Ghost town - Knowledge

1277: 1658: 1749: 155:, defines a ghost town as "a town for which the reason for being no longer exists." Some believe that any settlement with visible tangible remains should not be called a ghost town; others say, conversely, that a ghost town should contain the tangible remains of buildings. Whether or not the settlement must be completely deserted, or may contain a small population, is also a matter for debate. Generally, though, the term is used in a looser sense, encompassing any and all of these definitions. American author Lambert Florin defined a ghost town as "a shadowy semblance of a former self." 1156: 1604:. In Alberta and Saskatchewan, most ghost towns were once farming communities that have since died off due to the removal of the railway through the town or the bypass of a highway. The ghost towns in British Columbia were predominantly mining towns and prospecting camps as well as canneries and, in one or two cases, large smelter and pulp mill towns. British Columbia has more ghost towns than any other jurisdiction on the North American continent, with more than 1,500 abandoned or semi-abandoned towns and localities. Among the most notable are 185: 1070: 1249: 289:(sometimes due to outright overbuilding by land developers) may also trigger the appearance of certain elements of a ghost town, as real-estate prices initially rise (whereupon affordable housing becomes less available) and then later fall for a variety of reasons that are often tied to economic cycles and/or marketing hubris. This has been observed to occur in various countries, including Spain, China, the United States, and Canada, where housing is often used as an investment rather than for habitation. 832: 943: 44: 683: 1261: 957: 298: 5907: 1510:, the locality was severely affected. Hundreds of buildings which also includes Church of Saint Pius X, the health center, the headquarters of the neighborhood association, the School of Early Childhood Education, and Los Campitos Elementary School and the Todoque Elementary and the Infant Education School, and by October 10, new lava flows destroyed the buildings that were still standing, leaving the town practically erased from the map. 403: 1866: 1549: 1965: 5895: 4723: 766: 5929: 1295:– the migration of a country's rural population into the cities – has left many European towns and villages deserted. An increasing number of settlements in Bulgaria are becoming ghost towns for this reason; at the time of the 2011 census, the country had 181 uninhabited settlements. In Hungary, dozens of villages are also threatened with abandonment. The first village officially declared as "dead" was 2292: 1393: 627: 2276: 674:. The heavy fighting forced the entire population to flee. Upon seizing the city, Armenian forces destroyed much of the town to discourage Azerbaijanis from returning. More damage occurred in the following decades when locals looted the abandoned town for building materials. It is currently almost entirely ruined and uninhabited. 1050:, the second-largest city of Egypt, was a flourishing city in the Ancient era, but declined during the Middle Ages. It underwent a dramatic revival during the 19th century; from a population of 5,000 in 1806, it grew into a city of more than 200,000 inhabitants by 1882, and is now home to more than four million people. 1092:, are ransacked by government soldiers. Those who are not killed have no choice but to escape to refugee camps. The instability in the region also leaves organized and well-equipped bandits free to terrorize the populace, often leaving villages abandoned in their wake. Elsewhere in Africa, the town of 1388:

it was an important partisan base and it was definitively abandoned in the 1980s, when the last family who lived here, left the village.. Two projects have been proposed for the recovery of the village: in 2011 the proposal of Movimento Libero Perseo "Roveraia eco - lab", based on sustainability, and

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Sometimes the town might cease to officially exist, but the physical infrastructure remains. For example, the five Mississippi communities that had to be abandoned to build SSC still have remnants of those communities within the facility itself. These include city streets, now overgrown with forest

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Factors leading to the abandonment of towns include depleted natural resources, economic activity shifting elsewhere, railroads and roads bypassing or no longer accessing the town, human intervention, disasters, massacres, wars, the shifting of politics or fall of empires, and volcanic eruptions. A

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is an abandoned settlement, usually one that contains substantial visible remaining buildings and infrastructure such as roads. A town often becomes a ghost town because the economic activity that supported it (usually industrial or agricultural) has failed or ended for any reason (e.g. a host ore

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Use of the term "ghost town" varies between individuals, and between cultures. Some writers discount settlements that were abandoned as a result of a natural or human-made disaster or other causes. They restrict the term to settlements that were deserted because they were no longer economically

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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a wave of European immigrants arrived in Brazil and settled in the cities, which offered jobs, education, and other opportunities that enabled newcomers to enter the middle class. Many also settled in the growing small towns along the expanding railway

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Boomtowns can often decrease in size as quickly as they grew. Sometimes, all, or nearly all, of the population can desert the town, resulting in a ghost town. The dismantling of a boomtown can often occur on a planned basis. Mining companies nowadays will create a temporary

430:. Many houses and even a few barns remain, used for housing visiting scientists and storing maintenance equipment, while roads that used to cross through the site have been blocked off at the edges of the property, with gatehouses or barricades to prevent unsupervised access. 1877:

The boom and bust of gold rushes and the mining of other ores has led to a number of ghost towns in both Australia and New Zealand. Other towns have become abandoned whether due to natural disasters, the weather, or the drowning of valleys to increase the size of lakes.

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in 1985, where the city of Armero was engulfed by lahars, which killed approximately 23,000 people in total. Armero was never rebuilt (its inhabitants being diverted to nearby cities, and thus becoming a ghost town), but still stands today as "holy land", as dictated by

1345:. Traditional agricultural practices such as sheep and goat rearing, on which the mountain village economy was based, were not taken over by the local youth, especially after the lifestyle changes that swept over rural Spain during the second half of the 20th century. 1477:

for use as training grounds for British and US troops. Although this was intended to be a temporary measure, the residents were never allowed to return, and the villages have been used for military training ever since. Three miles or 5 km southeast of Imber is

1408:, the process by which vast amounts of farmland became privately owned. Since there are rarely any visible remains of these settlements, they are not generally considered ghost towns; instead, they are referred to in archaeological circles as 1701:

in all the western states, and many eastern and southern states as well. Residents are compelled to leave in search of more productive areas when the resources that had created an employment boom in these towns were eventually exhausted.

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because of the loud noise and potential dangers associated with testing such rockets. Five thinly populated rural Mississippi communities (Gainesville, Logtown, Napoleon, Santa Rosa, and Westonia), plus the northern portion of a sixth

1240:. Following ongoing decontamination works, several portions of Namie have been fully reopened to residents, allowing reconstruction and renovation of the town's buildings to be undertaken and resettlement of the area to take place. 988:, Australia, became almost deserted after its gold mine ceased operation in 1914, but owing to its accessibility and proximity to other attractive locations, it has had a recent economic and holiday population surge. Another town, 1521:. The planned development of an oil rig construction facility nearby never materialised, and a village built to house the workers and their families became deserted the moment the building contractors finished their work. 91:. The term can sometimes refer to cities, towns, and neighborhoods that, though still populated, are significantly less so than in past years; for example, those affected by high levels of unemployment and dereliction. 1501:

of 1986, Both cities were evacuated due to dangerous radiation levels within the area. As of today, Pripyat remains completely abandoned, and Chernobyl has around 500 remaining inhabitants. Another example is

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to service a mine site, building all the accommodations, shops and services required, and then remove them once the resource has been extracted. Modular buildings can be used to facilitate the process.

