1083:
1119:
525:
743:
509:
1109:
1189:
1161:
1045:
1134:
1099:
994:
33:
1018:
1204:
986:
782:
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1217:
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962:
356:
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492:. He had remained in power for 38 years thanks to a couple of coups, systematic electoral fraud, the faithful allegiance of an army packed with supporters and members of his Kabye ethnic group, solid foreign support (especially from France), and adroit management of access to Togo's meagre economic resources." Three years after taking power, Eyadéma created the
739:. With the removal of these limitations, however, Eyadéma was free to stand again and did so, winning the election on 1 June with 57.78% of the vote. He was sworn in for another term on 20 June. Another constitutional change was to reduce the minimum age of the president to 35 years, rather than 45.
801:
in Togo and to start a procedure of democratization of Togo. The expedition intended to open a dialogue between the state and the opposition. The team was supposed to meet with many politicians from other parties than Eyadéma's party, Rally of the
Togolese People. But because of the criteria imposed
814:
boycotted the meeting. The
European Union team cancelled the meeting since discussions with the government were almost impossible. The opposition party UFC wanted the release of 11 men held by the government. Finally, the European Union experts met each political figure individually and in private.
417:
until the early 1990s, when reforms leading to multiparty elections began. Although his rule was seriously challenged by the events of the early 1990s, he ultimately consolidated power again and won multiparty presidential elections in 1993, 1998 and 2003; the opposition boycotted the 1993 election
714:
as Prime
Minister and leaving Eyadéma as merely a ceremonial president. Although Eyadéma attempted to suspend the conference, surrounding the venue with soldiers, he subsequently accepted the outcome. Despite this, Eyadéma managed to remain in power with the backing of the army. In March 1993, an
861:
of which he was claimed to be the only survivor. In reality, he was not the sole survivor of the crash. There were other survivors, but he deliberately misrepresented the details of the accident to make himself look like a hero with superhuman strength who miraculously survived the disaster when
496:
as the country's sole legal party. He won an uncontested election in 1972. In 1979, the country adopted a new constitution that returned the country (at least nominally) to civilian rule. The RPT was entrenched as the only party; the president of the party was automatically nominated for a
441:
ethnic group. But this date has been disputed. According to Comi M. Toulabor, Eyadéma's official date of birth is "based on a fertile imagination" and it would be more accurate to say that he was born around 1930. His mother was later known as Maman N'Danida, or Maman N'Danidaha.
479:
against the latter. This time there was no bloodshed (the deposed
Grunitzky managed to escape to exile in Paris) and Eyadéma installed himself as president on 14 April 1967, in addition to awarding himself the post of Defence Minister. He held both offices for almost 38 years.
1792:
731:(UFC) with 52.13% of the vote according to official results, amid allegations of fraud and accusations of the massacre of hundreds of government opponents. The European Union suspended aid in 1993 in protest of alleged voting irregularities and human rights violations.
862:
everyone else was killed. Eyadéma claimed that the crash was not an accident and was in fact a conspiracy to kill him, plotted by imperialists who did not like his plan (announced two weeks before the crash) to nationalize the important phosphate mining company, the
497:
seven-year term as president upon election to the party presidency and confirmed in office via an unopposed referendum. Under these provisions, Eyadéma was re-elected unopposed in 1979 and 1986. During his rule he escaped several assassination attempts; in 1974 he
715:
unsuccessful attack was made on the Tokoin military camp, where Eyadéma was living; several people were killed in the attack, including Eyadéma's personal chief of staff, General
Mawulikplimi Ameji. He attempted to legitimize his rule with a multiparty
2996:
734:
In late
December 2002, the Constitution was changed to remove term limits on the office of president. Previously, presidents had been limited to two five-year terms, and Eyadéma would have therefore been forced to step down after the
1800:
719:, which was boycotted by the opposition; facing only two minor challengers, he won 96.42% of the vote, although turnout was reportedly low outside of his native Kara Region. Eyadéma officially won re-election in the
690:
914:
also did not approve the designation of Faure
Gnassingbé as president. Under heavy pressure from ECOWAS and the international community, Faure Gnassingbé stepped down on 25 February and was replaced by
1571:
2134:
2213:"Real Decreto 3398/1981, de 23 de noviembre, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden del Mérito Civil a su excelencia General Gnassingbe Eyadema, Presidente de la República de Togo"
1087:
1272:
1122:
2926:
1755:
1722:
501:
in the northern part of the country near
Sarakawa. After another unsuccessful assassination attempt by a bodyguard, he carried the bullet removed by the surgeon as an
697:
1774:
Le jeudi 24 janvier 1974, le DC-3 des Forces Armées
Togolaises s'écrase à Sarakawa faisant 4 martyrs, des blessés parmi lesquels, feu Général Gnassingbé Eyadema.
