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Lissamphibia

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Some, if not all, lissamphibians share the following characteristics. Some of these apply to the soft body parts, hence do not appear in fossils. However, the skeletal characteristics also appear in several types of Palaeozoic amphibians:
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Operculum (small bone in the skull, linked to shoulder girdle by the opercularis muscle; perhaps involved in hearing and balance; absent in caecilians and some salamanders, fused to the columella (ear bone) in most
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date for the divergence of the lineage leading to caecilians from the one leading to frogs and salamanders, and an early Permian date for the separation of the frog and salamander groups.
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remain controversial. Not all paleontologists today are convinced that Lissamphibia is indeed a natural group, as there are important characteristics shared with some non-lissamphibian
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Generelle Morphologie der Organismen : allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie
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For several decades, this name has been used for a group that includes all living amphibians, but excludes all the main groups of Paleozoic tetrapods, such as
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in general) was favoured. In the late 20th century, a flood of new fossil evidence mapped out in some detail the nature of the transition between the
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Molecular studies of extant amphibians based on multiple-locus data favor one or the other of the monophyletic alternatives and indicate a
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Kligman, Ben T.; Gee, Bryan M.; Marsh, Adam D.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Smith, Matthew E.; Parker, William G.; Stocker, Michelle R. (2023).
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as well. The origin and relationships of the various lissamphibian groups both with each other and among other early
1007:(1934). "Some points of view concerning the evolution of the vertebrates and the classification of this group". 3669: 559: 5015: 3676: 3803: 1445: 828:
Marjanović, D.; Laurin, M. (2007). "Fossils, molecules, divergence times, and the origin of lissamphibians".
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Salientians and caudatans are likely more closely related to each other than to caecilians. The name
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do not encircle body. In anurans the ribs are fused to their vertebrae, except in the suborder
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San Mauro, Diego; Miguel Vences; Marina Alcobendas; Rafael Zardoya; Axel Meyer (May 2005).
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temnospondyl features, supporting a monophyletic Lissamphibia within clade Temnospondyli.
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is commonly used for the clade combining salientians and caudatans. A fourth group, the
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San Mauro, D. (2010). "A multilocus timescale for the origin of extant amphibians".
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Forced-pump respiratory mechanism, the primitive breathing system also found in
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Anderson, J.S.; Reisz, R.R.; Scott, D.; Fröbisch, N.B.; Sumida, S.S. (2008).
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One of the hypotheses regarding their ancestors is that they evolved by
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is a lissamphibian. If it is not, the earliest known lissamphibians are
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Currently, the two prevailing theories of lissamphibian origin are:
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The features uniting the Lissamphibia were first noted by
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in some salamanders and caecilians, but never in frogs
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Biology 356 - Major Features of Vertebrate Evolution
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Paläontologie und Phylogenie der niederen Tetrapoden
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Labyrinthodontia § Origin of modern amphibians
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Berkeley: University of California Press. 382:, possible ancestor of salamanders and frogs 302:, but became extinct two million years ago. 1140:"First Land Creatures Had Wild Appearances" 823: 821: 770: 768: 5995: 5981: 4733: 4719: 3878: 3864: 1453: 1439: 1091: 1041: 636:and miniaturization from early tetrapods. 115: 1319: 1301: 1291: 1230: 1215: 1204:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1191: 1182: 977:The Evolution of Amphibian Photoreception 456:Cylindrical centra (the main body of the 1224: 925: 818: 765: 371: 336:Some writers have argued that the early 271:, and their extinct relatives), and the 6224:Extant Early Triassic first appearances 6211: 1156: 1150: 671: 6081: 6080: 5976: 4752: 4714: 3897: 3859: 3699: 2505: 1597: 1479: 1434: 1363:Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution 1233:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1051:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 259:, and their extinct relatives), the 1598: 1198:Sigurdsen, T.; Green, D.M. (2011). 1098:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 896:Duellman, W. E.; Trueb, L. (1994). 