465:, who were then attacking An's holdings north of the Yellow River and believed that the proper strategy was for Geshu to hold Tong Pass and for them to destroy An's power base first. Yang Guozhong, in particular, was concerned that Geshu was intending to attack him instead, and therefore had Emperor Xuanzong issue repeated edicts ordering Geshu to engage Cui. Geshu was forced to do so, and once he engaged Cui's troops, he fell into a trap that Cui had set, and most of the Tang army was wiped out. Geshu was only able to gather 8,000 soldiers to return to Tong Pass. He prepared to defend it anyway, but his subordinate Huoba Guiren, believing the situation to be hopeless, tried to convince him to surrender to Cui, pointing out that he was putting himself in the same position as Gao Xianzhi. Despite Geshu's protestations that he would rather be like Gao than to surrender, Huoba bound him to a horse and then took him to surrender to Cui.
440:) a separate command, nominally under Geshu. Geshu, now suspicious of Yang Guozhong's intentions, took an opportunity where he summoned Du to Tong Pass to discuss military affairs to execute Du, increasing the tension with Yang Guozhong. Meanwhile, Geshu was still inimical to An Sishun. Geshu forged a letter from An Lushan to An Sishun, and then had the messenger captured at a pass. He presented the letter to Emperor Xuanzong, along with a petition accusing An Sishun of seven crimes. As a result, An Sishun and An Yuanzhen were executed, and their families were exiled to the
207:
385:. He was created the Duke of Liang. Meanwhile, Li Linfu had died, and Yang Guozhong had taken power as chancellor, and soon began to develop a rivalry with An Lushan. He knew that Geshu and An had poor relations, and therefore tried to ingratiate himself with Geshu to build an alliance. At his suggestion, Geshu was given the command of Hexi as well, and was titled the Prince of Xiping. In 754, at Geshu's suggestion, two commanderies, Taoyang (
434:). Once Geshu got to Tong Pass, his subordinates suggested that he make a surprise attack on Chang'an and kill Yang Guozhong, seeing Yang Guozhong as the cause of An's rebellion—which Geshu rejected, stating, "If that happens, it is Geshu Han who is a rebel, not An Lushan." However, the news was leaked to Yang Guozhong, who, in apprehension, gave his associate Du Qianyun (
199:, and, on one expedition that he commanded, an officer of the same rank was his deputy, but, because they were of the same rank, refused to follow Geshu's orders. Geshu had him executed by hammering, and this shocked the other officers into submission. He later distinguished himself in defending against multiple
365:
host a feast for the three of them, trying to get them to resolve their unpleasantries. An Lushan tried to cotton up with Geshu of their Turkic ancestry, but Geshu's response enraged An Lushan, and they got into an argument, which only stopped after Gao gazed at Geshu, stopping him from responding to
477:
after claiming imperial title. An executed Huoba for his treacherousness, and asked Geshu how he felt now, after having slighted An for years. Geshu responded that he simply did not see An's greatness at that time, and offered to write letters to Li
Guangbi, Lai Tian, and Lu Gui, to ask them to
263:
Geshu subsequently met with
Emperor Xuanzong and begged for forgiveness for Wang, offering to give up his own offices and titles to save Wang from death. Emperor Xuanzong initially became irritated and refused to talk with him further, but Geshu kneeled, hit the ground with his head, and cried
295:) on an island in the lake itself, as defensive posts against Tufan. When Tufan attacked those outposts, he defeated them, and it was said that thereafter, Tufan forces did not dare to come close to Qinghai Lake. In 749, he also recaptured Shibao Castle (石堡城, in modern
251:), summoned to Chang'an, and put under interrogation. Geshu, who was then made the acting military governor of Longyou and acting governor of Xiping Commandery (西平, roughly modern Haidong Prefecture), was also summoned to Chang'an to meet
397:), as well as a military base, were established over the recaptured region. Around that time, however, Geshu, while bathing, suffered a stroke. He, therefore, left his command and returned to Chang'an in order to recuperate.
242:) hide with their troops, and then confronted the Tufan troops on their next raid. After he engaged them, Wang and Yang cut off the escape, and the Tufan forces were wiped out; this ended the periodic raids on the region.
230:) every year at harvest time, to seize the wheat grown in the area—so much so that the people of the region jokingly referred to their region as "Tufan Farms." Geshu, after he took office, had his subordinates Wang Nande (
166:
princess. Geshu Han's household was said to be rich, and he used the wealth to further what he saw were just causes, and he also drank heavily. When he was 39, his father died, and he spent three years in the Tang capital
652:
However, because Geshu's titles appeared to be honorary, and he did not exercise an actual chancellor's powers, he was not considered by traditional historians to be among the rolls of Tang chancellors. See
552:
303:), which Wang had refused to attack earlier, leading to Dong's campaign. However, Yinglong Castle fell to Tufan after the Qinghai Lake froze, allowing Tufan forces to attack it over the ice.
