1428:
Gold Coast Colony under
British supervision. The purpose was to clarify and to regulate the powers and areas of jurisdiction of chiefs and councils. Councils were given specific responsibilities over disputed elections and the unseating of chiefs; the procedure for the election of chiefs was set forth; and judicial powers were defined and delegated. Councils were entrusted with the role of defining customary law in their areas (the government had to approve their decisions), and the provincial councils were empowered to become tribunals to decide matters of customary law when the dispute lay between chiefs in different hierarchies. Until 1939, when the Native Treasuries Ordinance was passed, however, there was no provision for local budgets. In 1935, the Native Authorities Ordinance combined the central colonial government and the local authorities into a single governing system. New native authorities, appointed by the governor, were given wide powers of local government under the supervision of the central government's provincial commissioners, who assured that their policies would be those of the central government.
1497:, the colonial period of the 20th century was not particularly bad. To be more precise the living standards improved rapidly in the first decade of 20th century when cocoa cultivation took off. In general, the performance of economy and living standard of colonial time shows a better record than the post-independence period. It was through British-style education that a new Ghanaian elite gained the means and the desire to strive for independence. During the colonial years, the country's educational institutions improved markedly. From beginnings in missionary schools, the early part of the 20th century saw significant advances in many fields, and, although the missions continued to participate, the government steadily increased its interest and support. In 1909, the government established a technical school and a teachers' training college at Accra; several other secondary schools were set up by the missions. The government steadily increased its financial backing for the growing number of both state and mission schools. In 1948, the country opened its first centre of higher learning, the University College.
1611:(all lawyers except for Grant, who was a wealthy businessman), and others, the leadership of the organisation called for the replacement of chiefs on the Legislative Council with educated persons. For these political leaders, traditional governance, exercised largely via indirect rule, was identified with colonial interests and the past. They believed that it was their responsibility to lead their country into a new age. They also demanded that, given their education, the colonial administration should respect them and accord them positions of responsibility. As one writer on the period reported, "The symbols of progress, science, freedom, youth, all became cues which the new leadership evoked and reinforced." In particular, the UGCC leadership criticised the government for its failure to solve the problems of unemployment, inflation, and the disturbances that had come to characterise the society at the end of the war.
136:
1730:, released Nkrumah and invited him to form a government as "leader of government business", a position similar to that of prime minister. Nkrumah accepted. A major milestone had been passed on the road to independence and self-government. Nonetheless, although the CPP agreed to work within the new constitutional order, the structure of government that existed in 1951 was certainly not what the CPP preferred. The ministries of defence, external affairs, finance, and justice were still controlled by British officials who were not responsible to the legislature. Also, by providing for a sizeable representation of traditional tribal chiefs in the Legislative Assembly, the constitution accentuated the cleavage between the modern political leaders and the traditional authorities of the councils of chiefs.
1307:
The
British followed up these reforms by banning debt bondage and enslavement by pawning. However, the British did not enforce these laws, since the indigenous economy was dependent on slave labor and there were little oportunity for vage labor for former slaves; consequently, most slaves were never made aware of the anti-slavery laws, and slave owning and open slave dealing was tolerated until the British officials finally started to enforce the laws in 1911. In 1902 it was made illegal to "compel or attempt the compel the services" or another person, but slavery was not explicitly abolished due to British fear that an abolition would cause "internal disorganization"; chattel slavery was formally banned in 1908, but the British authorities did not enforce the law until the 1920s. When the
1559:, created provincial councils of paramount chiefs for all but the northern provinces of the colony. These councils in turn elected six chiefs as unofficial members of the Legislative Council. Although the new constitution appeared to recognise African sentiments, Guggisberg was concerned primarily with protecting British interests. For example, he provided Africans with a limited voice in the central government; yet, by limiting nominations to chiefs, he drove a wedge between chiefs and their educated subjects. The intellectuals believed that the chiefs, in return for British support, had allowed the provincial councils to fall completely under control of the government. By the mid-1930s, however, a gradual rapprochement between chiefs and intellectuals had begun.
1452:
modes of extracting minerals made gold mining an exclusively foreign-run enterprise. For example, the
Ashanti Goldfields Corporation, which was organised in 1897, gained a concession of about 160 square kilometres in which to prospect commercially for gold. Although certain tribal authorities profited greatly from the granting of mining concessions, it was the European mining companies and the colonial government that accumulated much of the wealth. Revenue from export of the colony's natural resources financed internal improvements in infrastructure and social services. The foundation of an educational system more advanced than any other else in West Africa also resulted from mineral export revenue.
1404:, architect of the policy, indirect rule was cost effective because it reduced the number of European officials in the field. By allowing local rulers to exercise direct administrative control over their people, opposition to European rule from the local population would be minimised. The chiefs, however, were to take instructions from their European supervisors. The plan, according to Lugard, had the further advantage of civilising the natives, because it exposed traditional rulers to the benefits of European political organisation and values. This "civilizing" process notwithstanding, indirect rule had the ultimate advantage of guaranteeing the maintenance of law and order.
1583:
Hence, the constitution, although greeted with enthusiasm as a significant milestone, soon encountered trouble. World War II had just ended, and many Gold Coast veterans who had served in
British overseas expeditions returned to a country beset with shortages, inflation, unemployment, and black-market practices. There veterans, along with discontented urban elements, formed a nucleus of malcontents ripe for disruptive action. They were now joined by farmers, who resented drastic governmental measures required to cut out diseased cacao trees to control an epidemic, and by many others who were unhappy that the end of the war had not been followed by economic improvements.
59:
1574:, the governor of the time) was a bold document. For the first time, the concept of an official majority was abandoned. The Legislative Council was now composed of six ex officio members, six nominated members, and eighteen elected members. The 1946 constitution also admitted representatives from Asante into the council for the first time. Even with a Labour Party government in power, however, the British continued to view the colonies as a source of raw materials that were needed to strengthen their crippled economy. Change that would place real power in African hands was not a priority among British leaders until after
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1393:
73:
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to the governor's approval. The
Legislative Council included the members of the Executive Council and unofficial members initially chosen from British commercial interests. After 1900 three chiefs and three other Africans were added to the Legislative Council, these being chosen from the Europeanized communities of Accra, Cape Coast, and Sekondi. The inclusion of Africans from Asante and the Northern Territories did not take place until much later. Prior to 1925, all members of the Legislative Council were appointed by the governor. Official members always outnumbered unofficial members.
1408:
Asante and the north. Once indirect rule was implemented, the chiefs became responsible to the colonial authorities who supported them. In many respects, therefore, the power of each chief was greatly enhanced. Although Lugard pointed to the civilising influence of indirect rule, critics of the policy argued that the element of popular participation was removed from the traditional political system. Despite the theoretical argument in favour of decentralisation, indirect rule in practice caused chiefs to look to Accra (the capital) rather than to their people for all decisions.
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public buildings, town improvements, schools, hospitals, prisons, communication lines, and other services. Guggisberg also set a goal of filling half of the colony's technical positions with
Africans as soon as they could be trained. His program has been described as the most ambitious ever proposed in West Africa up to that time. Another of the governor's programs led to the development of an artificial harbour at Takoradi, which then became Ghana's first port. Achimota College, which developed into one of the nation's finest secondary schools, was also a Guggisberg idea.
740:
1615:
1183:
1341:
1249:
1536:, which sent a delegation to London to urge the Colonial Office to consider the principle of elected representation. The group, which claimed to speak for all British West African colonies, represented the first expression of political solidarity between intellectuals and nationalists of the area. Even though the delegation was not received in London (on the grounds that it represented only the interests of a small group of urbanised Africans), its actions aroused considerable support among the African elite at home.