842:, including an entourage of 1,000 dancing women who sang and danced in praise of him; portraits which adorned most stores; a bronze statue in the capital city,
2931:
888:. He died "as he was being evacuated for emergency treatment abroad", according to a government statement. Officials have stated that the cause of death was a
3011:
2961:
2545:
1590:
1939:
1568:
2093:
1082:
2971:
2554:
1983:
1838:
468:, who was assassinated during the attack; it has often been stated that Eyadéma himself committed the murder. On this occasion he helped establish
854:. In addition, the date of a failed attempt on President Eyadéma's life was annually commemorated as "the Feast of Victory Over Forces of Evil."
488:
According to Comi M Toulabor (researcher at the Centre d'études d'Afrique noire), Eyadéma "had been a personal friend of the French president,
1482:
910:, president of the Commission of the African Union, immediately declared this act to be a military coup d'état and against the constitution.
2260:
2135:"Portrait du président de la république togolaise Gnassingbé Eyadema, circa 1970. (Photo by Erling MANDELMANN/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images)"
2433:
418:
and denounced the 1998 and 2003 election results as fraudulent. At the time of his death, Eyadéma was the longest-serving ruler in Africa.
1917:
1454:
1432:
3001:
2986:
1815:
On le fait passer pour le seul survivant de l'accident, d'où le mythe de son invincibilité et l'expression " le miraculé " de
Sarakawa.
1118:
926:
Eyadéma's funeral was held on 13 March 2005, in the presence of a number of presidents and other international dignitaries; Presidents
2366:
2339:
2312:
1395:
1268:
911:
122:
1759:
2991:
2538:
1741:
Le Pasteur François Roux, l'un des rescapés du Crash, invité pour la circonstance, a fait un témoignage émouvant sur cet événement.
1726:
1209:
846:; wristwatches with his portrait, which disappeared and re-appeared every fifteen seconds; and a comic book that depicted him as a
683:
2951:
1373:
660:
655:
1289:
1112:
429:
Usually Eyadéma is said to have been born on 26 December 1935 in the northern quartiers of Pya, a village in the prefecture of
3006:
1464:
1405:
650:
2936:
1548:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
402:, in January 1963 and January 1967, and became president on 14 April 1967. As president, he created a political party, the
2523:
1611:
1327:
524:
2531:
2040:
736:
720:
716:
584:
579:
574:
569:
2161:
2946:
2941:
1887:
1861:
1520:
858:
831:
620:
2009:
1536:"Mar 1993 – Attack on presidential residence", Keesing's Record of World Events, Vol. 39, March 1993 Togo, p. 39353.
872:, which was again damaged beyond repair in a fatal accident in the same year. Eyadéma was not on board at the time.
2976:
2558:
2426:
2393:
786:
818:
According to BBC News, Eyadéma claimed that democracy in Africa "moves along at its own pace and in its own way."
920:
1587:
615:
610:
476:
461:
1950:
564:
508:
2830:
2085:
1108:
767:
728:
815:
The respect of human rights and of the press in Togo were to be investigated by the European Union experts.