775:Marjanović, D.; Laurin, M. (2009). 652:, described in 2023, retained many 13: 3885: 3700: 932:Janis, C.M.; Keller, J.C. (2001). 665: 485:per tooth, also found in juvenile 367: 14: 6240: 1414: 1042:Gordon, M.S.; Long, J.A. (2004). 6196: 5032: 5025: 5020: 5014: 4740: 4695: 4694: 4677: 4671: 3840: 3839: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3654: 3647: 2488: 2482: 2477: 2470: 1217:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00683.x 1092:Ruta, M.; Coates, M. I. (2007). 140: 47: 1339: 1259: 1132: 1085: 1019: 997: 981: 970: 526:Wide cultriform process of the 959: 914: 865:"The Early Triassic stem−frog 856: 693: 677:How Vertebrates Left the Water 279:and their extinct relatives). 1: 5280:(Northeast Indian caecilians) 3804:Polydactyly in stem-tetrapods 941:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 659: 5143:(American tailed caecilians) 554:Relationships and definition 7: 6229:Taxa named by Ernst Haeckel 5555:(South American caecilians) 1245:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.019 474:; the teeth of some fossil 10: 6245: 1293:10.1038/s41586-022-05646-5 557: 436:which still has free ribs. 6089: 6044: 6012: 5956: 5915: 5857: 5840: 5816:(salamanders crown group) 5811: 5753: 5709: 5661: 5644: 5623: 5619: 5550: 5504: 5442:(Indo-African caecilians) 5437: 5395: 5332: 5300: 5275: 5243: 5232: 5201:(Asian tailed caecilians) 5192: 5181: 5134: 5118: 5058: 5042: 5012: 4947: 4943: 4924: 4892: 4874: 4865: 4847: 4834: 4816: 4803: 4748: 4690: 4668: 4638: 4562: 4531: 4497: 4426: 4415: 4337: 4302: 4245: 4236: 4153: 4138: 4127: 4075: 4060: 4056: 4041: 4022: 3994: 3976: 3967: 3949: 3936: 3893: 3835: 3791: 3710: 3706: 3695: 3645: 3599: 3564: 3551: 3487: 3450: 3305: 3260: 3237: 3225: 3197: 3152: 3137: 3125: 3081: 3043: 3008: 2993: 2984: 2957: 2928: 2916: 2768: 2753: 2712: 2542: 2530: 2526: 2501: 2467: 2421: 2342: 2333: 2175: 2156: 2147: 2035: 1982: 1859: 1621: 1606: 1593: 1561: 1543: 1530: 1475: 1118:10.1017/S1477201906002008 842:10.1080/10635150701397635 804:10.1007/s11692-009-9065-8 452:labyrinthodont amphibians 413:Double-channeled sensory 243:that includes all modern 211: 206: 137:Scientific classification 135: 123: 114: 23: 5962:List of amphibian genera 5509:(Neotropical caecilians) 5248:(buried-eyed caecilians) 5124:(caecilians crown group) 5048:(caecilians total group) 1351:Vertebrate Palaeontology 876:Palaeontologica Polonica 511:Small, widely separated 1427:, University of Toronto 1163:Journal of Paleontology 439:Ability to elevate the 407:bodies associated with 5931:several hundred genera 3799:Evolution of tetrapods 1366:, WH Freeman & Co. 1157:Schoch, R. R. (2019). 383: 333:—are closely related. 129:Centrolene prosoblepon 16:Subclass of amphibians 6169:Paleobiology Database 6007:positions by subclass 898:Biology of amphibians 547:ampullae of Lorenzini 401:(mucous and granular) 375: 345:Gerobatrachus hottoni 5632:(salamanders + frogs 5337:(aquatic caecilians) 5305:(African caecilians) 4077:Micromelerpetontidae 1354:, 3rd ed. Blackwell. 784:Evolutionary Biology 625:Monophyletic within 619:Monophyletic within 586:elpistostegalid fish 530:(also found in some 481:Bicuspid teeth (two 478:are not pedicellate) 5920:(frogs crown group) 5758:Batrachosauroididae 5400:(common caecilians) 3819:Zachelmie trackways 2999:Pseudophlegethontia 1379:American Naturalist 1284:2023Natur.614..102K 1184:10.1017/jpa.2018.67 1175:2019JPal...93..137S 1110:2007JSPal...5...69R 1005:Säve-Söderbergh, G. 921:Biology of Amphibia 796:2009EvBio..36..336M 729:10.1038/nature06865 721:2008Natur.453..515A 646:The stem-caecilian 5045:Gymnophionomorpha 3741:Megalichthyiformes 2303:Platycephalichthys 1032:, G. Fischer, Jena 830:Systematic Biology 641:Late Carboniferous 496:Loss of posterior 393:occipital condyles 384: 376:Reconstruction of 125:Emerald glass frog 6184: 6183: 6083:Taxon identifiers 6074: 6073: 5970: 5969: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5922: 5850: 5836: 5835: 5818: 5767:Batrachosauroides 5654: 5636: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5557: 5511: 5444: 5402: 5339: 5307: 5282: 5250: 5245:Scolecomorphidae 5228: 5227: 5203: 5177: 5176: 5145: 5126: 5108:Albanerpetontidae 5050: 5010: 5009: 4956:Albanerpetontidae 4939: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4708: 4707: 4686: 4685: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4615:Schoenfelderpeton 4411: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4123: 4122: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4013: 3853: 3852: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3747:Tristichopteridae 3691: 3690: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3301: 3300: 3193: 3192: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3034: 2986:Phlegethontioidea 2749: 2748: 2717:Elginerpetontidae 2497: 2496: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2382:Parapanderichthys 2180:Tristichopteridae 2149:Eotetrapodiformes 1589: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1278:(7946): 102–107. 1009:Arkiv för Zoologi 715:(7194): 515–518. 