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1412:
648:
662:
1514:
development of national consciousness accelerated quickly after World War II, when, in addition to ex-servicemen, a substantial group of urban
African workers and traders emerged to lend mass support to the aspirations of a small educated minority. Once the movement had begun, events moved rapidlyβnot always fast enough to satisfy the nationalist leaders, but still at a pace that surprised not only the colonial government but many of the more conservative African elements as well.
634:
1723:. When some violent disorders occurred, Nkrumah, along with his principal lieutenants, was promptly arrested and imprisoned for sedition. But this merely increased his prestige as leader and hero of the cause and gave him the status of martyr. In February 1951, the first elections were held for the Legislative Assembly under the new constitution. Nkrumah, still in jail, won a seat, and the CPP won an impressive victory with a two-thirds majority of the 104 seats.
1501:
outstanding service in such places as
Ethiopia and Burma. In the ensuing years, however, postwar problems of inflation and instability severely hampered readjustment for returning veterans, who were in the forefront of growing discontent and unrest. Their war service and veterans' associations had broadened their horizons, making it difficult for them to return to the humble and circumscribed positions set aside for Africans by the colonial authorities.(See also
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1712:
literate persons who had some primary schooling, journalists, and elementary school teachers, all of whom had developed a taste for populist conceptions of democracy. A growing number of uneducated but urbanised industrial workers also formed part of the support group. Nkrumah was able to appeal to them on their own terms. By June 1949, when the CPP was formed with the avowed purpose of seeking immediate self-governance, Nkrumah had a mass following.
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1210:
6688:"Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881β24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa",
6386:"Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881β24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa",
6332:"Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881β24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa",
5492:"Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881β24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa",
5205:"Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881β24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa",
2397:"Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881β24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa",
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676:
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1389:
by consent rather than by right. Chiefs were chosen by the ruling class of the society; a traditional leader continued to rule not only because he was the choice of what may be termed the nobility, but also because he was accepted by his people. The unseating or destooling of a chief by tribal elders was a fairly common practice if the chief failed to meet the desires or expectations of the community.
1272:. The Asante, who for years had considered the Dutch at Elmina as their allies, thereby lost their last trade outlet to the sea. To prevent this loss and to ensure that revenue received from that post continued, the Asante staged their last invasion of the coast in 1873. After early successes, they finally came up against well-trained British forces who compelled them to retreat beyond the
1761:. The British trusteeship, the western portion of the former German colony, had been linked to the Gold Coast since 1919 and was represented in its parliament. A clear majority of British Togoland inhabitants voted in favour of union with their western neighbours, and the area was absorbed into the Gold Coast. There was, however, vocal opposition to the incorporation from some of the
1742:
leaders criticised the CPP for perceived dictatorial tendencies. The new party worked in co-operation with another regionalist group, the
Northern People's Party. When these two regional parties walked out of discussions on a new constitution, the CPP feared that London might consider such disunity an indication that the colony was not yet ready for the next phase of self-government.
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first penetrated the area in the 1880s, and after 1896 protection was extended to northern areas whose trade with the coast had been controlled by Asante. In 1898 and 1899, European colonial powers amicably demarcated the boundaries between the
Northern Territories and the surrounding French and German colonies. The Northern Territories were proclaimed a British protectorate in 1902.
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powersβthe trying of murder and robbery cases only. Also, the British could not acquire further judicial rights without the consent of the kings, chiefs, and people of the protectorate. In practice, however, British efforts to usurp more and more judicial authority were so successful that in the 1850s they considered establishing European courts in place of traditional African ones.
1716:
the towns and rural districts and half from the traditional councils, including, for the first time, the Northern Territories. Although it was an enormous step forward, the new constitution still fell far short of the CPP's call for full self-government. Executive power remained in British hands, and the legislature was tailored to permit control by traditionalist interests.
1424:
failed to provide meaningful opportunities for the growing number of educated young men anxious to find a niche in their country's development. Other groups were dissatisfied because there was not sufficient co-operation between the councils and the central government and because some felt that the local authorities were too dominated by the British district commissioners.
1245:
chiefs constituted itself as a legislative assembly. In approving its resolutions, the governor indicated that the assembly of chiefs should become a permanent fixture of the protectorate's constitutional machinery, but the assembly was given no specific constitutional authority to pass laws or to levy taxes without the consent of the people.
987:, which led British trading efforts into the early 19th century. In 1821, the British government withdrew the company's charter and seized privately held lands along the coast, incorporating them into the British Gold Coast colony and taking over the local interests of other European countries. They purchased and incorporated the
1233:. Under Maclean's administration, several coastal tribes had submitted voluntarily to British protection. Hill proceeded to define the conditions and responsibilities of his jurisdiction over the protected areas. He negotiated a special treaty with a number of Fante and other local chiefs that became known as the
1746:
held in July 1956. In keenly contested elections, the CPP won 57 per cent of the votes cast, but the fragmentation of the opposition gave the CPP every seat in the south as well as enough seats in Asante, the Northern Territories, and the Trans-Volta Region to hold a two-thirds majority of the 104 seats.
1741:
The CPP pursued a policy of political centralisation, which encountered serious opposition. Shortly after the 1954 election, a new party, the Asante-based National Liberation Movement (NLM), was formed. The NLM advocated a federal form of government, with increased powers for the various regions. NLM
1737:
In 1952, the position of prime minister was created and the Executive Council became the cabinet. The prime minister was made responsible to the assembly, which duly elected Nkrumah prime minister. The constitution of 1954 ended the election of assembly members by the tribal councils. The Legislative
1715:
The constitution of 1951 resulted from the report of the Coussey Committee, created because of disturbances in Accra and other cities in 1948. In addition to giving the Executive Council a large majority of African ministers, it created an assembly, half the elected members of which were to come from
1522:
As early as the latter part of the 19th century, a growing number of educated Africans increasingly found unacceptable an arbitrary political system that placed almost all power in the hands of the governor through his appointment of council members. In the 1890s, some members of the educated coastal
1462:
At the beginning of his governorship of the Gold Coast, Guggisberg presented a 10-year development program to the Legislative Council. He suggested first the improvement of transportation. Then, in order of priority, his prescribed improvements included water supply, drainage, hydroelectric projects,
1451:
The colony's earnings increased further from the export of timber and gold. Gold, which initially brought Europeans to the Gold Coast, remained in the hands of Africans until the 1890s. Traditional techniques of panning and shaft mining, however, yielded only limited output. The development of modern
1427:
In 1925, provincial councils of chiefs were established in all three territories of the colony, partly to give the chiefs a colony-wide function. This move was followed in 1927 by the promulgation of the Native Administration Ordinance, which replaced an 1883 arrangement that had placed chiefs in the
1380:
Beginning in 1850, the coastal regions increasingly came under control of the governor of the British fortresses, who was assisted by the Executive Council and the Legislative Council. The Executive Council was a small advisory body of European officials that recommended laws and voted taxes, subject
1324:
As a result of the exercise of ever-expanding judicial powers on the coast and also to ensure that the coastal peoples remained firmly under control, the British, following their defeat of Asante in 1874, proclaimed the former coastal protectorate a crown colony. The Gold Coast Colony, established on
1306:
The British finally succeeded in their earlier plans to abolish slavery and slave trade. In 1874, the British declared all children born to slaves in the Gold Coast Protectorate after 1 January 1875 were born free, thereby introducing a gradual abolition of slavery in line with their policy in India.