334:), an ethnically Tujue general who had been forced into rebellion earlier that year. This facilitated Yang Guozhong's aggrandizement of power and the reduction of Li Linfu's influence.
490:. Soon, however, those subordinates to whom Geshu wrote replied, rebuking him for his failure to die for Tang. An realized that Geshu was of no use to him, and put him under arrest.
255:, who was impressed by his achievements. Geshu's subordinates suggested that he bring much treasure to bribe the central government officials to try to save Wang. Geshu responded:
815:
453:) had weak forces outside the Tong Pass, and Emperor Xuanzong and Yang Guozhong became convinced that it was the time to counterattack in order to recapture the eastern capital
361:), and wanted to improve relations between these three key commanders of troops at the border, he summoned all three to the capital and had the powerful eunuch
222:), which Wang Zhongsi governed at the time as well. At that time, Tufan forces were accustomed to pillage the Tang farms around Jishi Base (積石軍, in modern
820:
805:
810:
171:. On one occasion, he was disrespected by the sheriff of Chang'an County, and he took this disrespect as a reason to serve in the military.
855:
800:
408:
after failing to defeat An were executed. Emperor
Xuanzong put Geshu in charge of 200,000 soldiers and had him take up command at
151:
114:
was defeated by Tang forces and forced to abandon
Luoyang, An Qingxu executed Geshu and some thirty other captive Tang generals.
214:
In 747, Geshu was promoted to be a general, as well as deputy military governor of
Longyou Circuit (隴右, headquartered in modern
845:
825:
264:
bitterly. Emperor
Xuanzong relented and spared Wang but demoted him to be the governor of Hanyang Commandery (漢陽, in modern
840:
223:
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forces were arriving at
Luoyang, An Qingxu decided to abandon Luoyang, and, as he did so, executed Geshu, Cheng Qianli (
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780:
776:
772:
768:
723:
565:
473:
Cui
Qianyou delivered Geshu Han and Huoba Guiren to Luoyang, which An Lushan had made the capital of his new state of
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744:
711:
696:
613:
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If there is still justice in the world, Lord Wang will not die. If there is no justice, what can money get us?
77:
to engage An Lushan's forces, he was defeated and subsequently kidnapped by his own subordinate, Huoba Guiren (
71:
245:
Later that year, Wang
Zhongsi was accused of hindering an attack against Tufan by the general Dong Yanguang (
591:
Kenzheakhmet, Nurlan (2014). ""Ethnonyms and
Toponyms" of the Old Turkic Inscriptions in Chinese sources".
306:
In 752, Geshu began to become part of the central government's intrigue in the power struggle between the
534:
497:, who took the throne subsequently. Geshu remained under arrest. In winter 757, when Tang forces under
307:
830:
272:). Geshu's intercession for Wang, at much risk to himself, was praised by others for righteousness.
252:
123:
56:
498:
99:) to surrender as well, but when those generals refused to do so, put him under house arrest in
518:
381:) (both in modern Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture) and seizing back the nine bends of the
517:) was then a Tang general, and possibly because of this, Emperor Xuanzong's son and successor
627:
521:
posthumously honored Geshu Han despite his having submitted to An Lushan, and gave him the
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In 755, An Lushan, after Yang Guozhong repeatedly provoked him, rebelled, and the generals
8:
835:
447:
Soon thereafter, intelligence reports indicated that An's forward commander Cui Qianyou (
412:, succeeding Gao Xianzhi. In 756, Emperor Xuanzong also gave Geshu the honorary title of
321:
55:
extraction. A veteran of many battles, he became a powerful general late in the reign of
483:
215:
122:
It is not known when Geshu Han was born. His paternal ancestors were tribal chiefs of
633:
571:
163:
751:
739:
674:
655:
609:
502:
104:
83:), to An Lushan's camp. An Lushan tried to use him to get his subordinate generals
20:
688:
gave a somewhat different list, listing Li Zhi (李祇) instead of Lai Tian. Compare
337:
Later that year, when Emperor Xuanzong, seeing that Geshu had poor relations with
715:
700:
522:
328:
corroborated accusations that Li Linfu had friendly relations with Li Xianzhong (
155:
60:
763:
684:
405:
200:
794:
567:
Capital Cities and Urban Form in Pre-modern China: Luoyang, 1038 BCE to 938 C
457:—despite repeated petitions by Geshu that it was inadvisable, agreed with by
341:, then the military governor of Fanyang Circuit (范陽, headquartered in modern
314:
74:
660:
632:. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 27, 153.
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region, despite Yang Guozhong's attempt to intercede on An Sishun's behalf.
