94:
298:
1290:
1272:
1302:
20:
55:
rakers with secondary projections. Because gill raker characters often vary between closely related taxa, they are commonly used in the classification and identification of fish species. Much of the variation in gill raker morphology is thought to be due to adaptation to optimize the consumption of different diets.
50:
that compose the fleshy part of the gill used for gas exchange. Rakers are usually present in two rows, projecting from both the anterior and posterior side of each gill arch. Rakers are widely varied in number, spacing, and form. By preventing food particles from exiting the spaces between the gill
54:
The structure and spacing of gill rakers in fish determines the size of food particles trapped, and correlates with feeding behavior. Fish with densely spaced, elongated, comb-like gill rakers are efficient at filtering tiny prey, whereas carnivores and omnivores often have more widely spaced gill
141:
62:. Since an appreciable fraction of this material was nutritious, rakers subsequently evolved as food-trapping mechanisms in filter feeders. Gill rakers, when long and closely set, play the same role in suspension-feeding fish such as
156:
58:
To prevent the potentially damaging passage of solid material through the gill slits and over the gill filaments, early gill rakers strained large particles from the water and diverted them to the
1002:
199:
744:
27:
Bottom: Gill-rakers in cross section, showing angle at which hooks project from their point of attachment (water flow is downwards)
571:
601:
255:
192:
1306:
340:
240:
992:
719:
689:
576:
185:
142:"Gill Rakers Morphometry and Filtering Mechanism in some Marine Teleosts from Red Sea Coasts of Yemen"
1265:
1258:
1225:
967:
639:
320:
46:(gill arch) and are involved with suspension feeding tiny prey. They are not to be confused with the
1275:
1034:
1253:
1235:
797:
546:
297:
93:
23:
Top left: Gill-rakers attached to the branchial arch, showing the projecting rows of hooks (×50)
1215:
1039:
1024:
847:
566:
455:
98:
1328:
1245:
1230:
739:
556:
122:
1240:
536:
8:
1029:
972:
772:
659:
448:
611:
957:
862:
767:
679:
674:
621:
428:
235:
225:
699:
644:
606:
561:
519:
443:
230:
916:
896:
724:
711:
694:
649:
531:
470:
394:
389:
325:
312:
282:
71:
139:
1192:
1165:
1057:
1049:
982:
952:
891:
873:
827:
817:
421:
374:
43:
1322:
1294:
1197:
1111:
931:
906:
901:
857:
852:
807:
802:
782:
654:
433:
352:
87:
75:
67:
47:
39:
1187:
1011:
926:
886:
787:
729:
669:
596:
591:
581:
497:
487:
416:
399:
306:
267:
260:
1170:
1158:
1084:
842:
837:
812:
792:
734:
629:
524:
502:
492:
465:
335:
287:
79:
1220:
1019:
987:
921:
911:
832:
822:
507:
475:
460:
406:
362:
140:
Salman, Nadir A.; Al-Mahdawi, Ghaith J. and Hassan; Heba, M.A. (2005).
51:
arches, they enable the retention of food particles in filter feeders.
977:
962:
947:
777:
438:
384:
369:
347:
330:
277:
59:
16:
Bony or cartilaginous processes that project from the branchial arch
1180:
1121:
1067:
1062:
881:
749:
411:
357:
272:
1153:
1148:
1126:
1099:
1094:
1089:
634:
586:
480:
250:
245:
63:
1072:
83:
1175:
1104:
514:
1077:
664:
217:
208:
35:
1116:
684:
19:
177:
25:Top right: Hooks attached to the gill-raker (×180)
133:
1320:
193:
200:
186:
745:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
155:(Special Issue): 286–296. Archived from
92:
18:
1321:
181:
149:Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research
1301:
572:Electroreception and electrogenesis
13:
14:
1340:
1300:
1289:
1288:
1271:
1270:
296:
42:processes that project from the
256:Environmental impact of fishing
115:
1:
108:
341:intramembranous ossification
7:
10:
1345:
720:Fin and flipper locomotion
690:Sequential hermaphroditism
577:Jamming avoidance response
294:
1284:
1208:
1141:
1048:
1010:
1001:
940:
871:
758:
710:
620:
545:
305:
215:
207:
1236:Glossary of ichthyology
798:Diel vertical migration
602:Surface wave detection
567:Hydrodynamic reception
241:Diseases and parasites
105:
99:orange-spotted grouper
28:
740:Undulatory locomotion
557:Ampullae of Lorenzini
96:
88:filter-feeding whales
22:
968:Genetically modified
123:"Respiratory system"
103:Epinephelus coioides
773:Aquatic respiration
660:Life history theory
612:Weberian apparatus
106:
97:Gill rakers of an
29:
1316:
1315:
1226:Fish common names
1137:
1136:
768:Aquatic predation
592:Capacity for pain
321:Age determination
162:on March 20, 2012
1336:
1304:
1303:
1292:
1291:
1274:
1273:
1008:
1007:
300:
231:Ethnoichthyology
202:
195:
188:
179:
178:
172:
171:
169:
167:
161:
146:
137:
131:
130:
119:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1280:
1204:
1133:
1044:
997:
936:
867:
760:
754:
706:
650:Ichthyoplankton
616:
548:
541:
537:Digital Library
532:Teleost leptins
471:Shark cartilage
395:pharyngeal slit
390:pharyngeal arch
326:Anguilliformity
311:
309:
301:
292:
211:
206:
176:
175:
165:
163:
159:
144:
138:
134:
127:203.250.122.194
121:
120:
116:
111:
26:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1342:
1332:
1331:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1298:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1054:
1052:
1050:Wild fisheries
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
973:Hallucinogenic
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
944:
942:
938:
937:
935:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
878:
876:
869:
868:
866:
865:
860:
855:
850:
848:Schooling fish
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
808:Filter feeders
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
783:Bottom feeders
780:
775:
770:
764:
762:
756:
755:
753:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
716:
714:
708:
707:
705:
704:
703:
702:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
626:
624:
618:
617:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
553:
551:
543:
542:
540:
539:
534:
529:
528:
527:
522:
512:
511:
510:
505:
495:
490:
485:
484:
483:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
452:
451:
441:
436:
431:
429:Leydig's organ
426:
425:
424:
422:pharyngeal jaw
419:
409:
404:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
375:branchial arch
367:
366:
365:
355:
350:
345:
344:
343:
338:
328:
323:
317:
315:
303:
302:
295:
293:
291:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
264:
263:
258:
253:
243:
238:
233:
228:
222:
220:
213:
212:
205:
204:
197:
190:
182:
174:
173:
132:
113:
112:
110:
107:
48:gill filaments
44:branchial arch
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1341:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1309:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1276:more lists...