1291:
protected regions defected to British rule. Enforcement of the treaty led to recurring difficulties and outbreaks of fighting. In 1896, the British dispatched another expedition that occupied Kumasi and forced Asante to become a protectorate of the British Crown. The British abolished the position of
1244:
At about the same time, growing acceptance of the advantages offered by the British presence led to the initiation of another important step. In April 1852, local chiefs and elders met at Cape Coast to consult with the governor on means of raising revenue. With the governor's approval, the council of
1240:
Additional coastal states as well as other states farther inland eventually signed the bond, and British influence was accepted, strengthened, and expanded. Under the terms of the 1844 arrangement, the British appeared to provide security to the coastal areas; thus, an informal protectorate came into
1500:
The colony assisted Britain in both World War I and World War II. From 1914 to 1918, the Gold Coast Regiment served with distinction in battles against German forces in Cameroon and in the long East Africa campaign. In World War II, troops from the Gold Coast emerged with even greater prestige after
1388:
The structure of local government had its roots in traditional patterns of government. Village councils of chiefs and elders were almost exclusively responsible for the immediate needs of individual localities, including traditional law and order and the general welfare. The councils, however, ruled
1352:
In the meantime, the British became interested in the broad areas north of Asante, known generally as the Northern Territories. This interest was prompted primarily by the need to forestall the French and the Germans, who had been making rapid advances in the surrounding areas. British officials had
1328:
The coastal peoples did not greet this move with enthusiasm. They were not consulted about this annexation, which arbitrarily set aside the Bond of 1844 and treated its signatories like conquered territories. The British, however, made no claim to any rights to the land, a circumstance that probably
1021:
The First Anglo-Ashanti War (1822β24), was fought over an insult to an Ashanti chief. Sergeant Kujo Otetfo of the British Royal African Colonial Corps, during an argument with an Ashanti trader, "grossly abused the King of Ashanti, and it was this insignificant event that provided the spark that set
1745:
The British constitutional adviser, however, backed the CPP position. The governor dissolved the assembly to test popular support for the CPP demand for immediate independence. The Crown agreed to grant independence if so requested by a two-thirds majority of the new legislature. New elections were
1733:
The start of Nkrumah's first term as "leader of government business" was marked by cordiality and co-operation with the British governor. During the next few years, the government was gradually transformed into a full parliamentary system. The changes were opposed by the more traditionalist African
1447:
New crops were also introduced and gained widespread acceptance. Cacao trees, introduced in 1878, brought the first cash crop to the farmers of the interior; it became the mainstay of the nation's economy in the 1920s when disease wiped out Brazil's trees. The production of cocoa was largely in the
1423:
Many chiefs and elders came to regard themselves as a ruling aristocracy. Their councils were generally led by government commissioners, who often rewarded the chiefs with honours, decorations, and knighthoods. Indirect rule tended to preserve traditional forms and sources of power, however, and it
1348:
The British sphere of influence was eventually extended to include Asante. Following the defeat of Asante in 1896, the British proclaimed a protectorate over the kingdom. Once the asantehene and his council had been exiled, the British appointed a resident commissioner to Asante, who was given both
1197:
in the late 1820s, relations with Asante were still problematic. From the Asante point of view, the British had failed to control the activities of their local coastal allies. Had this been done, Asante might not have found it necessary to attempt to impose peace on the coastal peoples. MacCarthy's
1086:
By the late 19th century, the British, through conquest or purchase, occupied most of the forts along the coast. Two major factors laid the foundations of British rule and the eventual establishment of a colony on the Gold Coast: British reaction to the Asante wars and the resulting instability and
1582:
With elected members in a decisive majority, Ghana had reached a level of political maturity unequaled anywhere in colonial Africa. The constitution did not, however, grant full self-government. Executive power remained in the hands of the governor, to whom the Legislative Council was responsible.
1562:
Agitation for more adequate representation continued. Newspapers owned and managed by Africans played a major part in provoking this discontentβsix were being published in the 1930s. As a result of the call for broader representation, two more unofficial African members were added to the Executive
1539:
Notwithstanding their call for elected representation as opposed to a system whereby the governor appointed council members, these nationalists insisted that they were loyal to the British Crown and that they merely sought an extension of British political and social practices to Africans. Notable
1443:
The years of British administration of the Gold Coast during the 20th century were an era of significant progress in social, economic, and educational development. Communications were greatly improved. For example, the Sekondi-Tarkwa railroad, begun in 1898, was extended until it connected most of
1434:
The provincial councils and moves to strengthen them were not popular. Even by British standards, the chiefs were not given enough power to be effective instruments of indirect rule. Some Ghanaians believed that the reforms, by increasing the power of the chiefs at the expense of local initiative,
1384:
The gradual emergence of centralised colonial government brought about unified control over local services, although the actual administration of these services was still delegated to local authorities. Specific duties and responsibilities came to be clearly delineated, and the role of traditional
1302:
but were defeated the next year. In 1902, the British proclaimed Asante a colony under the jurisdiction of the governor of the Gold Coast. The annexation was made with misgivings and recriminations on both sides. With Asante subdued and annexed, British colonisation of the region became a reality.
979:
had long been a name for the region used by Europeans because of the large gold resources found in the area. The slave trade was the principal exchange and major part of the economy for many years. In this period, European nations began to explore and colonize the Americas. Soon the Portuguese and
117:
1711:
The majority of the politicised population, stirred in the postwar years by outspoken newspapers, was separated from both the tribal chiefs and the Anglophile elite nearly as much as from the British by economic, social, and educational factors. This majority consisted primarily of ex-servicemen,
1407:
The application of indirect rule in the Gold Coast became essential, especially after Asante and the Northern Territories were brought under British rule. Before the effective colonisation of these territories, the intention of the British was to use both force and agreements to control chiefs in
1224:
Maclean's exercise of limited judicial power on the coast was so effective that a parliamentary committee recommended that the British government permanently administer its settlements and negotiate treaties with the coastal chiefs to define Britain's relations with them. The government did so in
1625:
Their opposition to the colonial administration notwithstanding, UGCC members were conservative in the sense that their leadership did not seek drastic or revolutionary change. This was probably a result of their training in the British way of doing things. The manner in which politics were then
1360:
With the north under British control, the three territories of the Gold Coastβthe Colony (the coastal regions), Asante, and the Northern Territoriesβbecame, for all practical purposes, a single political unit, or crown colony, known as "the dependency" or simply as the Gold Coast. The borders of
1707:
Nkrumah's style and the promises he made appealed directly to the majority of workers, farmers, and youths who heard him; he seemed to be the national leader on whom they could focus their hopes. He also won the support of, among others, influential market women who, through their domination of
1513:
As the country developed economically, the focus of government power gradually shifted from the hands of the governor and his officials into those of Ghanaians. The changes resulted from the gradual development of a strong spirit of nationalism and were to result eventually in independence. The
1320:
Military confrontations between Asante and the Fante contributed to the growth of British influence on the Gold Coast. It was concern about Asante activities on the coast that had compelled the Fante states to sign the Bond of 1844. In theory, the bond allowed the British quite limited judicial
1178:
rule and by closing the great roads to the coast. Incidents and sporadic warfare continued, however. In 1824, MacCarthy was killed and most of his force was wiped out in a battle with Asante forces. The British were able to defeat an Asante invasion of the coast in 1826 with a combined force of
1311:
was conquered by the British in 1896, the British assured the chiefs that they would be allowed to keep their slaves; Asante became a colony in 1901 and in 1902 it was made illegal to "compel or attempt the compel the services" or another person, but slavery was not explicitly abolished due to
1290:
The subsequent peace treaty required the Asante to renounce any claim to many southern territories. The Asante also had to keep the road to Kumasi open to trade. From this point on, Asante power steadily declined. The confederation slowly disintegrated as subject territories broke away and as
1205:
to become president of a local council of merchants. Although his formal jurisdiction was limited, Maclean's achievements were substantial; for example, he arranged a peace treaty with Asante in 1831. Maclean also supervised the coastal people by holding regular court in Cape Coast, where he
123:
125:
124:
958:
The first European explorers to arrive at the coast were the Portuguese in 1471. They encountered a variety of African kingdoms, some of which controlled substantial deposits of gold in the soil. In 1483, the Portuguese came to the continent for increased trade. They built the Castle of
1459:, governor from 1919 to 1927. Born in Galt (near Toronto), Canada, Guggisberg joined the British army in 1889. During the first decade of the 20th century, he worked as a surveyor in the British colonies of the Gold Coast and Nigeria, and later, during World War I, he served in France.
