258:
14250:
14203:
14162:
14154:
14113:
14105:
14059:
14022:
14004:
13996:
13947:
13929:
13882:
13841:
13823:
13782:
13764:
13706:
13673:
13597:
13518:
13479:
13460:"Studies for Students: The Development and Geological Relations of the Vertebrates"
13332:
13231:
13149:
13064:
13015:
12960:
12903:
12895:
12846:
12828:
12779:
12761:
12714:
12665:
12622:
12602:
12573:
12514:
12467:
12420:
12379:
12361:
12306:
12267:
12228:
12181:
12177:
12095:
12048:
11971:
11921:
11882:
11841:
11761:
11745:
11696:
11632:
11554:
11507:
11458:
11401:
11349:
11333:
11294:
11209:
11043:
10955:
10914:
10856:
10775:
10720:
10681:
10669:
10637:
10619:
10556:
10517:
10410:
10304:
10234:
10176:
10121:
10074:
10026:
9979:
9930:
9914:
9903:"Eye Movements in Frogs and Salamanders—Testing the Palatal Buccal Pump Hypothesis"
9857:
9810:
9775:
9745:
9704:
9688:
9641:
9594:
9582:
9555:
9509:
9464:
9423:
9388:
9384:
9337:
9290:
9247:
9243:
9196:
9119:
9049:
9000:
8992:
8950:
8848:
8795:
8748:
8699:
8662:
8616:
8574:
8531:
8490:
8416:
8359:
8302:
8294:
8247:
8201:
8197:
8150:
8085:
8007:
7947:
7931:
7877:
7812:
7768:
7678:
7628:
7586:
7378:
7256:
6066:
5553:. In addition, Schoch named the clade containing all temnospondyls except edopoids
5491:
5351:
4934:
4827:
4477:
4116:
2237:
2174:
2150:
2128:
2110:
2067:
2053:
2020:
1888:
1882:
1842:
1818:
1631:
1498:
1494:
1000:
703:
680:
570:
363:
300:
276:
17674:
16233:
16081:
15987:
15802:
15755:
14952:
14230:
12940:
12875:
12694:
12670:
12657:
12626:
11047:
10284:
9501:
8692:"Diversity and Regression in the Amphibian Lateral Line and Electrosensory System"
8274:
7801:"The amphibamid Micropholis from the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone of South africa"
5421:
has also been included in Edopoidea, and is the oldest-known temnospondyl family.
3553:
21054:
20855:
20376:
20206:
20181:
20006:
19974:
19698:
19590:
19427:
19202:
19177:
19150:
18976:
18578:
18567:
18560:
18408:
18314:
18299:
18283:
17856:
17843:
17806:
17705:
17500:
16015:
15972:
15944:
Lucas, S.G.; Rinehart, L.F.; Krainer, K.; Spielmann, J.A.; Heckert, A.B. (2010).
14856:
14736:
14254:
13886:
13695:"Tetrapod Phylogeny, Amphibian Origins, and the Definition of the Name Tetrapoda"
13393:
12964:
12899:
12833:
12718:
12366:
11992:
11667:
11543:"The lissamphibian humerus and elbow joint, and the origins of modern amphibians"
11140:
11070:
10813:
10779:
10624:
10308:
10238:
10078:
9513:
8729:"Development and evolution of lateral line placodes in amphibians I. Development"
8620:
8298:
7663:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences
7632:
7294:
7200:
7168:
7095:
7086:
6569:
6299:
6129:
6087:
5989:
5593:
5554:
5427:
is the oldest species, having been present over 330 million years ago during the
5414:
5393:
5193:
4996:
4753:
3942:
3720:
3422:
3366:
2862:
2834:
2806:
2406:
2340:
2278:
2260:
2231:
2210:
2190:
2180:
2162:
2134:
2122:
2026:
1870:
1794:
1780:
1647:
1622:
1609:
1601:
1502:
1464:
1292:
992:
902:
means "breast tooth lizard" after the nipple-like shape of the tip of the tooth.
399:
374:
Experts disagree over whether temnospondyls were ancestral to modern amphibians (
308:
268:
16694:
15596:
15053:
14976:
14589:
14336:
13976:
10844:
9645:
8938:
8703:
8578:
7487:
structures in temnospondyls were not ancestral to those of all other tetrapods.
1537:(237.0–227.0 Mya), capitosauroids were joined by the superficially very similar
923:
to describe its highly folded or labyrinthine teeth. Owen thought that the name
834:
locality was described as having toepad-like features. The holotype specimen of
21049:
20978:
20956:
20949:
20935:
20843:
20836:
20829:
20782:
20695:
20639:
20597:
20576:
20385:
20325:
20318:
20052:
20026:
20021:
19979:
19969:
19844:
19815:
19739:
19707:
19684:
19663:
19642:
19606:
19583:
19562:
19535:
19494:
19420:
19413:
19291:
19211:
18531:
18481:
18260:
18003:
17943:
17235:
17104:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
16716:
15584:
15282:
15257:
15202:
15077:
14979:"Permian tetrapods from the Sahara show climate-controlled endemism in Pangaea"
14526:
14360:
14089:
14000:
13694:
12294:
10882:
Schoch, Rainer R.; Fastnacht, Michael; Fichter, Jürgen; Keller, Thomas (2007).
10497:
10156:
10006:
9959:
9790:
9668:
9629:
8840:
8608:
8251:
7337:
7243:
7182:
7091:
6499:
6459:
6144:
6054:
5831:
5818:
5746:
5677:
5541:
5537:
5479:
5439:
5358:
5337:
5169:
4956:
4912:
4812:
4694:
4256:
4232:
4077:
4006:
3748:
3576:
2896:
2562:
2376:
2328:
2244:
2223:
2202:
2092:
2061:
1971:
1906:
1852:
1836:
1824:
1740:
1708:
1618:
1569:
1538:
1490:
1279:
1194:
1171:
1144:
1115:
1102:
Later in the 19th century, temnospondyls were classified as various members of
1091:
980:
911:
894:
781:
776:
746:
734:
707:
654:
551:
441:
395:
391:
252:
17430:"Early larval ontogeny of the Permo-Carboniferous temnospondyl Sclerocephalus"
16819:
16629:
16128:
15226:
15207:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
14550:
14487:
13710:
13522:
12340:
Carter, Aja Mia; Hsieh, S. Tonia; Dodson, Peter; Sallan, Lauren (2021-06-09).
12310:
11994:
The phylogenetic and functional implications of the armor of the Dissorophidae
11298:
10674:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
10521:
10180:
10161:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
10030:
9983:
9814:
9795:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
9692:
8852:
8566:
8029:
7391:
are represented by many fossils preserving skin and external gills. An entire
6344:
of the group in a phylogenetic analysis. Another species of amphibamid called
1386:
21252:
21134:
20942:
20921:
20807:
20747:
20399:
20392:
20172:
19785:
19778:
19721:
19714:
19656:
19628:
19397:
19386:
19373:
19359:
19345:
19262:
19218:
19080:
19040:
18865:
18804:
18615:
18488:
18439:
18230:
17779:
17754:
17643:
17364:
16666:
San Mauro, D.; Gower, D.J.; Oommen, O.V.; Wilkinson, M.; Zardoya, R. (2004).
16665:
16642:
16191:
16136:
16089:
16023:
15943:
15810:
15763:
15716:
15665:
15614:
15566:
15501:
15462:
15405:
15346:
15291:
15234:
15187:
15137:
15085:
14960:
14913:
14864:
14817:
14744:
14679:
14636:
14597:
14558:
14511:
14503:
14472:
14425:
14368:
14318:
14272:
14215:
14176:
14018:
13943:
13894:
13870:
13837:
13778:
13718:
13027:
12972:
12917:
12842:
12775:
12726:
12679:
12634:
12587:
12526:
12479:
12432:
12375:
12318:
12279:
12189:
12109:
12060:
11894:
11855:
11806:
11757:
11710:
11644:
11566:
11519:
11472:
11415:
11345:
11306:
11259:
11156:
11117:
11055:
11000:
10928:
10868:
10829:
10787:
10732:
10693:
10633:
10568:
10529:
10469:
10422:
10316:
10188:
10133:
10038:
9991:
9926:
9871:
9822:
9759:
9700:
9653:
9606:
9567:
9478:
9437:
9396:
9349:
9302:
9255:
9208:
9162:
9131:
9061:
9014:
8962:
8900:
8807:
8760:
8728:
8676:
8543:
8504:
8463:
8430:
8373:
8316:
8209:
8162:
8097:
8039:
7943:
7853:
Anderson, J.S.; Reisz, R.R.; Scott, D.; Fröbisch, N.B.; Sumida, S.S. (2008).
7824:
7780:
7741:
7690:
7397:
7370:
7360:
7306:
7260:
7141:
7132:
7100:
6886:
6770:
6712:
6604:
6590:
6332:
6286:
6050:
6037:
5973:
5949:
5844:
5794:
5529:
5517:
5509:
5464:
5404:
5386:
5372:
4880:
4858:
4392:
3498:
3253:
2534:
2368:
2266:
2144:
2080:
2073:
1953:
1927:
1921:
1896:
1830:
1755:
1705:
1664:
1605:
1596:
1582:
1551:
1534:
1474:
1310:
1260:
1176:
1103:
1054:
1012:
841:
790:
740:
663:
659:
611:
566:
437:
359:
324:
316:
280:
71:
17454:
17429:
17316:
17124:
16104:
15868:
15477:
15429:"A review of the Guadalupian (middle Permian) global tetrapod fossil record"
14573:
14063:
13934:
13769:
12807:
Marsicano, Claudia A.; Wilson, Jeffrey A.; Smith, Roger M. H. (2014-08-06).
12142:
9667:
Lautenschlager, Stephan; Witzmann, Florian; Werneburg, Ingmar (2016-09-14).
9544:"The stapes ofEdops craigiand ear evolution in the lissamphibian stem group"
9147:"A Small Temnospondyl Amphibian from the Lower Pennsylvanian of Nova Scotia"
8752:
7658:
508:
Dorsal (left), ventral (center) and posterior (right) views of the skull of
21069:
20963:
20928:
20894:
20864:
20712:
20654:
20625:
20505:
20460:
20453:
20295:
20190:
20163:
20016:
20011:
19960:
19955:
19832:
19749:
19677:
19635:
19406:
19352:
19191:
19100:
19030:
18969:
18845:
18824:
18814:
18794:
18751:
18666:
18539:
18351:
18336:
18137:
18107:
18013:
17933:
17745:
17406:
17324:
17143:
17029:
17002:
16979:
16937:
16912:
16702:
16638:
16610:"Mitogenomic perspectives on the origin and phylogeny of living amphibians"
16384:
16366:
16144:
15869:
Damiani, R.; Schoch, R.R.; Hellrung, H.; Werneburg, R.; Gastou, S. (2009).
15708:
15657:
15519:
15493:
15364:
15013:
14880:"Oldest known stereospondylous amphibian from the Early Permian of Namibia"
14697:
14127:
14109:
14051:
14036:
13977:"Triassic stem caecilian supports dissorophoid origin of living amphibians"
13961:
13855:
13796:
13726:
13678:
13651:
13620:
13530:
13169:
12995:
12860:
12793:
12578:
12557:
12534:
12393:
11976:
11949:
11775:
11574:
11363:
10651:
10576:
10438:
10086:
9944:
9879:
9767:
9718:
9614:
9587:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series III - Sciences de la Vie
8815:
8768:
8025:
7996:"MORPHOLOGISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN DER DECKKNOCHEN DESSCHÄDELS DER WIRBELTIERE"
7961:
7935:
7889:
7682:
7496:
7483:
7347:
6953:
6935:
6680:
6641:
6537:
6428:
6404:
6346:
6341:
6327:
6295:
5925:
5887:
5707:
5662:
5550:
5505:
5460:
5423:
5379:
5154:
5099:
4981:
4738:
4716:
4414:
4370:
4345:
3646:
3625:
3478:
3450:
3179:
3157:
2974:
2953:
2718:
2671:
2449:
2420:
2372:
2352:
2343:, is thin; and part of the vertebra called the interdorsal attaches to the
2324:
2316:
2272:
2250:
2216:
2196:
2104:
2046:
2032:
1990:
1959:
1941:
1915:
1902:
1876:
1744:
1735:
1586:
1486:
1469:
1454:
1441:
1369:
1305:
1182:
1139:
1124:
1072:
1066:
1042:
1036:
1024:
1004:
916:
698:
692:
650:
645:
632:
603:
591:
579:
574:
510:
458:
387:
109:
16880:(Temnospondyli) and its implications for the evolutionary origin of frogs"
14752:
14671:
13910:"A Triassic stem-salamander from Kyrgyzstan and the origin of salamanders"
13355:; Rich, Thomas H. V.; Fenton, Mildred Adams; Fenton, Carroll Lane (1989).
13220:
and their bearing on the relationships of the Baphetidae (= Loxommatidae)"
13100:
13019:
12028:
11239:
9844:
Levine, Robert P.; Monroy, Jenna A.; Brainerd, Elizabeth L. (2004-03-15).
8890:
7267:
if it cared for its young in this way. An alternative possibility is that
3513:
945:
to the genus. Although the two genera have similarly sized conical teeth,
585:
21160:
21143:
20901:
20880:
20815:
20775:
20768:
20632:
20583:
20519:
20498:
20471:
20428:
20406:
20340:
20332:
19649:
19473:
19329:
19315:
19269:
19060:
19020:
18516:
18474:
18467:
18460:
18329:
18253:
18239:
18193:
18186:
18151:
18116:
17963:
17903:
17763:
16667:
15680:
15629:
15396:
15379:
12232:
12052:
11213:
11170:
Olson, Everett C.; Lammers, G. E. (1976). "A new brachyopoid amphibian".
9918:
9053:
7417:
7413:
7316:
7208:
7159:
6350:
is now thought to be even more closely related to lissamphibians. Unlike
6303:
5901:
5867:
5770:
5640:
5533:
5525:
5498:
5445:
5365:
5316:
4299:
4208:
4054:
4030:
3887:
trees of previous studies. The following cladogram is modified from Ruta
3305:
2506:
2387:
2344:
2007:
1933:
1812:
1724:
1719:
1643:
1626:
1394:
1210:
1159:
941:
756:
555:
320:
46:
17261:
Schoch, R.R. (2002). "The evolution of metamorphosis in temnospondyls".
16951:
16489:
Englehorn, J.; Small, B.J; Huttenlocker, A. (2008). "A redescription of
16255:
15605:
15314:
15005:
14610:
14416:
14391:
14009:
13575:, and a reconsideration of amniote origins and stegocephalian evolution"
13088:Über die fossile reptilien, welche in Würtemberg aufgefunden worden sind
12501:
Fröbisch, Nadia B.; Carroll, Robert L.; Schoch, Rainer R. (2007-01-12).
11542:
11275:"The postcranial skeleton of Mesozoic temnospondyl amphibians: a review"
10845:"An intriguing temnospondyl skeleton from the Lower Triassic of Germany"
10545:"Congenital Malformations of the Vertebral Column in Ancient Amphibians"
10498:"The postcranial skeleton of Mesozoic temnospondyl amphibians: a review"
8784:"Evolution of posterior lateral line development in fish and amphibians"
7901:
7881:
6294:
Modern amphibians (frogs, salamanders and caecilians) are classified in
3893:
1493:(251.0–245.0 Mya) one group of successful long-snouted fish-eaters, the
1367:) around 330 million years ago (Mya) where the earliest appearances are
499:
21079:
21074:
21059:
20887:
20822:
20413:
19771:
19620:
19613:
19553:
19505:
19130:
19050:
18936:
18906:
18875:
18855:
18835:
18635:
18524:
18509:
18453:
18200:
18023:
17953:
17873:
17539:
16550:
16183:
15338:
15104:"No gap in the Middle Permian record of terrestrial vertebrates: REPLY"
14904:
14793:
14263:
14167:
13828:
12908:
12766:
11814:
11790:
11733:
11558:
11125:
11101:
11008:
10984:
10944:"Skull of the Lower Permian dissorophid amphibian Platyhystrix rugosus"
10544:
10477:
10453:
10430:
10398:
10141:
10109:
9543:
9170:
9146:
9005:
8551:
8519:
8364:
8339:
8307:
7756:
7113:
dissorophoids while apodans (caecilians) are surviving stereospondyls.
6910:
6835:
6311:
6104:
5620:
5558:
5521:
5483:
5475:
5451:
5344:
5330:
3386:
3274:
3217:
2770:
2754:
2589:
2478:
2001:
1978:
1864:
1806:
1700:
1562:
1542:
1459:
1382:
1316:
1264:
1234:
1150:
1048:
809:
780:, has armour-like plating that covers both its back and underside. The
760:
607:
379:
340:
193:
91:
56:
16528:
Warren, A.; Marsicano, C. (2000). "A phylogeny of the Brachyopoidea".
15256:
Werneburg, Ralf; Witzmann, Florian; Schneider, Joerg W. (2019-02-28).
15128:
15103:
14809:
14711:
Barrett, Peter J.; Baillie, Ralph J.; Colbert, Edwin H. (1968-08-02).
14651:
14650:
Herbst, Eva C; Manafzadeh, Armita R; Hutchinson, John R (2022-06-10).
14310:
13743:
Pardo, Jason D.; Small, Bryan J.; Huttenlocker, Adam K. (2017-07-03).
11749:
11337:
11022:
Bowler, Neven; Sumida, Stuart S.; Huttenlocker, Adam K. (2022-08-31).
10560:
9862:
9845:
9559:
9502:"Amphibia: A Case of Diversity and Convergence in the Auditory Region"
9363:
Holmes, Robert B.; Carroll, Robert L.; Reisz, Robert R. (1998-04-10).
8571:
Electroreceptors and Other Specialized Receptors in Lower Vertrebrates
8338:
Schoch, Rainer R.; Milner, Andrew R.; Witzmann, Florian (2014-02-26).
7772:
7195:, also has a hyobranchial skeleton that muscles may have attached to.
1473:
of Brazil. The stereospondyl record is almost exclusively confined to
965:, making it the first-known complete skull of a temnospondyl. Because
490:
20761:
20733:
20724:
20684:
20561:
20526:
20512:
20484:
20352:
20310:
20001:
19764:
19756:
19670:
19446:
19338:
19300:
19184:
19164:
19140:
19120:
18926:
18895:
18885:
18757:
18672:
18655:
18605:
18502:
18343:
18083:
17913:
16159:
15378:
Werneburg, Ralf; Štamberg, Stanislav; Steyer, Jean-Sébastien (2020).
14927:
Fordyce, R. Ewan; Campbell, Hamish J.; Warren, Anne A. (March 2003).
14778:
14525:
Witzmann, Florian; Scholz, Henning; Ruta, Marcello (September 2009).
12562:
Efremov, 1939 (Temnospondyli, Dissorophoidea) from Siberia restudied"
11731:
10960:
10884:"Anatomy and relationships of the Triassic temnospondyl Sclerothorax"
10598:
Danto, Marylène; Witzmann, Florian; Fröbisch, Nadia B. (2016-04-13).
9902:
9750:
9733:
8916:"A Lower Permian temnospondylous amphibian from the English Midlands"
8453:
7731:
7537:
7479:
7450:
7437:
7351:
7105:
6794:
6619:
6521:
5720:
5581:
5400:
5309:
4314:
3725:
3549:
3136:
2839:
2723:
2392:
2336:
2086:
1984:
1774:
1689:
1639:
1557:
1378:
1199:
1119:
1020:
785:
771:
676:
623:
619:
615:
520:
481:
423:
383:
355:
344:
160:
96:
40:
21105:
16335:
14287:
13869:
Santos, Rodolfo Otávio; Laurin, Michel; Zaher, Hussam (2020-11-03).
13601:
13398:
Systematic summary of extinct animals and their geological relations
12408:
12132:
11791:"Aspects of the Biology of Trimerorhachis (Amphibia: Temnospondyli)"
11701:
10414:
10125:
9628:
Arbez, Thomas; Dahoumane, Anissa; Steyer, J-Sébastien (2017-01-20).
8535:
5428:
3390:
2774:
1730:
1364:
1097:
21128:
21064:
20677:
20569:
20154:
19800:
19598:
19521:
19514:
19486:
19308:
19001:
18916:
18775:
18172:
18130:
18073:
17736:
16488:
13908:
Schoch, Rainer R.; Werneburg, Ralf; Voigt, Sebastian (2020-05-26).
13484:
13459:
13337:
13312:
13068:
12748:
Meade, Luke E.; Jones, Andrew S.; Butler, Richard J. (2016-11-24).
12424:
12342:"Early amphibians evolved distinct vertebrae for habitat invasions"
12156:
Berman, David S.; Reisz, Robert R.; Eberth, David A. (1987-09-16).
11910:"The evolution of the scalation pattern in temnospondyl amphibians"
11319:
10919:
10906:
8421:
8396:
8226:
Jenkins, F.A. Jr.; Shubin, N.H.; Gatesy, S.M.; Warren, A. (2008). "
7471:
7463:
7422:
7392:
6656:
6280:
5471:
5323:
3772:
3370:
3258:
2920:
2810:
2622:
2539:
1965:
1786:
1764:
1750:
1679:
1613:
1522:
1517:
1267:
1111:
1078:
1060:
847:
789:
also has extensive plating on its back. Most members of the family
528:
428:
296:
288:
272:
203:
180:
86:
81:
66:
61:
51:
16607:
16309:
14877:
14572:
Pérez-Ben, Celeste M; Báez, Ana M; Schoch, Rainer R (2019-08-12).
14143:"A phylogeny of the Brachyopoidea (Temnospondyli, Stereospondyli)"
11619:
Sullivan, Corwin; Reisz, Robert R.; May, William J. (2000-09-25).
10343:
Schoch, Rainer R.; Milner, Andrew R. (2000). P. Wellnhofer (ed.).
8981:"A phylogeny of the Brachyopoidea (Temnospondyli, Stereospondyli)"
7288:
5504:
Within Stereospondyli, Yates and Warren erected two major clades:
3455:
3309:
3184:
3162:
2958:
2566:
2510:
2454:
2425:
2327:, is connected to another bone on the underside of the skull, the
1436:
1142:
in their teeth. Branchiosauria included only a few forms, such as
859:
20590:
20534:
19868:
19576:
19528:
19090:
19070:
18495:
17983:
17652:
15685:
Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa"
15634:
Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa"
15052:
Fortuny, Josep; Steyer, J.-Sébastien; Hoşgör, Izzet (June 2015).
14335:
Eltink, Estevan; Schoch, Rainer R.; Langer, Max C. (2019-04-16).
12100:
12083:
9326:"Evolution of the amphibian tympanic ear and the origin of frogs"
8607:
Russell, I. J. (1976), Llinás, Rodolfo; Precht, Wolfgang (eds.),
8074:"Can metamorphosis be recognised in Palaeozoic amphibians ?"
7387:
7355:
7311:
7247:, may have brooded young in an area between the gills called the
6730:
4437:
3768:
3222:
2916:
2483:
1695:
1590:
1530:
1446:
996:
936:
864:
533:
398:). The majority of studies place a group of temnospondyls called
351:
304:
295:
being found on every continent. A few species continued into the
284:
101:
76:
21173:
20099:
16608:
Zhang, P.; Zhou, H.; Chen, Y.-Q.; Liu, L.-F.; Qu, L.-H. (2005).
15729:
15312:
11950:"A new armoured amphibian from the Upper Permian of East Africa"
11172:
Athlon. Essays on Palaeontology in Honour of Loris Shano Russell
11145:
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College
10942:
Berman, David S; Reisz, Robert R.; Fracasso, Michael A. (1981).
10213:
Sigurdsen, T.; Bolt, J.R. (2010). "The Lower Permian amphibamid
3651:
3517:
2676:
1714:
20873:
20754:
20148:
18946:
18144:
17730:
16756:
Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles
13257:, a prolacertiform reptile from the Middle Triassic of England"
9666:
7541:
7343:
7332:
thickening of postcranial bones, and an increase in body size.
6476:
6368:
3752:
3580:
3426:
2978:
2900:
2866:
2332:
1635:
1621:
of Australia. The most recent known temnospondyl was the giant
1350:
1345:
1188:
1158:
were later found with long ribs, prompting its reassignment to
1135:
1008:
796:
640:
445:
418:
292:
170:
33:
17468:
16449:
16103:
Maisch, Michael W.; Matzke, Andreas T.; Sun, Ge (2004-12-01).
14285:
13501:
11600:, the Dissorophoidea and the Permian terrestrial radiations".