1269:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1231:Fish families
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:Aquarium life
1214:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1198:fleshy-finned
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:Cartilaginous
1164:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1000:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
943:
939:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
877:
875:
870:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
803:Electric fish
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
763:
757:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
715:
713:
709:
701:
698:
697:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
625:
623:
619:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
552:
550:
544:
538:
535:
533:
530:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
516:
513:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
482:
479:
478:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
450:
447:
446:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
434:Mauthner cell
432:
430:
427:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
408:
405:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
368:
364:
361:
360:
359:
356:
354:
353:Chromatophore
351:
349:
346:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
316:
314:
308:
304:
299:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
221:
219:
214:
210:
203:
198:
196:
191:
189:
184:
183:
180:
158:
154:
150:
143:
136:
128:
124:
118:
114:
104:
100:
95:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
40:cartilaginous
37:
33:
21:
1329:Fish anatomy
1305:
1293:
1193:spiny-finned
1142:Major groups
863:Intelligence
843:Scale eaters
788:Cleaner fish
670:Mouthbrooder
622:Reproduction
597:Schreckstoff
582:Lateral line
498:Swim bladder
488:Spiral valve
417:hyomandibula
400:pseudobranch
379:
283:Hypoxia in -
164:. Retrieved
157:the original
152:
148:
135:
126:
117:
102:
80:whale sharks
57:
53:
34:in fish are
31:
30:
1307:WikiProject
1266:Prehistoric
1250:Threatened
941:Other types
838:Sardine run
813:Forage fish
793:Corallivory
645:Development
630:Bubble nest
503:physoclisti
493:Suckermouth
466:Root effect
288:Ichthyology
32:Gill rakers
922:Groundfish
917:Freshwater
912:Euryhaline
897:Coral reef
833:Salmon run
823:Paedophagy
725:Amphibious
712:Locomotion
520:pharyngeal
508:physostome
461:Photophore
407:Glossohyal
380:gill raker
363:dorsal fin
313:physiology
109:References
1171:chimaeras
1058:Predatory
1035:Salmonids
993:Whitefish
983:Poisonous
958:Diversity
892:Coldwater
828:Predatory
818:Migratory
778:Bait ball
761:behaviour
680:Pregnancy
675:Polyandry
449:papillare
444:Operculum
439:Meristics
385:gill slit
348:Cleithrum
278:Fish kill
268:Fear of -
261:- as food
251:Fisheries
236:Evolution
226:Diversity
72:megamouth
60:esophagus
1323:Category
1295:Category
1246:Smallest
1159:lampreys
1122:flatfish
1112:Demersal
1068:mackerel
1063:billfish
1003:Commerce
932:Tropical
907:Demersal
902:Deep-sea
858:Venomous
750:RoboTuna
700:triggers
695:Spawning
655:Juvenile
640:Egg case
273:FishBase
1241:Largest
1154:hagfish
1149:Jawless
1127:pollock
1100:sardine
1095:herring
1090:anchovy
1040:Tilapia
1030:Octopus
1025:Catfish
1012:Farming
927:Pelagic
887:Coastal
874:habitat
730:Walking
635:Clasper
587:Otolith
549:systems
547:Sensory
481:ganoine
456:Papilla
307:Anatomy
246:Fishing
166:2 March
86:in the
76:basking
64:herring
1259:sharks
1176:sharks
1105:sprats
1085:Forage
1073:salmon
953:Coarse
735:Flying
607:Vision
562:Barbel
476:Scales
336:dermal
216:About
84:baleen
68:mullet
1221:Blind
1209:Lists
988:Rough
853:Sleep
759:Other
525:shark
515:Teeth
160:(PDF)
145:(PDF)
82:, as
1254:rays
1188:Bony
1181:rays
1078:tuna
1020:Carp
978:Oily
963:Game
948:Bait
882:Cave
665:Milt
370:Gill
358:Fins
331:Bone
218:fish
209:Fish
168:2013
78:and
36:bony
1117:cod
872:By
685:Roe
412:Jaw
310:and
38:or
1325::
153:31
151:.
147:.
125:.
101:,
90:.
74:,
70:,
66:,
201:e
194:t
187:v
170:.
129:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