1276: 3358: 819:. The area was so contaminated that many of the evacuees were never permitted to return to their homes. Pripyat is the most famous of these abandoned towns; it was built for the workers of the 1992:, and was abandoned in 1931. In 1969, the station was partially destroyed by a volcanic eruption. There are also many abandoned scientific and military bases in Antarctica, especially in the 1186:

labour camps to supply necessary services. Since most of these camps were abandoned in the 1950s, the towns were abandoned as well. One such town is located near the former Gulag camp called

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have been forced to flee their homes as a result of the escalating conflict between armed rebels and government troops. Villages accused of supporting the rebels, such as Beogombo Deux near

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The Middle East has many ghost towns and ruins that were created when the shifting of politics or the fall of empires caused capital cities to be socially or economically unviable, such as

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have recently been renovated by the South Georgian Government, becoming a popular tourist destination. Some historical buildings in the other settlements are being restored as well.

3328: 1025:. In Riace, this was accomplished by a scheme funded by the Italian government which offers the housing to refugees and in Muñotello it was accomplished through an NGO ( 2003:

used to have several thriving whaling settlements during the first half of the 20th century, with a combined population exceeding 2,000 in some years. These included

3829: 1002:, Spain, that was mostly abandoned and only inhabited by a mother and son, is slowly being revived owing to the ever-increasing stream of pilgrims on the road to 693:

Natural and human-made disasters can create ghost towns. For example, after being flooded more than 30 times since their town was founded in 1845, residents of

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Railroads and roads bypassing or no longer reaching a town can also create a ghost town. This was the case in many of the ghost towns along Ontario's historic

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War activities, displacements and complete destruction of cities as result of intense fighting were the reason for their complete abandonment. Examples are

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of 1986, dangerously high levels of nuclear contamination escaped into the surrounding area, and nearly 200 towns and villages in Ukraine and neighbouring

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company. A new village was built after the war on a nearby site, and the ruins of the original have been maintained as a memorial. Another example is

3940: 2027:(1917–34). The abandoned settlements have become increasingly dilapidated, and remain uninhabited nowadays except for the Museum curator's family at 1818:

system. Since the 1930s, many rural workers have moved to the big cities. Other ghost towns were created in the aftermath of dinosaur fossil rushes.

1323: 3844: 2753: 1988:. Other whaling operations followed suit, and by 1914 there were thirteen factory ships based there. The station ceased to be profitable during the 1311: 1296: 1097: 800:, Québec, also constructed on a Leda clay base, had been abandoned after a landslide on 4 May 1971, which swept away 41 homes, killing 31 people. 263:

outperformed Collingwood as a regional centre for the livestock-raising industry. The railway reached Winton in 1899, linking it with the rest of

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In other cases, the reason for abandonment can arise from a town's intended economic function shifting to another, nearby place. This happened to

5739: 3784: 3303: 1190:(also called Lower Butugychag). Other towns were deserted due to deindustrialisation and the economic crises of the early 1990s attributed to 5395: 643: 200:(e.g., nearby mine, mill or resort) is depleted or the resource economy undergoes a "bust" (e.g., catastrophic resource price collapse). A 88: 2655: 1984:, where in 1906, a Norwegian-Chilean company set up a whaling station at Whalers Bay, which they used as a base for their factory ship, the 1776:, could not agree on the most deserving settlement for the recognition. A compromise was eventually reached—Bodie became the official state 34:

This article is about the term for a relatively recently abandoned settlement. For the archaeological term for an abandoned settlement, see

2807: 2000: 1948:, abandoned after it was flooded repeatedly after heavy rainstorms. Early settlements on the rugged southwest coast of the South Island at 3336: 1327: 992:, Malaysia, was almost deserted due to closure of a tin mine in 1986 was revived in 2001 and has become a tourist destination since then. 204:

often brought intensive but short-lived economic activity to a remote village, only to leave a ghost town once the resource was depleted.

4534: 1846: 3384: 1677:, the rural areas of which have lost a third of their population since 1920. Thousands of communities in the northern plains states of 5686: 4527: 1769: 1652: 1044:, currently the nation's second-largest city with 1 million people, was a village of only a few thousand people before colonization. 4967: 4759: 4177: 94:

Some ghost towns, especially those that preserve period-specific architecture, have become tourist attractions. Some examples are

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suffered both mine closures when the resources were depleted and loss of highway traffic as US 66 was diverted from places like

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epidemic of 1918 and 1919. Several communities in Ireland, particularly in the west of the country, were wiped out due to the

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are sometimes referred to as ghost towns although they are presently active towns and cities. Many U.S. ghost towns, such as

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A few ghost towns have managed to get a second life, and this happens through a variety of reasons. One of these reasons is

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Catastrophic environmental damage caused by long-term contamination can also create a ghost town. Some notable examples are

697:, decided to relocate after two floods in 1993. With government help, the whole town was rebuilt 3 miles or 5 km away. 5719: 3734: 1742: 1206: 3821: 5038: 4407: 3077: 1507: 267:, and Collingwood was a ghost town by the following year. More broadly across Australia, there has been a shift towards 2507: 54:. It was rendered uninhabitable and evacuated in 1995, after being inundated with volcanic ash from the eruption of the 5183: 2259: 1764:

Starting in 2002, an attempt to declare an official ghost town in California stalled when the adherents of the town of

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Disasters & natural disasters have played a part in the abandonment of settlements within Europe. Two examples are

1237: 1233: 792:. Two years after the last building in Lemieux was demolished, a landslide swept part of the former town-site into the 3414: 1657: 4011: 3992: 3973: 3929: 3716: 3225: 2845: 2327: 2207: 2152: 1389:

in 2019 there was a proposal aiming to recover the village with a mix of functions called "Ecomuseum of Pratomagno".

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have undergone heavy depopulation since the early 20th century, leaving a string of ghost towns in areas such as the

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Wars and rebellions in some African countries have left many towns and villages deserted. Since 2003, when President

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were completely destroyed in the last two years of the war. These territories later became part of Poland and the

556:, Costa Rica, inhabitants of Arenal and Tronadora were forced to relocate in 1978 to make room for the human-made 5932: 5796: 5564: 5435: 4990: 4658: 2377: 1941: 1199: 910: 423: 5791: 5679: 5061: 4840: 4252: 3492: 2065: 1568: 1059: 719: 422:

flora and fauna, and a one-room schoolhouse. Another example of infrastructure remaining is the former town of

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closures have led to many ghost towns in British Columbia, Canada, including several relatively recent ones:

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became railroad ghost towns when a rail line failed to materialize. Hundreds of towns were abandoned as the

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Many of the ghost towns in mineral-rich Africa are former mining towns. Shortly after the start of the 1908