2627:
1512:
1086:
is now placed as an early tetrapod outside Temnospondyli, and
432:. By this definition, if lissamphibians are temnospondyls and
20365:
13130:(Jaeger) (Temnospondyli) from the Middle Triassic of Germany"
13101:
Jardine, W.; Selby, P.J.; Johnston, D.D.; Taylor, R. (1842).
12873:
10542:
9276:
8136:
7302:
6337:
5456:
5409:
3926:
3629:
2320:
1684:
1163:
969:
was named first, it has precedence over the other names as a
801:
367:
312:
15905:
15582:
13351:
13294:
Outlines of vertebrate palaeontology for students of zoology
12993:
10881:
10849:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
8943:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
8479:"A theory of the relations of lateral lines to dermal bones"
8078:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
7381:, is also known from larval specimens. Branchiosaurids like
1485:
As temnospondyls continued to flourish and diversify in the
987:
for teeth that were highly folded in cross section. Owen's "
719:, more than 30 caudal positions were possible in some taxa.
16587:
10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0484:ANTRTS]2.0.CO;2
16542:
10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0462:APOTBT]2.0.CO;2
14896:
10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0034:oksaft]2.0.co;2
14159:
10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0462:APOTBT]2.0.CO;2
14049:
12693:
Stimson, Matt; Lucas, Spencer G.; Melanson, Gloria (2012).
12295:"The origin and early radiation of terrestrial vertebrates"
12082:
Gee, Bryan M.; Bevitt, Joseph J.; Reisz, Robert R. (2019).
11637:
10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0456:ldseft]2.0.co;2
8997:
10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0462:apotbt]2.0.co;2
8694:. In Coombs, Sheryl; Görner, Peter; Münz, Heinrich (eds.).
8655:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
7817:
10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0502:TAMFTL]2.0.CO;2
7328:
5512:. Capitosaurs include large semiaquatic temnospondyls like
1546:
1329:
heavily involved in the debate over lissamphibian origins.
582:, this opening is greatly enlarged for an unknown purpose.
375:
336:
332:
328:
225:
16805:
15985:
15255:
14649:
12472:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[1047:tdcpos]2.0.co;2
12131:
Berman, David S.; Reisz, Robert; Eberth, David A. (1985).
8847:, Cornell University Press, pp. 223–314, 2018-12-31,
7852:
1363:
Temnospondyls first appeared in the Middle Mississippean (
595:, showing the skull roof bones common in all temnospondyls
16507:
10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[291:AROAVT]2.0.CO;2
15920:
10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[656:ANTTFA]2.0.CO;2
11672:. Vol. 3. London: British Museum of Natural History.
11512:
10.1666/0022-3360(2006)80[561:tasoem]2.0.co;2
10754:
Warren, Anne; Rozefelds, Andrew C.; Bull, Stuart (2011).
10706:
8567:"Lateral-Line Mechano-Receptors in Fishes and Amphibians"
8225:
7977:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
7917:
7255:
individuals have been found in these pouches. The living
5399:
The most basal group of temnospondyls is the superfamily
2364:
14831:
Nakajima, Yasuhisa; Schoch, Rainer R. (September 2011).
11669:
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology
11021:
10725:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[26:tetawd]2.0.co;2
9295:
10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[18:TVFOTU]2.0.CO;2
9184:
Milner, Andrew R.; Seqeuira, Sandra E. K. (1998-01-01).
8892:
Permian amphibians from New Mexico, by Wann Langston ...
5494:
and the most derived temnospondyls, the stereospondyls.
5467:
of species that are not yet known in the fossil record.
1174:, small holes in their skulls behind their eye sockets.
770:
Several groups of temnospondyls have large bony plates (
18750:
16753:
Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (25 March 2013).
16355:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
15482:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
15377:
14229:
Dias-da-Silva, Sérgio; Marsicano, Claudia (June 2011).
14098:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
12339:
11244:. Munchen: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 1–220.
9960:"The mandibles of the Triassic temnospondyl amphibians"
9409:
9221:
7924:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6298:. Lissamphibians appear to have arisen in the Permian.
683:, but in temnospondyls, this region was divided into a
523:, which has led many taxa to be named with the suffix -
14228:
13974:
13742:
13400:. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black. pp. 168–183.
13203:. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black. pp. 206–218.
13103:"Proceedings of Learned Societies: Geological Society"
12137:. New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources.
11241:
Handbook of Paleoherpetology Part 3A2. Temnospondyli I
10345:
Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie Part 3B. Stereospondyli
8272:
7163:
is well known, and is one of the most highly adapted.
1565:, which was covered in temperate forests at the time.
16:
Ancestors of modern amphibians adapted to life on land
17564:
Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs
17513:
17217:
Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs
17081:
Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs
16158:
Maisch, Michael W.; Matzke, Andreas T. (2005-06-01).
14926:
14768:
14710:
14486:
Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Ruta, Marcello (2012-10-18).
14087:
12500:
10597:
10007:"Folded teeth in temnospondyls — a preliminary study"
9900:
7108:, a living group of legless burrowing amphibians. If
2399:(2003) placing Temnospondyli within crown Tetrapoda:
1003:. Other specimens were found in the red sandstone of
872:
Temnospondyli was named by the German paleontologist
19732:
19695:
19550:
19470:
19442:
19370:
19326:
19288:
19161:
19146:
19136:
19126:
19116:
19106:
19096:
19086:
19076:
19066:
19056:
19046:
19036:
19026:
19016:
18957:
18942:
18932:
18922:
18912:
18902:
18891:
18881:
18871:
18861:
18851:
18841:
18831:
18820:
18810:
18800:
18790:
18651:
18641:
18631:
18621:
18611:
18601:
18590:
18420:
18404:
18280:
18227:
18104:
18089:
18079:
18069:
18059:
18049:
18039:
18029:
18019:
18009:
17999:
17989:
17979:
17969:
17959:
17949:
17939:
17929:
17919:
17909:
17899:
17889:
17879:
17869:
17658:
17560:
17384:
17214:
15149:
15147:
15097:
15095:
14531:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
13907:
12806:
12692:
12409:"The Alimentary Canal of a Carboniferous Salamander"
11279:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
10502:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
10011:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
9964:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
9843:
9627:
8337:
6275:
1739:, a temospondyl of uncertain affinities; possibly a
17704:
16527:
16253:
15051:
14571:
13126:"Revision of the type material and nomenclature of
12655:
12253:
10941:
10753:
10347:. Munich: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. p. 203.
10212:
9901:Witzmann, F; Brainerd, E L; Konow, N (2019-01-01).
9732:Witzmann, Florian; Werneburg, Ingmar (2017-03-03).
9410:Robinson, J.; Ahlberg, P. E.; Koentges, G. (2005).
9106:Schoch, Rainer R.; Witzmann, Florian (2011-10-13).
7799:Schoch, Rainer R.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2005-09-30).
7657:Warren, Anne A.; Hutchinson, Mark N. (1983-09-13).
16056:Rakshit, Nibedita; Ray, Sanghamitra (2021-10-03).
14792:Steyer, J. Sébastien; Damiani, Ross (2005-05-01).
14524:
14439:STAYTON, C. TRISTAN; RUTA, MARCELLO (March 2006).
14334:
13410:
13360:
13250:
11997:. Vol. 16. : Field Museum of Natural History.
10369:
10260:Milner, Andrew R.; Sequeira, Sandra E. K. (2011).
9362:
8615:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 513–550,
8273:Dias-da-Silva, Sérgio; Marsicano, Claudia (2011).
7755:Steyer, J. Sébastien; Damiani, Ross (2005-05-01).
2375:. These shared derived characteristics are called
1270:, with no particular affinities to temnospondyls.
1015:) were younger than more advanced reptiles in the
905:The naming of these first specimens was disputed.
750:showing a large pectoral girdle and ventral plates
394:) or from two different groups (dissorophoids and
17514:Werneburg, R.; Steyer, J.S. (2002). "Revision of
17471:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
17008:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
16746:
16348:
15953:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
15427:Olroyd, Savannah L.; Sidor, Christian A. (2017).
15144:
15092:
14972:
14970:
13868:
13657:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
13213:
13123:
12945:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
12880:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
12155:
12130:
11955:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
10905:Lewis, G.E.; Vaughn, P.P.; Baird, Donald (1965).
10376:(2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
9731:
9580:
7572:
1098:Labyrinthodonts as amphibians (late 19th century)
888:and "labyrinthodonts" (early to mid-19th century)
527:. The largest taxa, which were predominantly the
21250:
16910:
16789:Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Paris
13810:Marjanović, David; Laurin, Michel (2019-01-04).
13809:
13055:(1888). "Handbuch der Palæontologie of Zittel".
12747:
12254:Witzmann, Florian; Soler-Gijón, Rodrigo (2010).
11618:
11188:Pawley, K. (2007). "The postcranial skeleton of
11174:. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum. pp. 45–57.
10904:
7656:
1463:of Eastern Europe. Other temnospondyls, such as
1233:were the groups Rhachitomi, Labyrinthodonti and
17622:. Regents of the University of California. 2006
17192:Olson, E.C. (1979). "Aspects of the biology of
17156:
16911:Witzmann, Florian; Brainerd, Elizabeth (2017).
16659:
16443:
16102:
14141:Warren, Anne; Marsicano, Claudia (2000-09-25).
14140:
13914:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
13749:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
13502:Ruta, M.; Coates, M.I.; Quicke, D.L.J. (2003).
13345:
9035:
8979:Warren, Anne; Marsicano, Claudia (2000-09-25).
8978:
8483:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
8451:
1401:
1106:, a name coined by the American paleontologist
20205:
17854:
17342:
17097:
16349:Ruta, M.; Jeffery, J.E.; Coates, M.I. (2003).
15200:
14967:
14830:
14485:
12081:
11436:
10670:"Karoo tupilakosaurid: A relict from Gondwana"
10399:"The Homologies of the Labyrinthodont Centrum"
10259:
9500:Schoch, Rainer R.; Anderson, Jason S. (2016),
9499:
9183:
9105:
9082:
7121:
979:and other similar animals were referred to as
20115:
17690:
17462:
15823:
14833:"The first temnospondyl amphibian from Japan"
14791:
13629:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
13363:The Fossil Book: A Record of Prehistoric Life
11540:
11437:Witzmann, Florian; Schoch, Rainer R. (2006).
11238:Schoch, Rainer R.; Milner, Andrew R. (2014).
11072:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
9581:Laurin, Michel; Soler-Gijón, Rodrigo (2001).
9083:Shishkin, Mikhail A.; Welman, Johann (1994).
8524:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
7974:
7798:
7754:
7703:
7172:feeding in temnospondyls. He envisioned that
7104:, has been noted to share many features with
2359:at the back of the skull, small projections (
1650:that normally would have competed with them.
1034:, some of the earliest-named genera included
915:in 1837. In 1841, the English paleontologist
800:, have been found with small, disc-like bony
767:, the absorption of oxygen through the skin.
20279:
17778:
17236:"Ancient Amphibians Left Full-Body Imprints"
16752:
16402:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 321–349.
16256:"Phylogeny and Apomorphies of Temnospondyls"
16157:
15475:
11493:
11379:
11273:Warren, Anne; Snell, Nicola (January 1991).
11237:
11169:
10342:
9788:
8781:
7508:has a structure in the inner ear called the
7263:and would be the closest modern analogue to
2347:. Additional features were given by Godfrey
1346:Carboniferous and Early Permian (Cisuralian)
440:, the name Temnospondyli is synonymous with
21274:Taxa named by Karl Alfred Ritter von Zittel
17646:Tree of Life project page on temnospondyls.
17583:
16843:
16709:
15939:
15937:
15864:
15862:
15426:
14933:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
14798:Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France
14438:
14288:"The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl
13568:
12938:
11827:
11689:Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology
11272:
10495:
10154:
10110:"The Paleozoic Relatives of Lissamphibians"
10004:
9323:
8698:. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 99–114.
7761:Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France
1431:
20122:
20108:
17697:
17683:
17290:"The phylogeny of amphibian metamorphosis"
17037:
16055:
15678:
15627:
15315:"New Permian fauna from tropical Gondwana"
15201:Milner, A. R.; Sequeira, S. E. K. (1993).
13107:The Annals and Magazine of Natural History
13090:. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler. pp. 34–38.
11085:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9957:
9789:Witzmann, Florian; Ruta, Marcello (2018).
8895:Berkeley: University of California Press.
8476:
8221:
8219:
2351:(1987), including the contact between the
1663:Stereospondyli. With the recent growth of
1576:
1449:, the largest batrachomorph ever described
411:
354:. They were described at various times as
119:
17586:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
17490:
17453:
17133:
17123:
17028:
16969:
16936:
16895:
16884:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
16873:
16846:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
16628:
16549:
16374:
16305:
16303:
16282:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
15890:
15879:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
15604:
15589:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
15509:
15452:
15395:
15354:
15281:
15127:
14903:
14687:
14578:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
14415:
14299:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
14262:
14196:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
14166:
14117:
14083:
14081:
14079:
14026:
14008:
13951:
13933:
13875:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
13845:
13827:
13786:
13768:
13677:
13615:
13613:
13611:
13497:
13495:
13483:
13336:
13235:
13224:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
13153:
13047:
13045:
12939:Mujal, Eudald; Schoch, Rainer R. (2020).
12907:
12850:
12832:
12783:
12765:
12669:
12601:Mann, Arjan; Gee, Bryan M. (2019-11-02).
12577:
12555:
12453:
12383:
12365:
12099:
11975:
11943:
11941:
11939:
11937:
11925:
11914:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
11845:
11828:Dias, Eliseu V.; Richter, Martha (2002).
11765:
11700:
11462:
11405:
11353:
11099:
10959:
10918:
10842:
10641:
10623:
9934:
9861:
9749:
9708:
9634:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
9468:
9457:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
9450:
9427:
9416:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
9330:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
9189:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
9036:Werneburg, Ralf; Berman, David S (2012).
9004:
8845:Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods
8726:
8666:
8494:
8420:
8363:
8306:
8143:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
7951:
7848:
7846:
7844:
7842:
7590:
7579:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1323:
939:" reptile, yet he also referred Jaeger's
17579:
17577:
17380:
17378:
17376:
17374:
17233:
17043:
16945:
16869:
16867:
16839:
16837:
16601:
16419:from the Upper Carboniferous of Ireland"
16279:
15934:
15859:
14764:
14762:
13564:
13562:
13504:"Early tetrapod relationships revisited"
13296:. Cambridge: University Press. pp.
13287:
11907:
11868:
11834:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
11541:Sigurdsen, Trond; Bolt, John R. (2009).
10052:
10050:
10048:
9324:Bolt, John R.; Lombard, R. Eric (1985).
8888:
8689:
8564:
8110:
8052:
7287:
7125:
6279:
1749:
1729:
1713:
1694:
1678:
1511:
1435:
1349:
892:The earliest described temnospondyl was
858:
739:
584:
451:
16994:
15679:Rubidge, B.S.; Day, M.O. (2020-06-01).
15628:Day, M.O.; Rubidge, B.S. (2020-06-01).
15578:
15576:
15532:
15047:
15045:
14330:
14328:
14189:
13738:
13736:
13643:
13094:
12600:
12292:
11947:
11183:
11181:
11100:Hook, Robert W.; Baird, Donald (1984).
11068:
10811:
10396:
10367:
10338:
10336:
10334:
10208:
10206:
8606:
8216:
7993:
7606:
7604:
7602:
5528:that survived into the Cretaceous, and
5459:, are also primitive yet come from the
2323:: a bone at the back of the skull, the
1340:
1114:. Stegocephalia means "roof-headed" in
21251:
17554:
17427:
17421:
17338:
17336:
17334:
17281:
17260:
17254:
17208:
17185:
17150:
17078:
17072:
17000:
16786:
16715:
16566:
16482:
16412:
16406:
16397:
16391:
16342:
16300:
16273:
16247:
16204:
16198:
15899:
15101:
14389:
14076:
13692:
13649:
13608:
13492:
13451:
13310:
13304:
13281:
13081:
13075:
13042:
12406:
12202:
12196:
12026:
12001:
11990:
11934:
11682:
11665:
11187:
10982:
10667:
10451:
10282:
10107:
9541:
9144:
8936:
8782:Pichon, Fabien; Ghysen, Alain (2004).
8648:
8394:
8071:
7839:
7729:
7704:Cox, C. Barry; Hutchinson, P. (1991).
7610:
7568:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7558:
319:and maturity. Most temnospondyls were
279:—that flourished worldwide during the
21110:
21109:
20141:
20103:
19943:
18749:
17841:
17723:
17678:
17604:
17574:
17507:
17371:
17287:
17191:
17098:Markey, M.J.; Marshall, C.R. (2007).
17091:
16864:
16834:
16799:
16780:
16675:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
16572:
16521:
15817:
15153:
14759:
13619:
13559:
13404:
13385:
13244:
13207:
13188:
13162:
13117:
11901:
11788:
11595:
11589:
11375:
11373:
11233:
11231:
11138:
10807:
10805:
10663:
10661:
10491:
10489:
10487:
10361:
10045:
8974:
8972:
8913:
8835:
8833:
8517:
8175:
8024:
7652:
7650:
7504:had otic regions adapted to hearing.
7314:. Dvinosaurians and the plagiosaurid
6284:Life restoration of the dissorophoid
5403:. Edopoids have several primitive or
1646:that were too cold in the winter for
21197:6f4ef11b-4982-4f4b-b6a7-75cf2adfbecd
17227:
15573:
15156:"Permian tetrapod extinction events"
15042:
14713:"Triassic Amphibian from Antarctica"
14325:
14088:Ruta, M.; Pisani, D.; Lloyd, G. T.;
13733:
13457:
13411:Carroll, R. L.; Gaskill, P. (1978).
13391:
13194:
13168:
13051:
12007:
11685:"Carpus and tarsus of Temnospondyli"
11178:
10496:Warren, Anne; Snell, Nicola (1991).
10331:
10203:
10155:Clack, J. A.; Milner, A. R. (2009).
10056:
7794:
7792:
7790:
7725:
7723:
7599:
6290:, a close relative of lissamphibians
1642:. It is thought to have survived in
774:) on their backs. One temnospondyl,
17842:
17331:
17242:. The Geological Society of America
17054:The Hairy Museum of Natural History
17044:Celeskey, Matt (28 December 2008).
15776:
15736:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
14660:Integrative and Comparative Biology
14235:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
13251:Benton, M.J.; Walker, A.D. (1996).
13174:"Report on British fossil reptiles"
10454:"Triassic Australian Plagiosauroid"
8279:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
7613:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
7555:
7251:. Small bones belonging to younger
2391:within crown Tetrapoda. Below is a
1011:(a unit of rocks that dates to the
953:as an amphibian. Jaeger also named
854:
239:
13:
19944:
17612:"Localities of the Carboniferous:
17598:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1979.tb00027.x
17399:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01225.x
17275:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2002.tb00091.x
17159:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
16858:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1985.tb00162.x
16575:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
16530:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
16495:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
16456:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
16316:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
16294:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb01160.x
16254:Laurin, M.; Steyer, J.-S. (2000).
15996:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
15908:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
15824:Fox, C.B.; Hutchinson, P. (1991).
15783:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14884:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14837:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14390:Schoch, Rainer R. (January 2019).
14208:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb00635.x
14190:DAMIANI, ROSS J. (December 2001).
14147:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
13582:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
13237:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02530.x
13214:Milner, A.C.; Lindsay, W. (1998).
12662:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
12607:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
12558:"The Permotriassic branchiosaurid
12460:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
12213:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
12162:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
12033:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
11625:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
11494:Pawley, Kat; Warren, Anne (2006).
11370:
11228:
11028:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
10802:
10760:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
10713:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
10658:
10484:
10289:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
10219:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
9369:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
9342:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1985.tb00162.x
9283:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
9228:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
9201:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02532.x
8985:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
8969:
8830:
8668:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1988.tb00304.x
8609:"Amphibian Lateral Line Receptors"
8496:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1949.tb00868.x
8232:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
8182:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
8012:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1935.tb00664.x
7805:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
7647:
7592:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb00650.x
7573:Yates, A.M.; Warren, A.A. (2000).
7526:
7176:, a much larger temnospondyl than
136:National Museum of Natural History
14:
21290:
20129:
17637:
16036:
15476:Brocklehurst, Neil (2020-06-10).
14492:Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences
13417:. Vol. 126. pp. 1–211.
13084:"Reptilien aus dem Alaunschiefer"
12211:(Temnospondyli, Dissorophidae)".
11075:. Vol. 131. Cambridge, Mass.
10843:Fastnacht, Michael (2004-07-09).
10549:Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia
9095:: 39–49 – via ResearchGate.
8520:"The Aquatic Origin of Tetrapods"
7787:
7736:. Staatl. Museum für Naturkunde.
7720:
6276:Relationship to modern amphibians
1657:
1237:. Members of Rhachitomi, such as
21090:
21089:
21030:
21022:
21015:
21008:
20084:
20083:
19926:
19919:
19912:
19905:
19898:
19891:
18732:
18726:
18721:
18714:
17661:
17357:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00456.x
17234:Stratton, C. (29 October 2007).
16971:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02338.x
16904:
16897:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00459.x
16351:"A supertree of early tetrapods"
16151:
16096:
16049:
16030:
15979:
15892:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00444.x
15850:
15770:
15723:
15689:South African Journal of Geology
15672:
15638:South African Journal of Geology
15621:
15526:
15469:
15420:
15371:
15306:
15249:
15194:
14920:
14871:
14824:
14785:
14704:
14643:
14629:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02338.x
14604:
14565:
14518:
14479:
14465:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00523.x
14432:
14383:
14279:
14222:
14183:
14134:
14043:
13968:
13901:
13862:
13803:
13686:
13625:"Review of the Labyrinthodontia"
13569:Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1999).
13357:"Amphibians: Ancient and Modern"
13155:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00705.x
13124:Moser, M.; Schoch, R.R. (2007).
12987:
12932:
12867:
12800:
12741:
12686:
12649:
12594:
12549:
12519:10.1111/j.1525-142x.2006.00138.x
12494:
12447:
12400:
12333:
12286:
12272:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00385.x
12247:
12149:
12124:
12075:
12020:
11984:
11927:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00309.x
11887:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00460.x
11869:Witzmann, Florian (2010-06-29).
11862:
11464:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00593.x
11407:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00446.x
10005:Warren, A.A.; Davey, L. (1992).
9542:Schoch, Rainer R. (2017-12-27).
9470:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00459.x
9429:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00156.x
9124:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2011.00290.x
8937:Schoch, Rainer R. (1997-11-14).
8800:10.1111/j.1525-142x.2004.04024.x
8452:Säve-Söderbergh, Gunnar (1937).
8155:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00599.x
8111:Witzmann, Florian (2009-12-30).
8072:Schoch, Rainer R. (2001-06-11).
7377:One group of temnospondyls, the
7241:One temnospondyl, the dvinosaur
3771:
3751:
3724:
3650:
3628:
3579:
3552:
3516:
3454:
3425:
3389:
3369:
3335:
3308:
3257:
3221:
3183:
3161:
2977:
2957:
2919:
2899:
2865:
2838:
2809:
2773:
2722:
2675:
2653:
2626:
2565:
2538:
2509:
2482:
2453:
2424:
498:
489:
480:
147:
44:
21269:Mississippian first appearances
16958:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
15871:"The plagiosaurid temnospondyl
15533:Damiani, Ross J. (2004-01-01).
15454:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.001
15180:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.04.008
14617:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
13367:. Courier Corporation. p.
12027:Dilkes, David W. (2009-12-12).
11847:10.1590/s0001-37652002000300010
11821:
11782:
11725:
11676:
11659:
11612:
11534:
11487:
11430:
11380:Pawley, K.; Warren, A. (2005).
11313:
11266:
11163:
11132:
11093:
11062:
11015:
10976:
10935:
10898:
10875:
10836:
10747:
10700:
10591:
10536:
10445:
10390:
10276:
10266:Special Papers in Palaeontology
10253:
10148:
10101:
9998:
9958:Jupp, R.; Warren, A.A. (1986).
9951:
9894:
9850:Journal of Experimental Biology
9837:
9782:
9725:
9660:
9621:
9574:
9535:
9506:Evolution of the Vertebrate Ear
9493:
9444:
9403:
9356:
9317:
9270:
9215:
9177:
9138:
9099:
9076:
9029:
8930:
8907:
8882:
8775:
8720:
8696:The Mechanosensory Lateral Line
8683:
8642:
8600:
8558:
8511:
8470:
8445:
8388:
8331:
8266:
8169:
8130:
8104:
8065:
8046:
8018:
7987:
7968:
7224:
7116:
2371:with each side having a single
1759:, a capitosaurian stereospondyl
961:that had the same teeth as his
17179:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011035
16759:. Academic Press. p. 84.