742:
947:
559:
493:
403:
297:
287:
2265:
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1975:
1830:
1427:
2664:
2442:
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1834:
1240:
1220:
1165:
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Following nearly 10 years in the French army, Eyadéma returned to Togo in 1962. He was a leader in the
180:
1578:, United Nations International covenant on civil and political rights, CCPR/C/TGO/2001/3, 5 July 2001.
1188:
421:
According to a 2018 study, his rule "rested on repression, patronage, and a bizarre leadership cult."
1160:
770:
from 2000 to 2001, and he attempted, unsuccessfully, to mediate between the government and rebels of
1708:
1044:
1913:
359:
1479:
1269:
https://sylviocombey.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/deces-d%E2%80%99une-femme-de-feu-gnassingbe-eyadema/
2966:
2845:
2734:
1049:
1021:
781:
775:
751:
387:, 26 December 1935 – 5 February 2005) was a Togolese military officer and politician who was the
993:
2895:
2604:
1909:
2981:
2679:
2644:
1422:
889:
711:
498:
336:
71:
2376:
1569:"Consideration of Reports by States Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant: Addendum Togo"
1345:
1133:
907:
311:
227:
32:
2921:
2916:
2870:
2840:
2805:
2759:
2694:
2624:
2589:
2553:
2386:
2359:
2212:
1910:"ASN Aircraft accident Gulfstream Aerospace G-1159 Gulfstream II 5V-TAA Lome Airport (LFW)"
1637:
1193:
1102:
1098:
927:
672:
450:
215:
83:
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1949:(in French). Cabinet du Président de la République. 10 May 2003. p. 2. Archived from
1216:
1017:
8:
851:
839:
762:
Eyadéma constructed a large palace near his family home in Pya a few kilometers north of
87:
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2494:
2483:
2298:
985:
903:
880:
On 5 February 2005, Eyadéma died on board a plane 250 kilometres (160 mi) south of
392:
391:
from 1967 until his death in 2005, after which he was immediately succeeded by his son,
307:
115:
2825:
2619:
2579:
1696:
1365:
1346:"Like father, like son? Power and influence across two Gnassingbé presidencies in Togo"
857:
Eyadéma even changed his first name from Étienne to Gnassingbé to note the date of the
2754:
974:
2800:
2769:
2719:
2467:
2403:
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2255:
1460:
1401:
1369:
943:
803:
724:
469:
388:
157:
48:
2185:
923:
on 24 April 2005, when Faure Gnassingbé was elected president with 60% of the vote.
399:
2835:
2795:
2599:
2457:
1357:
1250:
1076:
811:
465:
2704:
1940:"Publication de la liste des candidats à l'élection présidentielle du 1 juin 2003"
1361:
1071:
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2820:
2714:
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2187:
1594:
1575:
1552:
1486:
1331:
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1245:
807:
414:
379:
256:
2472:
2281:
2062:
1545:
103:
2815:
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2614:
2609:
2594:
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1324:
1137:
939:
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489:
411:
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2032:
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2729:
2709:
2669:
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979:
899:
893:
869:
747:
192:
79:
2739:
2629:
2488:
916:
454:
438:
145:
1865:
1397:
An Ethnography of a Vodu Shrine in Southern Togo: Of Spirit, Slave and Sea
355:
2865:
2810:
2790:
2724:
2689:
2005:
1788:
1306:
John R. Heilbrunn, "Togo: The National Conference and Stalled Reform" in
1153:
931:
771:
755:
446:
434:
430:
1503:
946:
of Nigeria attended the ceremony. On 15 March, Eyadéma's family and the
2997:
Recipients of the Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures
2885:
2649:
2634:
2186:
British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service (September 1974).