111:
115:
116:
1696:, which was advising the governor on the path to independence, Nkrumah broke with the UGCC and founded the CPP. Unlike the UGCC call for self-government "in the shortest possible time", Nkrumah and the CPP asked for "self-government now". The party leadership, made up of Nkrumah,
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121:
118:
112:
110:
119:
108:
107:
106:
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1738:
Assembly increased in size, and all members were chosen by direct election from equal, single-member constituencies. Only defence and foreign policy remained in the hands of the governor; the elected assembly was given control of virtually all internal affairs of the colony.
109:
120:
114:
113:
1349:
civil and criminal jurisdiction over the territories. Each Asante state was administered from Kumasi as a separate entity and was ultimately responsible to the governor of the Gold Coast. As noted above, Asante became a colony following its final defeat in 1901.
1356:
Like the Asante protectorate, the Northern Territories were placed under the authority of a resident commissioner who was responsible to the governor of the Gold Coast. The governor ruled both Asante and the Northern Territories by proclamations until 1946.
104:
1283:. To settle the Asante problem permanently, the British invaded Asante with a sizeable military force. The attack, launched in January 1874 by 2,500 British soldiers and large numbers of African auxiliaries, resulted in the occupation and burning of
2022:
Irwin, Graham W. (1971). "Gold and Guns on the Gold Coast β Trade and Politics on the Gold Coast 1600β1720. A Study of the African Reaction to European Trade. By Kwame Yeboa Daaku. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. Pp. xviii + 219; maps. Β£2.50".
1174:. The British forts and Sierra Leone remained under common administration for the first half of the century. MacCarthy's mandate was to impose peace and to end the slave trade. He sought to do this by encouraging the coastal peoples to oppose
1166:, came to rely on British protection against Asante incursions. But the merchant companies had limited ability to provide such security. The British Crown dissolved the company in 1821, giving authority over British forts on the Gold Coast to
1206:
sentenced and punished those found guilty of disturbing the peace. Between 1830 and 1843, while Maclean was in charge of affairs on the Gold Coast, no confrontations occurred with Asante. The volume of trade reportedly increased threefold.
1448:
hands of Africans. The Cocoa Marketing Board was created in 1947 to assist farmers and to stabilise the production and sale of their crop. By the end of that decade, the Gold Coast was exporting more than half of the world's cocoa supply.
1041:
By 1901, the British had established a colony incorporating all of the Gold Coast, with its kingdoms and tribes under a single administration. The British exploited and exported a variety of natural resources: gold, metal ores, diamonds,
980:
Spanish began to export African slaves to the Caribbean, and North and South America. The Dutch and British also entered the slave trade, at first supplying slaves to markets in the Caribbean and on the Caribbean coast of South America.
1527:
to protest a land bill that threatened traditional land tenure. This protest helped lay the foundation for political action that would ultimately lead to independence. In 1920, one of the African members of the Legislative Council,
1734:
elements, particularly in Asante and the Northern Territories. This opposition, however, proved ineffective in the face of continuing and growing popular support for a single over-riding conceptβindependence at an early date.
3361:"de Mel, Sir Henry Lawson, (1877β8 May 1936), Member of the Legislative Council; Member of the Municipal Council; JP for the island; President Plumbago Merchants' Union; Proprietor H. L. de Mel & Co., merchants",
3339:"de Mel, Sir Henry Lawson, (1877β8 May 1936), Member of the Legislative Council; Member of the Municipal Council; JP for the island; President Plumbago Merchants' Union; Proprietor H. L. de Mel & Co., merchants",
1114:
signed a treaty of friendship that recognised Asante claims to sovereignty over large areas of the coast and its peoples. The assets of the African Company of Merchants consisted primarily of nine trading posts or
102:
1329:
explains the absence of popular resistance. Shortly after declaring the coastal area a colony, the British moved the colonial capital from Cape Coast to the former Danish castle at Christiansborg in Accra.
4755:"Sircar, Sir Nripendra Nath, (died 1945), Law Member of Executive Council of Governor-General of India, 1934β39; late Vice-President, Viceroy's Executive Council; Leader of Indian Legislative Assembly",
4733:"Sircar, Sir Nripendra Nath, (died 1945), Law Member of Executive Council of Governor-General of India, 1934β39; late Vice-President, Viceroy's Executive Council; Leader of Indian Legislative Assembly",
1237:. This document obliged local leaders to submit serious crimes, such as murder and robbery, to British jurisdiction; it laid the legal foundation for subsequent British colonisation of the coastal area.
3106:
The British Miscellany: or coloured figures of new, rare, or little known animal subjects; many not before ascertained to be inhabitants of the British Isles and chiefly in the possession of the author
1578:
and other towns and cities in early 1948 over issues of pensions for ex-servicemen, the dominant role of foreigners in the economy, the shortage of housing, and other economic and political grievances.
1198:
encouragement of coastal opposition to Asante and the subsequent 1824 British military attack further indicated to Asante leaders that the Europeans, especially the British, did not respect Asante.
1241:
being. As responsibilities for defending local allies and managing the affairs of the coastal protectorate increased, the administration of the Gold Coast was separated from Sierra Leone in 1850.
103:
4777:"Sarbah, John Mensah, (1864β28 Nov. 1910), Barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1887; Senior Unofficial Member, Legislative Council, Gold Coast, from 1901; Senior Trustee, Mfantsi National Fund, 1902",
1057:
By 1945, in the wake of a major colonial role in the Second World War, nationalists in the Gold Coast stood up to demand more autonomy, sharing power with Britain from 1951 to 1955. By 1956,
1030:
wanted to exercise his new title. From 1895 to 1896 the British and Ashanti fought their fourth and final war, in which the Ashanti lost their independence. In 1900, they rebelled in the
10925:
1312:
British fear that an abolition would cause "internal disorganization"; chattel slavery was formally banned in 1908, but the British authorities did not enforce the law until the 1920s.
1014:
had controlled much of Ghana before Europeans arrived, and were often in conflict with them. In the 21st century they continue to constitute the largest ethnic community in Ghana. Four
429:
3689:"Sharwood-Smith, Sir Bryan (Evers), (5 Jan. 1899β10 Oct. 1983), Governor, Northern Nigeria, 1954β57 (Lieut-Governor, and President Northern House of Chiefs, 1952β54); retd 1957",
1704:, and a group of mostly young political professionals known as the "Verandah Boys", identified itself more with ordinary working people than with the UGCC and its intelligentsia.
11019:
1688:
Nkrumah's tenure with the UGCC was a stormy one. In March 1948, he was arrested and detained with other leaders of the UGCC for political activism. They were known as the
1361:
present-day Ghana were realised in May 1956 when the people of the Volta region, known as British Mandated Togoland, voted in a plebiscite to become part of modern Ghana.
10736:
6006:
Committee On The Assessment Of The Readjustment Needs Of Military Personnel, Veterans; Board on the Health of Select Populations; Institute Of, Medicine (12 March 2013).
1477:, Northern Territories. This Centre provided four-year courses for boys leaving middle schools and evening classes for those who go from the middle schools into industry.
11044:
1563:
Council in 1943. Changes in the Legislative Council, however, had to await a different political climate in London, which came about only with the postwar election of a
7582:"Aziz, Shaukat, (born 6 March 1949), Member for Attock, National Assembly, Pakistan, 2004β07; Prime Minister of Pakistan, 2004β07, and Minister of Finance, 1999β2007",
2066:
Sutton, Angela (3 July 2015). "The Seventeenth-century Slave Trade in the Documents of the English, Dutch, Swedish, Danish and Prussian Royal Slave Trading Companies".