16476:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011034
12454:Werneburg, Ralf (2007-12-12).
12182:10.1080/02724634.1987.10011659
11991:De Mar, Robert Eugene (1966).
9907:Integrative Organismal Biology
9389:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011034
9248:10.1080/02724634.2006.10010015
8202:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011143
8031:Review of the labyrinthodontia
7911:
7748:
7697:
7527:
7203:by rapidly opening its mouth.
5455:, both described in 2005 from
1217:, once placed in Ganocephala.
824:
670:
471:
406:
1:
20048:Polydactyly in stem-tetrapods
16400:Major Evolutionary Radiations
16234:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.06.003
16082:10.1080/08912963.2020.1777550
15803:10.1080/02724634.2018.1513407
15756:10.1080/14772019.2016.1164763
15559:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70315-4
14953:10.1080/03014223.2003.9517731
13693:Laurin, Michel (2002-03-01).
12671:10.1080/02724634.2023.2232829
12627:10.1080/02724634.2019.1727490
11048:10.1080/02724634.2022.2144338
10888:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
10686:10.1016/s0899-5362(99)90069-6
9599:10.1016/s0764-4469(01)01318-x
8613:Frog Neurobiology: A Handbook
8176:Yates, Adam M. (1999-06-14).
7549:
7139:A study on the fully aquatic
1608:deposits across Asia and the
715:sequences are rare. Based on
21264:Early Cretaceous extinctions
17520:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
17501:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.01.003
17196:(Amphibia: Temnospondyli)".
16432:(1): 125–141. Archived from
16415:"The temnospondyl amphibian
16164:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
16016:10.1080/02724634.2014.912988
15973:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.025
15839:(3): 561–573. Archived from
14857:10.1080/02724634.2011.591859
14737:10.1126/science.161.3840.460
14255:10.1080/14772019.2010.492664
13270:(3): 763–782. Archived from
13197:"Order II: Labyrinthodontia"
12965:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109625
12900:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.05.032
12834:10.1371/journal.pone.0103255
12719:10.1080/10420940.2012.685206
12556:Werneburg, R. (2009-08-01).
12367:10.1371/journal.pone.0251983
11683:Dilkes, David (2015-10-22).
11666:Watson, David M. S. (1956).
11139:Chase, John Newland (1965).
10780:10.1080/02724634.2011.590563
10625:10.1371/journal.pone.0152586
10372:Evolution of the Vertebrates
10309:10.1080/02724634.2012.658934
10239:10.1080/02724634.2010.501445
10079:10.1126/science.166.3907.888
9514:10.1007/978-3-319-46661-3_11
8649:Lannoo, M. J. (2009-04-27).
8621:10.1007/978-3-642-66316-1_16
8299:10.1080/14772019.2010.492664
7633:10.1080/14772019.2012.699006
7094:considered to be related to
5497:Yates and Warren also named
2382:Temnospondyls are placed as
2310:
1402:Middle Permian (Guadalupian)
1304:The American paleontologist
7:
21279:Prehistoric tetrapod orders
16808:Doklady Biological Sciences
16695:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.014
15102:Benton, Michael J. (2013).
12507:Evolution & Development
12293:Carroll, Robert L. (2001).
11069:Carroll, Robert L. (1964).
10983:Vaughn, Peter Paul (1971).
8727:Schlosser, Gerhard (2002).
8704:10.1007/978-1-4612-3560-6_5
8579:10.1007/978-3-642-65926-3_7
8518:Eaton, Theodore H. (1960).
7122:Metabolism and gas exchange
1480:
878:Handbuch der Palaeontologie
10:
21295:
15283:10.1007/s12542-018-00442-x
15078:10.1016/j.crpv.2015.03.001
14361:10.1007/s41513-019-00105-z
14341:Journal of Iberian Geology
14001:10.1038/s41586-022-05646-5
13887:10.1093/biolinnean/blaa148
12088:Palaeontologia Electronica
11789:Olson, Everett C. (1979).
10861:10.1127/njgpa/232/2004/195
10812:Moulton, James M. (1974).
10108:Milner, Andrew R. (1993).
9145:Milner, Andrew R. (1982).
8955:10.1127/njgpa/206/1997/223
8914:Paton, Roberta L. (1975).
8477:Parrington, F. R. (1949).
8252:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.935
8090:10.1127/njgpa/220/2001/335
7730:Schoch, Rainer R. (1999).
7456:
7148:
6306:using the same technique.
1228:called it Labyrinthodonta
544:
303:periods, but all had gone
108:Possible descendant taxon
21118:
21044:
21006:
20977:
20911:
20863:
20854:
20802:
20793:
20723:
20694:
20653:
20607:
20551:
20479:
20470:
20443:
20375:
20360:
20351:
20290:
20275:
20256:
20232:
20214:
20201:
20137:
20079:
20035:
19954:
19950:
19939:
19889:
19843:
19808:
19795:
19731:
19694:
19549:
19504:
19481:
19469:
19441:
19396:
19381:
19369:
19325:
19287:
19252:
19237:
19228:
19201:
19172:
19160:
19012:
18997:
18956:
18786:
18774:
18770:
18745:
18711:
18665:
18586:
18577:
18419:
18400:
18391:
18279:
18226:
18103:
17865:
17850:
17837:
17805:
17787:
17774:
17719:
17616:and Joggins, Nova Scotia"
16630:10.1080/10635150590945278
16129:10.1007/s00114-004-0569-x
15873:Plagiosuchus pustuliferus
15597:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw032
15227:10.1017/s0263593300006155
14771:American Museum Novitates
14590:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz068
14551:10.1080/03115510903043606
13711:10.1080/10635150252899815
13573:Solenodonsaurus janenschi
13523:10.1017/S1464793102006103
12311:10.1017/s0022336000017248
11299:10.1080/03115519108619009
10948:Annals of Carnegie Museum
10522:10.1080/03115519108619009
10181:10.1017/s1755691010009023
10114:Herpetological Monographs
10031:10.1080/03115519208619036
9984:10.1080/03115518608619164
9815:10.1017/s1755691018000919
9693:10.1007/s00114-016-1402-z
9646:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw007
9451:Sigurdsen, Trond (2008).
9042:Annals of Carnegie Museum
8853:10.7591/9781501718335-010
8788:Evolution and Development
7327:, a series of bones that
7283:
6950:
6931:
6924:
6907:
6900:
6883:
6876:
6832:
6815:
6808:
6791:
6784:
6767:
6760:
6753:
6727:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6677:
6670:
6653:
6646:
6617:
6602:
6595:
6583:
6566:
6559:
6535:
6518:
6511:
6504:
6473:
6456:
6449:
6442:
6425:
6418:
6401:
6394:
6142:
6127:
6101:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6048:
6041:
5987:
5970:
5963:
5946:
5939:
5922:
5915:
5898:
5891:
5881:
5864:
5857:
5842:
5835:
5815:
5808:
5791:
5784:
5767:
5760:
5743:
5736:
5718:
5711:
5675:
5660:
5653:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5604:
5597:
5579:
5572:
5191:
5167:
5152:
5145:
5135:
5120:
5113:
5096:
5089:
5062:
5055:
5045:
4994:
4979:
4972:
4954:
4947:
4932:
4925:
4910:
4903:
4893:
4878:
4871:
4856:
4849:
4825:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4751:
4736:
4729:
4714:
4707:
4692:
4685:
4675:
4658:
4651:
4553:
4475:
4458:
4451:
4434:
4427:
4412:
4405:
4390:
4383:
4368:
4361:
4343:
4336:
4312:
4297:
4290:
4280:
4270:
4253:
4246:
4229:
4222:
4205:
4198:
4181:
4174:
4114:
4097:
4090:
4075:
4068:
4051:
4044:
4027:
4020:
4003:
3996:
3986:
3971:
3964:
3940:
3923:
3916:
3906:
3766:
3746:
3739:
3717:
3710:
3643:
3623:
3616:
3601:
3594:
3574:
3567:
3547:
3540:
3511:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3472:
3447:
3440:
3420:
3413:
3384:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3330:
3323:
3303:
3296:
3272:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3214:
3207:
3176:
3154:
3147:
3140:
2972:
2950:
2943:
2914:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2860:
2853:
2831:
2824:
2804:
2797:
2768:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2715:
2708:
2668:
2648:
2641:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2587:
2580:
2560:
2553:
2531:
2524:
2504:
2497:
2475:
2468:
2446:
2439:
2417:
2410:
1209:Another group was called
971:senior subjective synonym
919:referred to the genus as
876:in his second edition of
237:
232:
144:Scientific classification
142:
127:
118:
23:
16722:Vertebrate Palaeontology
16260:Tree of Life Web Project
15681:"Biostratigraphy of the
15630:"Biostratigraphy of the
14504:10.3158/2158-5520-5.1.40
13216:"Postcranial remains of
13128:Mastodonsaurus giganteus
12209:Dissorophus multicinctus
10668:Warren, Anne A. (1998).
8690:Fritzsch, Bernd (1989).
8228:Gerrothorax pulcherrimus
7519:
6326:The dissorophoid family
5557:and reinstated the name
1432:Late Permian (Lopingian)
955:Salamandroides giganteus
589:Diagram of the skull of
465:Mastodonsaurus giganteus
259:'to cut' and σπόνδυλος,
17455:10.1111/1475-4983.00333
17317:10.1078/0944-2006-00059
17198:Journal of Paleontology
17125:10.1073/pnas.0701706104
17001:Watson, D.M.S. (1920).
16820:10.1023/A:1018858917237
16039:Palaeontologia Polonica
15777:Liu, Jun (2018-09-03).
14396:Journal of Paleontology
14293:ustralerpeton cosgriffi
13935:10.1073/pnas.2001424117
13770:10.1073/pnas.1706752114
13650:Watson, D.M.S. (1919).
13288:Woodward, A.S. (1898).
13057:The American Naturalist
12413:The American Naturalist
12407:Moodie, Roy L. (1910).
12299:Journal of Paleontology
12010:Journal of Paleontology
11795:Journal of Paleontology
11602:Journal of Paleontology
11500:Journal of Paleontology
11194:Journal of Paleontology
11190:Trimerorhachis insignis
11106:Journal of Paleontology
10989:Journal of Paleontology
10458:Journal of Paleontology
10397:Panchen, A. L. (1967).
9151:Journal of Paleontology
9089:Palaeontologia Africana
8889:Langston, Wann (1953).
8753:10.1078/0944-2006-00058
8395:Moodie, Roy L. (1909).
7994:Bystrow, A. P. (1935).
2315:In one of the earliest
1671:, semirhachitomous and
1577:Jurassic and Cretaceous
1359:, a basal temnospondyl.
635:lack notches entirely.
412:Branch-based definition
20043:Evolution of tetrapods
17655:page on temnospondyls.
17046:"The flip-up skull of
17030:10.1098/rstb.1920.0001
16938:10.5194/fr-20-105-2017
16874:Sigurdsen, T. (2008).
16725:. Wiley. p. 398.
16452:Dendrerpeton acadianum
16367:10.1098/rspb.2003.2524
16312:Dendrerpeton acadianum
15709:10.25131/sajg.123.0010
15658:10.25131/sajg.123.0012
15494:10.1098/rspb.2020.0154
15058:Comptes Rendus Palevol
14110:10.1098/rspb.2007.1250
13679:10.1098/rstb.1920.0001
13464:The Journal of Geology
13394:"Order I: Ganocephala"
13353:Vickers Rich, Patricia
13317:The Journal of Geology
12579:10.5194/fr-12-105-2009
11977:10.1098/rstb.1959.0005
11948:Panchen, A.L. (1959).
11598:Fayella chickashaensis
10368:Colbert, E.H. (1969).
8401:The Journal of Geology
8026:Romer, Alfred Sherwood
7936:10.1098/rspb.2012.0558
7683:10.1098/rstb.1983.0080
7524:
7325:hyobranchial apparatus
7298:
7277:internal fertilization
7231:external fertilization
7191:, a close relative of
7136:
7090:, a putative Triassic
6347:Doleserpeton annectens
6291:
1907:placement is uncertain
1760:
1747:
1727:
1711:
1692:
1526:
1450:
1360:
1324:20th century – present
1298:Gunnar Säve-Söderbergh
874:Karl Alfred von Zittel
869:
836:Arenaerpeton supinatus
751:
596:
592:Xenotosuchus africanus
21231:Paleobiology Database
21218:Paleobiology Database
17428:Schoch, R.R. (2003).
16413:Milner, A.R. (1980).
16205:Martin, A.J. (2009).
15433:Earth-Science Reviews
15319:Nature Communications
15160:Earth-Science Reviews
14064:10.31233/osf.io/myuv5
13414:The Order Microsauria
13311:Moodie, R.J. (1909).
13082:Jaeger, G.F. (1828).
13020:10.2110/palo.2018.098
11908:Witzmann, F. (2007).
11596:Olson, E.C. (1972). "
11547:Journal of Morphology
10452:Warren, Anne (1985).
10283:Warren, Anne (2012).
9738:The Anatomical Record
9673:The Science of Nature
7291:
7129:
6333:Gerobatrachus hottoni
6283:
1753:
1733:
1717:
1698:
1682:
1545:, had wide heads and
1515:
1501:. Another group, the
1439:
1353:
991:" was later found at
989:Labyrinthodon Jaegeri
868:in Paleorrota Geopark
862:
765:cutaneous respiration
743:
588:
452:Node-based definition
267:is a diverse ancient
20795:Stereospondylomorpha
17516:Cheliderpeton vranyi
17288:Reiss, J.O. (2002).
16876:"The otic region of
15397:10.37520/fi.2020.019
15154:Lucas, S.G. (2017).
12233:10.1671/039.029.0410
12053:10.1671/039.029.0410
11214:10.1666/pleo05-131.1
9054:10.2992/007.081.0103
7350:(the replacement of
7280:modern salamanders.
5733:Stereospondylomorpha
3469:Crown Tetrapoda
2602:Crown Tetrapoda
2015:Stereospondylomorpha
1859:Micromelerpetontidae
1770:Order Temnospondyli
1341:Evolutionary history
1090:is now considered a
277:primitive amphibians
20063:Zachelmie trackways
19243:Pseudophlegethontia
17669:Paleontology portal
17532:2002PalZ...76..149W
17483:2004PPP...206..193S
17446:2003Palgy..46.1055S
17309:2002Zool..105...85R
17171:1998JVPal..18...80M
17116:2007PNAS..104.7134M
17021:1920RSPTB.209....1W
16929:2017FossR..20..105W
16687:2004MolPE..33..413S
16468:1998JVPal..18...64H
16361:(1532): 2507–2516.
16328:1987CaJES..24..796G
16226:2009CrRes..30.1223M
16220:(2009): 1223–1237.
16214:Cretaceous Research
16176:2005PalZ...79..285M
16121:2004NW.....91..589M
16109:Naturwissenschaften
16074:2021HBio...33.2193R
16008:2015JVPal..35E2988B
15965:2010PPP...298..388L
15795:2018JVPal..38E3407L
15748:2017JSPal..15..241P
15701:2020SAJG..123..141R
15650:2020SAJG..123..149D
15551:2004GondR...7..165D
15445:2017ESRv..171..583O
15331:2015NatCo...6.8676C
15274:2019PalZ...93..679W
15219:1993EESTR..84..331M
15172:2017ESRv..170...31L
15120:2013Geo....41E.294B
15070:2015CRPal..14..281F
15006:10.1038/nature03393
14998:2005Natur.434..886S
14945:2003JRSNZ..33..301F
14849:2011JVPal..31.1154N
14729:1968Sci...161..460B
14672:10.1093/icb/icac083
14654:Eryops megacephalus
14543:2009Alch...33..237W
14457:2006Palgy..49..307S
14417:10.1017/jpa.2018.67
14408:2019JPal...93..137S
14353:2019JIbG...45..251E
14247:2011JSPal...9..305D
14104:(1629): 3087–3095.
13993:2023Natur.614..102K
13926:2020PNAS..11711584S
13920:(21): 11584–11588.
13761:2017PNAS..114E5389P
13755:(27): E5389–E5395.
13670:1920RSPTB.209....1W
13594:1999CaJES..36.1239L
13476:1898JG......6..500C
13458:Case, E.C. (1898).
13329:1909JG.....17...38M
13146:2007Palgy..50.1245M
13012:2020Palai..35....1C
12957:2020PPP...54309625M
12892:2014PPP...410..278P
12825:2014PLoSO...9j3255M
12711:2012Ichno..19..127S
12619:2019JVPal..39E7490M
12358:2021PLoSO..1651983C
12225:2009JVPal..29.1013D
12205:Cacops aspidephorus
12174:1987JVPal...7..252B
12045:2009JVPal..29.1013D
11968:1959RSPTB.242..207P
11455:2006Palgy..49.1211W
11398:2005Palgy..48..281P
11291:1991Alch...15...43W
11206:2007JPal...81..873P
11040:2022JVPal..42E4338B
10772:2011JVPal..31..738W
10616:2016PLoSO..1152586D
10514:1991Alch...15...43W
10301:2012JVPal..32..538W
10231:2010JVPal..30.1360S
10173:2009EESTR.100..275C
10071:1969Sci...166..888B
10023:1992Alch...16..107W
9976:1986Alch...10...99J
9807:2018EESTR.109..333W
9685:2016SciNa.103...79L
9381:1998JVPal..18...64H
9240:2006JVPal..26..559D
8745:2002Zool..105..119S
8413:1909JG.....17...38M
8356:2014Palgy..57.1045S
8291:2011JSPal...9..305D
8244:2008JVPal..28..935J
8194:1999JVPal..19..302Y
7930:(1740): 3035–3040.
7882:10.1038/nature06865
7874:2008Natur.453..515A
7675:1983RSPTB.303....1W
7625:2013JSPal..11..673S
7335:Temnospondyls like
7292:A larval fossil of
7235:vitelline membranes
1743:closely related to
1108:Edward Drinker Cope
138:, Washington, D.C.
131:Eryops megacephalus
112:survives to present
19985:Megalichthyiformes
18547:Platycephalichthys
17540:10.1007/BF02988193
16617:Systematic Biology
16184:10.1007/BF02990189
16062:Historical Biology
15488:(1928): 20200154.
15339:10.1038/ncomms9676
13829:10.7717/peerj.5565
13699:Systematic Biology
13511:Biological Reviews
13063:(263): 1018–1019.
12767:10.7717/peerj.2718
11738:Journal of Anatomy
11559:10.1002/jmor.10769
11326:Journal of Anatomy
10911:Professional Paper
9919:10.1093/iob/obz011
8365:10.1111/pala.12101
7510:perilymphatic duct
7492:impedance matching
7462:is similar to the
7299:
7137:
6383:and Lissamphibia:
6292:
5424:Balanerpeton woodi
2361:uncinate processes
1761:
1748:
1728:
1712:
1693:
1617:is known from the
1527:
1451:
1361:
1226:Ermine Cowles Case
1204:occipital condyles
999:by paleontologist
870:
752:
618:taxa like certain
597:
275:—often considered
271:of small to giant
21246:
21245:
21205:Open Tree of Life
21112:Taxon identifiers
21103:
21102:
21040:
21039:
21004:
21003:
21000:
20999:
20973:
20972:
20649:
20648:
20618:Batrachosuchoides
20445:Dendrerpetontidae
20439:
20438:
20271:
20270:
20267:
20266:
20252:
20251:
20097:
20096:
20075:
20074:
20071:
20070:
19991:Tristichopteridae
19935:
19934:
19887:
19886:
19883:
19882:
19879:
19878:
19545:
19544:
19437:
19436:
19283:
19282:
19279:
19278:
19230:Phlegethontioidea
18993:
18992:
18961:Elginerpetontidae
18741:
18740:
18709:
18708:
18705:
18704:
18701:
18700:
18697:
18696:
18626:Parapanderichthys
18424:Tristichopteridae
18393:Eotetrapodiformes
17833:
17832:
17829:
17828:
17825:
17824:
17110:(17): 7134–7138.
17015:(360–371): 1–73.
16766:978-0-12-386920-3
16732:978-1-118-40764-6
16719:(4 August 2014).
16068:(10): 2193–2215.
15988:"A new species of
15539:Gondwana Research
15129:10.1130/g34595y.1
14992:(7035): 886–889.
14810:10.2113/176.3.243
14723:(3840): 460–462.
14311:10.1111/zoj.12339
13987:(7946): 102–107.
13664:(360–371): 1–73.
13424:978-0-87169-126-2
13392:Owen, R. (1860).
13378:978-0-486-29371-4
13290:"Class Batrachia"
13195:Owen, R. (1861).
11750:10.1111/joa.13276
11553:(12): 1443–1453.
11338:10.1111/joa.13755
11251:978-3-89937-170-3
10561:10.1111/ahe.12050
10354:978-3-931516-77-2
10065:(3907): 888–891.
9863:10.1242/jeb.00885
9560:10.1111/azo.12238
9523:978-3-319-46659-0
8713:978-1-4612-3560-6
8630:978-3-642-66316-1
8588:978-3-642-65926-3
7868:(7194): 515–518.
7773:10.2113/176.3.243
7130:Water balance in
7082:
7081:
7073:
7072:
7064:
7063:
7055:
7054:
7046:
7045:
7037:
7036:
7028:
7027:
7019:
7018:
7010:
7009:
7001:
7000:
6992:
6991:
6983:
6982:
6974:
6973:
6965:
6964:
6865:
6864:
6856:
6855:
6847:
6846:
6742:
6741:
6630:
6629:
6548:
6547:
6488:
6487:
6320:pedicellate teeth
6272:
6271:
6263:
6262:
6254:
6253:
6245:
6244:
6236:
6235:
6227:
6226:
6218:
6217:
6209:
6208:
6200:
6199:
6191:
6190:
6182:
6181:
6173:
6172:
6164:
6163:
6155:
6154:
6116:
6115:
6027:
6026:
6018:
6017:
6009:
6008:
6000:
5999:
5697:
5696:
5688:
5687:
5608:Dendrerpetontidae
5419:Dendrerpetontidae
5396:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5285:
5284:
5276:
5275:
5267:
5266:
5258:
5257:
5249:
5248:
5240:
5239:
5231:
5230:
5222:
5221:
5213:
5212:
5204:
5203:
5180:
5179:
5075:
5074:
5065:Mastodonsauroidea
5034:
5033:
5025:
5024:
5016:
5015:
5007:
5006:
4838:
4837:
4782:
4781:
4773:
4772:
4764:
4763:
4638:
4637:
4629:
4628:
4620:
4619:
4611:
4610:
4602:
4601:
4593:
4592:
4584:
4583:
4575:
4574:
4566:
4565:
4542:
4541:
4533:
4532:
4524:
4523:
4515:
4514:
4506:
4505:
4497:
4496:
4488:
4487:
4325:
4324:
4163:
4162:
4154:
4153:
4145:
4144:
4136:
4135:
4127:
4126:
3974:Dendrerpetontidae
3953:
3952:
3883:
3882:
3874:
3873:
3865:
3864:
3856:
3855:
3847:
3846:
3838:
3837:
3829:
3828:
3820:
3819:
3811:
3810:
3802:
3801:
3793:
3792:
3784:
3783:
3699:
3698:
3690:
3689:
3681:
3680:
3672:
3671:
3663:
3662:
3604:Brachystelechidae
3529:
3528:
3402:
3401:
3285:
3284:
3196:
3195:
3125:
3124:
3116:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3097:
3089:
3088:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3061:
3053:
3052:
3044:
3043:
3035:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3017:
3016:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2989:
2932:
2931:
2786:
2785:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2117:Mastodonsauroidea
2099:Neostereospondyli
1630:, known from the
1561:, even inhabited
1172:parietal foramina
909:named the animal
907:Leopold Fitzinger
730:Paracyclotosaurus
578:prey capture. In
246:
245:
228:
113:
21286:
21239:
21238:
21226:
21225:
21213:
21212:
21200:
21199:
21190:
21189:
21177:
21176:
21164:
21163:
21154:
21153:
21152:
21139:
21138:
21137:
21107:
21106:
21093:
21092:
21085:Archegosauroidea
21035:
21034:
21027:
21026:
21020:
21019:
21012:
20913:Platyoposaurinae
20861:
20860:
20800:
20799:
20711:likely includes
20664:Acanthostomatops
20609:Tupilakosauridae
20553:Trimerorhachidae
20477:
20476:
20422:Procochleosaurus
20358:
20357:
20288:
20287:
20277:
20276:
20212:
20211:
20203:
20202:
20196:
20195:
20139:
20138:
20124:
20117:
20110:
20101:
20100:
20087:
20086:
19997:Labyrinthodontia
19952:
19951:
19941:
19940:
19930:
19924:
19923:
19917:
19916:
19910:
19909:
19903:
19902:
19895:
19852:
19848:
19814:
19806:
19805:
19798:
19737:
19734:
19697:
19552:
19479:
19478:
19472:
19444:
19379:
19378:
19372:
19328:
19290:
19254:Phlegethontiidae
19235:
19234:
19170:
19169:
19163:
19148:
19138:
19128:
19118:
19108:
19098:
19088:
19078:
19068:
19058:
19048:
19038:
19028:
19018:
19010:
19009:
19006:
19000:
18959:
18944:
18934:
18924:
18914:
18904:
18893:
18883:
18873:
18863:
18853:
18843:
18833:
18822:
18812:
18802:
18792:
18784:
18783:
18780:
18772:
18771:
18765:
18756:
18747:
18746:
18736:
18730:
18725:
18719:
18718:
18680:
18671:
18653:
18643:
18633:
18623:
18613:
18603:
18592:
18584:
18583:
18422:
18406:
18398:
18397:
18282:
18229:
18106:
18091:
18081:
18071:
18061:
18051:
18041:
18031:
18021:
18011:
18001:
17991:
17981:
17971:
17961:
17951:
17941:
17931:
17921:
17911:
17901:
17891:
17881:
17871:
17863:
17862:
17852:
17851:
17839:
17838:
17785:
17784:
17776:
17775:
17769:
17768:
17721:
17720:
17713:
17709:
17706:Tetrapodomorpha
17699:
17692:
17685:
17676:
17675:
17671:
17666:
17665:
17664:
17632:
17631:
17629:
17627:
17608:
17602:
17601:
17581:
17572:
17571:
17558:
17552:
17551:
17511:
17505:
17504:
17494:
17477:(3–4): 193–201.