1234:
91:
75:
2744:
2411:
847:
798:
763:
868:(CTMB or Cotomib). His C-47 was replaced by a new presidential jet,
826:
2639:
1796:
1859:
1010:
885:
277:
843:
475:
Four years on, Eyadéma, having fallen out with Grunitzky, led a
1064:
502:
2240:
Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima
1123:
North Africa Security and Order Operations Commemorative Medal
1181:
1037:
881:
273:
2446:
2160:
Deutschländer, Christian; Walter, Dirk (29 December 2014).
1793:"Togo : F. Gnassingbé s'attaque à l'héritage paternel"
967:
326:
2192:
Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation
1310:(1997), ed. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, page 225
2367:
Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States
2340:
Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States
2313:
Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States
1828:
797:
sent a mission on 1 June 2004, to evaluate the state of
710:
A national conference was held in August 1991, electing
449:
after completing primary school. He participated in the
407:
1860:
Morten Hagen and Michelle Spearing (28 November 2000).
919:, the first deputy parliament speaker, until after the
902:, chief of the Togolese army, pronounced Eyadéma's son
2086:"Le Togo fait ses adieux à Étienne Eyadéma Gnassingbé"
950:
party paid him a final homage in his hometown of Pya.
892:. At the time of his death he was the longest-serving
1334:. (5 February 2005). BBC News. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
1088:
Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures
2927:
French military personnel of the First Indochina War
1612:"Delegates to try and untangle Ivory Coast conflict"
2162:"Bayerischer Verdienstorden: Wer ihn zurückbrachte"
2159:
1831:"Retour sur la fable de " L'attentat " de Sarakawa"
1521:"Togo's President Agrees to Yield Power to a Rival"
1890:(in French). République Togolaise. 23 January 2011
2555:Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity
997:Knight Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit
424:
2908:
1555:("Chronologie"), Tètè Tété, 1998 (diastode.org)
1420:
398:Eyadéma participated in two successful military
2188:"Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East, Part 3"
1758:(in French). Présidence du Togo. Archived from
1725:(in French). Présidence du Togo. Archived from
1459:. OUP USA. 2 February 2012. pp. 474–475.
2932:French military personnel of the Algerian War
2539:
2427:
2261:www.dictatorofthemonth.com article on Eyadéma
1597:, UPF (presse-francophone.org), 20 June 2003
789:meeting with President Eyadéma in Lomé, 1993.
691:
3012:Recipients of the Order of the National Flag
2962:Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents
1829:Me Siméon Kwami Occansey (4 February 2004).
1813:
1772:
1739:
1723:"Le Togo s'est recueilli pour la 35ème fois"
1237:(opposition politician and coalition leader)
863:
746:Eyadéma with President of the United States
1947:Journal Officiel de la République Togolaise
1787:
1431:(in French). Encyclopædia Universalis S.A.
2546:
2532:
2434:
2420:
2242:. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 638.
2217:Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado
1976:"Gnassingbé Eyadéma, 69, Togo Ruler, Dies"
1320:
1318:
1316:
698:
684:
31:
1287:
953:
2972:Rally of the Togolese People politicians
825:
780:
741:
507:
61:14 April 1967 – 5 February 2005
1676:Global Studies Africa: Seventh Edition,
1400:. BRILL. 13 February 2017. p. 71.
1313:
802:by the government, politicians such as
205:7 July 1999 – 8 September 1999
2909:
2441:
2237:
2083:
1756:"Le Togo s'est remémoré Sarakawa 1974"
1630:
1588:"Le Président Eyadema a prêté serment"
1435:from the original on 24 September 2013
1308:Political Reform in Francophone Africa
1113:Indochina Campaign commemorative medal
865:Compagnie Togolaise des Mines du Bénin
778:, that began in that country in 2002.
135:9 November 1975 – 1 June 1978
2527:
2415:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2077:
2043:from the original on 12 November 2019
2030:
2024:
1862:"Togo: Stalled Democratic Transition"
1689:Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations
378:
1986:from the original on 5 December 2014
1920:from the original on 9 November 2012
1638:"RFI – Togo – La démocratie évaluée"
1421:Toulabor, Comi M (19 January 1999).