686:978-0-520-26647-6 468:Pedicellate teeth 391:Double or paired 300:Early Pleistocene 292:Albanerpetontidae 233: 232: 202: 45: 6236: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6192: 6177: 6176: 6164: 6163: 6151: 6150: 6138: 6137: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6078: 6077: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5974: 5973: 5921: 5918: 5903: 5893: 5883: 5873: 5863: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5817: 5814: 5756: 5712: 5697: 5687: 5677: 5667: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5635: 5630: 5621: 5620: 5556: 5553: 5510: 5507: 5443: 5440: 5411: 5401: 5398: 5383: 5338: 5335: 5306: 5303: 5281: 5278: 5249: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5202: 5199: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5144: 5141: 5140:Rhinatrematidae 5136: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5125: 5122: 5105: 5094: 5084: 5074: 5064: 5056: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5037: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5018: 4954: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4872: 4871: 4845: 4844: 4814: 4813: 4805: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4750: 4749: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4698: 4697: 4681: 4676: 4675: 4564:Branchiosauridae 4424: 4423: 4243: 4242: 4136: 4135: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4043: 4042: 3974: 3973: 3947: 3946: 3938: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3895: 3894: 3880: 3873: 3866: 3857: 3856: 3843: 3842: 3753:Labyrinthodontia 3708: 3707: 3697: 3696: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3651: 3608: 3604: 3570: 3562: 3561: 3554: 3493: 3490: 3453: 3308: 3235: 3234: 3228: 3200: 3135: 3134: 3128: 3084: 3046: 3010:Phlegethontiidae 2991: 2990: 2926: 2925: 2919: 2904: 2894: 2884: 2874: 2864: 2854: 2844: 2834: 2824: 2814: 2804: 2794: 2784: 2774: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2715: 2700: 2690: 2680: 2670: 2660: 2649: 2639: 2629: 2619: 2609: 2599: 2589: 2578: 2568: 2558: 2548: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2528: 2527: 2521: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2492: 2486: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2436: 2427: 2409: 2399: 2389: 2379: 2369: 2359: 2348: 2340: 2339: 2178: 2162: 2154: 2153: 2038: 1985: 1862: 1847: 1837: 1827: 1817: 1807: 1797: 1787: 1777: 1767: 1757: 1747: 1737: 1727: 1717: 1707: 1697: 1687: 1677: 1667: 1657: 1647: 1637: 1627: 1619: 1618: 1608: 1607: 1595: 1594: 1541: 1540: 1532: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1477: 1476: 1469: 1465: 1462:Tetrapodomorpha 1455: 1448: 1441: 1432: 1431: 1425:Dr. Robert Reisz 1410: 1376: 1334: 1333: 1323: 1305: 1295: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1228: 1222: 1221: 1219: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1048: 1039: 1033: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1001: 995: 985: 979: 974: 968: 963: 957: 956: 954: 952: 938: 929: 923: 918: 912: 911: 893: 884: 883: 873: 860: 854: 853: 825: 816: 815: 781: 772: 763: 762: 760: 759: 753: 747:. Archived from 706: 697: 691: 690: 669: 590:early amphibians 434:Archaeobatrachia 197: 145: 144: 119: 109: 46: 39: 37: 27:Temporal range: 21: 20: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6187: 6185: 6180: 6172: 6167: 6159: 6154: 6146: 6141: 6133: 6128: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6085: 6075: 6070: 6040: 6008: 6001: 5971: 5966: 5936: 5919: 5911: 5896:Triadobatrachus 5866:Czatkobatrachus 5847: 5845: 5843: 5832: 5815: 5807: 5795:Peratosauroides 5749: 5705: 5680:Kulgeriherpeton 5651: 5649: 5647: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5599: 5573:Luetkenotyphlus 5554: 5546: 5508: 5500: 5441: 5439:Grandisoniidae 5433: 5399: 5391: 5336: 5334:Typhlonectidae 5328: 5304: 5296: 5279: 5271: 5247: 5237: 5224: 5200: 5198:Ichthyophiidae 5186: 5173: 5142: 5128: 5123: 5114: 5097:Chinlestegophis 5087:Rubricacaecilia 5052: 5047: 5038: 5031: 5006: 4931: 4908: 4888: 4861: 4830: 4824:Tetrapodomorpha 4809:Tetrapodomorpha 4799: 4755: 4754: 4744: 4739: 4709: 4704: 4682: 4670: 4658: 4634: 4622:Tungussogyrinus 4558: 4535: 4527: 4493: 4420: 4418:Amphibamiformes 4403: 4333: 4298: 4272:Astreptorhachis 4232: 4149: 4132: 4119: 4107:Micromelerpeton 4071: 4050: 4029: 4010: 3990: 3963: 3957:Tetrapodomorpha 3942:Tetrapodomorpha 3932: 3920:Tetrapodomorpha 3900: 3899: 3889: 3884: 3854: 3849: 3823: 3787: 3763:Ichthyostegalia 3731:Osteolepiformes 3715: 3702: 3687: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3653: 3631: 3606: 3602: 3601:Reptiliomorpha 3595: 3568: 3555: 3552: 3547: 3491: 3483: 3455:Gephyrostegidae 3446: 3347:Carbonoherpeton 3297: 3256: 3221: 3189: 3184:Palaeomolgophis 3148: 3121: 3077: 3031: 3004: 2980: 2959:Oestocephalidae 2953: 2934:Andersonerpeton 2912: 2907:Tantallognathus 2760: 2754: 2745: 2733:Obruchevichthys 2708: 2534: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2493: 2469: 2449: 2431: 2425: 2417: 2335:Elpistostegalia 2329: 2324:Tristichopterus 2171: 2165:Palaeospondylus 2143: 2137:Sterropterygion 2071:Ectosteorhachis 2056:Cladarosymblema 2040:Megalichthyidae 2031: 1978: 1915:Propycnoctenion 1855: 1615: 1613:Tetrapodomorpha 1602: 1600:Tetrapodomorpha 1577: 1563:Tetrapodomorpha 1557: 1526: 1482: 1481: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1417: 1374: 1342: 1337: 1264: 1260: 1229: 1225: 1196: 1192: 1155: 1151: 1144:LiveScience.com 1138: 1137: 1133: 1090: 1086: 1046: 1040: 1036: 1024: 1020: 1002: 998: 986: 982: 975: 971: 964: 960: 950: 948: 936: 930: 926: 919: 915: 908: 894: 887: 871: 867:Czatkobatrachus 861: 857: 826: 819: 779: 773: 766: 757: 755: 751: 704: 698: 694: 687: 670: 666: 662: 598:paleontologists 562: 556: 515:(also found in 513:pterygoid bones 500:bones (also in 370: 368:Characteristics 357:Czatkobatrachus 351:Triadobatrachus 319:Seymouriamorpha 296:Middle Jurassic 290:(also known as 196: 139: 110: 108: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 38: 29: 28: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6242: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6206: 6205: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6165: 6152: 6139: 6126: 6111: 6095: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6000: 5999: 