17466:
17460:
17459:
17457:
17440:(5): 1055–1072.
17425:
17419:
17418:
17393:(7): 1467–1475.
17382:
17369:
17368:
17340:
17329:
17328:
17294:
17285:
17279:
17278:
17258:
17252:
17251:
17249:
17247:
17231:
17225:
17224:
17212:
17206:
17205:
17189:
17183:
17182:
17154:
17148:
17147:
17137:
17127:
17095:
17089:
17088:
17076:
17070:
17069:
17067:
17065:
17056:. Archived from
17041:
17035:
17034:
17032:
16998:
16992:
16991:
16973:
16964:(9): 2040–2054.
16949:
16943:
16942:
16940:
16908:
16902:
16901:
16899:
16871:
16862:
16861:
16841:
16832:
16831:
16803:
16797:
16796:
16784:
16778:
16777:
16775:
16773:
16750:
16744:
16743:
16741:
16739:
16713:
16707:
16706:
16672:
16663:
16657:
16656:
16654:
16653:
16647:
16641:. Archived from
16632:
16614:
16605:
16599:
16598:
16570:
16564:
16563:
16553:
16525:
16519:
16518:
16486:
16480:
16479:
16447:
16441:
16440:
16438:
16423:
16410:
16404:
16403:
16395:
16389:
16388:
16378:
16346:
16340:
16339:
16307:
16298:
16297:
16277:
16271:
16270:
16268:
16266:
16251:
16245:
16244:
16242:
16236:. Archived from
16211:
16202:
16196:
16195:
16155:
16149:
16148:
16100:
16094:
16093:
16053:
16047:
16046:
16034:
16028:
16027:
15983:
15977:
15976:
15959:(3–4): 388–398.
15950:
15941:
15932:
15931:
15903:
15897:
15896:
15894:
15866:
15857:
15854:
15848:
15847:
15845:
15830:
15821:
15815:
15814:
15774:
15768:
15767:
15727:
15721:
15720:
15676:
15670:
15669:
15625:
15619:
15618:
15608:
15580:
15571:
15570:
15530:
15524:
15523:
15513:
15473:
15467:
15466:
15456:
15424:
15418:
15417:
15399:
15375:
15369:
15368:
15358:
15310:
15304:
15303:
15285:
15253:
15247:
15246:
15213:(3–4): 331–361.
15198:
15192:
15191:
15151:
15142:
15141:
15131:
15099:
15090:
15089:
15049:
15040:
15039:
15037:
15036:
15030:
15024:. Archived from
14983:
14974:
14965:
14964:
14924:
14918:
14917:
14907:
14875:
14869:
14868:
14843:(5): 1154–1157.
14828:
14822:
14821:
14789:
14783:
14782:
14766:
14757:
14756:
14708:
14702:
14701:
14691:
14647:
14641:
14640:
14623:(9): 2040–2054.
14608:
14602:
14601:
14569:
14563:
14562:
14522:
14516:
14515:
14483:
14477:
14476:
14436:
14430:
14429:
14419:
14387:
14381:
14380:
14332:
14323:
14322:
14283:
14277:
14276:
14266:
14226:
14220:
14219:
14187:
14181:
14180:
14170:
14138:
14132:
14131:
14121:
14085:
14074:
14073:
14071:
14070:
14047:
14041:
14040:
14030:
14012:
13972:
13966:
13965:
13955:
13937:
13905:
13899:
13898:
13866:
13860:
13859:
13849:
13831:
13807:
13801:
13800:
13790:
13772:
13740:
13731:
13730:
13690:
13684:
13683:
13681:
13647:
13641:
13640:
13617:
13606:
13605:
13588:(8): 1239–1255.
13579:
13571:"A new study of
13566:
13557:
13556:
13554:
13553:
13547:
13541:. Archived from
13508:
13499:
13490:
13489:
13487:
13455:
13449:
13448:
13442:
13438:
13436:
13428:
13408:
13402:
13401:
13389:
13383:
13382:
13366:
13349:
13343:
13342:
13340:
13308:
13302:
13301:
13285:
13279:
13278:
13276:
13261:
13248:
13242:
13241:
13239:
13211:
13205:
13204:
13192:
13186:
13185:
13166:
13160:
13159:
13157:
13140:(5): 1245–1266.
13121:
13115:
13114:
13098:
13092:
13091:
13079:
13073:
13072:
13049:
13040:
13039:
12991:
12985:
12984:
12936:
12930:
12929:
12911:
12871:
12865:
12864:
12854:
12836:
12804:
12798:
12797:
12787:
12769:
12745:
12739:
12738:
12690:
12684:
12683:
12673:
12653:
12647:
12646:
12598:
12592:
12591:
12581:
12553:
12547:
12546:
12498:
12492:
12491:
12466:(4): 1047–1050.
12451:
12445:
12444:
12419:(522): 367–375.
12404:
12398:
12397:
12387:
12369:
12337:
12331:
12330:
12305:(6): 1202–1213.
12290:
12284:
12283:
12251:
12245:
12244:
12219:(4): 1013–1021.
12200:
12194:
12193:
12153:
12147:
12146:
12128:
12122:
12121:
12103:
12079:
12073:
12072:
12039:(4): 1013–1021.
12024:
12018:
12017:
12005:
11999:
11998:
11988:
11982:
11981:
11979:
11962:(691): 207–281.
11945:
11932:
11931:
11929:
11905:
11899:
11898:
11866:
11860:
11859:
11849:
11825:
11819:
11818:
11786:
11780:
11779:
11769:
11744:(6): 1151–1161.
11729:
11723:
11722:
11704:
11680:
11674:
11673:
11663:
11657:
11656:
11616:
11610:
11609:
11593:
11587:
11586:
11538:
11532:
11531:
11491:
11485:
11484:
11466:
11449:(6): 1211–1235.
11434:
11428:
11427:
11409:
11377:
11368:
11367:
11357:
11332:(6): 1459–1476.
11317:
11311:
11310:
11270:
11264:
11263:
11235:
11226:
11225:
11185:
11176:
11175:
11167:
11161:
11160:
11136:
11130:
11129:
11097:
11091:
11090:
11084:
11076:
11066:
11060:
11059:
11019:
11013:
11012:
10980:
10974:
10973:
10963:
10961:10.5962/p.214500
10939:
10933:
10932:
10922:
10902:
10896:
10895:
10879:
10873:
10872:
10855:(2–3): 195–213.
10840:
10834:
10833:
10809:
10800:
10799:
10751:
10745:
10744:
10704:
10698:
10697:
10665:
10656:
10655:
10645:
10627:
10595:
10589:
10588:
10540:
10534:
10533:
10493:
10482:
10481:
10449:
10443:
10442:
10394:
10388:
10387:
10375:
10365:
10359:
10358:
10340:
10329:
10328:
10280:
10274:
10273:
10257:
10251:
10250:
10225:(5): 1360–1377.
10210:
10201:
10200:
10152:
10146:
10145:
10105:
10099:
10098:
10054:
10043:
10042:
10002:
9996:
9995:
9955:
9949:
9948:
9938:
9898:
9892:
9891:
9865:
9856:(8): 1361–1368.
9841:
9835:
9834:
9801:(1–2): 333–350.
9786:
9780:
9779:
9753:
9751:10.1002/ar.23582
9744:(7): 1240–1269.
9729:
9723:
9722:
9712:
9664:
9658:
9657:
9625:
9619:
9618:
9578:
9572:
9571:
9539:
9533:
9532:
9531:
9530:
9497:
9491:
9490:
9472:
9448:
9442:
9441:
9431:
9407:
9401:
9400:
9360:
9354:
9353:
9321:
9315:
9314:
9274:
9268:
9267:
9219:
9213:
9212:
9195:(1–2): 261–290.
9181:
9175:
9174:
9157:(5): 1302–1305.
9142:
9136:
9135:
9103:
9097:
9096:
9080:
9074:
9073:
9033:
9027:
9026:
9008:
8976:
8967:
8966:
8934:
8928:
8927:
8911:
8905:
8904:
8886:
8880:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8837:
8828:
8827:
8779:
8773:
8772:
8724:
8718:
8717:
8687:
8681:
8680:
8670:
8646:
8640:
8639:
8638:
8637:
8604:
8598:
8597:
8596:
8595:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8515:
8509:
8508:
8498:
8474:
8468:
8467:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8424:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8367:
8350:(5): 1045–1058.
8335:
8329:
8328:
8310:
8270:
8264:
8263:
8223:
8214:
8213:
8173:
8167:
8166:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8117:
8108:
8102:
8101:
8069:
8063:
8062:
8050:
8044:
8043:
8022:
8016:
8015:
7991:
7985:
7984:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7955:
7915:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7900:. Archived from
7859:
7850:
7837:
7836:
7796:
7785:
7784:
7752:
7746:
7745:
7727:
7718:
7717:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7654:
7645:
7644:
7608:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7570:
7531:
7478:tympanum—to the
7402:Apateon gracilis
7379:Branchiosauridae
7249:pharyngeal pouch
6927:
6926:
6903:
6902:
6879:
6878:
6811:
6810:
6787:
6786:
6763:
6762:
6756:
6755:
6704:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6673:
6672:
6649:
6648:
6598:
6597:
6586:
6585:
6562:
6561:
6514:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6452:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6421:
6420:
6397:
6396:
6387:
6386:
6080:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6067:Trematosauroidea
6044:
6043:
5966:
5965:
5942:
5941:
5918:
5917:
5894:
5893:
5884:
5883:
5860:
5859:
5838:
5837:
5811:
5810:
5787:
5786:
5763:
5762:
5739:
5738:
5714:
5713:
5656:
5655:
5634:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5600:
5599:
5575:
5574:
5565:
5564:
5492:Archegosauroidea
5352:Archegosauroidea
5301:
5148:
5147:
5138:
5137:
5116:
5115:
5092:
5091:
5058:
5057:
5048:
5047:
4975:
4974:
4950:
4949:
4935:Indobrachyopidae
4928:
4927:
4906:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4874:
4873:
4852:
4851:
4828:Peltobatrachidae
4806:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4732:
4731:
4710:
4709:
4688:
4687:
4678:
4677:
4654:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4478:Branchiosauridae
4454:
4453:
4430:
4429:
4408:
4407:
4386:
4385:
4364:
4363:
4339:
4338:
4293:
4292:
4283:
4282:
4273:
4272:
4249:
4248:
4225:
4224:
4201:
4200:
4177:
4176:
4117:Tupilakosauridae
4093:
4092:
4071:
4070:
4047:
4046:
4023:
4022:
3999:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3967:
3966:
3919:
3918:
3909:
3908:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3775:
3755:
3742:
3741:
3728:
3713:
3712:
3654:
3632:
3619:
3618:
3597:
3596:
3583:
3570:
3569:
3556:
3543:
3542:
3520:
3492:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3458:
3443:
3442:
3429:
3416:
3415:
3393:
3373:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3339:
3326:
3325:
3312:
3299:
3298:
3261:
3246:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3225:
3210:
3209:
3187:
3165:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3133:
3132:
2981:
2961:
2946:
2945:
2923:
2903:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2869:
2856:
2855:
2842:
2827:
2826:
2813:
2800:
2799:
2777:
2747:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2726:
2711:
2710:
2679:
2657:
2644:
2643:
2630:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2583:
2582:
2569:
2556:
2555:
2542:
2527:
2526:
2513:
2500:
2499:
2486:
2471:
2470:
2457:
2442:
2441:
2428:
2413:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2339:, a bone in the
2238:Indobrachyopidae
2175:Lonchorhynchinae
2151:Trematosauroidea
2129:Mastodonsauridae
2111:Sclerothoracidae
2068:Peltobatrachidae
2054:Sclerocephalidae
2039:Platyoposaurinae
2021:Archegosauroidea
1889:Branchiosaurinae
1883:Branchiosauridae
1843:Tupilakosauridae
1819:Trimerorhachidae
1632:Early Cretaceous
1499:crab-eating frog
1148:from Europe and
1001:William Buckland
855:History of study
565:, plagiosaurine
502:
493:
484:
301:Early Cretaceous
220:
215:
152:
151:
123:
107:
106:
43:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
21294:
21293:
21289:
21288:
21287:
21285:
21284:
21283:
21249:
21248:
21247:
21242:
21234:
21229:
21221:
21216:
21208:
21203:
21195:
21193:
21185:
21180:
21172:
21167:
21159:
21157:
21148:
21147:
21142:
21133:
21132:
21127:
21114:
21104:
21099:
21055:Eutemnospondyli
21036:
21029:
21021:
21014:
20996:
20969:
20907:
20856:Archegosauridae
20850:
20789:
20719:
20690:
20645:
20603:
20547:
20466:
20435:
20377:Cochleosauridae
20371:
20347:
20284:
20263:
20248:
20228:
20222:Tetrapodomorpha
20207:Tetrapodomorpha
20197:
20182:Tetrapodomorpha
20144:
20143:
20133:
20128:
20098:
20093:
20067:
20031:
20007:Ichthyostegalia
19975:Osteolepiformes
19959:
19946:
19931:
19918:
19911:
19904:
19897:
19875:
19850:
19846:
19845:Reptiliomorpha
19839:
19812:
19799:
19796:
19791:
19735:
19727:
19699:Gephyrostegidae
19690:
19591:Carbonoherpeton
19541:
19500:
19465:
19433:
19428:Palaeomolgophis
19392:
19365:
19321:
19275:
19248:
19224:
19203:Oestocephalidae
19197:
19178:Andersonerpeton
19156:
19151:Tantallognathus
19004:
18998:
18989:
18977:Obruchevichthys
18952:
18778:
18766:
18760:
18754:
18737:
18713:
18693:
18675:
18669:
18661:
18579:Elpistostegalia
18573:
18568:Tristichopterus
18415:
18409:Palaeospondylus
18387:
18381:Sterropterygion
18315:Ectosteorhachis
18300:Cladarosymblema
18284:Megalichthyidae
18275:
18222:
18159:Propycnoctenion
18099:
17859:
17857:Tetrapodomorpha
17846:
17844:Tetrapodomorpha
17821:
17807:Tetrapodomorpha
17801:
17770:
17726:
17725:
17715:
17711:
17707:
17703:
17667:
17662:
17660:
17640:
17635:
17625:
17623:
17610:
17609:
17605:
17582:
17575:
17559:
17555:
17512:
17508:
17492:10.1.1.533.3149
17467:
17463:
17426:
17422:
17383:
17372:
17341:
17332:
17292:
17286:
17282:
17259:
17255:
17245:
17243:
17232:
17228:
17213:
17209:
17190:
17186:
17155:
17151:
17096:
17092:
17077:
17073:
17063:
17061:
17060:on 26 July 2011
17042:
17038:
16999:
16995:
16950:
16946:
16909:
16905:
16872:
16865:
16842:
16835:
16804:
16800:
16785:
16781:
16771:
16769:
16767:
16751:
16747:
16737:
16735:
16733:
16717:Benton, Michael
16714:
16710:
16670:
16664:
16660:
16651:
16649:
16645:
16612:
16606:
16602:
16571:
16567:
16526:
16522:
16491:Acroplous vorax
16487:
16483:
16448:
16444:
16436:
16421:
16411:
16407:
16396:
16392:
16347:
16343:
16336:10.1139/e87-077
16308:
16301:
16278:
16274:
16264:
16262:
16252:
16248:
16240:
16209:
16203:
16199:
16156:
16152:
16115:(12): 589–593.
16101:
16097:
16054:
16050:
16035:
16031:
15984:
15980:
15948:
15942:
15935:
15904:
15900:
15867:
15860:
15855:
15851:
15843:
15828:
15822:
15818:
15789:(5): e1513407.
15775:
15771:
15728:
15724:
15677:
15673:
15626:
15622:
15581:
15574:
15531:
15527:
15474:
15470:
15425:
15421:
15376:
15372:
15311:
15307:
15254:
15250:
15199:
15195:
15152:
15145:
15100:
15093:
15050:
15043:
15034:
15032:
15028:
14981:
14975:
14968:
14925:
14921:
14876:
14872:
14829:
14825:
14790:
14786:
14767:
14760:
14709:
14705:
14648:
14644:
14609:
14605:
14570:
14566:
14523:
14519:
14484:
14480:
14437:
14433:
14388:
14384:
14333:
14326:
14284:
14280:
14227:
14223:
14188:
14184:
14139:
14135:
14086:
14077:
14068:
14066:
14048:
14044:
13973:
13969:
13906:
13902:
13867:
13863:
13808:
13804:
13741:
13734:
13691:
13687:
13648:
13644:
13618:
13609:
13602:10.1139/e99-036
13577:
13567:
13560:
13551:
13549:
13545:
13506:
13500:
13493:
13456:
13452:
13440:
13439:
13430:
13429:
13425:
13409:
13405:
13390:
13386:
13379:
13350:
13346:
13309:
13305:
13286:
13282:
13274:
13259:
13249:
13245:
13212:
13208:
13193:
13189:
13167:
13163:
13122:
13118:
13099:
13095:
13080:
13076:
13050:
13043:
12992:
12988:
12937:
12933:
12872:
12868:
12805:
12801:
12746:
12742:
12691:
12687:
12654:
12650:
12613:(6): e1727490.
12599:
12595:
12560:Tungussogyrinus
12554:
12550:
12499:
12495:
12452:
12448:
12405:
12401:
12352:(6): e0251983.
12338:
12334:
12291:
12287:
12252:
12248:
12201:
12197:
12154:
12150:
12129:
12125:
12080:
12076:
12025:
12021:
12006:
12002:
11989:
11985:
11946:
11935:
11906:
11902:
11867:
11863:
11826:
11822:
11787:
11783:
11730:
11726:
11702:10.18435/B5MW2Q
11681:
11677:
11664:
11660:
11617:
11613:
11594:
11590:
11539:
11535:
11492:
11488:
11435:
11431:
11378:
11371:
11318:
11314:
11271:
11267:
11252:
11236:
11229:
11186:
11179:
11168:
11164:
11137:
11133:
11098:
11094:
11078:
11077:
11067:
11063:
11020:
11016:
10981:
10977:
10940:
10936:
10903:
10899:
10880:
10876:
10841:
10837:
10810:
10803:
10752:
10748:
10705:
10701:
10666:
10659:
10610:(4): e0152586.
10596:
10592:
10541:
10537:
10494:
10485:
10450:
10446:
10415:10.2307/2406737
10395:
10391:
10384:
10366:
10362:
10355:
10341:
10332:
10281:
10277:
10258:
10254:
10211:
10204:
10153:
10149:
10126:10.2307/1466948
10106:
10102:
10055:
10046:
10003:
9999:
9956:
9952:
9899:
9895:
9842:
9838:
9787:
9783:
9730:
9726:
9665:
9661:
9626:
9622:
9579:
9575:
9540:
9536:
9528:
9526:
9524:
9498:
9494:
9449:
9445:
9408:
9404:
9361:
9357:
9322:
9318:
9275:
9271:
9220:
9216:
9182:
9178:
9143:
9139:
9104:
9100:
9081:
9077:
9034:
9030:
8977:
8970:
8935:
8931:
8912:
8908:
8887:
8883:
8875:
8873:
8863:
8839:
8838:
8831:
8780:
8776:
8725:
8721:
8714:
8688:
8684:
8647:
8643:
8635:
8633:
8631:
8605:
8601:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8563:
8559:
8536:10.2307/3626629
8516:
8512:
8475:
8471:
8450:
8446:
8393:
8389:
8336:
8332:
8271:
8267:
8224:
8217:
8174:
8170:
8135:
8131:
8120:Palaeodiversity
8115:
8109:
8105:
8070:
8066:
8051:
8047:
8023:
8019:
8006:(1–2): 65–141.
7992:
7988:
7973:
7969:
7916:
7912:
7904:
7857:
7851:
7840:
7797:
7788:
7753:
7749:
7728:
7721:
7702:
7698:
7655:
7648:
7609:
7600:
7571:
7556:
7552:
7547:
7522:
7459:
7295:Micromelerpeton
7286:
7227:
7151:
7124:
7119:
7110:Chinlestegophis
7087:Chinlestegophis
7083:
7074:
7065:
7056:
7047:
7038:
7029:
7020:
7011:
7002:
6993:
6984:
6975:
6966:
6866:
6857:
6848:
6743:
6631:
6570:Micromelerpeton
6549:
6489:
6336:was named from
6300:Molecular clock
6278:
6273:
6264:
6255:
6246:
6237:
6228:
6219:
6210:
6201:
6192:
6183:
6174:
6165:
6156:
6130:Trematosauridae
6117:
6088:Lyrocephaliscus
6028:
6019:
6010:
6001:
5990:Capitosauroidea
5698:
5689:
5594:Eutemnospondyli
5555:Eutemnospondyli
5415:Cochleosauridae
5413:and the family
5394:Metoposauroidea
5305:Temnospondyli,
5295:
5286:
5277:
5268:
5259:
5250:
5241:
5232:
5223:
5214:
5205:
5194:Trematosauridae
5181:
5076:
5035:
5026:
5017:
5008:
4997:Chigutisauridae
4839:
4783:
4774:
4765:
4754:Archegosauridae
4639:
4630:
4621:
4612:
4603:
4594:
4585:
4576:
4567:
4543:
4534:
4525:
4516:
4507:
4498:
4489:
4326:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4137:
4128:
3954:
3943:Cochleosauridae
3884:
3875:
3866:
3857:
3848:
3839:
3830:
3821:
3812:
3803:
3794:
3785:
3721:Solenodonsaurus
3700:
3691:
3682:
3673:
3664:
3530:
3423:Seymouriamorpha
3403:
3367:Gephyrostegidae
3286:
3197:
3126:
3117:
3108:
3099:
3090:
3081:
3072:
3063:
3054:
3045:
3036:
3027:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2933:
2863:Seymouriamorpha
2835:Solenodonsaurus
2807:Gephyrostegidae
2787:
2698:
2689:
2407:Tetrapodomorpha
2341:pectoral girdle
2313:
2279:Chigutisauridae
2261:Brachyopomorpha
2232:Rhytidosteoidea
2211:Plagiosauroidea
2191:Metoposauroidea
2181:Trematosaurinae
2163:Trematosauridae
2135:Stenotosauridae
2123:Heylerosauridae
2027:Archegosauridae
1871:Amphibamiformes
1795:Eutemnospondyli
1781:Cochleosauridae
1673:sterospondylous
1660:
1648:crocodylomorphs
1600:are known from
1579:
1495:trematosauroids
1483:
1434:
1404:
1393:in Germany and
1391:Saar-Nahe Basin
1348:
1343:
1326:
1293:D. M. S. Watson
1276:
1100:
1030:In addition to
981:labyrinthodonts
890:
865:Sangaia lavinai
857:
827:
704:sphenacodontids
675:Temnospondyls'
673:
547:
541:dissorophoids.