1343:
1288:Nabourema, Farida (6 October 2020).
717:presidential election in August 1993
2096:from the original on 4 October 2022
2063:"AU denounces Togo 'military coup'"
2012:from the original on 26 August 2020
1290:"In Togo, There Is Nowhere to Hide"
850:with powers of invulnerability and
821:
170:3 June 1980 – 2 April 1981
16:President of Togo from 1967 to 2005
13:
2108:
989:Grand Officer of the Order of Mono
14:
3023:
3002:21st-century Togolese politicians
2987:20th-century Togolese politicians
2256:BBC profile of Gnassingbé Eyadéma
2249:
2031:Elraz, Khaled (5 February 2005).
2006:"Togolese president Eyadema dies"
1841:from the original on 29 July 2013
1376:from the original on 26 June 2022
2503:
2394:Chairperson of the African Union
2084:Bailly, Hélène (14 March 2005).
1546:"Démocratisation à la Togolaise"
1215:
1202:
1187:
1174:
1159:
1146:
1132:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1081:
1070:
1057:
1043:
1030:
1016:
1003:
992:
984:
973:
960:
671:
523:
354:
2992:Knights of the Legion of Honour
2266:Liberta Togo profile of Eyadéma
2231:
2205:
2179:
2153:
2055:
1998:
1968:
1932:
1902:
1880:
1853:
1822:
1781:
1748:
1715:
1681:
1668:
1655:
1604:
1581:
1562:
1539:
1530:
1514:
1496:
1456:Dictionary of African Biography
721:June 1998 presidential election
472:as the nation's new president.
2952:Leaders who took power by coup
2219:(in Spanish). 23 November 1981
1473:
1447:
1414:
1388:
1337:
1325:"Obituary: Gnassingbe Eyadema"
1300:
1281:
1262:
906:as the new president of Togo.
661:1992 constitutional referendum
656:1979 constitutional referendum
425:Early life and military career
1:
1362:10.1080/13510347.2018.1483916
1256:
785:Former Arizona State Senator
768:Organisation of African Unity
766:. He was the chairman of the
758:during a state visit in 1983.
729:Union of the Forces of Change
437:, to a peasant family of the
3007:Far-right politics in Africa
832:1974 presidential C-47 crash
651:1972 presidential referendum
494:Rally of the Togolese People
445:In 1953, Eyadéma joined the
404:Rally of the Togolese People
288:Rally of the Togolese People
7:
2937:Togolese military personnel
1504:"Togo: Disputed succession"
1493:. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
1228:
859:24 January 1974 plane crash
626:1985 parliamentary election
483:
10:
3028:
1888:"Les " Trois Glorieuses ""
1864:. Diastode. Archived from
1835:Union of Forces for Change
1221:Order of the Yugoslav Star
1166:Order of the National Flag
665:
385:Étienne Eyadéma Gnassingbé
2783:
2565:
2512:
2501:
2453:
2400:
2391:
2383:
2373:
2364:
2356:
2346:
2337:
2329:
2319:
2310:
2305:
2295:
2286:
2278:
2273:
2238:Acović, Dragomir (2012).
2033:""Papa Eyadéma" est mort"
1275:30 September 2022 at the
838:Eyadéma had an extensive
834:, which Eyadéma survived.
462:1963 Togolese coup d'état
380:[ɲasɛ̃ɡbeɛjadema]
365:
350:
342:
332:
322:
317:
303:
293:
283:
262:
242:
237:
233:
221:
209:
198:
186:
174:
163:
151:
139:
128:
121:
109:
97:
65:
54:
46:
42:
30:
23:
2947:Togolese anti-communists
2942:Togolese Roman Catholics
2008:. BBC. 6 February 2005.