382:
282:
196:
192:
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48:
708:
693:
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401:
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349:(whose uncle was An Lushan's stepfather), then the military governor of
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325:
84:
206:
494:
409:
362:
346:
338:
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111:
64:
511:), and 30 some other captured Tang generals. Geshu's son Geshu Yao (
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Geshu Han's campaign at Tongguan Pass during the An Lushan Rebellion
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422:), one of the heads of the executive bureau of government (尚書省,
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28:
570:. Asian States and Empires (Book 13). Routledge. p. 151.
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surrender to An. An was pleased, and gave Geshu the titles of
154:, and thus lived in Anxi Circuit (安西, headquartered in modern
269:
265:
131:
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In 753, Geshu attacked Tufan again, capturing Hongji (
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In spring 757, An Lushan was assassinated by his son
317:, the second cousin of Emperor Xuanzong's favorite
816:Tang dynasty generals at war against the Göktürks
103:, the capital of An's newly established state of
792:
525:of Wumin (literally, "martial and suffering").
195:). He later served under Wang Chui's successor
191:) of Hexi Circuit (河西, headquartered in modern
672:This list was per Geshu's biographies in the
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59:and in 756 became responsible for defending
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134:Tuqishi tribe. His grandfather Geshu Ju (
806:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Longyou Circuit
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179:Geshu Han first served under Wang Chui (
152:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
793:
811:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Hexi Circuit
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353:Circuit (朔方, headquartered in modern
224:Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
144:army, and his father Geshu Daoyuan (
856:Tang dynasty generals from Xinjiang
501:the Prince of Guangping and allied
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130:Geshu surname and belonging to the
37:) (died December 1, 757), formally
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275:In 748, Geshu built Shenwei Base (
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872:
488:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
432:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
801:Tang dynasty nonimperial princes
324:, as both he and the chancellor
593:Studia et Documenta Turcologica
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150:) served as the deputy to the
140:) served as an officer in the
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1:
846:Executed people from Xinjiang
826:People of An Lushan Rebellion
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629:Ethnic Identity in Tang China
564:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2016).
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63:against the rebel forces of
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841:People from Aksu Prefecture
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10:
877:
714:December 26, 2007, at the
626:Abramson, Marc S. (2011).
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469:After capture by An Lushan
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39:Prince Wumin of Xiping
366:An Lushan's insults.
257:
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236:) and Yang Jinghui (
162:). His mother was a
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322:Consort Yang Yuhuan
484:Three Excellencies
216:Haidong Prefecture
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616:Text: "翰母，于闐王女也。"
426:) and chancellor
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15:
430:(同中書門下平章事,
402:Gao Xianzhi
51:who was of
836:757 deaths
795:Categories
733:References
639:0812201019
463:Li Guangbi
326:Chen Xilie
308:chancellor
118:Background
85:Li Guangbi
72:Chancellor
49:Tang China
495:An Qingxu
414:Zuo Pushe
410:Tong Pass
363:Gao Lishi
347:An Sishun
339:An Lushan
319:concubine
203:attacks.
164:Khotanese
112:An Qingxu
105:Great Yan
65:An Lushan
61:Tong Pass
34:Gēshū Hàn
17:Geshu Han
767:, vols.
757:vol. 135
745:vol. 104
724:vol. 218
712:Archived
709:vol. 135
697:Archived
694:vol. 104
678:and the
614:vol. 135
553:兩千年中西曆轉換
529:See also
459:Guo Ziyi
428:de facto
355:Yinchuan
351:Shuofang
311:Li Linfu
289:Castle (
287:Yinglong
188:jiedushi
169:Chang'an
160:Xinjiang
682:. The
661:vol. 62
455:Luoyang
442:Lingnan
359:Ningxia
343:Beijing
301:Qinghai
281:) upon
228:Qinghai
220:Qinghai
128:Nushibi
101:Luoyang
53:Turgesh
21:Chinese
636:
599:: 303.
574:
499:Li Chu
486:) and
480:Sikong
345:) and
297:Xining
285:, and
31::
29:pinyin
23::
718:with
541:Notes
503:Huihe
270:Hubei
266:Wuhan
132:Duolu
44:西平武愍王
703:and
634:ISBN
572:ISBN
461:and
404:and
313:and
201:Tubo
147:哥舒道元
142:Tang
80:火拔歸仁
785:220
781:218
777:217
773:216
769:215
514:哥舒曜
508:程千里
475:Yan
450:崔乾祐
437:杜乾運
419:左僕射
378:大漠門
331:李獻忠
292:應龍城
278:神威軍
248:董延光
239:楊景暉
233:王難得
137:哥舒沮
25:哥舒翰
797::
783:,
779:,
775:,
771:,
755:,
743:,
722:,
707:,
692:,
659:,
612:,
597:II
595:.
394:澆河
388:洮陽
372:洪濟
357:,
299:,
268:,
226:,
218:,
182:王倕
158:,
107:.
96:魯炅
90:來瑱
67:.
27:;
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759:.
747:.
726:.
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41:(
19:(
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