5992: 5985: 5977: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5926: 5924: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5899: 5889: 5879: 5869: 5858: 5852: 5838: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5822: 5820: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5762: 5760: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5718: 5716: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5693: 5683: 5673: 5662: 5656: 5639: 5624: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5566:Brasilotyphlus 5561: 5559: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5541:Schistometopum 5537: 5530: 5523: 5515: 5513: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5448: 5446: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5424: 5417: 5406: 5404: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5343: 5341: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5319: 5311: 5309: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5286: 5284: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5266:Scolecomorphus 5262: 5254: 5252: 5238: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5215: 5207: 5205: 5187: 5184:Stegokrotaphia 5182: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5149: 5147: 5129: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5101: 5090: 5080: 5070: 5059: 5053: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4969: 4961: 4959: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4898: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4882:Dissorophoidea 4875: 4869: 4867:Dissorophoidea 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4848: 4842: 4836:Batrachomorpha 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4817: 4811: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4762: 4746: 4745: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4645: 4643: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4580:Branchiosaurus 4576: 4568: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4541: 4539: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4503: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4488:Rubeostratilia 4484: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4421: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4343: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4324: 4316: 4308: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4289: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4159: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4139: 4133: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4086:Branchierpeton 4081: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4061: 4051: 4048:Dissorophoidea 4046: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4026:Dissorophoidea 4023: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4000: 3998: 3996:Dissorophoidea 3992: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3950: 3944: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3922: 3913: 3907: 3891: 3890: 3887:Dissorophoidea 3883: 3882: 3875: 3868: 3860: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3783:Anthracosauria 3780: 3778:Phyllospondyli 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3736:Osteolepididae 3733: 3728: 3726:Stem tetrapoda 3722: 3720: 3704: 3703: 3701:Related topics 3693: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3621: 3619:Reptiliomorpha 3612: 3610: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3585: 3576: 3574: 3572:Batrachomorpha 3559: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3538: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3509: 3501: 3499: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3474: 3467: 3464:Bruktererpeton 3459: 3457: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3441:Spondylerpeton 3437: 3430: 3423: 3420:Proterogyrinus 3416: 3409: 3402: 3399:Palaeoherpeton 3395: 3388: 3381: 3373: 3366: 3363:Diplovertebron 3359: 3350: 3343: 3340:Calligenethlon 3336: 3329: 3322: 3319:Anthracosaurus 3314: 3312: 3303: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3292:Megalocephalus 3288: 3281: 3274: 3266: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3251:Spathicephalus 3247: 3238: 3232: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3208: 3206: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3180: 3177:Dolichopareias 3173: 3170:Adelospondylus 3166: 3158: 3156: 3154:Adelogyrinidae 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3138: 3132: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3119: 3112: 3105: 3098: 3090: 3088: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3075: 3068: 3061: 3052: 3050: 3048:Whatcheeriidae 3041: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3022: 3014: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3002: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2971: 2968:Coloraderpeton 2963: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2929: 2923: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2900: 2890: 2880: 2870: 2860: 2850: 2840: 2830: 2820: 2810: 2800: 2790: 2780: 2769: 2763: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2743: 2736: 2729: 2721: 2719: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2706: 2696: 2686: 2676: 2666: 2656: 2645: 2635: 2625: 2615: 2605: 2595: 2585: 2574: 2564: 2554: 2543: 2537: 2524: 2523: 2499: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2415: 2405: 2395: 2385: 2375: 2365: 2355: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2313: 2306: 2299: 2292: 2288:Marsdenichthys 2284: 2277: 2269: 2262: 2255: 2248: 2241: 2238:Eusthenopteron 2234: 2227: 2220: 2213: 2206: 2203:Callistipterus 2199: 2192: 2184: 