1914:Flight Safety Foundation
1691:. Worldmark Press. 1984.
1674:Dr. F. Jeffress Ramsay,
1551:17 December 2008 at the
1428:Encyclopædia Universalis
875:
532:This article is part of
2977:People from Kara Region
1616:The Mail & Guardian
1593:30 October 2007 at the
1330:3 November 2019 at the
1050:National Order of Benin
1022:Bavarian Order of Merit
776:First Ivorian Civil War
1814:
1773:
1740:
1091:with Silver-gilt star
954:Awards and decorations
921:presidential elections
864:
835:
790:
759:
513:
512:Eyadéma in Lomé, 1975.
499:survived a plane crash
2333:Léopold Sédar Senghor
1508:Le Monde Diplomatique
1489:. (6 February 2005).
1241:Agbéyomé Messan Kodjo
1048:Grand Officer of the
829:
784:
745:
712:Joseph Kokou Koffigoh
511:
376:French pronunciation:
343:Years of service
337:Togolese Armed Forces
181:Léopold Sédar Senghor
123:Chairperson of ECOWAS
72:Joseph Kokou Koffigoh
2387:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
2360:Abdulsalami Abubakar
1791:(17 February 2012).
1480:"Gnassingbe Eyadema"
1423:"EYADÉMA GNASSINGBÉ"
1194:Order of Civil Merit
477:second military coup
451:French Indochina War
216:Abdulsalami Abubakar
84:Eugene Koffi Adoboli
1982:. 7 February 2005.
1956:on 29 November 2014
1868:on 2 September 2012
1803:on 19 February 2012
1574:5 June 2007 at the
1344:Osei, Anja (2018).
1164:First Class of the
1140:with campaign clasp
1093:(etoile en vermeil)
978:Grand Cross of the
415:single-party regime
360:Général de division
2957:Presidents of Togo
2377:Alpha Oumar Konaré
2274:Political offices
1980:The New York Times
1525:The New York Times
1485:8 May 2019 at the
908:Alpha Oumar Konaré
836:
791:
760:
543:Gnassingbé Eyadéma
514:
464:against President
372:Gnassingbé Eyadéma
312:Kpatcha Gnassingbé
228:Alpha Oumar Konaré
25:Gnassingbé Eyadéma
2904:
2903:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2410:
2409:
2404:Frederick Chiluba
2401:Succeeded by
2374:Succeeded by
2347:Succeeded by
2323:Olusegun Obasanjo
2320:Succeeded by
2296:Succeeded by
2289:President of Togo
2065:. 6 February 2005
1527:, 29 August 1991.
1466:978-0-195-38207-5
1407:978-9-004-34125-8
1103:Combatant's Cross
944:Olusegun Obasanjo
804:Gilchrist Olympio
725:Gilchrist Olympio
708:
707:
601:
592:President of Togo
552:
551:
470:Nicolas Grunitzky
410:), and headed an
389:president of Togo
369:
368:
158:Olusegun Obasanjo
49:President of Togo
3019:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2507:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2384:Preceded by
2357:Preceded by
2330:Preceded by
2299:Faure Gnassingbé
2279:Preceded by
2271:
2270:
2244:
2243:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2183:
2177:
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2172:
2157:
2151:
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2131:
2106:
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2103:
2101:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1944:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1799:. Archived from
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1762:on 18 April 2013
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1729:on 18 April 2013
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1623:
1618:. 1 January 2002
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1383:
1381:
1356:(8): 1460–1480.