838:, Germany. Turned into a restricted area after 1992 due to ammunition contamination from a nearby abandoned 5674: 5140: 5033: 4995: 4752: 2725: 1906: 870: 371: 3948: 2533: 2351: 1905:). The mining of iron and other ores has also led to towns thriving briefly before dwindling. The town of 1837:

A number of ghost towns throughout South America were once mining camps or lumber mills, such as the many

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Some ghost towns have revived their economies and populations due to historical and eco-tourism, such as

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state line). This required NASA to acquire a large (approximately 34-square-mile or 88-square-kilometre)

375: 28: 24: 3753: 3605: 707:, was evacuated after a landslide in 1963. Nowadays it is a filming location for many movies, including 642:, deported, or expelled. Examples include Kayaköy, an ancient Greek city abandoned in 1923 as result of 5760: 5729: 5160: 5043: 5018: 4784: 4402: 3062: 1902: 1854: 797: 788:, was abandoned in 1991 after soil testing revealed that the community was built on an unstable bed of 671: 651: 302: 2454: 1147:, were exempt from this ban, but the denial of new land claims soon rendered all of them ghost towns. 55: 5922: 4891: 4794: 4779: 4623: 4397: 4302: 3776: 3528: 3439: 2020: 1694: 1593: 1409: 759: 709: 241: 3880: 3657: 2629: 275:, in order to avoid the development of ghost towns once a mining resource has been fully extracted. 5781: 5765: 5724: 5669: 5599: 5544: 5370: 4948: 4938: 4933: 1738: 1697:

replaced the railroads as the favored means of transportation. Ghost towns are common in mining or

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In the United Kingdom, thousands of villages were abandoned during the Middle Ages, as a result of

1120: 1085: 396: 173: 3135: 1717:. Old mining camps that have lost most of their population at some stage of their history such as 1643:

by chemical means, it was abandoned when the mill closed in 1927 and re-opened as a park in 1960.

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until the invention of synthetic saltpeter during World War I. Some of these towns, such as the

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described the idea of Chinese ghost cities as a popular bandwagon which was shown to be a myth.

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Construction of dams has produced ghost towns that have been left underwater. Examples include:

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An example in the UK of a ghost village which was abandoned before it was ever occupied is at

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downstream in Portugal in 1992 (later exposed after extreme drought conditions in early 2022).

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Annual report of the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service of the United States - 1920

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in Georgia, a coal mining town that suffered a drastic population decline as a result of the

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Significant fatality rates from epidemics have produced ghost towns. Some places in eastern

5960: 5955: 5390: 5380: 5326: 5110: 5053: 4985: 4663: 4638: 4056: 2168: 1924:). New Zealand's ghost towns also include numerous coal mining areas in the South Island's 1470: 1461:). Some villages in England were also abandoned during the war, but for different reasons. 1229: 1081: 929:, and remains unpopulated, being littered with unexploded munitions from regular shelling. 216:

In some cases, multiple factors may remove the economic basis for a community; some former

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Weis, Norman D. (1971). Ghost Towns of the Northwest. Caldwell, Idaho, USA: Caxton Press.

3121: 2706: 1310:. Some other depopulated villages were successfully saved as small rural resorts, such as 689:, Italy, was abandoned due to a landslide in 1963. It has since become a popular film set. 8: 5410: 5347: 5321: 5130: 5115: 4703: 4317: 3278: 3022: 2117: 2080: 2024: 1993: 1937: 1773: 1714: 1670: 1628: 858:

in the latter half of the 19th century, and the years of economic decline that followed.

734: 553: 522: 518: 51: 3465: 999: 83:). The town may have also declined because of natural or human-caused disasters such as 5629: 5311: 4850: 4602: 3056: 2891: 2319: 2085: 1945: 1886: 1882: 1842: 1730: 1498: 1377: 1285: 1160: 985: 968: 804: 793: 773: 729: 567: 462: 452: 359:

by a government, and residents are required to relocate. One example is the village of

306: 286: 260: 3243:"Did you know? Dhanushkodi is the place where you can see the origin of the Ram Setu!" 1301: 1269: 1155: 426:, that voted itself out of existence and turned the land over for construction of the 5823: 5649: 5454: 5274: 5105: 5095: 5023: 4959: 4912: 4880: 4855: 4845: 4820: 4688: 4597: 4469: 4422: 4417: 4202: 4157: 4007: 3988: 3969: 3925: 3712: 3631: 3501: 3282: 3221: 3102: 2896: 2841: 2323: 2284: 2255: 2228: 2203: 2148: 2112: 2050: 1894: 1831: 1765: 1706: 1437:, and many of the smaller settlements were never rebuilt or repopulated, for example 1426: 1422: 1373: 1357: 1253: 739: 647: 539: 486: 446: 442: 334: 189: 35: 2603: 2403:"St Thomas Nevada - Lake Mead National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)" 1217:, under-occupied cities filled up. Writing in 2023, academic and former UK diplomat 5848: 5534: 5245: 5198: 5145: 4896: 4708: 4653: 4607: 4577: 4514: 4484: 4259: 3186: 2886: 2878: 2315: 2090: 1989: 1981: 1969: 1710: 1662: 1577: 1552: 1525: 1225: 1210: 978: 971:, was almost abandoned after being mined for gold, but is now becoming repopulated. 926: 882: 785: 614: 546: 504: 500: 95: 1429:, as a permanent memorial. In Germany, numerous smaller towns and villages in the 1069: 139: 5878: 5838: 5584: 5539: 5469: 5193: 5188: 4587: 4499: 4284: 4269: 4187: 4080: 4049: 3919: 3798: 1917: 1788: 1726: 1718: 1518: 1466: 1372:, which has served as a filming location, and the ghost village Roveraia, in the 1248: 1136: 610: 225: 184: 99: 5509: 3845:"Benchmarks: November 13, 1985: Nevado del Ruiz eruption triggers deadly lahars" 3161: 3044: 2862: 1315: 5589: 5569: 5549: 5529: 5519: 5514: 5459: 5356: 5352: 5341: 5173: 5150: 5090: 4768: 4683: 4643: 4389: 4369: 4192: 4125: 2808:"Most Popular Titles With Location Matching "Craco, Matera, Basilicata, Italy"" 2783:"Incredible photos show Spanish ghost village emerge after 30 years underwater" 2681: 2095: 2055: 1850: 1838: 1826: 1334: 1037: 1033: 989: 962:

Part of Walhalla in 2004, showing a mix of original and reconstructed buildings

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in Dorset, England, acquired during World War II to build an artillery range.