967:
and gold in trade for European goods, such as metal knives, beads, mirrors, rum, and guns. News of the successful trading spread quickly, and British, Dutch, Danish,
1485:
during the colonial period, the obvious constraint of a long-term perspective is the limited amount of proper data and a consistent measure of human well-being. The
1595:(UGCC) was the first nationalist movement with the aim of self-government "in the shortest possible time". Founded in August 1947 by educated Africans who included
1054:. The British built railways and a complex transport infrastructure to ship these commodities, which forms the basis for the transport system of modern-day Ghana.
3883:"Redgrave, Maj.-Gen. Sir Roy Michael Frederick, (16 Sept. 1925β3 July 2011), Commander, British Forces, Hong Kong, and Major-General Brigade of Gurkhas, 1978β80",
135:
1110:, and threatened the security of the European forts. Local British, Dutch, and Danish authorities were all forced to come to terms with the Asante. In 1817, the
7759:
L.; Hilton, T. E. (1962). "Ghana Population Atlas. The Distribution and Density of Population in the Gold Coast and Togoland under United Kingdom Trusteeship".
6005:
1444:
the important commercial centres of the south, and by 1937, there were 9,700 kilometres of roads. Telecommunication and postal services were initiated as well.
11039:
9141:
5624:"Kole, Nene Sir Emmanuel Mate, (7 Feb. 1860β30 Jan. 1939), Paramount Chief of Manya Krobo, Gold Coast; Member of Legislative Council, Gold Coast, since 1911",
3110:. London: printed by R. Taylor & Co.; and sold by the author, J. Sowerby; by White; Johnson; Symonds; and by all booksellers, &c. in town and country.
1829:
A 84-member body, 38 of whom were to be elected by the people, 37 representing territorial councils, six appointed to represent commercial interests and three
1549:
1489:
methods provide a way to overcome the limitations, and reveal the evolution of the long run. Baten drew a long run trend that included the experience of the
9595:
8048:
6291:
4225:
Glavovic, Bruce C. (2008). "Sustainable coastal communities in the age of coastal storms: Reconceptualising coastal planning as 'new' naval architecture".
1094:
During most of the 19th century, Asante, the most powerful state of the Akan interior, sought to expand its rule and to promote and protect its trade. The
4629:"Bishop, Captain Frederick Edward, (23 March 1872β5 Sept. 1931), late Bedfordshire Regt; late travelling Commissioner, Northern Territories, Gold Coast",
1685:
In 1947, when the UGCC was created in the Gold Coast to oppose colonial rule, Nkrumah was invited from London to become the movement's general secretary.
1400:
Traditional chiefs figured prominently in the system of indirect rule adopted by British authorities to administer their colonies in Africa. According to
11034:
3938:
3960:"Stewart, Captain Sir Donald William, (22 May 1860β1 Oct. 1905), Commissioner, East African Protectorate from 1904; British resident, Kumasi, retired",
1608:
10309:
4799:"Gokhale, Hon. Gopal Krishna, (1866β20 Feb. 1915), representative of non-official members of Bombay Legislature on Viceroy's Legislative Council",
3267:
Connaughton, Richard M. (1 January 2000). "Organizing British Joint Rapid Reaction Forces (Joint Force Quarterly, Autumn 2000)". Fort Belvoir, VA.
2549:
10903:
Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the
6276:
7626:
Wildenmann, Rudolf (31 December 1987), Katz, Richard S (ed.), "3. The Party Government of the Federal Republic of Germany: Form and Experience",
7296:
Leek, J. H. (1948). "Preliminary Draft of a World Constitution. Common Cause: A Monthly Report of the Committee to Frame a World Constitution".
11014:
10965:
4877:
Deacon, Russell (2000). "'Pushing at a closed door': The 1998 welsh local government review and its implications for electing welsh councils".
1719:
With increasing popular backing, the CPP in early 1950 initiated a campaign of "positive action", intended to instigate widespread strikes and
1234:
10468:
5173:
Osborn, Michelle (14 February 2020), Cheeseman, Nic; Kanyinga, Karuti; Lynch, Gabrielle (eds.), "Chiefs, elders, and traditional authority",
10896:
10879:
10757:
4686:"Free People, Slaves and Pawns in the Western Gold Coast: The Demography of Dependency in a Mid-Nineteenth-Century British Archival Source"
903:
10348:
8334:
7894:
10038:
10032:
9134:
8607:
1670:
939:. The term Gold Coast is also often used to describe all of the four separate jurisdictions that were under the administration of the
10094:
8546:
1034:, but the British suppressed the insurrection and captured the city of Kumasi. The territory of the Ashanti people became a British
11049:
5856:"Life-years gained from defibrillator implantation. markedly nonlinear increase during 3 years of follow-up and its implications".
5646:
1533:
1524:
1167:
1373:
Visit of His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales to the Gold Coast Colony in 1925, meeting His Royal Highness Nana Kwasi Akuffo I,
3744:
Barnett, Randy E. (24 November 2013), "Constitutional Legitimacy without Consent: Protecting the Rights Retained by the People",
3449:"PrΓ©cis of the Treaties and Engagements between the British Government and the Chiefs of the Arabian Coast of the Persian Gulf".
1750:
1677:
in 1945. During his time in Britain, Nkrumah came to know such outspoken anti-colonialists and intellectuals as the West Indian
999:, in 1872. Britain steadily expanded its colony through the invasion and subjection of local kingdoms as well, particularly the
9942:
8468:
4097:
Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 35-36
1455:
Many of the economic and civil improvements in the Gold Coast in the early part of the current century have been attributed to
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2126:
2007:
1975:
1911:
1265:
5129:"What Would It Look Like If We Cared About Narcotics Trafficking? An Argument to Attack Narcotics Capital Rather than Labor"
4124:
Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 36
4115:
Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 36
4106:
Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 34
4088:
Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 34
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7873:
7658:
King, Tom (21 January 2015), "The Advent of Two New Micro Parties: The Palmer United Party and Katter's Australia Party",
5891:
Lawson, Kevin E. (2003). "Evangelical Christian Education in the Early 20th Century: Marginalization and New Beginnings".
4953:"A Jury May Have Sentenced a Man to Death Because He Is Gay. It's Time for a Federal Court to Hear His Bias Claim". 2018.
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9363:
9248:
2866:
Lambert, David (1 September 2015), "Slave-trade suppression and the image of West Africa in nineteenth-century Britain",
1806:
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permitted the colonial government to avoid movement toward any form of popular participation in the colony's government.
1230:
378:
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members appointed by the Governor. Those representing commercial interests and appointed by the Governor were all white.
1344:
Map of the Gold Coast Colony, the Ashanti Colony, the Northern Territories and the mandate territory of British Togoland
10299:
8765:
1470:
7515:
Kleist, N. (29 June 2011). "Modern chiefs: Tradition, development and return among traditional authorities in Ghana".
3511:
Mackenzie, Alexander (2012), "Notifications Defining the "Inner Line" of British Jurisdiction in Frontier Districts",
10461:
9654:
8708:
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6907:
5781:
4660:
4613:
4453:
3720:
2777:
McKay, Vernon; Bourrett, F. M. (1950). "The Gold Coast: A Survey of the Gold Coast and British Togoland, 1919β1946".
2745:
Drew, Allison (1 November 2014), "The Nation in Formation: Communists and Nationalists During the Second World War",
1022:
the whole country in a blaze of war". In the Second Ashanti War (1873β74), the British sacked the Ashanti capital of
17:
5095:
Graham, James D. (1 May 2018), "Indirect Rule: The Establishment of "Chiefs" and "Tribes" in Cameron's Tanganyika",
10334:
10321:
7844:
L'influence de Nkrumah dans la politique Γ©trangΓ¨re amΓ©ricaine : les Γtats-Unis dΓ©couvrent l'Afrique, 1945β1966
1103:
896:
58:
6875:
Heuer, Jennifer (3 March 2014). Andress, David (ed.). "Did Everything Change? Rethinking Revolutionary Legacies".