1341:
1335:
1322:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1285:
1279:
1266:
1251:Politics of Togo
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1177:
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1077:Legion of Honour
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1009:
1007:
1006:
996:
988:
977:
966:
964:
963:
938:of Ivory Coast,
904:Faure Gnassingbé
867:
840:personality cult
830:Monument to the
822:Personality cult
812:Leopold Gnininvi
810:, and Professor
700:
693:
686:
675:
616:Personality cult
595:
548:
547:
546:
544:
536:
535:
527:
520:
519:
516:
515:
466:Sylvanus Olympio
409:
393:Faure Gnassingbé
382:
377:
358:
318:Military service
308:Faure Gnassingbé
298:Véronique Massan
269:
253:26 December 1935
252:
250:
238:Personal details
224:
212:
203:
189:
177:
168:
154:
142:
133:
116:Faure Gnassingbé
112:
100:
68:
59:
35:
21:
20:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3021:
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3018:
3017:
3016:
2907:
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2905:
2900:
2779:
2567:
2566:Organisation of
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2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1933:
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1595:Wayback Machine
1586:
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1576:Wayback Machine
1567:
1563:
1556:
1553:Wayback Machine
1544:
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1487:Wayback Machine
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1394:
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1379:
1377:
1350:Democratization
1342:
1338:
1332:Wayback Machine
1323:
1314:
1305:
1301:
1286:
1282:
1277:Wayback Machine
1267:
1263:
1259:
1246:History of Togo
1231:
1203:
1201:
1175:
1173:
1147:
1145:
1058:
1056:
1031:
1029:
1004:
1002:
961:
959:
956:
928:Mathieu Kérékou
878:
824:
808:Yawovi Agboyibo
704:
670:
602:
600:
589:
542:
540:
539:
538:
537:
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531:
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486:
427:
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284:Political party
271:
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266:5 February 2005
257:French Togoland
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38:
37:Eyadéma in 1983
26:
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11:
5:
3025:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
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2967:Sole survivors
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2250:External links
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1997:
1967:
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1192:Collar of the
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1075:Knight of the
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940:Mamadou Tandja
936:Laurent Gbagbo
877:
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852:super strength
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795:European Union
706:
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534:a series about
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485:
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412:anti-communist
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67:Prime Minister
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2784:African Union
2782:
2776:
2773:
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2766:
2763:
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2593:
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2588:
2586:
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2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
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2568:African Unity
2564:
2560:
2559:African Union
2556:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2511:
2506:
2496:
2495:F. Gnassingbé
2493:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:F. Gnassingbé
2482:
2480:
2477:
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2471:
2469:
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2405:
2396:
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2378:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2350:Siaka Stevens
2342:
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2328:
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2315:
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2136:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
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2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2095:
2092:(in French).
2091:
2087:
2080:
2064:
2058:
2042:
2039:(in French).
2038:
2034:
2027:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1889:
1883:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1840:
1836:
1833:(in French).
1832:
1825:
1818:
1816:
1802:
1798:
1795:(in French).
1794:
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1510:. April 2005.
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980:Order of Mono
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942:of Niger and
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900:Zakari Nandja
897:
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894:head of state
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870:Gulfstream II
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748:Ronald Reagan
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80:Kwassi Klutse
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2141:. 9 May 2018
2139:Getty Images
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268:(2005-02-05)
223:Succeeded by
200:
188:Succeeded by
165:
153:Succeeded by
146:Yakubu Gowon
130:
111:Succeeded by
104:Kléber Dadjo
56:
18:
2922:2005 deaths
2917:1935 births
2841:Hailemariam
2223:5 September
2100:12 November
2069:12 November
2047:12 November
1789:Marthe Fare
1705:|work=
1647:12 November
1642:www1.rfi.fr
1599:(in French)
1557:(in French)
1154:North Korea
932:John Kufuor
896:in Africa.