5949: 5899: 5868: 5863: 5833: 5644: 5594: 5499: 5430: 5420: 5405: 5336: 5290: 5269: 5230: 5203: 4943: 4902: 4727: 4698: 4668: 4592: 4582: 4572: 4567: 4412: 4364: 4135: 2707:"New Tehri - Overlooks The Gigantic Tehri Lake And Dam | Uttarakhand Tourism" 2012: 2008: 1483: 1479: 1381: 1353: 1342: 902: 874: 563: 508: 342: 326: 322: 318: 221: 1127:, the German Imperial government claimed sole mining rights by creating the 995: 831: 135: 5818: 5579: 5574: 5464: 5450: 5415: 5366: 5262: 5221: 5135: 5125: 4907: 4678: 4562: 4459: 4444: 4332: 4274: 4247: 4224: 4182: 2990: 2900: 2882: 2758: 2075: 1753: 1690: 1686: 1674: 1601: 1589: 1446: 1434: 1385: 1292: 1179: 1116: 1022: 744: 314: 272: 209: 196:

Ghost towns may result when the single activity or resource that created a

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Sometimes, wars and genocide end a town's life. In 1944, occupying German

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River re-routing is another factor, one example being the towns along the

192:, smaller farms are no longer economically viable, leading to rural decay. 5634: 5559: 5440: 5425: 5400: 5250: 5240: 4504: 4489: 4374: 4342: 4322: 4297: 4242: 4219: 4172: 4152: 4145: 4140: 4120: 4093: 3612:. DIDA - Department of architecture, University of Florence. 13 July 2021 2100: 1949: 1799: 1781: 1613: 1401: 1307: 1260: 1168: 1130: 851: 839: 600: 586: 581:

in Egypt submerged archaeological sites and ancient settlements, such as

557: 410: 391: 383: 330: 297: 233: 217: 131: 3941:"Standing legacy: Ghost towns preserve the Ottawa Valley's rich history" 1713:, while elsewhere only the foundations of former buildings remain as in 1631:

is a well-known tourist ghost town; founded in 1901 around a mechanical

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caused by military use may also lead to the development of ghost towns.

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Timberline Tailings: Tales of Colorado's Ghost Towns and Mining Camps

3329:"Bulgaria's population is 7.3 million – official 2011 census results" 3275:

China Incorporated: The Politics of a World Where China is Number One

3045:"Riace: The Italian village abandoned by locals, adopted by migrants" 2838:

Chernobyl Record: The Definitive History of the Chernobyl Catastrophe

2070: 2032: 2028: 2004: 1936:. Natural disasters have also led to the loss of some towns, notably 1898: 1777: 1698: 1632: 1494: 1417: 1405: 1108:

had a population of around 25,000 before it was abandoned during the

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The rise of real-estate speculation and the resulting possibility of

279: 229: 201: 127: 19:"Ghost city" redirects here. For the silent Western serial film, see 4004:

Stampede to Timberline: The Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of Colorado

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in Mexico, has been used as a backdrop for Hollywood movies such as

956: 402: 240:, whose molybdenum mine shut down after only 18 months in 1982; and 5295: 5285: 5257: 5225: 5178: 4917: 4835: 4830: 4554: 4474: 4347: 4167: 4098: 4030: 3987:(1st ed.). Athens, Ohio: Swallow Press/Ohio University Press. 3359:"Sos Mundo Rural Aragonés alerta de la despoblación de los pueblos" 2863:"Deaths from Bacterial Pneumonia during 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic" 2586:"Sunken towns of the Volga revive memories of Stalinist-era Russia" 2105: 1921: 1910: 1890: 1822: 1805: 1682: 1624: 1609: 1514: 1421:

troops murdered almost the entire population of the French village

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and had a population of almost 50,000 at the time of the disaster.

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would stop at periodic intervals for repairs or to take on water.

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International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

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Sometimes a ghost town consists of many abandoned buildings as in

1600:. Some were logging towns or dual mining and logging sites, often 1548: 1348:

Examples for ghost towns in Italy include the medieval village of

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after motorists bypassed the latter on the faster moving highways

5375: 4737: 4006:(2nd ed.). Athens, OH: Swallow Press/Ohio University Press. 3729: 3304:"A nuclear ghost town in Japan welcomes back residents this week" 2275:

Graves, Philip; Weiler, Stephan; Tynon, Emily (25 January 2010).

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in Abkhazia/Georgia, was abandoned in the early 1990s due to the

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Life at Risk: Biopolitics, Citizenship, and Security in Colombia

2481:"Hambleton, Upper Hambleton, Middle Hambleton, Nether Hambleton" 2308:"Australia, Sociocultural Overviews: Australian Settler Society" 1909:

was abandoned and demolished due to the health hazards posed by

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Many ancient villages were abandoned during construction of the

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flooded the village of Tignes in France, displacing 78 families.

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border, were once one of the United States' largest sources of

886: 850:

were abandoned after more than 7,000 Arkansans died during the

667: 659: 631: 535: 236:, which closed in 1973 after the pulp mill was decommissioned; 115: 80: 2840:. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing. pp. 103–117. 5120: 4110: 3554: 3361:(in Spanish). Diario de Teruel. 12 March 2013. Archived from 2754:"Ghost village emerges in Spain as drought empties reservoir" 1956:

were also abandoned, mainly due to the inhospitable terrain.

1605: 1462: 1365: 1183: 1101: 1089: 1010: 700: 686: 592: 582: 107: 84: 3701:

Ghost Towns of British Columbia". Vancouver: Mitchell Press.

909:

in the town's children, eventually resulting in a mandatory

780:

Ghost towns may also occasionally come into being due to an

4815: 4352: 4072: 3212:

Santcross, Nick; Ballard, Sebastian; Baker, Gordon (2001).

3187:"South Sudan 'sends more troops' to strife-torn town Pibor" 3124:. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 13 September 2012. 2966:"Ghost Towns Are Being Resurrected as Tourist Destinations" 1392: 1041: 898: 894: 626: 566:

in New South Wales, Australia, was flooded by a dam of the

549:

in China, leading to the displacement of many rural people.

367: 3581:"Roveraia. Un progetto ecosostenibile di tutta eccellenza" 4041: 3494:

Poppi 1944 Storia e storie di un paese nella Linea Gotica

2997:. Walhalla Heritage and Development League Inc. 2006–2013 1869:

After many years of drought and dust storms, the town of

1841:

mining camps that prospered in Chile from the end of the

3939:

McIntyre, Tobi; Politis, Paul (September–October 2005).

2682:"The Spectacular Failures and Successes of Massive Dams" 1032:

In Algeria, many cities became hamlets after the end of

654:

when 642 of its 663 inhabitants were killed by a German

3051:. photographs by Francesco Pistilli. 25 September 2016. 1627:, it is now a year-round provincial museum. In Quebec, 638:

Some towns become deserted when their populations were

179: 50:

is the only ghost town that is the capital of a modern

3924:(2nd ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1780:

ghost town, while Calico was named the official state

1306:

in the late 1970s, but later it was repopulated as an

1232:, Japan, was temporarily evacuated as a result of the 925:, was requisitioned for military exercises during the 3211: 1171:, India is a ghost town. It was destroyed during the 784:

natural disaster – for example, the Canadian town of

329:. Some ghost towns were founded along railways where 89:

nuclear and radiation-related accidents and incidents

3078:"Spain's homeless help repopulate rural ghost towns" 2861:

Brundage, John F.; Shanks, G. Dennis (August 2008).