4513:"Interest. Judgments. Claim for Interest against Judgment Debtor Who Had Been Enjoined from Satisfying Judgment".
1106:
of 1814β16. These invasions, though not decisive, disrupted trade in such products as feathers, ivory, rubber and
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9119:
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8663:
8481:
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Wallis, Joe; Dollery, Brian (1999), "New Institutional Economics, New Public Management and Government Failure",
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4469:"Wilkie, Alexander Mair, (24 May 1917β13 Aug. 1966), British Resident Commissioner, New Hebrides, since 1962",
3489:"Thorburn, James Jamieson, (1864β14 Sept. 1929), Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Gold Coast Colony, 1910β12",
1654:
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10418:
10169:
9610:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
9507:
9439:
8279:
8110:
5261:
In The Land of the Chiefs : Customary Law, Land Conflicts, and the Role of the State in Peri-Urban Ghana
1801:
1552:. Such men gave the nationalist movement a distinctly elitist flavour that was to last until the late 1940s.
235:
72:
1276:. Later attempts to negotiate a settlement with the British were rejected by the commander of their forces,
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9798:
9155:
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3383:
Bernstein, Rachel (6 July 2015). "HIV researcher found guilty of research misconduct sentenced to prison".
1631:
1592:
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24 July 1874, comprised the coastal areas and extended inland as far as the ill-defined borders of Asante.
1277:
1194:
1111:
984:
5589:
KILLINGRAY, D. (1 October 1998). "Beloved Imperialist: Sir Gordon Guggisberg governor of the Gold Coast".
3129:"Islamic Triumphalism in a Christian Colony: Temne Agency in the Spread and Sierra Leonization of Islam",
2217:
From Capture to Sale: The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish South America in the Early Seventeenth Century
1692:
of Ghana Politics. Later, after the other members of the UGCC were invited to make recommendations to the
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10537:
8860:
8825:
8658:
8531:
2662:
Milburn, Josephine (1970). "The 1938 Gold Coast Cocoa Crisis: British Business and the Colonial Office".
1456:
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889:
28:
6047:"Figure 2.5. The Japanese wage system has gradually shifted from its traditional seniority pay system".
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disruption of trade, and Britain's increasing preoccupation with the suppression and elimination of the
27:
This article is about the British colony in West Africa. For other places with the name Gold Coast, see
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Killingray, David (1987), "Military and Labour Policies in the Gold Coast During the First World War",
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The core of the Asante federation accepted these terms grudgingly. In 1900, the Asante rebelled in the
940:
593:
2183:
Klein, Herbert S. (2010), "Major slaving ports of the Gold Coast and the Bights of Benin and Biafra",
2109:
Corliss, Timothy (26 September 2015), "New World Trading of Old World Markets: European Derivatives",
10900:; Ascension Island (1922β) and Tristan da Cunha (1938β) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
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3513:
History of the Relations of the Government with the Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier of Bengal
3475:
3293:
2731:
2354:
Feinberg, H. M. (1970). "An Incident in Elmina-Dutch Relations, The Gold Coast (Ghana), 1739β1740".
1018:
were fought between the Ashanti (Asante) and the British, who were sometimes allied with the Fante.
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9046:
9041:
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8845:
8755:
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1529:
1253:
1193:
When the British government allowed control of the Gold Coast settlements to revert to the British
1027:
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1959:
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3658:
Bernstein, Rachel (9 January 2015). "NIH takes another step in recognizing same-sex marriage".
1116:
1066:
944:
64:
7550:
James, Simon (1995), "Relations between Prime Minister and Cabinet: From Wilson to Thatcher",
6126:
McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "The growth of nationalism and the end of colonial rule".
4491:"Asante, Kwaku Baprui, (born 26 March 1924), High Commissioner for Ghana in London, 1991β93",
3946:
3615:
Kaberry, Phyllis (1952). "Western Africa: Part II. The Peoples of Sierra Leone Protectorate".
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The History of Education in Ghana: From the Earliest Times to the Declaration of Independence
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Tews, Michael J.; Frager, Kelly; Citarella, Ashley I.; Orndorff, Robert M. (1 August 2018).
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5182:
4268:
EnrΓquez-de-Salamanca, Γlvaro (2020). "Evolution of coastal erosion in Palmarin (Senegal)".
3982:
Armitage, Cecil Hamilton; Montanaro, Arthur Forbes (2011), "The Quest of the Golden Stool",
1967:
983:
The Royal Trading Company was established by the British Crown in 1752 and succeeded by the
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Grass, Tim (3 October 2013), "How Fundamentalist were British Brethren during the 1920s?",
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traders arrived as well. The European traders built several forts along the coastline. The
415:
7888:
5647:"Medical schools conflict of interest policies improve; additional improvements suggested"
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8:
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McLaughlin, James L., and David Owusu-Ansah. "Historical Setting" (and sub-chapters). In
7145:
Rubenfeld, Jed (10 April 2001), "Constitutional Self-Government on the Model of Speech",
6168:
Mercer, David (1987). "Patterns of protest: native land rights and claims in Australia".
5658:
5602:
4500:
4316:
3808:
YARAK, LARRY W. (19 July 1990), "Asante, the Dutch, and Elmina: An Overview, 1701β1872",
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1930:
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1218:
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1000:
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730:
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Waters, R. S. (1933). "Possible Results had Modern Air Reconnaissance Existed in 1914".
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Bell, J. Bowyer; Arens, Moshe (28 July 2017), "The Jews Attack, March 1948 β May 1948",
4958:
4215:
McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "The Colonial Era: British Rule of the Gold Coast".
3226:
2146:"Uncomplicated Γstivo-Autumnal Fever in Europeans in the Gold Coast Colony, West Africa"
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Afghan National Liberation Front (Afghanistan : Political party)./Liberation Front
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The coastal people, primarily some of the Fante and the inhabitants of the new town of
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Iyer, Lakshmi (20 August 2015), "The Long-Run Consequences of Colonial Institutions",
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2419:
Giles, Jim (2007). "Before settlers arrived, California's wildfires were much worse".
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Missionary Practices on the Gold Coast, 1832β1895: Discourse, Gaze and Gender in the
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7339:"More than half of all jobs created since 1995 were non-standard jobs". 21 May 2015.
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6289:"Labour Representation Committee members of the British parliament elected in 1906".
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5463:
Trees of Texas; An illustrated manual of the native and introduced trees of the state
5420:
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Service learning in the community : the cultural implications of positive change
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2003:
1971:
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was conducted under United Nations (UN) auspices to decide the future disposition of
1708:
small-scale trade, served as effective channels of communication at the local level.
1701:
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7344:
6532:
6452:, Phaenomenologica, vol. 18, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 74β115,
5869:
5377:
Evangelicalism and Fundamentalism in the United Kingdom during the Twentieth Century
2456:
The Medieval Gentry : Power, Leadership and Choice during the Wars of the Roses
1570:
The new Gold Coast constitution of 1946 (also known as the Burns constitution after
1340:
10904:
10837:
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8231:
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8178:
8138:
8049:
books on Gold Coast free copies (many of the books are about places outside Africa)
7924:
7807:
7768:
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5519:
5514:"4. "Something from Nothing": Generating Wealth in the Racialized Mining Economy",
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1995:
1963:
1936:
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828:
804:
667:
653:
590:
519:
496:
473:
204:
200:
9149:
8092:
6865:
McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "The Politics of the Independence Movements".
6318:
2079:
10857:
10634:
10563:
10354:
10293:
10132:
9816:
9718:
9421:
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8943:
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3005:
2973:
2607:
2463:
2331:
2257:
Trading Places Trading Places: The Netherlandish Merchants in Early Modern Venice
2192:
1932:
Forest officers' handbook of the Gold Coast, Ashanti and the Northern Territories
1758:
1650:
1482:
1257:
872:
400:
212:
196:
180:
175:
8053:
7559:
7414:
Omer, Haim; London-Sapir, Shoshannah (2003), "Nonviolent Resistance in Action",
6457:
5983:
5934:"The Impact of the East Africa Campaign, 1914β1918 On South Africa and Beyond".