787:Billy Davis
772:Ivory Coast
756:White House
752:Rose Garden
447:French Army
435:Kara Region
211:Preceded by
176:Preceded by
141:Preceded by
99:Preceded by
2911:Categories
2881:Tshisekedi
2846:Abdel Aziz
2760:Bouteflika
2605:Boumédiène
2479:G. Eyadéma
2443:Presidents
2398:2000–2001
2371:1999–2001
2344:1980–1981
2317:1977–1978
2293:1967–2005
1257:References
1235:Edem Kodjo
1210:Yugoslavia
1129:gilt clasp
934:of Ghana,
930:of Benin,
621:C-47 crash
605:Government
323:Allegiance
249:1935-12-26
92:Koffi Sama
76:Edem Kodjo
2896:Ghazouani
2891:Assoumani
2876:Ramaphosa
2826:Mutharika
2775:Mwanawasa
2720:Babangida
2645:Ramgoolam
2625:Hassan II
2515:* interim
2468:Grunitzky
2307:New title
2166:Merkur.de
2090:Afrik.com
2037:Afrik.com
1707:ignored (
1697:cite book
1622:9 January
1370:149724978
848:superhero
799:democracy
764:Lama-Kara
611:1967 coup
598:1967–2005
346:1958-1987
201:In office
166:In office
131:In office
57:In office
2801:Obasanjo
2796:Chissano
2755:Compaoré
2715:Museveni
2680:Mengistu
2595:Selassie
2575:Selassie
2557:and the
2463:Bodjollé
2197:19 April
2171:19 April
2145:19 April
2094:Archived
2041:Archived
2010:Archived
1984:Archived
1918:Archived
1839:Archived
1797:TV5Monde
1591:Archived
1572:Archived
1549:Archived
1483:Archived
1433:Archived
1380:2 August
1374:Archived
1328:Archived
1273:Archived
1271:(† 2010)
1229:See also
484:Politics
453:and the
304:Children
2821:Gaddafi
2816:Kikwete
2806:Nguesso
2770:Chiluba
2765:Eyadéma
2735:Ben Ali
2730:Mubarak
2710:Mubarak
2695:Nguesso
2685:Nyerere
2670:Stevens
2665:Senghor
2660:Tolbert
2655:Nimeiry
2585:Nkrumah
2458:Olympio
1924:17 June
1894:17 June
1872:17 June
1845:17 June
1807:17 June
1766:17 June
1733:17 June
1665:, p. 48
1127:ALGÉRIE
1011:Bavaria
886:Tunisia
774:in the
754:of the
750:in the
727:of the
433:in the
383:; born
278:Tunisia
2866:Kagame
2851:Mugabe
2831:Obiang
2811:Kufuor
2750:Mugabe
2705:Traoré
2700:Kaunda
2620:Daddah
2615:Kaunda
2610:Ahidjo
2600:Mobutu
2590:Ankrah
2580:Nasser
2016:1 June
1990:1 June
1960:1 June
1463:
1439:1 June
1404:
1368:
1207:
1196:(1981)
1179:
1168:(1974)
1151:
1065:France
1062:
1035:
1024:(1984)
1008:
965:
912:ECOWAS
503:amulet
294:Spouse
2861:Condé
2791:Mbeki
2740:Meles
2725:Diouf
2690:Diouf
2650:Bongo
2635:Barre
2630:Gowon
2489:Abass
2473:Dadjo
1954:(PDF)
1943:(PDF)
1678:p. 63
1366:S2CID
1182:Spain
1125:with
1038:Benin
882:Tunis
876:Death
666:Death
439:Kabye
431:Kozah
400:coups
274:Tunis
272:near
255:Pya,
2886:Sall
2871:Sisi
2856:Déby
2836:Boni
2745:Biya
2640:Amin
2447:Togo
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2199:2022
2173:2023
2147:2023
2102:2019
2071:2019
2049:2019
2018:2012
1992:2012
1962:2012
1926:2012
1896:2012
1874:2012
1847:2012
1809:2012
1768:2012
1735:2012
1709:help
1649:2019
1624:2023
1461:ISBN
1441:2012
1402:ISBN
1382:2020
968:Togo
844:Lomé
793:The
646:2002
641:1999
636:1994
631:1990
585:2003
580:1998
575:1993
570:1986
565:1979
351:Rank
327:Togo
263:Died
243:Born
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