2182: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2169: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2141: 2133: 2130:Sengoerichthys 2126: 2119: 2116:Palatinichthys 2112: 2104: 2096: 2089: 2082: 2074: 2067: 2059: 2052: 2044: 2042: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2029: 2021: 2017:Marsdenichthys 2013: 2006: 1999: 1991: 1989: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1976: 1968: 1960: 1953: 1946: 1939: 1932: 1925: 1918: 1911: 1904: 1897: 1890: 1883: 1876: 1868: 1866: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1853: 1843: 1833: 1823: 1813: 1803: 1800:Platyethmoidia 1793: 1783: 1773: 1763: 1760:Megadonichthys 1753: 1743: 1733: 1723: 1713: 1703: 1700:Harajicadectes 1693: 1683: 1673: 1663: 1653: 1643: 1633: 1622: 1616: 1611: 1604: 1603: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1544: 1538: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1513: 1504: 1495: 1489: 1473: 1472: 1458: 1457: 1450: 1443: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1416: 1415:External links 1413: 1412: 1411: 1391:10.1086/429523 1385:(5): 590–599. 1367: 1358:Carroll, R. L. 1355: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1335: 1258: 1239:(2): 554–561. 1223: 1210:(2): 457–469. 1190: 1149: 1146:. 6 July 2009. 1131: 1084: 1063:10.1086/425183 1057:(5): 700–719. 1034: 1018: 996: 980: 969: 958: 924: 913: 906: 885: 855: 836:(3): 369–388. 817: 790:(3): 336–338. 764: 692: 685: 663: 661: 658: 634:paedomorphosis 630: 629: 623: 594:herpetologists 558:Main article: 555: 552: 551: 550: 543: 524: 509: 506:Dissorophoidea 494: 490: 479: 472:Dissorophoidea 465: 454: 448: 437: 427: 421: 411: 402: 395: 369: 366: 362:Early Triassic 275:(the limbless 231: 230: 229: 228: 223: 218: 209: 208: 204: 203: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 133: 132: 121: 120: 112: 111: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 31:Early Triassic 26: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6241: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6204: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6011: 6006: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5986: 5984: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5876:Notobatrachus 5870: 5868: 5867: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5839: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5781:Palaeoproteus 5778: 5776: 5775: 5774:Opisthotriton 5771: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5744:Marmorerpeton 5741: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5622: 5618: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5587:Mimosiphonops 5584: 5582: 5581: 5580:Microcaecilia 5577: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5552:Siphonopidae 5549: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5506:Dermophiidae 5503: 5497: 5496: 5495:Sylvacaecilia 5492: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5369:Potamotyphlus 5366: 5364: 5363: 5362:Nectocaecilia 5359: 5357: 5356: 5355:Chthonerpeton 5352: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5259:Crotaphatrema 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5231: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5180: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5117: 5110: 5109: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5041: 5035: 5030: 5028: 5023: 5017: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4973:Anoualerpeton 4970: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4930: 4929: 4923: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4855:Temnospondyli 4852: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4840:Temnospondyli 4837: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4784:Sarcopterygii 4781: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4717: 4716: 4713: 4701: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4680: 4674: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4608:Piasimotriton 4605: 4603: 4602: 4601:Milnererpeton 4598: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4537:sensu stricto 4534: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4499:Micropholidae 4496: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4481:Plemmyradytes 4478: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4446:Gerobatrachus 4443: 4441: 4440: 4439:Georgenthalia 4436: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4414: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4304:Dissorophinae 4301: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4258:Arkanserpeton 4255: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4238:Dissorophidae 4235: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4126: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4028: 4027: 4021: 4004: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3985: 3984:Temnospondyli 3981: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3969:Temnospondyli 3966: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3926:Temnospondyli 3923: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3876: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3846: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3694: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3626: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3584: 3583:Temnospondyli 3580: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3567: 3566:Temnospondyli 3563: 3560: 3558: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3542:Termonerpeton 3539: 3537: 3536: 3535:Silvanerpeton 3532: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3496:anthracosaurs 3486: 3480: 3479: 3478:Gephyrostegus 3475: 3473: 3472: 3471:Eusauropleura 3468: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3413:Pholiderpeton 