5416:
3161:
Starbuck, David R. (10 April 2018), "British Forts in Northern New York State",
3063:
Nassaney, Michael S. (27 August 2019), "Fort St. Joseph Revealed Then and Now",
2929:
P. Hagan, George (1980). "The Rule of Law in Asante, A Traditional Akan State".
2639:
2598:
Armitage, Cecil Hamilton; Montanaro, Arthur Forbes (2011), "Shut up in Kumasi",
10742:
10730:
10575:
10191:
10120:
10109:
9898:
9860:
9766:
9730:
9724:
9690:
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9108:
9031:
9026:
8993:
8906:
8678:
8561:
8516:
8435:
8269:
8133:
7909:
6630:
6300:
6235:
Korang, Kwaku Larbi (27 April 2010), "British West African National Congress",
5904:
5037:
4445:
4281:
3853:
2118:
1678:
1217:
was purchased by Britain in 1873. Also known as St. George Castle, it is now a
1202:
1136:
1098:
of the coastal regions took place in 1807; the Asante moved south again in the
1011:
928:
921:
814:
810:
780:
774:
770:
639:
292:
216:
208:
7733:
7724:"Coattails Upside Down: How Assembly Elections Shape Presidential Elections",
7701:
7635:
6666:
6559:
6145:
5523:
4890:
4854:
4238:
4049:
Ampene, Kwasi (14 June 2020), "Asante court music in historical perspective",
3138:
2296:
2036:
1773:
On 6 March 1957, the Colony of Gold Coast gained independence as the state of
1264:
In 1872, British influence over the Gold Coast increased further when Britain
1073:
constituted the Gold Coast Crown Colony as part of the new dominion of Ghana.
10998:
10980:
10967:
10783:
10603:
9784:
9668:
9099:
8820:
8815:
8387:
8344:
8314:
7982:
7964:
7851:
7780:
7536:
7317:
6990:
6981:
6965:"What is Etiquette Today? Interviewing Etiquette for Today's College Student"
6964:
6917:
6777:
6674:
6567:
6508:
6189:
5912:
5877:
5791:
5610:
5470:
5352:
5329:
5148:
4939:
4898:
4711:
4534:
4289:
4246:
4035:
3861:
3675:
3636:
3435:
3400:
3253:
3245:
3115:
2964:
Austin, Gareth (2012), "Asante, 1807β1956: The State, Output and Resources",
2950:
2844:
2798:
2705:"Figure 2.20 Transport infrastructure spending has been below OECD average".
2683:
2584:
2440:
2375:
2169:
2087:
2044:
1903:
1627:
1621:, Governor of the Gold Coast, greets Chiefs of the Northern Territories, 1953
1596:
1486:
1474:
1214:
868:
605:
188:
7811:
7455:
7388:
7004:
Robinson, Lisa Clayton (7 April 2005), "Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)",
6816:
6096:
5814:
5710:
5411:, Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, pp. 1β7,
5104:
4670:
4058:
3785:
3730:
3316:
2495:
1999:
1940:
10813:
10521:
10082:
10076:
10057:
9822:
9557:
9464:
9403:
9397:
8551:
8183:
8148:
8143:
7942:
A Political History of Ghana: The Rise of Gold Coast Nationalism, 1850β1928
7937:
7668:
7528:
7492:
7273:
7085:
6940:
6752:"This writer became a nurse for All the wrong reasons Learn why she stayed"
6524:
6033:
5654:
4351:"2013 Annual Report - Nothing Can Justify Torture Under Any Circumstance".
4148:
3202:
2942:
2322:
Horton, James Africanus Beale (2011), "Self-Government of the Gold Coast",
1642:
1604:
1545:
1490:
1431:
In the year 1948 native Ghanaians decided to fight for their independence.
1416:
1171:
1148:
1132:
1128:
1099:
1047:
1035:
963:, the first European settlement on the Gold Coast. From here they acquired
924:
800:
760:
367:
227:
192:
149:
7379:
Johnson, Nevil (2004), "A Parliamentary Government: the Executive Power",
7250:
7218:
7122:
6785:
6719:
5724:"Figure 9. Private consumption has led growth, which has been uncertain".
5268:
4849:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 13β26, 31 December 1960,
4702:
1473:
watches fourth-year boys operating lathes at the Trade Training Centre in
10930:
10426:
10327:
10138:
9742:
9642:
9357:
9351:
8576:
8566:
8430:
8354:
8294:
8284:
8193:
8115:
6482:"Did the Akan resort to abortion in pre-colonial Ghana? Some Conjectures"
6413:
6408:"Figure 6.8. Immigrant-owned firms were more likely to be job creators".
6052:
5729:
5703:
An Effect that Taping has on %MVIC According to Bodyweight Half Squat Set
5551:
5140:
4561:
4311:"California Conquered: The Annexation of a Mexican Province, 1846β1850".
3548:
3543:"Other dimensions of well-being: performance indicators: United States".
2710:
1697:
1646:
1374:
1026:. The Third Ashanti War (1893β94) occurred because the new Ashanti ruler
996:
932:
750:
337:
184:
7325:
1591:
Although political organisations had existed in the British colony, the
1438:
10203:
10184:
9927:
9706:
9325:
9242:
8511:
8425:
8392:
8216:
7870:
Gold Coast: A survey of the Gold Coast and British Togoland, 1919β1946.
7788:
6516:
6448:
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6203:
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5451:
McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Economic and Social Development".
4542:
3644:
3272:
2806:
1762:
1674:
1179:
British and local forces, including the Fante and the people of Accra.
1051:
824:
754:
307:
277:
159:
6589:"Medals of Honor Presented to Black Veterans of World War II (1997)",
5478:
5276:
5063:
Thompson, Lanny (31 July 2010), "Legal Foundations of Colonial Rule",
4685:
3227:"Childhood Wiped Out: Larkin, His Father, and the Bombing of Coventry"
2852:
2691:
2383:
2291:, University of California Press, pp. 310β340, 31 December 1974,
1332:
1209:
10849:
9702:
9451:
9235:
8018:
7309:
4139:"The Hausa Force and the Religious Marketplace in the Fante States",
1600:
1163:
352:
262:
7772:
7446:
Biney, Ama (2011), "From Activist to Leader of the CPP, 1945β1951",
6500:
4526:
3628:
2996:"British traders and the restructuring of the palm products trade",
2790:
2145:
1493:, colonial and post-independence era. The results indicate that for
10777:
10692:
9971:
9923:
9672:
9599:
9585:
9581:
9551:
9339:
7409:
7407:
6087:
Morris, Marcus (14 February 2019), "Between workers and soldiers",
6015:
4653:
Boca Rococo : how Addison Mizner invented Florida's gold coast
2836:
2675:
2488:
The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti
2367:
2113:, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 242β262,
1107:
600:
322:
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7177:
Wegmann, Andrew N. (1 August 2017), "He Be God Who Made Dis Man",
5227:
Baldwin, Kate (2016), "Cross-National Data Set of Chiefs' Power",
3000:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 128β150, 11 December 1997,
10686:
10019:
9979:
9572:
9329:
9288:
8446:
7963:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
7887:
7478:
7476:
7474:
4400:
4391:
3909:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 124β138, 12 January 2004,
3133:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 127β165, 9 November 2017,
1638:
968:
964:
834:
7404:
6809:
Market Failure, Government Failure, Leadership and Public Policy
3414:
Grenfell-Williams, Dorothy (1962). "Maclean of the Gold Coast".
10696:
10071:
9836:
9614:
9216:
4835:
McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Colonial Administration".