539:micromelerpetid
517:
516:
515:
514:
505:
504:
503:
495:
494:
486:
485:
474:
454:
448:and reptiles).
414:
409:
364:labyrinthodonts
360:stegocephalians
309:Late Cretaceous
263:'vertebra') or
219:
213:
146:
114:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
38:
37:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
21292:
21282:
21281:
21276:
21271:
21266:
21261:
21244:
21243:
21241:
21240:
21227:
21214:
21201:
21191:
21178:
21165:
21155:
21140:
21124:
21122:
21116:
21115:
21101:
21100:
21098:
21097:
21087:
21082:
21077:
21072:
21067:
21062:
21057:
21052:
21050:Batrachomorpha
21045:
21042:
21041:
21038:
21037:
21007:
21005:
21002:
21001:
20998:
20997:
20995:
20994:
20993:
20992:
20990:Stereospondyli
20983:
20981:
20979:Stereospondyli
20975:
20974:
20971:
20970:
20968:
20967:
20960:
20957:Platyoposaurus
20953:
20950:Kashmirosaurus
20946:
20939:
20936:Bashkirosaurus
20932:
20925:
20917:
20915:
20909:
20908:
20906:
20905:
20898:
20891:
20884:
20877:
20869:
20867:
20858:
20852:
20851:
20849:
20848:
20844:Syndyodosuchus
20840:
20837:Sclerocephalus
20833:
20830:Korkonterpeton
20826:
20819:
20812:
20803:
20797:
20791:
20790:
20788:
20787:
20783:Syndyodosuchus
20779:
20772:
20765:
20758:
20751:
20744:
20737:
20729:
20727:
20721:
20720:
20718:
20717:
20716:
20715:
20709:
20707:Dissorophoidea
20700:
20698:
20696:Dissorophoidea
20692:
20691:
20689:
20688:
20681:
20674:
20667:
20659:
20657:
20651:
20650:
20647:
20646:
20644:
20643:
20640:Tupilakosaurus
20636:
20629:
20622:
20613:
20611:
20605:
20604:
20602:
20601:
20598:Trimerorhachis
20594:
20587:
20580:
20577:Nannospondylus
20573:
20566:
20557:
20555:
20549:
20548:
20546:
20545:
20542:Trypanognathus
20538:
20531:
20523:
20516:
20509:
20502:
20495:
20488:
20480:
20474:
20468:
20467:
20465:
20464:
20457:
20449:
20447:
20441:
20440:
20437:
20436:
20434:
20433:
20425:
20418:
20410:
20403:
20396:
20389:
20386:Adamanterpeton
20381:
20379:
20373:
20372:
20370:
20369:
20361:
20355:
20349:
20348:
20346:
20345:
20337:
20329:
20326:Palatinerpeton
20322:
20319:Iberospondylus
20315:
20307:
20300:
20291:
20285:
20280:
20273:
20272:
20269:
20268:
20265:
20264:
20257:
20254:
20253:
20250:
20249:
20247:
20246:
20245:
20244:
20238:
20236:
20230:
20229:
20227:
20226:
20225:
20224:
20215:
20209:
20199:
20198:
20194:
20193:
20184:
20175:
20166:
20157:
20151:
20135:
20134:
20127:
20126:
20119:
20112:
20104:
20095:
20094:
20092:
20091:
20080:
20077:
20076:
20073:
20072:
20069:
20068:
20066:
20065:
20060:
20055:
20050:
20045:
20039:
20037:
20033:
20032:
20030:
20029:
20027:Anthracosauria
20024:
20022:Phyllospondyli
20019:
20014:
20009:
20004:
19999:
19994:
19988:
19982:
19980:Osteolepididae
19977:
19972:
19970:Stem tetrapoda
19966:
19964:
19948:
19947:
19945:Related topics
19937:
19936:
19933:
19932:
19890:
19888:
19885:
19884:
19881:
19880:
19877:
19876:
19874:
19873:
19872:
19871:
19865:
19863:Reptiliomorpha
19856:
19854:
19841:
19840:
19838:
19837:
19836:
19835:
19829:
19820:
19818:
19816:Batrachomorpha
19803:
19793:
19792:
19790:
19789:
19782:
19775:
19768:
19761:
19753:
19745:
19743:
19729:
19728:
19726:
19725:
19718:
19711:
19708:Bruktererpeton
19703:
19701:
19692:
19691:
19689:
19688:
19685:Spondylerpeton
19681:
19674:
19667:
19664:Proterogyrinus
19660:
19653:
19646:
19643:Palaeoherpeton
19639:
19632:
19625:
19617:
19610:
19607:Diplovertebron
19603:
19594:
19587:
19584:Calligenethlon
19580:
19573:
19566:
19563:Anthracosaurus
19558:
19556:
19547:
19546:
19543:
19542:
19540:
19539:
19536:Megalocephalus
19532:
19525:
19518:
19510:
19508:
19502:
19501:
19499:
19498:
19495:Spathicephalus
19491:
19482:
19476:
19467:
19466:
19464:
19463:
19462:
19461:
19452:
19450:
19439:
19438:
19435:
19434:
19432:
19431:
19424:
19421:Dolichopareias
19417:
19414:Adelospondylus
19410:
19402:
19400:
19398:Adelogyrinidae
19394:
19393:
19391:
19390:
19382:
19376:
19367:
19366:
19364:
19363:
19356:
19349:
19342:
19334:
19332:
19323:
19322:
19320:
19319:
19312:
19305:
19296:
19294:
19292:Whatcheeriidae
19285:
19284:
19281:
19280:
19277:
19276:
19274:
19273:
19266:
19258:
19256:
19250:
19249:
19247:
19246:
19238:
19232:
19226:
19225:
19223:
19222:
19215:
19212:Coloraderpeton
19207:
19205:
19199:
19198:
19196:
19195:
19188:
19181:
19173:
19167:
19158:
19157:
19155:
19154:
19144:
19134:
19124:
19114:
19104:
19094:
19084:
19074:
19064:
19054:
19044:
19034:
19024:
19013:
19007:
18995:
18994:
18991:
18990:
18988:
18987:
18980:
18973:
18965:
18963:
18954:
18953:
18951:
18950:
18940:
18930:
18920:
18910:
18900:
18889:
18879:
18869:
18859:
18849:
18839:
18829:
18818:
18808:
18798:
18787:
18781:
18768:
18767:
18743:
18742:
18739:
18738:
18712:
18710:
18707:
18706:
18703:
18702:
18699:
18698:
18695:
18694:
18692:
18691:
18690:
18689:
18683:
18681:
18663:
18662:
18660:
18659:
18649:
18639:
18629:
18619:
18609:
18599:
18587:
18581:
18575:
18574:
18572:
18571:
18564:
18557:
18550:
18543:
18536:
18532:Marsdenichthys
18528:
18521:
18513:
18506:
18499:
18492:
18485:
18482:Eusthenopteron
18478:
18471:
18464:
18457:
18450:
18447:Callistipterus
18443:
18436:
18428:
18426:
18417:
18416:
18414:
18413:
18401:
18395:
18389:
18388:
18386:
18385:
18377:
18374:Sengoerichthys
18370:
18363:
18360:Palatinichthys
18356:
18348:
18340:
18333:
18326:
18318:
18311:
18303:
18296:
18288:
18286:
18277:
18276:
18274:
18273:
18265:
18261:Marsdenichthys
18257:
18250:
18243:
18235:
18233:
18224:
18223:
18221:
18220:
18212:
18204:
18197:
18190:
18183:
18176:
18169:
18162:
18155:
18148:
18141:
18134:
18127:
18120:
18112:
18110:
18101:
18100:
18098:
18097:
18087:
18077:
18067:
18057:
18047:
18044:Platyethmoidia
18037:
18027:
18017:
18007:
18004:Megadonichthys
17997:
17987:
17977:
17967:
17957:
17947:
17944:Harajicadectes
17937:
17927:
17917:
17907:
17897:
17887:
17877:
17866:
17860:
17855:
17848:
17847:
17835:
17834:
17831:
17830:
17827:
17826:
17823:
17822:
17820:
17819:
17818:
17817:
17811:
17809:
17803:
17802:
17800:
17799:
17798:
17797:
17788:
17782:
17772:
17771:
17767:
17766:
17757:
17748:
17739:
17733:
17717:
17716:
17702:
17701:
17694:
17687:
17679:
17673:
17672:
17657:
17656:
17647:
17639:
17638:External links
17636:
17634:
17633:
17603:
17573:
17553:
17526:(1): 149–162.
17506:
17461:
17420:
17370:
17351:(3): 251–265.
17345:Acta Zoologica
17330:
17280:
17269:(4): 309–327.
17253:
17226:
17207:
17194:Trimerorhachis
17184:
17149:
17090:
17071:
17036:
16993:
16944:
16923:(2): 105–127.
16903:
16890:(4): 738–751.
16863:
16833:
16798:
16779:
16765:
16745:
16731:
16708:
16681:(2): 413–427.
16658:
16623:(3): 391–400.
16600:
16581:(3): 484–489.
16565:
16536:(3): 462–483.
16520:
16501:(2): 291–305.
16481:
16442:
16439:on 2011-07-16.
16405:
16390:
16341:
16322:(4): 796–805.
16299:
16272:
16246:
16243:on 2011-07-19.
16197:
16170:(2): 285–301.
16150:
16095:
16048:
16029:
16002:(3): e912988.
15978:
15933:
15914:(3): 656–663.
15898:
15885:(2): 348–373.
15858:
15849:
15846:on 2012-03-24.
15816:
15769:
15742:(3): 241–256.
15722:
15695:(2): 141–148.
15671:
15644:(2): 149–164.
15632:Tapinocephalus
15620:
15572:
15545:(1): 165–173.
15525:
15468:
15419:
15390:(2): 217–242.
15384:Fossil Imprint
15370:
15305:
15268:(4): 679–690.
15248:
15193:
15143:
15091:
15064:(4): 281–289.
15041:
14966:
14939:(1): 301–306.
14919:
14870:
14823:
14804:(3): 243–248.
14784:
14773:(2552): 1–30.
14758:
14703:
14666:(2): 139–151.
14642:
14603:
14584:(1): 163–179.
14564:
14537:(3): 237–255.
14517:
14478:
14451:(2): 307–337.
14431:
14402:(1): 137–156.
14382:
14347:(2): 251–267.
14324:
14305:(4): 835–860.
14278:
14241:(2): 305–325.
14221:
14202:(4): 379–482.
14182:
14153:(3): 462–483.
14133:
14075:
14042:
13967:
13900:
13881:(4): 737–755.
13861:
13802:
13732:
13705:(2): 364–369.
13685:
13642:
13607:
13558:
13517:(2): 251–345.
13491:
13485:10.1086/608153
13470:(5): 500–523.
13450:
13441:|journal=
13423:
13403:
13384:
13377:
13344:
13338:10.1086/621585
13303:
13280:
13277:on 2011-11-21.
13243:
13230:(1): 211–235.
13206:
13187:
13161:
13116:
13093:
13074:
13069:10.1086/274820
13041:
12986:
12931:
12866:
12819:(8): e103255.
12799:
12740:
12705:(3): 127–140.
12685:
12648:
12593:
12572:(2): 105–120.
12548:
12493:
12446:
12425:10.1086/279150
12399:
12332:
12285:
12260:Acta Zoologica
12246:
12195:
12168:(3): 252–269.
12148:
12123:
12074:
12019:
12000:
11983:
11933:
11920:(4): 815–834.
11900:
11881:(3): 281–302.
11875:Acta Zoologica
11861:
11840:(3): 477–490.
11820:
11781:
11724:
11675:
11658:
11631:(3): 456–461.
11611:
11588:
11533:
11506:(3): 561–580.
11486:
11429:
11392:(2): 281–298.
11369:
11312:
11265:
11250:
11227:
11200:(5): 873–894.
11177:
11162:
11131:
11112:(3): 697–702.
11092:
11061:
11014:
10995:(3): 464–469.
10975:
10934:
10920:10.3133/pp503c
10897:
10874:
10835:
10801:
10766:(4): 738–753.
10746:
10699:
10680:(3): 145–160.
10657:
10590:
10535:
10483:
10464:(1): 236–241.
10444:
10389:
10382:
10360:
10353:
10330:
10295:(3): 538–544.
10275:
10252:
10202:
10167:(3): 275–295.
10147:
10100:
10044:
10017:(2): 107–132.
9997:
9950:
9893:
9836:
9781:
9724:
9659:
9640:(4): 910–929.
9620:
9593:(5): 495–501.
9573:
9554:(2): 126–134.
9548:Acta Zoologica
9534:
9522:
9492:
9463:(4): 738–751.
9443:
9422:(4): 577–597.
9402:
9355:
9316:
9269:
9234:(3): 559–572.
9214:
9176:
9137:
9118:(3): 371–385.
9098:
9075:
9028:
8991:(3): 462–483.
8968:
8949:(2): 223–248.
8929:
8906:
8881:
8861:
8829:
8794:(3): 187–193.
8774:
8739:(2): 119–146.
8719:
8712:
8682:
8661:(2): 128–134.
8641:
8629:
8599:
8587:
8557:
8530:(3): 115–120.
8510:
8469:
8444:
8422:10.1086/621585
8387:
8330:
8285:(2): 305–325.
8265:
8238:(4): 935–950.
8215:
8188:(2): 302–320.
8168:
8149:(2): 302–340.
8129:
8103:
8084:(3): 335–367.
8064:
8045:
8017:
8000:Acta Zoologica
7986:
7967:
7910:
7907:on 2011-07-26.
7838:
7811:(3): 502–522.
7786:
7767:(3): 243–248.
7747:
7719:
7696:
7669:(1113): 1–62.
7646:
7619:(6): 673–705.
7598:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7458:
7455:
7383:Branchiosaurus
7338:Sclerocephalus
7285:
7282:
7269:Trimerorhachis
7265:Trimerorhachis
7253:Trimerorhachis
7244:Trimerorhachis
7226:
7223:
7183:Batrachosuchus
7174:Mastodonsaurus
7150:
7147:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7096:metoposauroids
7080:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7071:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7053:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7044:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7035:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7017:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7008:
7007:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6972:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6963:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6930:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6906:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6882:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6854:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6814:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6790:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6766:
6761:
6759:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6707:
6702:
6700:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6676:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6652:
6647:
6645:
6637:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6628:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6601:
6596:
6594:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6565:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6517:
6512:
6510:
6505:
6503:
6500:Dissorophoidea
6495:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6486:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6460:Sclerocephalus
6455:
6450:
6448:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6424:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6400:
6395:
6393:
6385:
6304:Middle Permian
6277:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6145:Metoposauridae
6141:
6138:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6083:
6078:
6076:
6071:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6055:Plagiosauridae
6047:
6042:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5969:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5945:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5921:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5897:
5892:
5890:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5863:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5841:
5836:
5834:
5832:Stereospondyli
5828:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5819:Australerpeton
5814:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5790:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5766:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5747:Sclerocephalus
5742:
5737:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5717:
5712:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5678:Dissorophoidea
5674:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5659:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5637:
5632:
5630:
5625:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5603:
5598:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5578:
5573:
5571:
5563:
5542:Rhytidosteidae
5538:Lydekkerinidae
5530:metoposauroids
5518:trematosaurids
5514:Mastodonsaurus
5480:Dissorophoidea
5440:Iberospondylus
5359:Stereospondyli
5338:Dissorophoidea
5297:
5296:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5170:Metoposauridae
5166:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5151:
5146:
5144:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5119:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5095:
5090:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5056:
5054:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4957:Rhytidosteidae
4953:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4931:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4913:Lydekkerinidae
4909:
4904:
4902:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4877:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4855:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4813:Plagiosauridae
4809:
4804:
4802:
4797:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4735:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4713:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4695:Actinodontidae
4691:
4686:
4684:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4457:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4362:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4296:
4291:
4289:
4281:
4279:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4257:Palatinerpeton
4252:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4233:Iberospondylus
4228:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4180:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4096:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4078:Eobrachyopidae
4074:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4026:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4007:Trimerorhachis
4002:
3997:
3995:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3922:
3917:
3915:
3907:
3905:
3897:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3749:Diadectomorpha
3745:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3622:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3577:Tuditanomorpha
3573:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3546:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2897:Diadectomorpha
2893:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2563:Whatcheeriidae
2559:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2401:
2377:synapomorphies
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2245:Rhytidosteidae
2241:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2224:Plagiosauridae
2220:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2203:Metoposauridae
2199:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2159:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2113:
2095:
2093:Lydekkerinidae
2077:
2070:
2062:Stereospondyli
2058:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2011:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1975:
1972:Dissorophoidea
1956:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1879:
1861:
1853:Dissorophoidea
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1837:Eobrachyopidae
1833:
1825:Dvinosauroidea
1821:
1803:
1801:Dendrerpetidae
1791:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1659:
1658:Classification
1656:
1619:Early Jurassic
1578:
1575:
1539:Metoposauridae
1507:Mastodonsaurus
1503:capitosauroids
1491:Early Triassic
1482:
1479:
1465:archegosaurids
1433:
1430:
1413:Tapinocephalus
1403:
1400:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1325:
1322:
1280:Stereospondyli
1275:
1272:
1261:reptiliomorphs
1247:Mastodonsaurus
1195:Trimerorhachis
1145:Branchiosaurus
1132:Branchiosauria
1099:
1096:
1092:prolacertiform
1032:Mastodonsaurus
977:Mastodonsaurus
967:Mastodonsaurus
963:Mastodonsaurus
925:Mastodonsaurus
912:Batrachosaurus
900:Mastodonsaurus
895:Mastodonsaurus
889:
886:Mastodonsaurus
882:
856:
853:
826:
823:
814:Peltobatrachus
806:Peltobatrachus
777:Peltobatrachus
747:Sclerocephalus
735:Metoposauridae
672:
669:
655:Mastodonsaurus
612:interparietals
552:carbon dioxide
546:
543:
507:
506:
497:
496:
488:
487:
479:
478:
477:
476:
475:
473:
470:
453:
450:
442:Batrachomorpha
413:
410:
408:
405:
400:amphibamiforms
396:stereospondyls
325:lissamphibians
291:periods, with
244:
243:
235:
234:
230:
229:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
140:
139:
125:
124:
116:
115:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
21291:
21280:
21277:
21275:
21272:
21270:
21267:
21265:
21262:
21260:
21259:Temnospondyls
21257:
21256:
21254:
21237:
21232:
21228:
21224:
21219:
21215:
21211:
21206:
21202:
21198:
21192:
21188:
21183:
21179:
21175:
21170:
21166:
21162:
21156:
21151:
21150:Temnospondyli
21145:
21141:
21136:
21130:
21126:
21125:
21123:
21121:
21120:Temnospondyli
21117:
21113:
21108:
21096:
21088:
21086:
21083:
21081:
21078:
21076:
21073:
21071:
21068:
21066:
21063:
21061:
21058:
21056:
21053:
21051:
21047:
21046:
21043:
21033:
21028:
21025:
21018:
21011:
20991:
20987:
20986:
20985:
20984:
20982:
20980:
20976:
20966:
20965:
20961:
20959:
20958:
20954:
20952:
20951:
20947:
20945:
20944:
20943:Collidosuchus
20940:
20938:
20937:
20933:
20931:
20930:
20926:
20924:
20923:
20922:Archegosaurus
20919:
20918:
20916:
20914:
20910:
20904:
20903:
20899:
20897:
20896:
20892:
20890:
20889:
20885:
20883:
20882:
20878:
20876:
20875:
20871:
20870:
20868:
20866:
20862:
20859:
20857:
20853:
20846:
20845:
20841:
20839:
20838:
20834:
20832:
20831:
20827:
20825:
20824:
20820:
20818:
20817:
20813:
20810:
20809:
20808:Cheliderpeton
20805:
20804:
20801:
20798:
20796:
20792:
20785:
20784:
20780:
20778:
20777:
20773:
20771:
20770:
20766:
20764:
20763:
20759:
20757:
20756:
20752:
20750:
20749:
20748:Clamorosaurus
20745:
20743:
20742:
20741:Chelydosaurus
20738:
20736:
20735:
20731:
20730:
20728:
20726:
20722:
20714:
20710:
20708:
20704:
20703:
20702:
20701:
20699:
20697:
20693:
20687:
20686:
20682:
20680:
20679:
20675:
20673:
20672:
20668:
20666:
20665:
20661:
20660:
20658:
20656:
20652:
20642:
20641:
20637:
20635:
20634:
20630:
20628:
20627:
20623:
20620:
20619:
20615:
20614:
20612:
20610:
20606:
20600:
20599:
20595:
20593:
20592:
20588:
20586:
20585:
20581:
20579:
20578:
20574:
20572:
20571:
20567:
20564:
20563:
20559:
20558:
20556:
20554:
20550:
20544:
20543:
20539:
20537:
20536:
20532:
20529:
20528:
20524:
20522:
20521:
20517:
20515:
20514:
20510:
20508:
20507:
20503:
20501:
20500:
20496:
20494:
20493:
20492:Bermanerpeton
20489:
20487:
20486:
20482:
20481:
20478:
20475:
20473:
20469:
20463:
20462:
20458:
20456:
20455:
20451:
20450:
20448:
20446:
20442:
20431:
20430:
20426:
20424:
20423:
20419:
20416:
20415:
20411:
20409:
20408:
20404:
20402:
20401:
20400:Chenoprosopus
20397:
20395:
20394:
20393:Cochleosaurus
20390:
20388:
20387:
20383:
20382:
20380:
20378:
20374:
20368:
20367:
20363:
20362:
20359:
20356:
20354:
20350:
20343:
20342:
20338:
20335:
20334:
20330:
20328:
20327:
20323:
20321:
20320:
20316:
20313:
20312:
20308:
20306:
20305:
20301:
20298:
20297:
20293:
20292:
20289:
20286:
20283:
20282:Temnospondyli
20278:
20274:
20262:
20261:
20260:Temnospondyli
20255:
20242:
20241:
20240:
20239:
20237:
20235:
20234:Temnospondyli
20231:
20223:
20219:
20218:
20217:
20216:
20213:
20210:
20208:
20204:
20200:
20192:
20188:
20185:
20183:
20179:
20176:
20174:
20173:Sarcopterygii
20170:
20167:
20165:
20161:
20158:
20156:
20152:
20150:
20146:
20145:
20140:
20136:
20132:
20131:Temnospondyli
20125:
20120:
20118:
20113:
20111:
20106:
20105:
20102:
20090:
20082:
20081:
20078:
20064:
20061:
20059:
20056:
20054:
20051:
20049:
20046:
20044:
20041:
20040:
20038:
20034:
20028:
20025:
20023:
20020:
20018:
20015:
20013:
20010:
20008:
20005:
20003:
20000:
19998:
19995:
19992:
19989:
19986:
19983:
19981:
19978:
19976:
19973:
19971:
19968:
19967:
19965:
19962:
19957:
19953:
19949:
19942:
19938:
19929:
19925:
19922:
19915:
19908:
19901:
19894:
19870:
19866:
19864:
19860:
19859:
19858:
19857:
19855:
19853:
19842:
19834:
19830:
19828:
19827:Temnospondyli
19824:
19823:
19822:
19821:
19819:
19817:
19811:
19810:Temnospondyli
19807:
19804:
19802:
19794:
19788:
19787:
19786:Termonerpeton
19783:
19781:
19780:
19779:Silvanerpeton
19776:
19774:
19773:
19769:
19767:
19766:
19762:
19759:
19758:
19754:
19752:
19751:
19747:
19746:
19744:
19741:
19740:anthracosaurs
19730:
19724:
19723:
19722:Gephyrostegus
19719:
19717:
19716:
19715:Eusauropleura
19712:
19710:
19709:
19705:
19704:
19702:
19700:
19693:
19687:
19686:
19682:
19680:
19679:
19675:
19673:
19672:
19668:
19666:
19665:
19661:
19659:
19658:
19657:Pholiderpeton
19654:
19652:
19651:
19647:
19645:
19644:
19640:
19638:
19637:
19633:
19631:
19630:
19629:Leptophractus
19626:
19623:
19622:
19618:
19616:
19615:
19611:
19609:
19608:
19604:
19601:
19600:
19595:
19593:
19592:
19588:
19586:
19585:
19581:
19579:
19578:
19574:
19572:
19571:
19567:
19565:
19564:
19560:
19559:
19557:
19555:
19548:
19538:
19537:
19533:
19531:
19530:
19526:
19524:
19523:
19519:
19517:
19516:
19512:
19511:
19509:
19507:
19503:
19497:
19496:
19492:
19489:
19488:
19484:
19483:
19480:
19477:
19475:
19468:
19460:
19456:
19455:
19454:
19453:
19451:
19448:
19440:
19430:
19429:
19425:
19423:
19422:
19418:
19416:
19415:
19411:
19409:
19408:
19404:
19403:
19401:
19399:
19395:
19389:
19388:
19387:Acherontiscus
19384:
19383:
19380:
19377:
19375:
19374:Adelospondyli
19368:
19362:
19361:
19360:Pholidogaster
19357:
19355:
19354:
19350:
19348:
19347:
19346:Deltaherpeton
19343:
19341:
19340:
19336:
19335:
19333:
19331:
19324:
19318:
19317:
19313:
19311:
19310:
19306:
19303:
19302:
19298:
19297:
19295:
19293:
19286:
19272:
19271:
19267:
19265:
19264:
19263:Phlegethontia
19260:
19259:
19257:
19255:
19251:
19245:
19244:
19240:
19239:
19236:
19233:
19231:
19227:
19221:
19220:
19219:Oestocephalus
19216:
19214:
19213:
19209:
19208:
19206:
19204:
19200:
19194:
19193:
19189:
19187:
19186:
19182:
19180:
19179:
19175:
19174:
19171:
19168:
19166:
19159:
19153:
19152:
19145:
19143:
19142:
19135:
19133:
19132:
19125:
19123:
19122:
19115:
19113:
19112:
19105:
19103:
19102:
19095:
19093:
19092:
19085:
19083:
19082:
19081:Ichthyerpeton
19075:
19073:
19072:
19065:
19063:
19062:
19055:
19053:
19052:
19045:
19043:
19042:
19041:Crassigyrinus
19035:
19033:
19032:
19025:
19023:
19022:
19015:
19014:
19011:
19008:
19003:
18996:
18986:
18985:
18981:
18979:
18978:
18974:
18972:
18971:
18967:
18966:
18964:
18962:
18955:
18949:
18948:
18941:
18939:
18938:
18931:
18929:
18928:
18921:
18919:
18918:
18911:
18909:
18908:
18901:
18898:
18897:
18890:
18888:
18887:
18880:
18878:
18877:
18870:
18868:
18867:
18866:Metaxygnathus
18860:
18858:
18857:
18850:
18848:
18847:
18840:
18838:
18837:
18830:
18827:
18826:
18819:
18817:
18816:
18809:
18807:
18806:
18805:Brittagnathus
18799:
18797:
18796:
18789:
18788:
18785:
18782:
18777:
18773:
18769:
18763:
18759:
18753:
18748:
18744:
18735:
18731:
18729:
18724:
18717:
18687:
18686:
18685:
18684:
18682:
18678:
18674:
18668:
18664:
18658:
18657:
18650:
18648:
18647:
18640:
18638:
18637:
18630:
18628:
18627:
18620:
18618:
18617:
18616:Panderichthys
18610:
18608:
18607:
18600:
18597:
18596:
18595:Howittichthys
18589:
18588:
18585:
18582:
18580:
18576:
18570:
18569:
18565:
18563:
18562:
18558:
18556:
18555:
18551:
18549:
18548:
18544:
18542:
18541:
18537:
18534:
18533:
18529:
18527:
18526:
18522:
18519:
18518:
18514:
18512:
18511:
18507:
18505:
18504:
18500:
18498:
18497:
18493:
18491:
18490:
18489:Heddleichthys
18486:
18484:
18483:
18479:
18477:
18476:
18472:
18470:
18469:
18465:
18463:
18462:
18458:
18456:
18455:
18451:
18449:
18448:
18444:
18442:
18441:
18440:Cabonnichthys
18437:
18435:
18434:
18433:Bruehnopteron
18430:
18429:
18427:
18425:
18418:
18411:
18410:
18403:
18402:
18399:
18396:
18394:
18390:
18383:
18382:
18378:
18376:
18375:
18371:
18369:
18368:
18364:
18362:
18361:
18357:
18354:
18353:
18349:
18346:
18345:
18341:
18339:
18338:
18334:
18332:
18331:
18327:
18324:
18323:
18319:
18317:
18316:
18312:
18309:
18308:
18304:
18302:
18301:
18297:
18295:
18294:
18290:
18289:
18287:
18285:
18278:
18271:
18270:
18266:
18263:
18262:
18258:
18256:
18255:
18251:
18249:
18248:
18244:
18242:
18241:
18237:
18236:
18234:
18232:
18231:Canowindridae
18225:
18218:
18217:
18213:
18210:
18209:
18205:
18203:
18202:
18198:
18196:
18195:
18191:
18189:
18188:
18184:
18182:
18181:
18177:
18175:
18174:
18170:
18168:
18167:
18163:
18161:
18160:
18156:
18154:
18153:
18149:
18147:
18146:
18142:
18140:
18139:
18135:
18133:
18132:
18128:
18126:
18125:
18121:
18119:
18118:
18114:
18113:
18111:
18109:
18102:
18096:
18095:
18088:
18086:
18085:
18078:
18076:
18075:
18068:
18066:
18065:
18064:Thaumatolepis
18058:
18056:
18055:
18048:
18046:
18045:
18038:
18036:
18035:
18028:
18026:
18025:
18018:
18016:
18015:
18008:
18006:
18005:
17998:
17996:
17995:
17988:
17986:
17985:
17978:
17976:
17975:
17974:Lamprotolepis
17968:
17966:
17965:
17958:
17956:
17955:
17948:
17946:
17945:
17938:
17936:
17935:
17928:
17926:
17925:
17924:Greiserolepis
17918:
17916:
17915:
17908:
17906:
17905:
17898:
17896:
17895:
17888:
17886:
17885:
17878:
17876:
17875:
17868:
17867:
17864:
17861:
17858:
17853:
17849:
17845:
17840:
17836:
17815:
17814:
17813:
17812:
17810:
17808:
17804:
17796:
17795:Gnathostomata
17792:
17791:
17790:
17789:
17786:
17783:
17781:
17780:Gnathostomata
17777:
17773:
17765:
17761:
17758:
17756:
17755:Sarcopterygii
17752:
17749:
17747:
17743:
17740:
17738:
17734:
17732:
17728:
17727:
17722:
17718:
17714:
17710:Pan-Tetrapoda
17700:
17695:
17693:
17688:
17686:
17681:
17680:
17677:
17670:
17659:
17654:
17651:
17650:Temnospondyli
17648:
17645:
17644:Temnospondyli
17642:
17641:
17621:
17617:
17615:
17607:
17599:
17595:
17591:
17587:
17580:
17578:
17569:
17565:
17557:
17549:
17545:
17541:
17537:
17533:
17529:
17525:
17521:
17517:
17510:
17502:
17498:
17493:
17488:
17484:
17480:
17476:
17472:
17465:
17456:
17451:
17447:
17443:
17439:
17435:
17434:Palaeontology
17431:
17424:
17416:
17412:
17408:
17404:
17400:
17396:
17392:
17388:
17381:
17379:
17377:
17375:
17366:
17362:
17358:
17354:
17350:
17346:
17339:
17337:
17335:
17326:
17322:
17318:
17314:
17310:
17306:
17302:
17298:
17291:
17284:
17276:
17272:
17268:
17264:
17257:
17241:
17237:
17230:
17222:
17218:
17211:
17203:
17199:
17195:
17188:
17180:
17176:
17172:
17168:
17164:
17160:
17153:
17145:
17141:
17136:
17131:
17126:
17121:
17117:
17113:
17109:
17105:
17101:
17094:
17086:
17082:
17075:
17059:
17055:
17051:
17049:
17040:
17031:
17026:
17022:
17018:
17014:
17010:
17009:
17004:
16997:
16989:
16985:
16981:
16977:
16972:
16967:
16963:
16959:
16955:
16948:
16939:
16934:
16930:
16926:
16922:
16918:
16917:Fossil Record
16914:
16907:
16898:
16893:
16889:
16885:
16881:
16879:
16870:
16868:
16859:
16855:
16851:
16847:
16840:
16838:
16829:
16825:
16821:
16817:
16813:
16809:
16802:
16794:
16790:
16783:
16768:
16762:
16758:
16757:
16749:
16734:
16728:
16724:
16723:
16718:
16712:
16704:
16700:
16696:
16692:
16688:
16684:
16680:
16676:
16669:
16662:
16648:on 2012-03-15
16644:
16640:
16636:
16631:
16626:
16622:
16618:
16611:
16604:
16596:
16592:
16588:
16584:
16580:
16576:
16569:
16561:
16557:
16552:
16547:
16543:
16539:
16535:
16531:
16524:
16516:
16512:
16508:
16504:
16500:
16496:
16492:
16485:
16477:
16473:
16469:
16465:
16461:
16457:
16453:
16446:
16435:
16431:
16427:
16426:Palaeontology
16420:
16418:
16409:
16401:
16394:
16386:
16382:
16377:
16372:
16368:
16364:
16360:
16356:
16352:
16345:
16337:
16333:
16329:
16325:
16321:
16317:
16313:
16306:
16304:
16295:
16291:
16287:
16283:
16276:
16261:
16257:
16250:
16239:
16235:
16231:
16227:
16223:
16219:
16215:
16208:
16201:
16193:
16189:
16185:
16181:
16177:
16173:
16169:
16165:
16161:
16154:
16146:
16142:
16138:
16134:
16130:
16126:
16122:
16118:
16114:
16110:
16106:
16099:
16091:
16087:
16083:
16079:
16075:
16071:
16067:
16063:
16059:
16052:
16044:
16040:
16033:
16025:
16021:
16017:
16013:
16009:
16005:
16001:
15997:
15993:
15991:
15982:
15974:
15970:
15966:
15962:
15958:
15954:
15947:
15940:
15938:
15929:
15925:
15921:
15917:
15913:
15909:
15902:
15893:
15888:
15884:
15880:
15876:
15874:
15865:
15863:
15853:
15842:
15838:
15834:
15833:Palaeontology
15827:
15820:
15812:
15808:
15804:
15800:
15796:
15792:
15788:
15784:
15780:
15773:
15765:
15761:
15757:
15753:
15749:
15745:
15741:
15737:
15733:
15726:
15718:
15714:
15710:
15706:
15702:
15698:
15694:
15690:
15686:
15684:
15675:
15667:
15663:
15659:
15655:
15651:
15647:
15643:
15639:
15635:
15633:
15624:
15616:
15612:
15607:
15602:
15598:
15594:
15590:
15586:
15579:
15577:
15568:
15564:
15560:
15556:
15552:
15548:
15544:
15540:
15536:
15529:
15521:
15517:
15512:
15507:
15503:
15499:
15495:
15491:
15487:
15483:
15479:
15472:
15464:
15460:
15455:
15450:
15446:
15442:
15438:
15434:
15430:
15423:
15415:
15411:
15407:
15403:
15398:
15393:
15389:
15385:
15381:
15374:
15366:
15362:
15357:
15352:
15348:
15344:
15340:
15336:
15332:
15328:
15324:
15320:
15316:
15309:
15301:
15297:
15293:
15289:
15284:
15279:
15275:
15271:
15267:
15263:
15259:
15252:
15244:
15240:
15236:
15232:
15228:
15224:
15220:
15216:
15212:
15208:
15204:
15197:
15189:
15185:
15181:
15177:
15173:
15169:
15165:
15161:
15157:
15150:
15148:
15139:
15135:
15130:
15125:
15121:
15117:
15113:
15109:
15105:
15098:
15096:
15087:
15083:
15079:
15075:
15071:
15067:
15063:
15059:
15055:
15048:
15046:
15031:on 2015-05-11
15027:
15023:
15019:
15015:
15011:
15007:
15003:
14999:
14995:
14991:
14987:
14980:
14973:
14971:
14962:
14958:
14954:
14950:
14946:
14942:
14938:
14934:
14930:
14923:
14915:
14911:
14906:
14901:
14897:
14893:
14889:
14885:
14881:
14874:
14866:
14862:
14858:
14854:
14850:
14846:
14842:
14838:
14834:
14827:
14819:
14815:
14811:
14807:
14803:
14799:
14795:
14788:
14780:
14776:
14772:
14765:
14763:
14754:
14750:
14746:
14742:
14738:
14734:
14730:
14726:
14722:
14718:
14714:
14707:
14699:
14695:
14690:
14685:
14681:
14677:
14673:
14669:
14665:
14661:
14657:
14655:
14646:
14638:
14634:
14630:
14626:
14622:
14618:
14614:
14607:
14599:
14595:
14591:
14587:
14583:
14579:
14575:
14568:
14560:
14556:
14552:
14548:
14544:
14540:
14536:
14532:
14528:
14521:
14513:
14509:
14505:
14501:
14497:
14493:
14489:
14482:
14474:
14470:
14466:
14462:
14458:
14454:
14450:
14446:
14445:Palaeontology
14442:
14435:
14427:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14409:
14405:
14401:
14397:
14393:
14386:
14378:
14374:
14370:
14366:
14362:
14358:
14354:
14350:
14346:
14342:
14338:
14331:
14329:
14320:
14316:
14312:
14308:
14304:
14300:
14296:
14294:
14291:
14282:
14274:
14270:
14265:
14260:
14256:
14252:
14248:
14244:
14240:
14236:
14232:
14225:
14217:
14213:
14209:
14205:
14201:
14197:
14193:
14186:
14178:
14174:
14169:
14164:
14160:
14156:
14152:
14148:
14144:
14137:
14129:
14125:
14120:
14115:
14111:
14107:
14103:
14099:
14095:
14091:
14090:Benton, M. J.
14084:
14082:
14080:
14065:
14061:
14057:
14053:
14046:
14038:
14034:
14029:
14024:
14020:
14016:
14011:
14006:
14002:
13998:
13994:
13990:
13986:
13982:
13978:
13971:
13963:
13959:
13954:
13949:
13945:
13941:
13936:
13931:
13927:
13923:
13919:
13915:
13911:
13904:
13896:
13892:
13888:
13884:
13880:
13876:
13872:
13865:
13857:
13853:
13848:
13843:
13839:
13835:
13830:
13825:
13821:
13817:
13813:
13806:
13798:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13780:
13776:
13771:
13766:
13762:
13758:
13754:
13750:
13746:
13739:
13737:
13728:
13724:
13720:
13716:
13712:
13708:
13704:
13700:
13696:
13689:
13680:
13675:
13671:
13667:
13663:
13659:
13658:
13653:
13646:
13638:
13634:
13630:
13626:
13622:
13616:
13614:
13612:
13603:
13599:
13595:
13591:
13587:
13583:
13576:
13574:
13565:
13563:
13548:on 2008-05-22
13544:
13540:
13536:
13532:
13528:
13524:
13520:
13516:
13512:
13505:
13498:
13496:
13486:
13481:
13477:
13473:
13469:
13465:
13461:
13454:
13446:
13434:
13426:
13420:
13416:
13415:
13407:
13399:
13395:
13388:
13380:
13374:
13370:
13365:
13364:
13358:
13354:
13348:
13339:
13334:
13330:
13326:
13322:
13318:
13314:
13307:
13299:
13295:
13291:
13284:
13273:
13269:
13265:
13264:Palaeontology
13258:
13256:
13247:
13238:
13233:
13229:
13225:
13221:
13219:
13210:
13202:
13198:
13191:
13183:
13179:
13175:
13171:
13165:
13156:
13151:
13147:
13143:
13139:
13135:
13134:Palaeontology
13131:
13129:
13120:
13112:
13108:
13104:
13097:
13089:
13085:
13078:
13070:
13066:
13062:
13058:
13054:
13048:
13046:
13037:
13033:
13029:
13025:
13021:
13017:
13013:
13009:
13005:
13001:
12997:
12990:
12982:
12978:
12974:
12970:
12966:
12962:
12958:
12954:
12950:
12946:
12942:
12935:
12927:
12923:
12919:
12915:
12910:
12905:
12901:
12897:
12893:
12889:
12885:
12881:
12877:
12870:
12862:
12858:
12853:
12848:
12844:
12840:
12835:
12830:
12826:
12822:
12818:
12814:
12810:
12803:
12795:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12777:
12773:
12768:
12763:
12759:
12755:
12751:
12744:
12736:
12732:
12728:
12724:
12720:
12716:
12712:
12708:
12704:
12700:
12696:
12689:
12681:
12677:
12672:
12667:
12663:
12659:
12652:
12644:
12640:
12636:
12632:
12628:
12624:
12620:
12616:
12612:
12608:
12604:
12597:
12589:
12585:
12580:
12575:
12571:
12567:
12566:Fossil Record
12563:
12561:
12552:
12544:
12540:
12536:
12532:
12528:
12524:
12520:
12516:
12512:
12508:
12504:
12497:
12489:
12485:
12481:
12477:
12473:
12469:
12465:
12461:
12457:
12450:
12442:
12438:
12434:
12430:
12426:
12422:
12418:
12414:
12410:
12403:
12395:
12391:
12386:
12381:
12377:
12373:
12368:
12363:
12359:
12355:
12351:
12347:
12343:
12336:
12328:
12324:
12320:
12316:
12312:
12308:
12304:
12300:
12296:
12289:
12281:
12277:
12273:
12269:
12266:(1): 96–114.
12265:
12261:
12257:
12250:
12242:
12238:
12234:
12230:
12226:
12222:
12218:
12214:
12210:
12206:
12199:
12191:
12187:
12183:
12179:
12175:
12171:
12167:
12163:
12159:
12152:
12144:
12140:
12136:
12135:
12127:
12119:
12115:
12111:
12107:
12102:
12097:
12093:
12089:
12085:
12078:
12070:
12066:
12062:
12058:
12054:
12050:
12046:
12042:
12038:
12034:
12030:
12023:
12015:
12011:
12004:
11996:
11995:
11987:
11978:
11973:
11969:
11965:
11961:
11957:
11956:
11951:
11944:
11942:
11940:
11938:
11928:
11923:
11919:
11915:
11911:
11904:
11896:
11892:
11888:
11884:
11880:
11876:
11872:
11865:
11857:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11839:
11835:
11831:
11824:
11816:
11812:
11808:
11804:
11800:
11796:
11792:
11785:
11777:
11773:
11768:
11763:
11759:
11755:
11751:
11747:
11743:
11739:
11735:
11728:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11694:
11690:
11686:
11679:
11671:
11670:
11662:
11654:
11650:
11646:
11642:
11638:
11634:
11630:
11626:
11622:
11615:
11608:(1): 104–114.
11607:
11603:
11599:
11592:
11584:
11580:
11576:
11572:
11568:
11564:
11560:
11556:
11552:
11548:
11544:
11537:
11529:
11525:
11521:
11517:
11513:
11509:
11505:
11501:
11497:
11490:
11482:
11478:
11474:
11470:
11465:
11460:
11456:
11452:
11448:
11444:
11443:Palaeontology
11440:
11433:
11425:
11421:
11417:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11399:
11395:
11391:
11387:
11386:Palaeontology
11383:
11376:
11374:
11365:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11347:
11343:
11339:
11335:
11331:
11327:
11323:
11316:
11308:
11304:
11300:
11296:
11292:
11288:
11284:
11280:
11276:
11269:
11261:
11257:
11253:
11247:
11243:
11242:
11234:
11232:
11223:
11219:
11215:
11211:
11207:
11203:
11199:
11195:
11191:
11184:
11182:
11173:
11166:
11158:
11154:
11150:
11146:
11142:
11135:
11127:
11123:
11119:
11115:
11111:
11107:
11103:
11096:
11088:
11082:
11074:
11073:
11065:
11057:
11053:
11049:
11045:
11041:
11037:
11033:
11029:
11025:
11018:
11010:
11006:
11002:
10998:
10994:
10990:
10986:
10979:
10971:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10953:
10949:
10945:
10938:
10930:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10912:
10908:
10901:
10893:
10889:
10885:
10878:
10870:
10866:
10862:
10858:
10854:
10850:
10846:
10839:
10831:
10827:
10823:
10819:
10815:
10808:
10806:
10797:
10793:
10789:
10785:
10781:
10777:
10773:
10769:
10765:
10761:
10757:
10750:
10742:
10738:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10722:
10718:
10714:
10710:
10703:
10695:
10691:
10687:
10683:
10679:
10675:
10671:
10664:
10662:
10653:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10635:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10617:
10613:
10609:
10605:
10601:
10594:
10586:
10582:
10578:
10574:
10570:
10566:
10562:
10558:
10555:(2): 90–102.
10554:
10550:
10546:
10539:
10531:
10527:
10523:
10519:
10515:
10511:
10507:
10503:
10499:
10492:
10490:
10488:
10479:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10448:
10440:
10436:
10432:
10428:
10424:
10420:
10416:
10412:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10393:
10385:
10383:9780471164661
10379:
10374:
10373:
10364:
10356:
10350:
10346:
10339:
10337:
10335:
10326:
10322:
10318:
10314:
10310:
10306:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10290:
10286:
10279:
10271:
10267:
10263:
10256:
10248:
10244:
10240:
10236:
10232:
10228:
10224:
10220:
10216:
10209:
10207:
10198:
10194:
10190:
10186:
10182:
10178:
10174:
10170:
10166:
10162:
10158:
10151:
10143:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10115:
10111:
10104:
10096:
10092:
10088:
10084:
10080:
10076:
10072:
10068:
10064:
10060:
10053:
10051:
10049:
10040:
10036:
10032:
10028:
10024:
10020:
10016:
10012:
10008:
10001:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9970:(2): 99–124.
9969:
9965:
9961:
9954:
9946:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9928:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9913:(1): obz011.
9912:
9908:
9904:
9897:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9873:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9847:
9840:
9832:
9828:
9824:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9808:
9804:
9800:
9796:
9792:
9785:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9743:
9739:
9735:
9728:
9720:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9670:
9663:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9631:
9624:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9584:
9577:
9569:
9565:
9561:
9557:
9553:
9549:
9545:
9538:
9525:
9519:
9515:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9496:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9462:
9458:
9454:
9447:
9439:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9421:
9417:
9413:
9406:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9359:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9327:
9320:
9312:
9308:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9284:
9280:
9273:
9265:
9261:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9225:
9218:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9187:
9180:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9141:
9133:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9102:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9079:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9039:
9032:
9024:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8982:
8975:
8973:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8933:
8925:
8921:
8920:Palaeontology
8917:
8910:
8902:
8898:
8894:
8893:
8885:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8862:9781501718335
8858:
8854:
8850:
8846:
8842:
8836:
8834:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8785:
8778:
8770:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8742:
8738:
8734:
8730:
8723:
8715:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8686:
8678:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8645:
8632:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8603:
8590:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8561:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8514:
8506:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8473:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8456:
8448:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8391:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8344:Palaeontology
8341:
8334:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8269:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8222:
8220:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8179:
8172:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8133:
8125:
8121:
8114:
8107:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8068:
8060:
8056:
8049:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8032:
8027:
8021:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7990:
7982:
7978:
7971:
7963:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7914:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7856:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7843:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7795:
7793:
7791:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7751:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7734:
7726:
7724:
7715:
7711:
7710:Palaeontology
7707:
7700:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7653:
7651:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7593:
7588:
7585:(1): 77–121.