3410: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3385:Leptophractus 3382: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3304: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3196: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3143:Acherontiscus 3140: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3130:Adelospondyli 3124: 3118: 3117: 3116:Pholidogaster 3113: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3104: 3103: 3102:Deltaherpeton 3099: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3042: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3019:Phlegethontia 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2975:Oestocephalus 2972: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2891: 2889: 2888: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2861: 2859: 2858: 2851: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2837:Ichthyerpeton 2831: 2829: 2828: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2801: 2799: 2798: 2797:Crassigyrinus 2791: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2759: 2752: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2667: 2665: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2646: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2626: 2624: 2623: 2622:Metaxygnathus 2616: 2614: 2613: 2606: 2604: 2603: 2596: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2565: 2563: 2562: 2561:Brittagnathus 2555: 2553: 2552: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2491: 2487: 2485: 2480: 2473: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2396: 2394: 2393: 2386: 2384: 2383: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2372:Panderichthys 2366: 2364: 2363: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2351:Howittichthys 2345: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2245:Heddleichthys 2242: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2197: 2196:Cabonnichthys 2193: 2191: 2190: 2189:Bruehnopteron 2186: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2174: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2034: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2011: 2007: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1987:Canowindridae 1981: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1844: 1842: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1831: 1824: 1822: 1821: 1820:Thaumatolepis 1814: 1812: 1811: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1794: 1792: 1791: 1784: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1762: 1761: 1754: 1752: 1751: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1730:Lamprotolepis 1724: 1722: 1721: 1714: 1712: 1711: 1704: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1692: 1691: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1680:Greiserolepis 1674: 1672: 1671: 1664: 1662: 1661: 1654: 1652: 1651: 1644: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1551:Gnathostomata 1548: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1536:Gnathostomata 1533: 1529: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1511:Sarcopterygii 1508: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466:Pan-Tetrapoda 1456: 1451: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1373: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1346:Benton, M. J. 1344: 1343: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1262: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1227: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1194: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1169:(1): 37–156. 1168: 1164: 1160: 1153: 1145: 1141: 1135: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1104:(1): 69–122. 1103: 1099: 1095: 1088: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1045: 1038: 1031: 1027: 1026:von Huene, F. 1022: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1000: 993: 989: 984: 978: 973: 967: 962: 946: 942: 935: 928: 922: 917: 909: 907:0-8018-4780-X 903: 899: 892: 890: 881: 877: 870: 868: 859: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 824: 822: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 778: 771: 769: 754:on 2016-06-16 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 703: 696: 688: 682: 678: 674: 668: 664: 657: 655: 651: 650: 644: 642: 637: 635: 628: 624: 622: 621:Temnospondyli 618: 617: 616: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 566:Ernst Haeckel 561: 548: 544: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 522: 518: 517:Temnospondyli 514: 510: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 488: 487:dissorophoids 484: 480: 477: 473: 469: 466: 463: 459: 455: 453: 449: 446: 445:levator bulbi 442: 438: 435: 431: 428: 425: 422: 420: 417:in the inner 416: 412: 410: 406: 403: 400: 397:Two types of 396: 394: 390: 389: 388: 381: 380: 379:Gerobatrachus 374: 365: 363: 359: 358: 353: 352: 347: 346: 342: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 307:Temnospondyli 303: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 213: 212: 210: 205: 200: 195: 192: 189: 188: 185: 182: 179: 178: 175: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 159: 158: 155: 152: 149: 148: 143: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 113: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 43: 36: 32: 22: 19: 6148:Lissamphibia 6135:Lissamphibia 6121:Lissamphibia 6091:Lissamphibia 6090: 6046:Lissamphibia 6045: 5904: 5894: 5884: 5874: 5864: 5848:total group) 5800: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5698: 5688: 5678: 5668: 5652:total group) 5650:(salamanders 5634:crown group) 5592: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5397:Caeciliidae 5384: 5376:Typhlonectes 