1280:

The forest occupies the territory of the village of

981:

generating a new economy able to support residents.

877:, but was shut down in 1966 due to health concerns. 677: 337:, was part of one such series of villages along the 3822:"The ghost towns that were created by the oil rush" 3076:De Santos Pascual, Juan Carlos (30 December 2020). 1482:, a deserted village purpose-built for training in 1178:Many abandoned towns and settlements in the former 309:, now falling into ruin, was a modern tourist area. 865:, whose residents were exposed to a high level of 521:, England, flooded during the construction of the 507:in Rutland, England, which were flooded to create 3075: 2274: 1209:became a frequent feature of discourse regarding 164:town can also be abandoned when it is part of an 5947: 2940:"11 Ghost Towns in the U.S. You Can Still Visit" 2223:Thomsen, Clint (2012). "What is a ghost town?". 901:, but over a century of unregulated disposal of 3938: 2762:. Concello de Lobios. Reuters. 12 February 2022 2717: 2559:"Village Destroyed as New Dam Floods Reservoir" 2251:Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of Southern Nevada 873:, which was once Australia's largest source of 3777:"Update: Barlow in Mexico (days six to eight)" 3094: 2860: 1920:similarly led to several ghost towns (such as 703:, a medieval village in the Italian region of 366:A similar situation occurred in the U.S. when 4753: 4057: 3896:"Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works" 2202:. Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers. p. 15. 1256:, France, unchanged since the German massacre 644:population exchange between Greece and Turkey 465:, U.S., flooded by up to 70 feet of water by 3799:"Bandidas (2006) - Filming & production" 2147:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 1128: 1084:came to power, thousands of citizens of the 913:buyout and evacuation. Contamination due to 826: 796:. Two decades earlier, the Canadian town of 3963: 3415:"Craco, the Ghost Town jewel of Basilicata" 2991:"Frequently-Asked Questions about Walhalla" 2780: 1847:Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works 4760: 4746: 4064: 4050: 3632:"Portfolio di architettura by Emma Amidei" 3241:Duttagupta, Samonway (26 September 2016). 3240: 2781:Butterfield, Michelle (18 February 2022). 2724:Pontevedra, Silvia R. (14 December 2012). 2723: 2254:. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub. p. 7. 1968:The derelict British base in Whalers Bay, 1175:and remains uninhabited in the aftermath. 932: 595:was drowned after the construction of the 459:and reconstructed on nearby higher ground. 158: 3879: 3869: 2890: 2825: 2281:Journal of Regional Analysis & Policy 2191: 2189: 1940:, "The Buried Village", destroyed in the 1653:Lists of ghost towns in the United States 1333:In Spain, large zones of the mountainous 1076:, Namibia (2016); a ghost town since 1956 609:and five other villages in the region of 538:in Russia was flooded by the creation of 16:Abandoned settlement with intact features 4968:Regional Planning Association of America 3842: 3819: 3606:"Ecomuseo del Pratomagno by Emma Amidei" 3205: 3159: 3133: 2583: 2225:Ghost Towns: Lost Cities of the Old West 1963: 1864: 1747: 1656: 1547: 1391: 1275: 1259: 1247: 1159:Unoccupied residential complexes in the 1154: 1068: 1017:) are being repopulated by respectively 830: 811:were evacuated, including the cities of 764: 754:, was abandoned due to an uncontainable 681: 625: 613:, Spain, drowned by the construction of 401: 355:Ghost towns may be created when land is 296: 183: 42: 3754:"California State Gold Rush Ghost Town" 3658:"Architecture portfolio by Emma Amidei" 3466:"Sui pendii occidentali del Pratomagno" 3265: 3263: 3136:"Deserted villages and abandoned lives" 3095:Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (2009). 3015: 2963: 2679: 2349: 2222: 2136: 2134: 5948: 3787:from the original on 30 December 2023. 3774: 3730:"National Register Information System" 3301: 2584:Mandraud, Isabelle (30 January 2015). 2186: 2169:"What Is a Ghost Town? | Wonderopolis" 1602:developed at the behest of the company 630:Nature slowly reclaiming the ruins in 4741: 4045: 4001: 3982: 3917: 3843:Augliere, Bethany (20 October 2016). 3517:from the original on 29 January 2021. 3490: 3269: 2831: 2653: 2378:"Underwater Ghost Towns of Tennessee" 2314:(Second ed.). pp. 239–244. 2305: 2195: 2140: 1885:led to numerous ghost towns (such as 1555:, one of many abandoned buildings in 905:led to groundwater contamination and 455:, U.S., inundated by the creation of 428:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 292: 228:, onto a more direct path. Mine and 5928: 3735:National Register of Historic Places 3722: 3260: 3018:"Ex-mining town embraces ecotourism" 2656:"A Complete Guide to Adaminaby, NSW" 2505: 2426: 2350:Halpern, W. Dyer (24 January 2011). 2295:from the original on 5 January 2024. 2247: 2131: 1743:National Register of Historic Places 1576:has several ghost towns in parts of 1228:, along with several other towns in 374:(SSC), a rocket testing facility in 180:Economic activity shifting elsewhere 151:viable; T. Lindsey Baker, author of 5039:Professional transportation planner 4408:Technical aspects of urban planning 3160:Thompson, Mike (18 December 2008). 3134:Thompson, Mike (15 December 2008). 3101:. Infobase Publishing. p. 33. 2854: 2452: 2283:. Social Science Research Network. 2199:Ghost Towns of the Colorado Rockies 1508:2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption 1112:, and it has remained empty since. 1053: 772:, Ukraine, was abandoned after the 646:and the original French village at 433: 13: 4767: 4028: 4022: 3775:Barlow, Maude (11 November 2012). 3214:Namibia Handbook: The Travel Guide 3098:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 2320:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.12022-7 2299: 1972:, destroyed by a volcanic eruption 1238:2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami 1234:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 885:, twin communities straddling the 14: 5972: 3832:from the original on 21 May 2023. 3809:from the original on 21 May 2023. 2964:Kirouac, Matt (19 October 2023). 2634:lanacioncostarica.pressreader.com 2375: 1623:; once the largest town north of 1264:Abandoned mining building on the 678:Disasters, actual and anticipated 248:mine operated from 1952 to 1992. 5927: 5906: 5905: 5893: 4721: 4178:Cities with the most skyscrapers 3966:Ghost Towns of the American West 3851:. American Geosciences Institute 3820:Baraniuk, Chris (15 July 2016). 2654:Elder, Bruce (9 December 2022). 2506:York, Chris (17 November 2018). 1812: 1794:The Treasure of the Sierra Madre 1646: 1543: 1364:, the deserted mountain village 955: 941: 378:(on the Mississippi side of the 5436:Transferable development rights 4991:Environmental impact assessment 4659:Sustainable Development Goal 11 4540:Most populous national capitals 3910: 3902:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 3888: 3863: 3836: 3813: 3791: 3768: 3746: 3705: 3693: 3668: 3664:. Emma Amidei. 10 October 2020. 3650: 3624: 3598: 3573: 3547: 3521: 3500:(in Italian). Regione Toscana. 3484: 3458: 3432: 3407: 3377: 3351: 3321: 3295: 3234: 3179: 3162:"Massacre haunts CAR villagers" 3153: 3127: 3115: 3088: 3069: 3037: 3016:Pek Yee, Foong (14 July 2017). 3009: 2983: 2957: 2932: 2914: 2800: 2774: 2746: 2699: 2673: 2647: 2622: 2596: 2577: 2551: 2526: 2499: 2473: 2446: 2420: 2395: 1942:1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera 1893:), as did the hunt for gold in 1096:was burnt to the ground during 911:Environmental Protection Agency 479:, inundated by the creation of 370:acquired land to construct the 5062:Community economic development 4841:Planning and zoning commission 4545:Most populous satellite cities 3983:Wolle, Muriel Sibell (1993) . 