7584:
7580:
7576:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7554:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7534:Labyrinthodon
7530:
7529:
7525:
7517:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7468:
7465:
7454:
7452:
7446:
7444:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7430:
7429:
7424:
7420:
7419:
7415:
7409:
7405:
7403:
7399:
7398:cartilaginous
7394:
7393:growth series
7390:
7389:
7384:
7380:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7371:Cheliderpeton
7367:
7363:
7362:
7361:Dutuitosaurus
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7340:
7339:
7333:
7330:
7326:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7307:Metamorphosis
7304:
7297:
7296:
7290:
7281:
7278:
7273:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7261:mouth brooder
7258:
7257:Darwin's Frog
7254:
7250:
7246:
7245:
7239:
7236:
7232:
7222:
7220:
7216:
7211:
7210:
7204:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7185:
7184:
7179:
7175:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7155:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7142:Archegosaurus
7135:
7134:
7133:Archegosaurus
7128:
7114:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7102:
7101:Rileymillerus
7097:
7093:
7092:stereospondyl
7089:
7088:
7078:
7077:
7069:
7068:
7060:
7059:
7051:
7050:
7042:
7041:
7033:
7032:
7024:
7023:
7015:
7014:
7006:
7005:
6997:
6996:
6988:
6987:
6979:
6978:
6970:
6969:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6955:
6948:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6938:
6937:
6929:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6905:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6887:Georgenthalia
6881:
6880:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6861:
6860:
6852:
6851:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6830:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6813:
6812:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6789:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6771:Plemmyradytes
6765:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6738:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6713:Gerobatrachus
6706:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6682:
6675:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6651:
6650:
6643:
6639:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6626:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6615:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6605:Dissorophinae
6600:
6599:
6592:
6591:Dissorophidae
6588:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6564:
6563:
6557:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6544:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6516:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6501:
6497:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6471:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6454:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6423:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6399:
6398:
6392:
6391:Temnospondyli
6389:
6388:
6384:
6382:
6378:
6377:Gerobatrachus
6374:
6373:Gerobatrachus
6370:
6366:
6362:
6357:
6353:
6352:Gerobatrachus
6349:
6348:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6321:
6315:
6313:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6289:
6288:
6287:Gerobatrachus
6282:
6268:
6267:
6259:
6258:
6250:
6249:
6241:
6240:
6232:
6231:
6223:
6222:
6214:
6213:
6205:
6204:
6196:
6195:
6187:
6186:
6178:
6177:
6169:
6168:
6160:
6159:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6099:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6082:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6051:Brachyopoidea
6046:
6045:
6039:
6038:Trematosauria
6036:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6023:
6022:
6014:
6013:
6005:
6004:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5974:Watsonisuchus
5968:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5950:Wetlugasaurus
5944:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5920:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5896:
5895:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5862:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5845:Rhinesuchidae
5840:
5839:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5813:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5795:Archegosaurus
5789:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5765:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5741:
5740:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5693:
5692:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5602:
5601:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5570:
5569:Temnospondyli
5567:
5566:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5510:Trematosauria
5507:
5502:
5500:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5466:
5465:ghost lineage
5462:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5405:plesiomorphic
5402:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5387:Trematosauria
5385:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5373:Brachyopoidea
5371:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5290:
5289:
5281:
5280:
5272:
5271:
5263:
5262:
5254:
5253:
5245:
5244:
5236:
5235:
5227:
5226:
5218:
5217:
5209:
5208:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5094:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5030:
5029:
5021:
5020:
5012:
5011:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4881:Rhinesuchidae
4876:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4859:Lapillopsidae
4854:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4778:
4777:
4769:
4768:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4662:Lysipterygium
4656:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4633:
4625:
4624:
4616:
4615:
4607:
4606:
4598:
4597:
4589:
4588:
4580:
4579:
4571:
4570:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4538:
4537:
4529:
4528:
4520:
4519:
4511:
4510:
4502:
4501:
4493:
4492:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4456:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4432:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:Dissorophidae
4388:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4251:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4227:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4203:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4159:
4158:
4150:
4149:
4141:
4140:
4132:
4131:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4049:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4025:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4001:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3879:
3878:
3870:
3869:
3861:
3860:
3852:
3851:
3843:
3842:
3834:
3833:
3825:
3824:
3816:
3815:
3807:
3806:
3798:
3797:
3789:
3788:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3695:
3694:
3686:
3685:
3677:
3676:
3668:
3667:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:Adelospondyli
3494:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3333:Temnospondyli
3328:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3254:Crassigyrinus
3248:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3112:
3111:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3049:
3048:
3040:
3039:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3004:
3003:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:Temnospondyli
2646:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2535:Crassigyrinus
2529:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:pelvic girdle
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2267:Brachyopoidea
2264:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:Trematosauria
2142:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2081:Rhinesuchidae
2078:
2075:
2074:Lapillopsidae
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1928:Dissorophinae
1925:
1924:
1923:
1922:Dissorophidae
1919:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1897:Micropholidae
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1831:Dvinosauridae
1828:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1757:
1756:Cyclotosaurus
1752:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:phylogenetics
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1623:chigutisaurid
1620:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1610:chigutisaurid
1607:
1606:late Jurassic
1603:
1599:
1598:
1597:Sinobrachyops
1593:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:Brachyopoidea
1574:
1571:
1570:metoposaurids
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1552:Cryobatrachus
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:Late Triassic
1533:stage of the
1532:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:dendrerpetids
1372:
1371:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1311:sensu stricto
1307:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1251:Trematosaurus
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:Archegosaurus
1236:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1177:Archegosaurus
1173:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1125:mucous glands
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:Stegocephalia
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1076:in 1858, and
1075:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1055:Trematosaurus
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:Late Triassic
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
985:Labyrinthodon
983:, named like
982:
978:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:Labyrinthodon
948:
944:
943:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:Labyrinthodon
918:
914:
913:
908:
903:
901:
897:
896:
887:
884:Early finds:
881:
879:
875:
867:
866:
861:
852:
850:
849:
844:
843:
842:Batrachichnus
837:
833:
822:
819:
815:
811:
810:plagiosaurids
807:
803:
799:
798:
792:
791:Dissorophidae
788:
787:
783:
779:
778:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
749:
748:
742:
738:
736:
732:
731:
726:
720:
718:
713:
709:
708:edaphosaurids
705:
701:
700:
694:
690:
686:
685:pleurocentrum
682:
678:
668:
666:
665:
664:Microposaurus
661:
657:
656:
652:
648:
647:
642:
636:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:interfrontals
601:
594:
593:
587:
583:
581:
576:
572:
568:
567:plagiosaurids
564:
563:
557:
553:
542:
540:
536:
535:
530:
526:
522:
513:
512:
501:
492:
483:
469:
467:
466:
461:
460:
449:
447:
443:
439:
438:reptiliomorph
435:
431:
430:
425:
422:than to the “
421:
420:
404:
401:
397:
393:
392:dissorophoids
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:metamorphosis
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:Carboniferous
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:temnospondyls
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:Temnospondyli
242:
241:
236:
231:
227:
223:
218:
217:Temnospondyli
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
150:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:
126:
122:
117:
111:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
42:
39:330–120
35:
31:
30:Mississippian
24:Temnospondyls
22:
19:
21119:
21070:Eryopiformes
21013:
20964:Prionosuchus
20962:
20955:
20948:
20941:
20934:
20929:Bageherpeton
20927:
20920:
20900:
20895:Tryphosuchus
20893:
20886:
20879:
20872:
20865:Melosaurinae
20842:
20835:
20828:
20821:
20814:
20806:
20781:
20774:
20767:
20760:
20753:
20746:
20739:
20732:
20713:Lissamphibia
20683:
20676:
20669:
20662:
20655:Zatracheidae
20638:
20631:
20626:Slaugenhopia
20624:
20616:
20596:
20589:
20582:
20575:
20568:
20560:
20540:
20533:
20525:
20518:
20511:
20506:Erpetosaurus
20504:
20497:
20490:
20483:
20461:Dendrerpeton
20459:
20454:Balanerpeton
20452:
20427:
20420:
20412:
20405:
20398:
20391:
20384:
20364:
20339:
20331:
20324:
20317:
20309:
20302:
20296:Caerorhachis
20294:
20281:
20259:
20258:
20233:
20191:Stegocephali
20186:
20177:
20168:
20164:Osteichthyes
20159:
20130:
20036:Other topics
20017:Holospondyli
20012:Lepospondyli
19961:Polyphyletic
19956:Paraphyletic
19896:
19833:Lissamphibia
19809:
19784:
19777:
19770:
19763:
19755:
19750:Caerorhachis
19748:
19720:
19713:
19706:
19683:
19678:Seroherpeton
19676:
19669:
19662:
19655:
19648:
19641:
19636:Neopteroplax
19634:
19627:
19619:
19612:
19605:
19597:
19589:
19582:
19575:
19568:
19561:
19534:
19527:
19520:
19513:
19493:
19485:
19426:
19419:
19412:
19407:Adelogyrinus
19405:
19385:
19358:
19353:Greererpeton
19351:
19344:
19337:
19314:
19307:
19299:
19268:
19261:
19241:
19217:
19210:
19192:Ophiderpeton
19190:
19183:
19176:
19149:
19139:
19129:
19119:
19109:
19101:Mesanerpeton
19099:
19089:
19079:
19069:
19059:
19049:
19039:
19031:Aytonerpeton
19029:
19019:
18984:Webererpeton
18982:
18975:
18970:Elginerpeton
18968:
18945:
18935:
18925:
18915:
18905:
18894:
18884:
18874:
18864:
18854:
18846:Ichthyostega
18844:
18834:
18825:Elpistostege
18823:
18815:Densignathus
18813:
18803:
18795:Acanthostega
18793:
18761:
18752:Stegocephali
18720:
18676:
18667:Stegocephali
18654:
18646:Rubrognathus
18644:
18634:
18624:
18614:
18604:
18593:
18566:
18559:
18552:
18545:
18540:Notorhizodon
18538:
18530:
18523:
18515:
18508:
18501:
18494:
18487:
18480:
18473:
18466:
18459:
18452:
18445:
18438:
18431:
18407:
18379:
18372:
18365:
18358:
18352:Megistolepis
18350:
18342:
18337:Megalichthys
18335:
18328:
18320:
18313:
18305:
18298:
18293:Askerichthys
18291:
18267:
18259:
18252:
18245:
18238:
18214:
18208:Thysanolepis
18206:
18199:
18192:
18185:
18178:
18171:
18166:Pycnoctenion
18164:
18157:
18150:
18143:
18138:Gooloogongia
18136:
18129:
18122:
18115:
18108:Rhizodontida
18092:
18082:
18072:
18062:
18052:
18042:
18032:
18022:
18014:Muranjilepis
18012:
18002:
17992:
17982:
17972:
17962:
17952:
17942:
17934:Gyroptychius
17932:
17922:
17912:
17902:
17892:
17882:
17872:
17759:
17750:
17746:Osteichthyes
17741:
17624:. Retrieved
17619:
17614:Dendrerpeton
17613:
17606:
17592:(1): 19–76.
17589:
17585:
17567:
17563:
17556:
17523:
17519:
17515:
17509:
17474:
17470:
17464:
17437:
17433:
17423:
17390:
17386:
17348:
17344:
17303:(2): 85–96.
17300:
17296:
17283:
17266:
17262:
17256:
17244:. Retrieved
17240:GSA Newsroom
17239:
17229:
17220:
17216:
17210:
17201:
17197:
17193:
17187:
17165:(1): 80–84.
17162:
17158:
17152:
17107:
17103:
17093:
17084:
17080:
17074:
17062:. Retrieved
17058:the original
17053:
17047:
17039:
17012:
17006:
16996:
16961:
16957:
16947:
16920:
16916:
16906:
16887:
16883:
16878:Doleserpeton
16877:
16852:(1): 83–99.
16849:
16845:
16814:(5): 89–90.
16811:
16807:
16801:
16792:
16788:
16782:
16770:. Retrieved
16755:
16748:
16736:. Retrieved
16721:
16711:
16678:
16674:
16661:
16650:. Retrieved
16643:the original
16620:
16616:
16603:
16578:
16574:
16568:
16533:
16529:
16523:
16498:
16494:
16490:
16484:
16462:(1): 64–79.
16459:
16455:
16451:
16445:
16434:the original
16429:
16425:
16417:Dendrerpeton
16416:
16408:
16399:
16393:
16358:
16354:
16344:
16319:
16315:
16311:
16285:
16281:
16275:
16263:. Retrieved
16259:
16249:
16238:the original
16217:
16213:
16200:
16167:
16163:
16153:
16112:
16108:
16098:
16065:
16061:
16051:
16042:
16038:
16032:
15999:
15995:
15990:Metoposaurus
15989:
15981:
15956:
15952:
15911:
15907:
15901:
15882:
15878:
15872:
15852:
15841:the original
15836:
15832:
15819:
15786:
15782:
15772:
15739:
15735:
15725:
15692:
15688:
15682:
15674:
15641:
15637:
15631:
15623:
15606:11336/105150
15588:
15542:
15538:
15528:
15485:
15481:
15471:
15436:
15432:
15422:
15387:
15383:
15373:
15322:
15318:
15308:
15265:
15261:
15251:
15210:
15206:
15196:
15163:
15159:
15111:
15107:
15061:
15057:
15033:. Retrieved
15026:the original
14989:
14985:
14936:
14932:
14922:
14890:(1): 34–39.
14887:
14883:
14873:
14840:
14836:
14826:
14801:
14797:
14787:
14770:
14720:
14716:
14706:
14663:
14659:
14653:
14645:
14620:
14616:
14606:
14581:
14577:
14567:
14534:
14530:
14520:
14495:
14491:
14481:
14448:
14444:
14434:
14399:
14395:
14385:
14344:
14340:
14302:
14298:
14292:
14289:
14281:
14238:
14234:
14224:
14199:
14195:
14185:
14150:
14146:
14136:
14101:
14097:
14067:. Retrieved
14055:
14045:
14010:10919/113568
13984:
13980:
13970:
13917:
13913:
13903:
13878:
13874:
13864:
13819:
13815:
13805:
13752:
13748:
13702:
13698:
13688:
13661:
13655:
13645:
13632:
13628:
13585:
13581:
13572:
13550:. Retrieved
13543:the original
13514:
13510:
13467:
13463:
13453:
13413:
13406:
13397:
13387:
13362:
13347:
13323:(1): 38–82.
13320:
13316:
13306:
13293:
13283:
13272:the original
13267:
13263:
13255:Rhombopholis
13254:
13246:
13227:
13223:
13217:
13209:
13200:
13190:
13181:
13177:
13164:
13137:
13133:
13127:
13119:
13113:(48): 58–61.
13110:
13106:
13096:
13087:
13077:
13060:
13056:
13003:
12999:
12989:
12948:
12944:
12934:
12883:
12879:
12869:
12816:
12812:
12802:
12757:
12753:
12743:
12702:
12698:
12688:
12661:
12651:
12610:
12606:
12596:
12569:
12565:
12559:
12551:
12513:(1): 69–75.
12510:
12506:
12496:
12463:
12459:
12449:
12416:
12412:
12402:
12349:
12345:
12335:
12302:
12298:
12288:
12263:
12259:
12249:
12216:
12212:
12208:
12204:
12198:
12165:
12161:
12151:
12133:
12126:
12101:10.26879/976
12091:
12087:
12077:
12036:
12032:
12022:
12016:(1): 135–14.
12013:
12009:
12003:
11993:
11986:
11959:
11953:
11917:
11913:
11903:
11878:
11874:
11864:
11837:
11833:
11823:
11798:
11794:
11784:
11741:
11737:
11727:
11692:
11688:
11678:
11668:
11661:
11628:
11624:
11614:
11605:
11601:
11597:
11591:
11550:
11546:
11536:
11503:
11499:
11489:
11446:
11442:
11432:
11389:
11385:
11329:
11325:
11315:
11285:(1): 43–64.
11282:
11278:
11268:
11240:
11197:
11193:
11189:
11171:
11165:
11148:
11144:
11134:
11109:
11105:
11095:
11071:
11064:
11031:
11027:
11017:
10992:
10988:
10978:
10951:
10947:
10937:
10910:
10900:
10891:
10887:
10877:
10852:
10848:
10838:
10821:
10817:
10763:
10759:
10749:
10719:(1): 26–30.
10716:
10712:
10702:
10677:
10673:
10607:
10603:
10593:
10552:
10548:
10538:
10508:(1): 43–64.
10505:
10501:
10461:
10457:
10447:
10409:(1): 24–33.
10406:
10402:
10392:
10371:
10363:
10344:
10292:
10288:
10278:
10269:
10265:
10255:
10222:
10218:
10215:Doleserpeton
10214:
10164:
10160:
10150:
10117:
10113:
10103:
10062:
10058:
10014:
10010:
10000:
9967:
9963:
9953:
9910:
9906:
9896:
9853:
9849:
9839:
9798:
9794:
9784:
9741:
9737:
9727:
9679:(9–10): 79.
9676:
9672:
9662:
9637:
9633:
9623:
9590:
9586:
9576:
9551:
9547:
9537:
9527:, retrieved
9505:
9495:
9460:
9456:
9446:
9419:
9415:
9405:
9375:(1): 64–79.
9372:
9368:
9358:
9336:(1): 83–99.
9333:
9329:
9319:
9289:(1): 18–28.
9286:
9282:
9272:
9231:
9227:
9217:
9192:
9188:
9179:
9154:
9150:
9140:
9115:
9111:
9101:
9092:
9088:
9078:
9048:(1): 33–60.
9045:
9041:
9031:
8988:
8984:
8946:
8942:
8932:
8923:
8919:
8909:
8891:
8884:
8874:, retrieved
8844:
8791:
8787:
8777:
8736:
8732:
8722:
8695:
8685:
8658:
8654:
8644:
8634:, retrieved
8612:
8602:
8592:, retrieved
8570:
8560:
8527:
8523:
8513:
8489:(1): 65–78.
8486:
8482:
8472:
8454:
8447:
8407:(1): 38–82.
8404:
8400:
8390:
8347:
8343:
8333:
8282:
8278:
8268:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8185:
8181:
8171:
8146:
8142:
8132:
8123:
8119:
8106:
8081:
8077:
8067:
8058:
8054:
8048:
8030:
8020:
8003:
7999:
7989:
7980:
7976:
7970:
7927:
7923:
7913:
7902:the original
7865:
7861:
7808:
7804:
7764:
7760:
7750:
7732:
7713:
7709:
7699:
7666:
7662:
7616:
7612:
7582:
7578:
7533:
7532:Owen placed
7528:
7514:Doleserpeton
7513:
7506:Doleserpeton
7505:
7502:Doleserpeton
7501:
7497:Dendrerpeton
7495:
7489:
7484:hyomandibula
7469:
7460:
7447:
7442:
7436:
7432:
7426:
7416:
7410:
7406:
7401:
7386:
7382:
7376:
7369:
7366:Metoposaurus
7365:
7359:
7348:ossification
7336:
7334:
7322:
7315:
7300:
7293:
7274:
7268:
7264:
7252:
7242:
7240:
7228:
7225:Reproduction
7218:
7214:
7207:
7205:
7201:suction feed
7197:Plagiosuchus
7196:
7192:
7189:Plagiosuchus
7188:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7164:
7158:
7156:
7152:
7140:
7138:
7131:
7117:Paleobiology
7109:
7099:
7085:
7084:
6954:Lissamphibia
6952:
6951:
6936:Doleserpeton
6934:
6933:
6932:
6909:
6908:
6885:
6884:
6834:
6833:
6817:
6816:
6793:
6792:
6769:
6768:
6729:
6728:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6681:Platyrhinops
6679:
6678:
6655:
6654:
6642:Amphibamidae
6618:
6603:
6568:
6567:
6538:Trematopidae
6536:
6520:
6519:
6475:
6474:
6458:
6457:
6429:Dendrerpeton
6427:
6426:
6405:Balanerpeton
6403:
6402:
6390:
6381:Doleserpeton
6380:
6376:
6372:
6360:
6356:Doleserpeton
6355:
6351:
6345:
6342:sister taxon
6331:
6328:Amphibamidae
6325:
6316:
6312:lysorophians
6308:
6296:Lissamphibia
6293:
6285:
6143:
6128:
6103:
6102:
6086:
6085:
6049:
5988:
5972:
5971:
5948:
5947:
5926:Benthosuchus
5924:
5923:
5900:
5899:
5888:Capitosauria
5866:
5865:
5843:
5817:
5816:
5793:
5792:
5769:
5768:
5745:
5744:
5719:
5708:Eryopiformes
5676:
5663:Zatracheidae
5661:
5639:
5605:
5580:
5568:
5551:Eryopiformes
5547:
5526:brachyopoids
5513:
5506:Capitosauria
5503:
5496:
5487:
5469:
5461:Late Permian
5450:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5422:
5408:
5398:
5390:
5383:
5380:Capitosauria
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5302:
5300:
5192:
5168:
5155:Almasauridae
5153:
5141:
5123:Thoosuchidae
5121:
5100:Benthosuchus
5098:
5097:
5085:
5063:
5051:
4995:
4982:Brachyopidae
4980:
4968:
4955:
4933:
4911:
4899:
4879:
4857:
4826:
4811:
4792:
4752:
4739:Melosauridae
4737:
4717:Intasuchidae
4715:
4693:
4681:
4660:
4659:
4647:
4555:
4554:
4476:
4462:Eimerisaurus
4460:
4459:
4436:
4435:
4415:Amphibamidae
4413:
4391:
4371:Trematopidae
4369:
4357:
4346:Zatracheidae
4344:
4313:
4298:
4286:
4276:
4255:
4254:
4231:
4230:
4207:
4206:
4183:
4182:
4115:
4099:
4098:
4076:
4053:
4052:
4029:
4028:
4005:
4004:
3992:
3972:
3941:
3925:
3924:
3912:
3902:
3888:
3885:
3767:
3747:
3719:
3718:
3647:Lissamphibia
3645:
3644:
3626:Lysorophidae
3624:
3602:
3575:
3548:
3512:
3497:
3479:Lepospondyli
3468:
3451:Westlothiana
3449:
3448:
3421:
3385:
3365:
3332:
3331:
3304:
3273:
3252:
3251:
3216:
3215:
3180:Ichthyostega
3178:
3177:
3158:Acanthostega
3156:
3155:
3127:
2975:Lepospondyli
2973:
2954:Westlothiana
2952:
2951:
2915:
2895:
2861:
2833:
2832:
2805:
2769:
2753:
2752:
2719:Caerorhachis
2717:
2716:
2672:Lissamphibia
2670:
2669:
2650:
2649:
2621:
2620:
2601:
2588:
2561:
2533:
2532:
2505:
2477:
2476:
2450:Ichthyostega
2448:
2447:
2421:Acanthostega
2419:
2418:
2396:
2381:
2353:postparietal
2348:
2325:parasphenoid
2317:phylogenetic
2314:
2273:Brachyopidae
2265:Superfamily
2251:Derwentiinae
2230:Superfamily
2217:Laidleriidae
2209:Superfamily
2197:Latiscopidae
2189:Superfamily
2157:Thoosuchidae
2149:Superfamily
2115:Superfamily
2105:Capitosauria
2047:Intasuchidae
2033:Melosaurinae
2019:Superfamily
1991:Zatracheidae
1977:Superfamily
1970:Superfamily
1960:Eryopiformes
1954:Zatracheidae
1942:Trematopidae
1916:Olsoniformes
1903:Lissamphibia
1877:Amphibamidae
1851:Superfamily
1823:Superfamily
1773:Superfamily
1762:
1754:
1745:Capitosauria
1741:sterospondyl
1736:Sclerothorax
1734:
1725:dvinosaurian
1718:
1709:dissorophoid
1699:
1683:
1669:rhachitomous
1661:
1651:
1644:rift valleys
1625:
1612:
1595:
1589:
1580:
1567:
1556:
1550:
1528:
1525:temnospondyl
1516:
1506:
1487:Late Permian
1484:
1475:rhinesuchids
1470:Prionosuchus
1468:
1458:
1455:late Permian
1452:
1442:Prionosuchus
1440:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1370:Balanerpeton
1368:
1362:
1354:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1315:
1309:
1306:Alfred Romer
1303:
1289:
1284:amphicoelous
1277:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1219:Dendrerpeton
1218:
1215:Dendrerpeton
1214:
1208:
1202:and lack of
1193:
1187:
1183:Dendrerpeton
1181:
1175:
1168:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1129:
1101:
1088:Rhombopholis
1087:
1083:
1077:
1073:Capitosaurus
1071:
1067:Dendrerpeton
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1043:Rhombopholis
1041:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:Late Permian
1023:, which are
1005:Warwickshire
993:Guy's Cliffe
988:
984:
976:
975:
966:
962:
959:S. giganteus
958:
954:
950:
946:
940:
932:
928:
924:
920:
917:Richard Owen
910:
904:
899:
893:
891:
885:
877:
871:
863:
846:
840:
835:
828:
817:
813:
805:
795:
784:
782:rhytidosteid
775:
769:
757:trematosaurs
753:
745:
744:A fossil of
728:
725:Metoposaurus
724:
721:
716:
712:Platyhystrix
711:
699:Platyhystrix
697:
693:zygapophyses
689:intercentrum
674:
662:
653:
646:Erpetosaurus
644:
637:
598:
590:
575:lateral line
560:
556:dermal bones
548:
532:
524:
518:
511:Metoposaurus
509:
463:
459:Edops craigi
457:
455:
433:
427:
417:
415:
388:lepospondyls
373:
349:
264:
260:
256:
248:
247:
238:
216:
200:Superclass:
187:
129:
128:Skeleton of
110:Lissamphibia
18:
21144:Wikispecies
20902:Uralosuchus
20881:Konzhukovia
20816:Glanochthon
20776:Stenokranio
20769:Osteophorus
20671:Chemnitzion
20633:Thabanchuia
20584:Neldasaurus
20520:Kourerpeton
20499:Dvinosaurus
20472:Dvinosauria
20429:Saharastega
20407:Macrerpeton
20341:Colosteidae
20333:Baphetoidea
20053:Romer's gap
19849:Pan-Amniota
19797:Crown group
19650:Papposaurus
19474:Baphetoidea
19330:Colosteidae
19316:Whatcheeria
19270:Sillerpeton
19061:Doragnathus
19021:Antlerpeton
18554:Spodichthys
18517:Litoptychus
18475:Eusthenodon
18468:Edenopteron
18461:Devonosteus
18367:Rhizodopsis
18330:Mahalalepis
18307:Cryptolepis
18254:Koharalepis
18240:Beelarongia
18216:Vorobjevaia
18194:Screbinodus
18187:Sauripterus
18180:Rossichthys
18152:Letognathus
18117:Archichthys
18094:Viluichthys
17964:Litoptychus
17904:Glyptopomus
17884:Chrysolepis
17764:Rhipidistia
17048:Gerrothorax
16795:(19): 1–42.