5374: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5348:Atretochoana 5346: 5321: 5316:Boulengerula 5314: 5289: 5264: 5257: 5219:Uraeotyphlus 5217: 5210: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5121:Gymnophiona 5106: 5095: 5085: 5077:Funcusvermis 5075: 5065: 5019: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4966:Albanerpeton 4964: 4928:Lissamphibia 4927: 4926: 4894:Lissamphibia 4893: 4788: 4779: 4775:Osteichthyes 4770: 4742:Lissamphibia 4741: 4652:Lissamphibia 4640:Lissamphibia 4639: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4594:Melanerpeton 4592: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4553:Doleserpeton 4551: 4544: 4536: 4533:Amphibamidae 4520: 4513: 4506: 4486: 4479: 4474:Platyrhinops 4472: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4396: 4389: 4384:Reiszerpeton 4382: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4326: 4318: 4311: 4293:Platyhystrix 4291: 4284: 4277: 4270: 4265:Aspidosaurus 4263: 4256: 4249: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4155:Trematopidae 4142: 4130:Olsoniformes 4114:Nyranerpeton 4112: 4105: 4100:Limnogyrinus 4098: 4093:Eimerisaurus 4091: 4084: 4064: 4024: 3915: 3792:Other topics 3773:Holospondyli 3768:Lepospondyli 3717:Polyphyletic 3712:Paraphyletic 3652: 3589:Lissamphibia 3588: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3511: 3506:Caerorhachis 3504: 3476: 3469: 3462: 3439: 3434:Seroherpeton 3432: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3392:Neopteroplax 3390: 3383: 3375: 3368: 3361: 3353: 3345: 3338: 3331: 3324: 3317: 3290: 3283: 3276: 3269: 3249: 3241: 3182: 3175: 3168: 3163:Adelogyrinus 3161: 3141: 3114: 3109:Greererpeton 3107: 3100: 3093: 3070: 3063: 3055: 3024: 3017: 2997: 2973: 2966: 2948:Ophiderpeton 2946: 2939: 2932: 2905: 2895: 2885: 2875: 2865: 2857:Mesanerpeton 2855: 2845: 2835: 2825: 2815: 2805: 2795: 2787:Aytonerpeton 2785: 2775: 2740:Webererpeton 2738: 2731: 2726:Elginerpeton 2724: 2701: 2691: 2681: 2671: 2661: 2650: 2640: 2630: 2620: 2610: 2602:Ichthyostega 2600: 2590: 2581:Elpistostege 2579: 2571:Densignathus 2569: 2559: 2551:Acanthostega 2549: 2517: 2508:Stegocephali 2476: 2432: 2423:Stegocephali 2410: 2402:Rubrognathus 2400: 2390: 2380: 2370: 2360: 2349: 2322: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2296:Notorhizodon 2294: 2286: 2279: 2271: 2264: 2257: 2250: 2243: 2236: 2229: 2222: 2215: 2208: 2201: 2194: 2187: 2163: 2135: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2108:Megistolepis 2106: 2098: 2093:Megalichthys 2091: 2084: 2076: 2069: 2061: 2054: 2049:Askerichthys 2047: 2023: 2015: 2008: 2001: 1994: 1970: 1964:Thysanolepis 1962: 1955: 1948: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1922:Pycnoctenion 1920: 1913: 1906: 1899: 1894:Gooloogongia 1892: 1885: 1878: 1871: 1864:Rhizodontida 1848: 1838: 1828: 1818: 1808: 1798: 1788: 1778: 1770:Muranjilepis 1768: 1758: 1748: 1738: 1728: 1718: 1708: 1698: 1690:Gyroptychius 1688: 1678: 1668: 1658: 1648: 1638: 1628: 1515: 1506: 1502:Osteichthyes 1497: 1382: 1378: 1361: 1349: 1340:Bibliography 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Retrieved 749:the original 712: 708: 695: 676: 667: 654:dissorophoid 649:Funcusvermis 647: 645: 638: 631: 627:Lepospondyli 614: 612:amphibians. 602:monophyletic 563: 545:Presence of 535: 528:parasphenoid 385: 377: 355: 349: 343: 341:dissorophoid 335: 311:Lepospondyli 304: 281: 237:Lissamphibia 236: 234: 194:Lissamphibia 193: 128: 24:Lissamphibia 18: 6115:Wikispecies 6065:Gymnophiona 6034:Superclass 5802:Prodesmodon 5527:Geotrypetes 5481:Indotyphlus 5474:Idiocranium 5467:Hypogeophis 5460:Grandisonia 5453:Gegeneophis 5302:Herpelidae 5277:Chikilidae 5212:Ichthyophis 5161:Epicrionops 4994:Wesserpeton 4987:Shirerpeton 4629:Xerodromeus 4587:Leptorophus 4508:Micropholis 4460:Limnerpeton 4348:Brevidorsum 4339:Eucacopinae 4328:Dissorophus 4313:Broiliellus 4279:Iratusaurus 4251:Anakamacops 4213:Phonerpeton 4199:Mattauschia 4144:Palodromeus 3809:Romer's gap 3605:Pan-Amniota 3553:Crown group 3406:Papposaurus 3230:Baphetoidea 3086:Colosteidae 3072:Whatcheeria 3026:Sillerpeton 2817:Doragnathus 2777:Antlerpeton 2310:Spodichthys 2273:Litoptychus 2231:Eusthenodon 2224:Edenopteron 2217:Devonosteus 2123:Rhizodopsis 2086:Mahalalepis 2063:Cryptolepis 2010:Koharalepis 1996:Beelarongia 1972:Vorobjevaia 1950:Screbinodus 1943:Sauripterus 1936:Rossichthys 1908:Letognathus 1873:Archichthys 1850:Viluichthys 1720:Litoptychus 1660:Glyptopomus 1640:Chrysolepis 1520:Rhipidistia 988:Haeckel, E. 578:salamanders 536:Rhynchonkos 532:Microsauria 502:Microsauria 476:salamanders 399:skin glands 327:salamanders 288:Allocaudata 273:Gymnophiona 265:salamanders 226:Gymnophiona 216:Allocaudata 6219:Amphibians 6213:Categories 6203:Amphibians 6028:Subphylum 5960:See also: 5886:Prosalirus 5827:115 genera 5714:Karauridae 5690:Triassurus 5428:Oscaecilia 5235:Teresomata 5168:Rhinatrema 5067:Eocaecilia 4903:see below↓ 4546:Amphibamus 4515:Pasawioops 4398:Zygosaurus 4362:Conjunctio 4320:Diploseira 4178:Anconastes 4171:Actiobates 4005:see below↓ 3528:Eoherpeton 3377:Eoherpeton 3370:Eobaphetes 3310:Embolomeri 3262:Baphetidae 2887:Perittodus 2807:Diploradus 2693:Ventastega 2663:Tulerpeton 2632:Parmastega 2612:Jakubsonia 2592:Hynerpeton 2518:sensu lato 2444:see below↓ 2433:sensu lato 2392:Qikiqtania 2281:Mandageria 2266:Langlieria 2210:Canningius 2003:Canowindra 1957:Strepsodus 1810:Shirolepis 1780:Osteolepis 1710:Kenichthys 1650:Geptolepis 1630:Bogdanovia 1572:see below↓ 758:2012-12-10 673:Laurin, M. 660:References 610:Palaeozoic 570:caecilians 540:Lysorophia 443:(with the 424:Green rods 331:caecilians 315:Embolomeri 277:caecilians 245:amphibians 207:Subgroups 190:Subclass: 42:Cisuralian 40:(Possible 6061:(Urodela) 6036:Tetrapoda 6005:amphibian 5906:Vieraella 5842:Salientia 5737:Kuzbassia 5628:Batrachia 5594:Siphonops 5520:Dermophis 5488:Praslinia 5386:Ymboirana 4980:Celtedens 4793:Tetrapoda 4758:Kingdom: 4522:Tersomius 4467:Nanobamus 4453:Kermitops 4391:Scapanops 4286:Nooxobeia 4227:Tambachia 4185:Ecolsonia 3903:Kingdom: 3758:Rachitomi 3623:includes 3587:includes 3557:Tetrapoda 3521:Eldeceeon 3513:Casineria 3427:Pteroplax 3215:Nectridea 3203:Nectridea 3095:Colosteus 3057:Ossinodus 2941:Lethiscus 2921:Aistopoda 2897:Sigournea 2877:Ossirarus 2683:Umzantsia 2652:Tiktaalik 2642:Sinostega 2514:Tetrapoda 2429:Tetrapoda 2412:Tiktaalik 2362:Livoniana 2259:Jarvikina 2100:Megapomus 1840:Tungsenia 1790:Peregrina 1670:Gogonasus 1485:Kingdom: 1312:1476-4687 882:: 79–195. 