3964:Steinhilber, Berthold (2003). 3638:. Emma Amidei. 14 January 2021 3440:"Rappresaglie di San Giustino" 3391:. 14 June 2015. Archived from 3335:. 21 July 2011. Archived from 3302:Pearce, Fred (27 March 2017). 2726:"Memoria de un pueblo ahogado" 2680:Harford, Tim (11 March 2020). 2369: 2343: 2277:"The Economics of Ghost Towns" 2268: 2241: 2216: 2161: 2066:List of ghost towns by country 1669:Many ghost towns or abandoned 1569:Lists of ghost towns in Canada 1469:, and several villages in the 1374:municipality of Loro Ciuffenna 1060:List of ghost towns by country 1038:French colonization of Algeria 469:following construction of the 1: 4535:Most densely populated cities 4002:Wolle, Muriel Sibell (1991). 3968:. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 2834:"Evacuation and Resettlement" 2485:Survey of English Place-Names 2352:"The Lost Village of Kensico" 2124: 1959: 1098:tribal clashes in South Sudan 821:Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant 339:Atlantic and Pacific Railroad 271:arrangements over building a 145: 104:Barkerville, British Columbia 5675:Planning Accreditation Board 5034:Transit-oriented development 4996:Recreation resource planning 3529:"Il Progetto delle Funzioni" 2867:Emerging Infectious Diseases 2487:. English Place-Name Society 1787:Another former mining town, 1284:, deserted by urbanization. 871:Wittenoom, Western Australia 621: 372:John C. Stennis Space Center 7: 3699:Ramsey, Bruce (1963–1975). 2875:Centers for Disease Control 2538:Peak District National Park 2429:"The Lost Town of Stiltner" 2038: 1897:(for example, the towns of 1855:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 1473:, were commandeered by the 666:. Armenian forces occupied 376:Hancock County, Mississippi 29:Ghost town (disambiguation) 25:Ghost city (disambiguation) 10: 5977: 5687:Professional organizations 5044:Urban freight distribution 5019:Transportation forecasting 4403:Theories of urban planning 4071: 3918:Baker, T. Lindsay (1991). 3870:Zeiderman, Austin (2009). 3491:Brezi, Alessandro (2018). 3122:The World Factbook – Egypt 2141:Baker, T. Lindsay (2003). 1860: 1739:South Pass City in Wyoming 1709:, or standing ruins as in 1650: 1635:that became obsolete when 1566: 1431:former eastern territories 1410:deserted medieval villages 1205:Although in 2010s Chinese 1057: 672:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 303:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 33: 18: 5923:List of planning journals 5887: 5809: 5774: 5748: 5702: 5695: 5662: 5622: 5498: 5491: 5304: 5212: 5159: 5083: 5074: 5052: 5009: 4976: 4958: 4926: 4892:History of urban planning 4873: 4864: 4803: 4775: 4717: 4616: 4553: 4513: 4398:History of urban planning 4388: 4303:Central business district 4283: 4233: 4079: 3676:"Ecomuseum of Pratomagno" 3561:. Movimento Libero Perseo 3535:. Movimento Libero Perseo 3470:arezzomassacri.weebly.com 2459:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2196:Brown, Robert L. (1990). 2144:More Ghost Towns of Texas 1976:The oldest ghost town in 1695:Interstate highway system 1594:Newfoundland and Labrador 1562: 1396:Ghost village of Roveraia 1243: 1064: 948:Walhalla township in 1910 827:Disease and contamination 710:The Passion of The Christ 5859:Marine spatial planning 5371:Healthy community design 4949:Village design statement 4939:Preservation development 4934:Conservation development 3781:The Council of Canadians 1999:The Antarctic island of 1944:, and the Otago town of 1121:German South-West Africa 1086:Central African Republic 670:in July 1993 during the 5874:Real estate development 5605:List of urban theorists 5101:City Beautiful movement 5029:Rational planning model 5011:Transportation planning 5001:Sustainable development 4649:Million Tree Initiative 3585:L'Evidenziatore del Web 2812:Internet Movie Database 2608:Encyclopedia Britannica 1871:Farina, South Australia 1173:1964 Rameswaram cyclone 1150: 1009:Some ghost towns (e.g. 933:Ghost town repopulation 752:Centralia, Pennsylvania 720:Christ Stopped at Eboli 650:which was destroyed on 599:in the Indian state of 477:Stiltner, West Virginia 253:Collingwood, Queensland 159:Reasons for abandonment 56:Soufrière Hills Volcano 5918:List of planned cities 5854:Landscape architecture 5610:List of urban planners 5332:Conservation community 5169:Collaborative planning 4978:Environmental planning 4886:Comprehensive planning 4634:Ecological engineering 4523:World's largest cities 4495:Cycling infrastructure 4380:Peri-urban agriculture 3061:: CS1 maint: others ( 2883:10.3201/eid1408.071313 2630:"La Nacion Costa Rica" 2382:Tennessee State Museum 2306:Peace, Adrian (2015). 1973: 1874: 1761: 1673:exist in the American 1666: 1661:Cook Bank building in 1559: 1397: 1350:Fabbriche di Careggine 1289: 1273: 1257: 1182:were established near 1164: 1129: 1077: 1004:Santiago de Compostela 843: 777: 690: 635: 418: 310: 259:Australia when nearby 193: 102:in the United States; 59: 23:. For other uses, see 5829:Development economics 5680:Real estate education 5640:James Howard Kunstler 5565:Konstantinos Doxiadis 5446:Urban growth boundary 5386:Mixed-use development 5281:Intentional community 4674:Urban forest inequity 4465:Multiple nuclei model 4455:Concentric zone model 4440:Mixed-use development 4308:Most expensive cities 4293:World's cities by GDP 3740:National Park Service 3444:resistenzatoscana.org 2926:Public Health Service 2832:Mould, R. F. (2000). 2660:Australian Geographic 2433:The Wayne County News 2407:National Park Service 2227:. Osprey Publishing. 2007:(operating 1904–64), 1967: 1868: 1853:, have been declared 1758:Vulture City, Arizona 1751: 1660: 1557:Robsart, Saskatchewan 1551: 1506:in Spain. During the 1395: 1279: 1263: 1251: 1192:post-Soviet conflicts 1158: 1072: 863:Times Beach, Missouri 834: 768: 695:Pattonsburg, Missouri 685: 629: 497:construction in 1958. 495:Saint Lawrence Seaway 405: 300: 187: 79:deposit exhausted by 46: 5381:Leapfrog development 5327:Complete Communities 5184:Intelligent urbanism 5111:Garden city movement 5054:Economic development 4986:Environmental design 4664:Sustainable urbanism 4639:Green infrastructure 3921:Ghost Towns of Texas 3555:"Roveraia eco - lab" 2356:Westchester Magazine 2248:Hall, Shawn (2010). 2173:www.wonderopolis.org 1916:In New Zealand, the 1913:mining in the area. 1760:, a gold mining town 1665:, a gold mining town 1639:began to break down 1471:Stanford Battle Area 1230:Fukushima Prefecture 1202:in the early 1990s. 1194:– one example being 573:Construction of the 445:was replaced by the 153:Ghost Towns of Texas 48:Plymouth, Montserrat 5787:Communist countries 5411:Planning Permission 5348:Filtering (housing) 5322:Cluster development 5131:Settlement movement 5116:Indigenous planning 4704:Urban reforestation 4318:Most livable cities 3945:Canadian Geographic 3395:on 29 November 2020 3279:Bloomsbury Academic 3218:Footprint Handbooks 2711:Uttarakhand Tourism 2455:"The Lost Villages" 2118:Yellowcake boomtown 2081:Old field (ecology) 2025:Prince Olav Harbour 1994:Antarctic Peninsula 1774:Southern California 1715:Graysonia, Arkansas 1272:, Raseborg, Finland 735:Catherine Hardwicke 554:Guanacaste Province 523:Ladybower Reservoir 287:real-estate bubbles 52:political territory 5670:Planning education 5630:Elizabeth Farrelly 5474:High-rise urbanism 5312:Affordable housing 4851:World Urbanism Day 4603:Urban homesteading 4528:throughout history 4029:Curtis, Daniel R. 3389:Italy Undiscovered 3339:on 8 February 2013 2924:. Washington, DC: 2604:"Three Gorges Dam" 2461:. Historica Canada 2427:Thompson, Robert. 