16551:11336/93649
16288:(1): 1–59.
15683:Eodicynodon
15439:: 583–597.
15325:(1): 8676.
15114:(9): e294.
14905:11336/93645
14264:11336/68471
14168:11336/93649
13621:Romer, A.S.
13006:(1): 1–11.
12909:2434/582851
12886:: 278–289.
11801:(1): 1–17.
11151:: 153–225.
10954:: 391–416.
9006:11336/93649
8308:11336/68471
7443:Lepidosiren
7433:Dvinosaurus
7428:Lepidosiren
7418:Dvinosaurus
7317:Gerrothorax
7305:specimens.
7219:Phonerpeton
7215:Phonerpeton
7209:Phonerpeton
7193:Gerrothorax
7178:Gerrothorax
7165:Gerrothorax
7160:Gerrothorax
6819:Micropholis
5902:Edingerella
5868:Lydekkerina
5771:Glanochthon
5641:Dvinosauria
5534:Rhytidostea
5522:plagiosaurs
5499:Dvinosauria
5446:Saharastega
5366:Rhytidostea
5317:Dvinosauria
4300:Parioxyidae
4209:Saharastega
4055:Dvinosaurus
4031:Neldasaurus
3306:Colosteidae
2507:Colosteidae
2388:crown group
2373:iliac blade
2357:exoccipital
2345:neural arch
2169:Tertreminae
2008:Dvinosauria
1934:Eucacopinae
1813:Dvinosauria
1720:Dvinosaurus
1706:dissorophid
1652:Koolasuchus
1627:Koolasuchus
1587:brachyopids
1543:plagiosaurs
1453:During the
1445:, from the
1422:Anakamacops
1418:Konzhukovia
1409:Eodicynodon
1387:lagerstätte
1256:Micropholis
1211:Microsauria
1160:Microsauria
1120:gill arches
947:Phytosaurus
942:Phytosaurus
832:Mazon Creek
825:Soft tissue
761:capitosaurs
671:Postcranium
660:trematosaur
633:brachyopids
608:internasals
580:zatracheids
562:Micropholis
472:Description
407:Definitions
380:salamanders
356:batrachians
341:salamanders
321:semiaquatic
21253:Categories
21080:Limnarchia
21075:Eryopoidea
21060:Rhachitomi
21048:See also:
20888:Melosaurus
20823:Intasuchus
20414:Nigerpeton
20243:see below↓
19772:Eoherpeton
19621:Eoherpeton
19614:Eobaphetes
19554:Embolomeri
19506:Baphetidae
19131:Perittodus
19051:Diploradus
18937:Ventastega
18907:Tulerpeton
18876:Parmastega
18856:Jakubsonia
18836:Hynerpeton
18762:sensu lato
18688:see below↓
18677:sensu lato
18636:Qikiqtania
18525:Mandageria
18510:Langlieria
18454:Canningius
18247:Canowindra
18201:Strepsodus
18054:Shirolepis
18024:Osteolepis
17954:Kenichthys
17894:Geptolepis
17874:Bogdanovia
17816:see below↓
17204:(1): 1–17.
16652:2011-08-04
15035:2011-08-04
14069:2024-05-28
14056:dx.doi.org
13552:2011-08-04
13053:Cope, E.D.
12951:: 109625.
10894:: 117–136.
9529:2022-03-20
8926:: 831–845.
8876:2022-03-20
8636:2022-03-20
8594:2022-03-20
8126:: 233–270.
7983:: 524–532.
7716:: 561–573.
7550:References
7544:reptiles.
7476:homologous
7259:is also a
7106:caecilians
6911:Amphibamus
6836:Pasawioops
6105:Peltostega
5621:Rhachitomi
5559:Rhachitomi
5520:, aquatic
5484:Eryopoidea
5476:Limnarchia
5452:Nigerpeton
5345:Limnarchia
5331:Eryopoidea
3387:Embolomeri
3275:Baphetidae
3218:Tulerpeton
2771:Embolomeri
2755:Eoherpeton
2590:Baphetidae
2479:Tulerpeton
2395:from Ruta
2249:Subfamily
2179:Subfamily
2173:Subfamily
2167:Subfamily
2037:Subfamily
2031:Subfamily
2002:Limnarchia
1979:Eryopoidea
1932:Subfamily
1926:Subfamily
1887:Subfamily
1865:Xerodromes
1807:Rhachitomi
1701:Zygosaurus
1688:, a basal
1563:Antarctica
1460:Melosaurus
1317:sensu lato
1265:stem-group
1235:Embolerimi
1156:Amphibamus
1151:Amphibamus
1049:Zygosaurus
772:osteoderms
651:capitosaur
624:dvinosaurs
600:Homologues
521:crocodiles
384:caecilians
345:caecilians
233:Subgroups
194:Teleostomi
20762:Onchiodon
20734:Actinodon
20725:Eryopidae
20685:Zatrachys
20562:Eugyrinus
20527:Perryella
20513:Isodectes
20485:Acroplous
20353:Edopoidea
20311:Casineria
20147:Kingdom:
20002:Rachitomi
19867:includes
19831:includes
19801:Tetrapoda
19765:Eldeceeon
19757:Casineria
19671:Pteroplax
19459:Nectridea
19447:Nectridea
19339:Colosteus
19301:Ossinodus
19185:Lethiscus
19165:Aistopoda
19141:Sigournea
19121:Ossirarus
18927:Umzantsia
18896:Tiktaalik
18886:Sinostega
18758:Tetrapoda
18673:Tetrapoda
18656:Tiktaalik
18606:Livoniana
18503:Jarvikina
18344:Megapomus
18084:Tungsenia
18034:Peregrina
17914:Gogonasus
17729:Kingdom:
17570:(7): 263.
17548:129307253
17487:CiteSeerX
17387:Evolution
17365:1463-6395
17223:(6): 400.
17087:(7): 341.
16515:130771646
16192:1867-6812
16137:1432-1904
16090:0891-2963
16045:: 29–139.
16024:0272-4634
15928:131582010
15811:0272-4634
15764:1477-2019
15717:1996-8590
15666:1996-8590
15615:0024-4082
15567:1342-937X
15502:0962-8452
15463:0012-8252
15414:234895752
15406:2533-4069
15347:2041-1723
15300:133869359
15292:0031-0220
15243:140698880
15235:1755-6910
15188:0012-8252
15166:: 31–60.
15138:1943-2682
15086:1631-0683
14961:0303-6758
14914:0272-4634
14865:0272-4634
14818:1777-5817
14779:2246/2750
14745:0036-8075
14680:1540-7063
14637:1010-061X
14598:0024-4082
14559:0311-5518
14512:2158-5520
14498:: 40–58.
14473:0031-0239
14426:0022-3360
14377:146595773
14369:1698-6180
14319:0024-4082
14273:1477-2019
14216:0024-4082
14177:0272-4634
14019:0028-0836
13944:0027-8424
13895:0024-4066
13838:2167-8359
13822:: e5565.
13779:0027-8424
13719:1076-836X
13443:ignored (
13433:cite book
13184:: 60–204.
13036:210944184
13028:0883-1351
12981:213045573
12973:0031-0182
12926:129708944
12918:0031-0182
12843:1932-6203
12776:2167-8359
12760:: e2718.
12727:1042-0940
12680:0272-4634
12643:216173387
12635:0272-4634
12588:2193-0074
12527:1520-541X
12480:0272-4634
12433:0003-0147
12376:1932-6203
12327:232345028
12319:0022-3360
12280:0001-7272
12190:0272-4634
12118:201291334
12110:1094-8074
12061:0272-4634
11895:0001-7272
11856:0001-3765
11807:0022-3360
11758:0021-8782
11711:2292-1389
11653:140709673
11645:0272-4634
11567:0362-2525
11520:0022-3360
11473:0031-0239
11416:0031-0239
11346:0021-8782
11307:0311-5518
11260:876379752
11157:0027-4100
11118:0022-3360
11081:cite book
11056:0272-4634
11001:0022-3360
10970:196680957
10929:2330-7102
10869:0077-7749
10830:0006-9698
10796:128505160
10788:0272-4634
10741:131342454
10733:0272-4634
10694:1464-343X
10634:1932-6203
10569:0340-2096
10530:0311-5518
10470:0022-3360
10423:0014-3820
10403:Evolution
10325:128842227
10317:0272-4634
10197:128827583
10189:1755-6910
10134:0733-1347
10039:0311-5518
9992:0311-5518
9927:2517-4843
9872:0022-0949
9831:135192148
9823:1755-6910
9760:1932-8486
9701:0028-1042
9654:0024-4082
9607:0764-4469
9568:0001-7272
9479:0024-4082
9438:1096-3642
9397:0272-4634
9350:0024-4066
9303:0272-4634
9264:197535282
9256:0272-4634
9209:0024-4082
9163:0022-3360
9132:0024-1164
9062:0097-4463
9015:0272-4634
8963:0077-7749
8901:459417280
8808:1520-541X
8761:0944-2006
8677:0947-5745
8544:0022-8443
8505:0370-2774
8464:926219171
8439:128995227
8431:0022-1376
8382:130014545
8374:0031-0239
8317:1477-2019
8210:0272-4634
8163:0024-4082
8098:0077-7749
8040:253748351
7944:0962-8452
7898:205212809
7825:0272-4634
7781:1777-5817
7742:247114091
7691:0080-4622
7538:Batrachia
7480:inner ear
7451:allometry
7438:Isodectes
7414:dvinosaur
7352:cartilage
6795:Tersomius
6620:Cacopinae
6522:Ecolsonia
6361:annectens
5721:Eryopidae
5582:Edopoidea
5401:Edopoidea
5310:Edopoidea
4315:Eryopidae
4101:Brachyops
3550:Nectridea
3514:Aïstopoda
3137:Tetrapoda
2393:cladogram
2363:) on the
2337:cleithrum
2329:pterygoid
2311:Phylogeny
2087:Superstes
2060:Suborder
2006:Suborder
1985:Eryopidae
1964:Suborder
1901:Subclass
1811:Suborder
1775:Edopoidea
1640:Australia
1558:Kryostega
1383:eryopoids
1268:tetrapods
1200:notochord
1094:reptile.
1082:in 1859.
1070:in 1853,
1058:in 1849,
1052:in 1848,
1046:in 1842,
1021:Zechstein
1017:Magnesian
818:Laidleria
786:Laidleria
677:vertebrae
616:Paleozoic
424:microsaur
273:tetrapods
261:spondylos
255:τέμνειν,
240:See below
204:Tetrapoda
167:Kingdom:
161:Eukaryota
21158:BioLib:
21129:Wikidata
21095:Category
21065:Euskelia
20678:Dasyceps
20570:Lafonius
20155:Chordata
20153:Phylum:
20149:Animalia
20089:Category
20058:Timeline
19599:Cricotus
19570:Archeria
19522:Kyrinion
19515:Baphetes
19487:Eucritta
19309:Pederpes
19111:Occidens
19002:Devonian
18917:Tutusius
18776:Devonian
18322:Lohsania
18173:Rhizodus
18131:Barameda
18074:Thursius
17994:Medoevia
17737:Chordata
17735:Phylum:
17731:Animalia
17626:1 August
17415:13282203
17407:16929663
17325:16351859
17246:2 August
17144:17438285
17064:2 August
16988:31680706
16980:21707813
16828:19553896
16703:15336675
16639:16012106
16595:85599588
16560:86107783
16385:14667343
16145:15448923
15520:32517621
15365:26537112
15014:15829962
14698:35687000
14128:17925278
14092:(2007).
14037:36697827
13962:32393623
13856:30631641
13797:28630337
13727:12028737
13623:(1947).
13539:31298396
13531:12803423
13218:Baphetes
13172:(1842).
13170:Owen, R.
12861:25099971
12813:PLOS ONE
12794:27904809
12735:55243441
12543:10644859
12535:17227367
12488:86212518
12441:84121648
12394:34106947
12346:PLOS ONE
12241:83473463
12143:20827499
12069:83473463
11776:32707603
11719:85641456
11583:11542526
11575:19551870
11528:56320401
11481:84275326
11424:85134474
11364:36165276
11222:59045725
10824:: 1–44.
10818:Breviora
10652:27074015
10604:PLOS ONE
10585:10619714
10577:23551141
10439:28556114
10272:: 57–73.
10247:85677757
10120:: 8–27.
10095:10813454
10087:17815754
9945:33791526
9888:10973805
9880:15010487
9768:28220619
9719:27629858
9615:11411292
9487:84681003
9311:32779871
9070:83566130
9023:86107783
8871:91464223
8824:22432379
8816:15099306
8769:16351862
8325:84569779
8260:86523094
8028:(1947).
7962:22535781
7890:18497824
7833:85979872
7641:83906628
7472:ear drum
7464:ear drum
7423:lungfish
7098:such as
6657:Eoscopus
6365:tympanum
5482:and the
5472:Euskelia
5324:Euskelia
3891:(2007):
2623:Eucritta
2367:, and a
1966:Euskelia
1787:Edopidae
1765:Amphibia
1614:Siderops
1523:Jurassic
1518:Siderops
1481:Triassic
1426:Kamacops
1379:edopoids
1112:Amphibia
1084:Baphetes
1079:Dasyceps
1061:Baphetes
1037:Metopias
929:Mastodon
848:Limnopus
658:and the
620:edopoids
529:Mesozoic
434:Pantylus
429:Pantylus
352:reptiles
297:Jurassic
289:Triassic
181:Chordata
177:Phylum:
171:Animalia
157:Domain:
21210:5325987
21174:4358765
21135:Q131447
20591:Procuhy
20535:Timonya
20304:Capetus
19869:Amniota
19577:Aversor
19529:Loxomma
19091:Koilops
19071:Gaiasia
18561:Tinirau
18496:Hyneria
18269:Owensia
18124:Aztecia
17984:Latvius
17653:Palaeos
17528:Bibcode
17479:Bibcode
17442:Bibcode
17305:Bibcode
17297:Zoology
17263:Lethaia
17167:Bibcode
17135:1855429
17112:Bibcode
17017:Bibcode
16925:Bibcode
16772:23 June
16738:23 June
16683:Bibcode
16464:Bibcode
16376:1691537
16324:Bibcode
16314:Owen".
16265:18 July
16222:Bibcode
16172:Bibcode
16117:Bibcode
16070:Bibcode
16004:Bibcode
15961:Bibcode
15791:Bibcode
15744:Bibcode
15697:Bibcode
15646:Bibcode
15547:Bibcode
15511:7341920
15441:Bibcode
15356:4659833
15327:Bibcode
15270:Bibcode
15215:Bibcode
15168:Bibcode
15116:Bibcode
15108:Geology
15066:Bibcode
15022:4416647
14994:Bibcode
14941:Bibcode
14845:Bibcode
14753:5659679
14725:Bibcode
14717:Science
14689:9405718
14539:Bibcode
14453:Bibcode
14404:Bibcode
14349:Bibcode
14243:Bibcode
14119:2293949
14028:9892002
13989:Bibcode
13953:7261083
13922:Bibcode
13847:6322490
13788:5502650
13757:Bibcode
13666:Bibcode
13590:Bibcode
13472:Bibcode
13325:Bibcode
13142:Bibcode
13008:Bibcode
13000:PALAIOS
12953:Bibcode
12888:Bibcode
12852:4123899
12821:Bibcode
12785:5126627
12707:Bibcode
12615:Bibcode
12385:8189462
12354:Bibcode
12221:Bibcode
12170:Bibcode
12041:Bibcode
11964:Bibcode
11815:1304028
11767:7704227
11451:Bibcode
11394:Bibcode
11355:9644956
11287:Bibcode
11202:Bibcode
11126:1304911
11036:Bibcode
11009:1302692
10768:Bibcode
10643:4830443
10612:Bibcode
10510:Bibcode
10478:1304838
10431:2406737
10297:Bibcode
10227:Bibcode
10169:Bibcode
10142:1466948
10067:Bibcode
10059:Science
10019:Bibcode
9972:Bibcode
9936:7671152
9803:Bibcode
9776:4417795
9710:5023724
9681:Bibcode
9377:Bibcode
9236:Bibcode
9171:1304592
9112:Lethaia
8741:Bibcode
8733:Zoology
8552:3626629
8409:Bibcode
8352:Bibcode
8287:Bibcode
8240:Bibcode
8190:Bibcode
8061:: 1–19.
7953:3385491
7870:Bibcode
7671:Bibcode
7621:Bibcode
7542:saurian
7457:Hearing
7388:Apateon
7356:ischium
7312:neoteny
7149:Feeding
6731:Apateon
6644:
6593:
6502:
5434:Capetus
4438:Stegops
4185:Capetus
3769:Amniota
2917:Amniota
2277:Family
2271:Family
2243:Family
2236:Family
2222:Family
2215:Family
2201:Family
2195:Family
2161:Family
2155:Family
2133:Family
2127:Family
2121:Family
2109:Family
2091:Family
2079:Family
2072:Family
2066:Family
2052:Family
2045:Family
2025:Family
1989:Family
1983:Family
1952:Family
1940:Family
1920:Family
1895:Family
1881:Family
1875:Family
1857:Family
1841:Family
1835:Family
1829:Family
1817:Family
1799:Family
1785:Family
1779:Family
1690:edopoid
1591:Gobiops
1531:Carnian
1529:In the
1447:Permian
1356:Capetus
997:England
937:saurian
681:centrum
628:typanum
545:Cranium
534:Andrias
446:mammals
315:stage,
307:by the
305:extinct
293:fossils
285:Permian
257:temnein
210:Order:
134:in the
21236:204050
21223:152955
21194:NZOR:
20874:Koinia
20755:Eryops
19963:groups
18947:Ymeria
18145:Hongyu
17546:
17489:
17413:
17405:
17363:
17323:
17142:
17132:
16986:
16978:
16826:
16763:
16729:
16701:
16637:
16593:
16558:
16513:
16383:
16373:
16190:
16143:
16135:
16088:
16022:
15926:
15809:
15762:
15715:
15664:
15613:
15565:
15518:
15508:
15500:
15461:
15412:
15404:
15363:
15353:
15345:
15298:
15290:
15241:
15233:
15186:
15136:
15084:
15020:
15012:
14986:Nature
14959:
14912:
14863:
14816:
14751:
14743:
14696:
14686:
14678:
14635:
14596:
14557:
14510:
14471:
14424:
14375:
14367:
14317:
14271:
14214:
14175:
14126:
14116:
14035:
14025:
14017:
13981:Nature
13960:
13950:
13942:
13893:
13854:
13844:
13836:
13795:
13785:
13777:
13725:
13717:
13537:
13529:
13421:
13375:
13034:
13026:
12979:
12971:
12924:
12916:
12859:
12849:
12841:
12792:
12782:
12774:
12733:
12725:
12699:Ichnos
12678:
12641:
12633:
12586:
12541:
12533:
12525:
12486:
12478:
12439:
12431:
12392:
12382:
12374:
12325:
12317:
12278:
12239:
12188:
12141:
12116:
12108:
12067:
12059:
11893:
11854:
11813:
11805:
11774:
11764:
11756:
11717:
11709:
11695:: 51.
11651:
11643:
11581:
11573:
11565:
11526:
11518:
11479:
11471:
11422:
11414:
11362:
11352:
11344:
11305:
11258:
11248:
11220:
11155:
11124:
11116:
11054:
11007:
10999:
10968:
10927:
10867:
10828:
10794:
10786:
10739:
10731:
10692:
10650:
10640:
10632:
10583:
10575:
10567:
10528:
10476:
10468:
10437:
10429:
10421:
10380:
10351:
10323:
10315:
10245:
10195:
10187:
10140:
10132:
10093:
10085:
10037:
9990:
9943:
9933:
9925:
9886:
9878:
9870:
9829:
9821:
9774:
9766:
9758:
9717:
9707:
9699:
9652:
9613:
9605:
9566:
9520:
9485:
9477:
9436:
9395:
9348:
9309:
9301:
9262:
9254:
9207:
9169:
9161:
9130:
9068:
9060:
9021:
9013:
8961:
8899:
8869:
8859:
8822:
8814:
8806:
8767:
8759:
8710:
8675:
8627:
8585:
8550:
8542:
8503:
8462:
8437:
8429:
8380:
8372:
8323:
8315:
8258:
8208:
8161:
8096:
8038:
7960:
7950:
7942:
7896:
7888:
7862:Nature
7831:
7823:
7779:
7740:
7689:
7639:
7344:palate
7303:larval
7284:Growth
6640:
6589:
6498:
6477:Eryops
6369:palate
5488:Eryops
5429:Viséan
3889:et al.
2397:et al.
2349:et al.
2333:stapes
2259:Clade
2143:Clade
2103:Clade
2097:Clade
2085:Clade
2013:Clade
2000:Clade
1958:Clade
1914:Clade
1869:Clade
1863:Clade
1805:Clade
1793:Clade
1763:Class
1636:Aptian
1602:Middle
1395:Nýřany
1365:Viséan
1243:Eryops
1189:Eryops
1164:larval
1140:enamel
1136:dentin
1009:Keuper
933:saurus
802:scutes
797:Eryops
717:Eryops
649:, the
641:palate
525:suchus
419:Eryops
313:larval
251:(from
222:Zittel
34:Aptian
21187:10602
21182:IRMNG
21161:37969
20366:Edops
20187:Clade
20178:Clade
20169:Clade
20160:Clade
19736:Other
18999:Post-
17760:Clade
17751:Clade
17742:Clade
17544:S2CID
17411:S2CID
17293:(PDF)
16984:S2CID
16824:S2CID
16671:(PDF)
16646:(PDF)
16613:(PDF)
16591:S2CID
16556:S2CID
16511:S2CID
16437:(PDF)
16422:(PDF)
16241:(PDF)
16210:(PDF)
15949:(PDF)
15924:S2CID
15844:(PDF)
15829:(PDF)
15410:S2CID
15296:S2CID
15239:S2CID
15029:(PDF)
15018:S2CID
14982:(PDF)
14373:S2CID
13816:PeerJ
13639:–368.
13635:(1):
13578:(PDF)
13546:(PDF)
13535:S2CID
13507:(PDF)
13275:(PDF)
13260:(PDF)
13032:S2CID
12977:S2CID
12922:S2CID
12754:PeerJ
12731:S2CID
12639:S2CID
12539:S2CID
12484:S2CID
12437:S2CID
12323:S2CID
12237:S2CID
12114:S2CID
12094:(2).
12065:S2CID
11811:JSTOR
11715:S2CID
11649:S2CID
11579:S2CID
11524:S2CID
11477:S2CID
11420:S2CID
11218:S2CID
11122:JSTOR
11034:(2).
11005:JSTOR
10966:S2CID
10792:S2CID
10737:S2CID
10581:S2CID
10474:JSTOR
10427:JSTOR
10321:S2CID
10243:S2CID
10193:S2CID
10138:JSTOR
10091:S2CID
9884:S2CID
9827:S2CID
9772:S2CID
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