745:205212809 606:tetrapods 582:tetrapods 521:Nectridea 462:tetrapods 458:vertebrae 360:from the 284:Batrachia 249:Salientia 241:tetrapods 221:Batrachia 160:Kingdom: 154:Eukaryota 6100:Wikidata 6030:Craniata 6024:Chordata 6018:Animalia 6016:Kingdom 5813:Urodela 5788:Parrisia 5730:Kokartus 5723:Karaurus 5534:Gymnopis 5421:Caecilia 4766:Chordata 4764:Phylum: 4760:Animalia 4700:Category 4432:Eoscopus 4376:Parioxys 4369:Kamacops 4220:Rotaryus 4164:Acheloma 3911:Chordata 3909:Phylum: 3905:Animalia 3845:Category 3814:Timeline 3355:Cricotus 3326:Archeria 3278:Kyrinion 3271:Baphetes 3243:Eucritta 3065:Pederpes 2867:Occidens 2758:Devonian 2673:Tutusius 2532:Devonian 2078:Lohsania 1929:Rhizodus 1887:Barameda 1830:Thursius 1750:Medoevia 1493:Chordata 1491:Phylum: 1487:Animalia 1407:17021360 1399:15795855 1360:(1988), 1348:(2005), 1330:36697827 1253:20399871 1126:86479890 1071:15547790 1028:(1956) 994:. Berlin 990:(1866), 850:17520502 812:12023942 737:18497824 675:(2010). 588:and the 493:anurans) 415:papillae 184:Amphibia 174:Chordata 170:Phylum: 164:Animalia 150:Domain: 6106:Q134861 6067:(Apoda) 6059:Caudata 6022:Phylum 6003:Extant 5646:Caudata 5414:Apodops 5323:Herpele 5291:Chikila 5154:Amazops 4573:Apateon 4192:Fedexia 4066:Stegops 3924:Order: 3625:Amniota 3333:Aversor 3285:Loxomma 2847:Koilops 2827:Gaiasia 2317:Tinirau 2252:Hyneria 2025:Owensia 1880:Aztecia 1740:Latvius 1321:9892002 1280:Bibcode 1171:Bibcode 1106:Bibcode 1079:1260442 1015:: 1–20. 792:Bibcode 717:Bibcode 592:. Most 447:muscle) 338:Permian 298:to the 261:Caudata 199:Haeckel 180:Class: 44:record) 35:Present 6189:Portal 6174:106733 6161:586230 5917:Anura 5846:(frogs 5700:Urupia 5670:Egoria 5001:Yaksha 4355:Cacops 4206:Mordex 3719:groups 2703:Ymeria 1901:Hongyu 1405:  1397:  1328:  1318:  1310:  1272:Nature 1251:  1124:  1077:  1069:  951:11 May 904:  848:  810:  743:  735:  709:Nature 683:  538:) and 409:gonads 317:, and 201:, 1866 6054:Anura 4789:Clade 4780:Clade 4771:Clade 3916:Clade 3492:Other 2755:Post- 1516:Clade 1507:Clade 1498:Clade 1403:S2CID 1375:(PDF) 1122:S2CID 1075:S2CID 1047:(PDF) 937:(PDF) 872:(PDF) 808:S2CID 780:(PDF) 752:(PDF) 741:S2CID 705:(PDF) 574:frogs 498:skull 483:cusps 323:frogs 269:newts 257:toads 253:frogs 6156:ITIS 4880:see 4853:see 4822:see 4650:see 3982:see 3955:see 3617:see 3581:see 3213:see 2761:taxa 2535:taxa 1549:see 1395:PMID 1326:PMID 1308:ISSN 1249:PMID 1067:PMID 953:2012 902:ISBN 846:PMID 733:PMID 681:ISBN 596:and 576:and 519:and 504:and 441:eyes 430:Ribs 354:and 329:and 235:The 50:PreꞒ 6143:AFD 6130:ADW 1423:by 1387:doi 1383:165 1316:PMC 1298:hdl 1288:doi 1276:614 1241:doi 1212:doi 1208:162 1179:doi 1114:doi 1059:doi 838:doi 800:doi 725:doi 713:453 419:ear 405:Fat 6215:: 6171:: 6158:: 6145:: 6132:: 6117:: 6102:: 4838:/ 4791:: 4782:: 4773:: 3918:: 1518:: 1509:: 1500:: 1401:. 1393:. 1381:. 1377:. 1324:. 1314:. 1306:. 1296:. 1286:. 1274:. 1270:. 1247:. 1237:56 1235:. 1206:. 1202:. 1177:. 1167:93 1165:. 1161:. 1142:. 1120:. 1112:. 1100:. 1096:. 1073:. 1065:. 1055:77 1053:. 1049:. 1013:26 1011:. 945:46 943:. 939:. 888:^ 880:65 878:. 874:. 844:. 834:56 832:. 820:^ 806:. 798:. 788:36 786:. 782:. 767:^ 739:. 731:. 723:. 711:. 707:. 364:. 325:, 313:, 309:, 267:, 255:, 131:) 100:Pg 33:– 6191:: 5996:e 5989:t 5982:v 5902:† 5892:† 5882:† 5872:† 5862:† 5755:† 5711:† 5696:† 5686:† 5676:† 5666:† 5410:† 5382:† 5111:? 5104:† 5100:? 5093:† 5083:† 5073:† 5063:† 4958:? 4953:† 4734:e 4727:t 4720:v 4642:? 4379:? 4323:? 3879:e 3872:t 3865:v 3749:? 3743:? 3714:/ 3607:) 3603:( 3569:( 3516:? 3498:" 3494:" 3489:† 3452:† 3380:? 3358:" 3352:" 3307:† 3246:? 3227:† 3205:" 3201:" 3199:† 3127:† 3083:† 3060:? 3045:† 2918:† 2903:† 2893:† 2883:† 2873:† 2863:† 2853:† 2843:† 2833:† 2823:† 2813:† 2803:† 2793:† 2783:† 2773:† 2714:† 2699:† 2689:† 2679:† 2669:† 2659:† 2655:? 2648:† 2638:† 2628:† 2618:† 2608:† 2598:† 2588:† 2584:? 2577:† 2567:† 2557:† 2547:† 2520:) 2511:( 2435:) 2426:( 2408:† 2398:† 2388:† 2378:† 2368:† 2358:† 2354:? 2347:† 2291:? 2276:? 2177:† 2168:? 2161:† 2140:? 2111:? 2103:? 2081:? 2066:? 2037:† 2028:? 2020:? 1984:† 1975:? 1967:? 1861:† 1846:† 1836:† 1826:† 1816:† 1806:† 1796:† 1786:† 1776:† 1766:† 1756:† 1746:† 1736:† 1726:† 1716:† 1706:† 1696:† 1686:† 1676:† 1666:† 1656:† 1646:† 1636:† 1626:† 1468:) 1464:( 1454:e 1447:t 1440:v 1409:. 1389:: 1332:. 1300:: 1290:: 1282:: 1255:. 1243:: 1220:. 1214:: 1187:. 1181:: 1173:: 1128:. 1116:: 1108:: 1102:5 1081:. 1061:: 955:. 910:. 852:. 840:: 814:. 802:: 794:: 761:. 727:: 719:: 689:. 542:) 534:( 523:) 508:) 489:) 464:) 263:( 251:( 214:† 127:( 105:N 95:K 90:J 85:T 80:P 75:C 70:D 65:S 60:O 55:Ꞓ

Index

Early Triassic
Present
Cisuralian
PreꞒ

O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N

Emerald glass frog
Scientific classification
Edit this classification
Eukaryota
Animalia
Chordata
Amphibia
Lissamphibia
Haeckel
Allocaudata
Batrachia
Gymnophiona
tetrapods
amphibians

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