2086:Phantom settlement 1974: 1883:Victoria gold rush 1881:In Australia, the 1875: 1762: 1741:are listed on the 1667: 1560: 1499:Chernobyl disaster 1398: 1378:province of Arezzo 1290: 1286:Arkhangelsk Oblast 1274: 1258: 1165: 1161:Chenggong District 1078: 1027:Madrina Foundation 986:Walhalla, Victoria 969:Walhalla, Victoria 844: 805:Chernobyl disaster 798:Saint-Jean-Vianney 794:South Nation River 778: 774:Chernobyl disaster 730:The Nativity Story 691: 636: 568:Snowy River Scheme 463:St. Thomas, Nevada 453:Loyston, Tennessee 419: 311: 293:Human intervention 194: 60: 5943: 5942: 5900:Cities portal 5824:Civil engineering 5805: 5804: 5658: 5657: 5487: 5486: 5455:Peri-urbanisation 5275:Planned community 5106:Dark-sky movement 5096:Car-free movement 5070: 5069: 5024:Trip distribution 4960:Regional planning 4913:Urban green space 4881:Land-use planning 4856:Labor market area 4846:Growth management 4821:Metropolitan area 4735: 4734: 4728:Cities portal 4689:Urban heat island 4598:Urban exploration 4470:Linear settlement 4418:Public open space 4253:direct-controlled 4203:Abandoned village 4158:Metropolitan area 3507:978-88-85617-09-4 3288:978-1-350-26724-4 3108:978-1-4381-1025-7 2514:. Huffington Post 2453:Wheeler, Maggie. 2376:Watts, Jennifer. 2234:978-1-78200-107-2 2113:Urban exploration 2051:Abandoned village 1986:Gobernador Bories 1926:West Coast Region 1895:Western Australia 1832:Pope John Paul II 1707:Bodie, California 1427:Charles de Gaulle 1423:Oradour-sur-Glane 1358:province of Lucca 1254:Oradour-sur-Glane 740:Quantum of Solace 648:Oradour-sur-Glane 540:Rybinsk reservoir 487:The Lost Villages 447:Kensico Reservoir 443:Kensico, New York 335:Amboy, California 174:human-made causes 36:Abandoned village 5968: 5931: 5930: 5909: 5908: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5849:Land development 5700: 5699: 5535:Donald Appleyard 5496: 5495: 5246:Mining community 5199:Radical planning 5146:Transition towns 5081: 5080: 4897:Spatial planning 4871: 4870: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4739: 4738: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4709:Zero-carbon city 4654:Sustainable city 4608:Unitary urbanism 4578:Urban morphology 4515:Urban population 4485:Bicycle-friendly 4260:Independent city 4235:Urban government 4193:Shrinking cities 4066: 4059: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4017: 3998: 3979: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3947:. Archived from 3935: 3904: 3903: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3742:. 13 March 2009. 3726: 3720: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3499: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3365:on 15 March 2013 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3267: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3193:. 1 January 2012 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3060: 3052: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2944:Travel + Leisure 2936: 2930: 2929: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2894: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2512:HuffPost UK News 2503: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2193: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2138: 2091:Potemkin village 1990:Great Depression 1982:Deception Island 1970:Deception Island 1873:, was abandoned. 1711:Rhyolite, Nevada 1663:Rhyolite, Nevada 1578:British Columbia 1553:Robsart Hospital 1380:, situated near 1305: 1163:, Kunming, China 1134: 1054:Around the world 979:heritage tourism 959: 945: 927:Second World War 786:Lemieux, Ontario 615:Alto Lindoso Dam 547:Three Gorges Dam 505:Middle Hambleton 501:Nether Hambleton 434:Flooding by dams 424:Weston, Illinois 96:Bannack, Montana 5976: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5894: 5892: 5883: 5879:Social sciences 5839:Urban economics 5811: 5801: 5770: 5744: 5691: 5654: 5618: 5585:Peter Calthorpe 5540:Ebenezer Howard 5501: 5483: 5470:Verticalization 5300: 5208: 5194:Market urbanism 5189:Livable streets 5155: 5076: 5066: 5048: 5005: 4972: 4954: 4922: 4866: 4860: 4799: 4771: 4766: 4736: 4731: 4722: 4720: 4713: 4612: 4588:Urban sociology 4549: 4509: 4500:Pedestrian zone 4384: 4313:Cheapest cities 4285:Urban economics 4279: 4270:Autonomous city 4229: 4188:Suburbanization 4081:Urban geography 4075: 4070: 4025: 4023:Further reading 4020: 4014: 3995: 3976: 3954: 3952: 3951:on 16 June 2016 3932: 3913: 3908: 3907: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3881:10.1.1.509.6961 3868: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3841: 3837: 3818: 3814: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3508: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3385:"Lake of Vagli" 3383: 3382: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3268: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3093: 3089: 3074: 3070: 3054: 3053: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2995:walhalla.org.au 2989: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2722: 2718: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2678: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2464: 2462: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2425: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2304: 2300: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2246: 2242: 2235: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2194: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2155: 2139: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2041: 1962: 1918:Otago gold rush 1863: 1827:volcano erupted 1815: 1789:Real de Catorce 1655: 1649: 1571: 1565: 1546: 1519:Argyll and Bute 1467:Salisbury Plain 1404:, revolts, and 1299: 1252:Main street of 1246: 1211:China's economy 1200:War in Abkhazia 1153: 1123:, now known as 1082:François Bozizé 1067: 1062: 1056: 1023:homeless people 998:, a village in 975: 974: 973: 972: 965: 964: 963: 960: 951: 950: 949: 946: 935: 829: 680: 624: 436: 415:War in Abkhazia 382:, which is the 295: 226:Oatman, Arizona 182: 161: 148: 118:in Azerbaijan; 100:Oatman, Arizona 39: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5974: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5903: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5740:United Kingdom 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5720:Czech Republic 5717: 5712: 5706: 5704: 5697: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5650:Randal O'Toole 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5590:Patrick Geddes 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5570:Kevin A. Lynch 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5550:Guy Benveniste 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5530:Daniel Burnham 5527: 5525:Colin Buchanan 5522: 5520:Clarence Stein 5517: 5515:Clarence Perry 5512: 5506: 5504: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5467: 5462: 5460:Urban vitality 5457: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5367:Healthy cities 5364: 5359: 5357:Brusselization 5353:Gentrification 5350: 5345: 5342:Eminent domain 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5214:Cities by type 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5174:Context theory 5171: 5165: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5091:Athens Charter 5087: 5085: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5015: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4982: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4894: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4769:Urban planning 4765: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4684:Urban forestry 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4644:Green urbanism 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4624:Climate change 4620: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4559: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4519: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4415: 4413:Urban planners 4410: 4405: 4400: 4394: 4392: 4390:Urban planning 4386: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4370:Municipal bond 4367: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4245: 4239: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4126:Satellite city 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4091: 4085: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4012: 3999: 3993: 3980: 3974: 3961: 3936: 3930: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3900:whc.unesco.org 3887: 3862: 3849:Earth Magazine 3835: 3812: 3790: 3767: 3745: 3721: 3704: 3692: 3667: 3649: 3623: 3597: 3572: 3546: 3520: 3506: 3483: 3457: 3431: 3406: 3376: 3350: 3333:The Sofia Echo 3320: 3294: 3287: 3259: 3233: 3226: 3204: 3178: 3152: 3126: 3114: 3107: 3087: 3068: 3036: 3008: 2982: 2956: 2931: 2913: 2853: 2846: 2824: 2799: 2773: 2745: 2716: 2698: 2672: 2646: 2621: 2595: 2576: 2550: 2525: 2498: 2472: 2445: 2419: 2394: 2368: 2342: 2328: 2298: 2267: 2261:978-0738570129 2260: 2240: 2233: 2215: 2208: 2185: 2160: 2153: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2098: 2096:Unused highway 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2056:Exclusion zone 2053: 2048: 2046:Abandoned mine 2042: 2040: 2037: 2023:(1912–61) and 1961: 1958: 1862: 1859: 1851:Atacama Desert 1814: 1811: 1648: 1645: 1564: 1561: 1545: 1542: 1335:Iberian System 1245: 1242: 1236:following the 1152: 1149: 1110:2011 civil war 1066: 1063: 1055: 1052: 1034:Late Antiquity 990:Sungai Lembing 967: 966: 961: 954: 953: 952: 947: 940: 939: 938: 937: 936: 934: 931: 907:lead poisoning 828: 825: 803:Following the 725:Francesco Rosi 679: 676: 623: 620: 619: 618: 604: 590: 575:Aswan High Dam 571: 561: 550: 543: 533: 526: 512: 498: 484: 481:East Lynn Lake 474: 460: 450: 435: 432: 294: 291: 269:fly-in fly-out 181: 178: 166:exclusion zone 160: 157: 147: 144: 142:in Argentina. 138:in Brazil and 76:abandoned city 21:The Ghost City 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5973: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5936: 5935: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5869:Public policy 5867: 5865: 5864:Public health 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5834:Urban ecology 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5808: 5798: 5797:Ancient Egypt 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5645:Lewis Mumford 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5595:Raymond Unwin 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5502:practitioners 5497: 5494: 5490: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5431:Tract housing 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5421:Temporary use 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5406:Planning gain 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5337:Creative city 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5291:Urban village 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5270:Model village 5268: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5231:Commuter town 5229: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5204:Urban renewal 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5141:Structuralism 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5073: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4944:Rural housing 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4903:Redevelopment 4901: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4758: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4730: 4729: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4699:Urban prairie 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4669:Urban ecology 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4593:Anti-urbanism 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4583:Urban culture 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4573:Urban studies 4571: 4569: 4568:Urban warfare 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4365:Urban renewal 4363: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4136:Commuter town 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4062: 4060: 4055: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4036: 4035:Academica.edu 4032: 4027: 4026: 4015: 4013:0-8040-0946-5 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3994:0-8040-0963-5 3990: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3975:0-8109-4508-8 3971: 3967: 3962: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3931:0-8061-2189-0 3927: 3923: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3755: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3725: 3718: 3717:0-87004-358-7 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3496: 3495: 3487: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3420: 3419:visititaly.eu 3416: 3410: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3309: 3308:New Scientist 3305: 3298: 3290: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3264: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3229: 3227:1-900949-91-1 3223: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3123: 3118: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3012: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2877:: 1193–1199. 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2849: 2847:0-7503-0670-X 2843: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2749: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2564: 2563:British Pathe 2560: 2554: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2331: 2329:9780080970875 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2271: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2244: 2236: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2211: 2209:0-87004-342-0 2205: 2201: 2200: 2192: 2190: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2156: 2154:0-8061-3518-2 2150: 2146: 2145: 2137: 2135: 2130: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2013:Ocean Harbour 2010: 2009:Leith Harbour 2006: 2002: 2001:South Georgia 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1966: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1872: 1867: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1843:Saltpeter War 1840: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1813:South America 1810: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1768:and those of 1767: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1735:Virginia City 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1647:United States 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1544:North America 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1484:urban warfare 1481: 1480:Copehill Down 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 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Reuters 2033:Grytviken 2029:Grytviken 2021:Stromness 2005:Grytviken 1938:Te Wairoa 1930:Denniston 1907:Wittenoom 1899:Ora Banda 1839:saltpeter 1778:gold rush 1731:Tombstone 1633:pulp mill 1495:Chernobyl 1451:Pstransse 1418:Waffen-SS 1406:enclosure 1384:. 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