3905:"Asante and Kumasi: A Muslim Minority in a "Sea of Paganism"",
1284:
1225:
1843, the same year crown government was reinstated. Commander
1175:
1023:
972:
960:
858:
7471:
7179:
New Directions in the Study of African American Recolonization
6714:, Syracuse University Press, pp. 69β84, 1 December 1979,
5000:, Woodbridge, UK: Boydell and Brewer Limited, pp. 70β95,
2968:, Woodbridge, UK: Boydell and Brewer Limited, pp. 34β71,
1749:
Prior to the July 1956 general elections in the Gold Coast, a
508:β’ New constitution establishing the Legislative Assembly
10197:
9919:
9391:
8477:
7487:, Sub-Saharan Publishers, pp. 92β102, 15 November 2007,
5893:
Christian Education Journal: Research on Educational Ministry
2486:
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1494:
1159:
1043:
936:
876:
790:
719:
231:
164:
7268:, Sub-Saharan Publishers, pp. 74β90, 15 November 2007,
7117:, Sub-Saharan Publishers, pp. 52β72, 15 November 2007,
9748:
8054:
Collection of photographs of life in the Gold Coast (Ghana)
6962:
5231:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 189β196,
4134:
4132:
4130:
3515:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 395β398,
2326:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 104β123,
2139:
2137:
1990:"57. How It Came About That Children Were First Whipped",
7914:
Black Star: a view of the life and times of Kwame Nkrumah
7418:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 75β92,
7108:
7106:
7104:
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5518:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 31 January 2015,
4845:"Chapter I. Internal Organization of Local Authorities",
2602:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 34β44,
1669:. He was one of the few Africans who participated in the
1586:
7841:
6897:
5837:
Baten, JΓΆrg. "POPULATION AND LIVING STANDARDS 1914β45".
4127:
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2187:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. xiii,
1256:
in 1896, the British proclaimed a protectorate over the
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5030:
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1653:. He received further training in the United States at
1201:
In 1830, a London committee of merchants chose Captain
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2324:
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2317:
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9935:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the
8003:
Structural Changes in the Economy of Ghana, 1891-1911
7692:"19. Indonesia's demand for immediate independence",
7660:
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6935:, University of Calgary Press, pp. 23β36, 1995,
4438:
New British Cinema from Submarine to 12 Years a Slave
4267:
3031:
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1439:
Economic and social development in the British colony
8093:
Forts of the former European colonial powers on the
7209:"From Talking Chiefs to a Native Coperative Γlite",
5058:
5056:
4991:
4989:
3780:, Indiana University Press, pp. 163β180, 2017,
3311:, Indiana University Press, pp. 199β217, 2017,
2818:
2816:
2219:, Brill Academic Publishers, pp. 72β100, 2007,
11020:
Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa
7450:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 29β45,
7036:Schwarz, Bill (4 December 2003), "George Padmore",
5978:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 152β170,
2312:
1385:states in local administration was also clarified.
1155:, the last of which was the administrative centre.
11045:1821 establishments in Gold Coast (British colony)
7554:, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 63β86,
7383:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 79β101,
6450:The Formation of Husserl's Concept of Constitution
5584:
5582:
5407:Reid, Carlton (2015), "When Two Tribes Were One",
5168:
5166:
4650:
4143:, Indiana University Press, pp. 31β59, 2017,
7898:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 203β207.
7448:The Political and Social Thought of Kwame Nkrumah
7040:, Manchester University Press, pp. 132β149,
6811:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 61β92,
5067:, University of Hawai'i Press, pp. 183β226,
5053:
4986:
4556:"Imbalances had been growing before the crisis".
3981:
3413:
3067:, University Press of Florida, pp. 223β246,
2870:, Manchester University Press, pp. 146β165,
2813:
2749:, Manchester University Press, pp. 110β144,
2597:
1864:
1862:
1661:. Later, in London, Nkrumah became active in the
1069:protectorate were annexed to the Gold Coast. The
10996:
7413:
3941:. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press.
3583:"British Informal Influence in Ottoman Cyprus",
1898:, Routledge, pp. 54β59, 13 September 2013,
1896:The Gold Coast Nation and National Consciousness
1823:
7630:, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 78β117,
7211:From Talking Chiefs to a Native Corporate Elite
7080:, Ohio University Press, pp. 27β36, 2012,
6621:"Of the Many Who Returned and Yet Were Dead'",
6140:, Duke University Press, pp. 21β37, 2014,
5839:The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe
5579:
5163:
3197:, Yale University Press, pp. 28β64, 2017,
7754:
7752:
6593:, Oxford University Press, 30 September 2009,
4014:"Sanitary Progress in the Gold Coast Colony".
1859:
1336:Map from 1896 of the British Gold Coast Colony
11040:States and territories disestablished in 1957
10462:
9135:
8462:
8078:
6806:
5379:, Oxford University Press, pp. 115β131,
5177:, Oxford University Press, pp. 296β309,
2776:
897:
10897:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
10880:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
10758:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
7586:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
6692:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
6546:"Members Elected by the Executive Council".
6390:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
6336:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
5628:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
5496:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
5209:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
4847:Financial Administration in Local Government
4803:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
4781:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
4759:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
4737:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
4633:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
4495:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
4473:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
3964:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
3887:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
3812:, Oxford University Press, pp. 93β132,
3693:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
3493:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
3365:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
3343:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
3026:
3024:
2548:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2401:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
2259:, Brill Academic Publishers, pp. 1β20,
1924:
1922:
935:from 1821 until its independence in 1957 as
7749:
7613:10.2458/azu_acku_serial_jq1769_a8_a76_v6_n7
5705:(Thesis). Korean Society for Neurotherapy.
4051:Asante Court Music and Verbal Arts in Ghana
3266:
2998:Commerce and Economic Change in West Africa
2918:Britain and the Gold Coast: the Early Years
2868:The suppression of the Atlantic slave trade
2634:, Basel: BirkhΓ€user Basel, pp. 12β50,
2525:
11035:States and territories established in 1821
10469:
10455:
9142:
9128:
8469:
8455:
8085:
8071:
7625:
7552:Prime Minister, Cabinet and Core Executive
6655:Royal United Services Institution. Journal
6447:
5973:
5940:10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004188471_011
5588:
1364:
1295:and exiled the incumbent from the colony.
904:
890:
134:
7806:, Routledge, p. 7, 3 February 2017,
7667:
7607:. University of Arizona Libraries. 1990.
7149:, Yale University Press, pp. 45β73,
7144:
7046:10.7228/manchester/9780719064746.003.0007
6980:
6969:Journal of Advances in Education Research
6767:
6136:"Colonialism and the Educated Africans",
5385:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199664832.003.0007
5342:
5263:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
4701:
4683:
4399:
3818:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221562.003.0003
3754:10.23943/princeton/9780691159737.003.0003
3713:Encyclopedia of the American Constitution
3657:
3510:
3382:
3041:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t004502
3021:
2876:10.7228/manchester/9780719085116.003.0007
2755:10.7228/manchester/9780719090240.003.0006
1919:
1894:"One-Man PolicyβA Curse to West Africa",
1645:area and educated in Catholic schools at
1555:The constitution of 1925, promulgated by
1396:British colonial officers in Kumasi, 1937
9941:Legitimacy of territorial establishment
7758:
7213:, MQUP, pp. 297β320, 21 June 1996,
7078:African Intellectuals and Decolonization
7003:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6008:Returning Home from Iraq and Afghanistan
5807:A New Economic History of Colonial India
5062:
4224:
3160:
3062:
2928:
2629:
2353:
2143:
1935:. London : Waterlow & sons limited.
1613:
1534:National Congress of British West Africa
1465:
1410:
1391:
1368:
1339:
1331:
1247:
1208:
1181:
557:207,199 km (80,000 sq mi)
8005:(London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965)
7987:. Youngstown, New York: Cambria Press.
7978:
7904:A History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti
7378:
7176:
7035:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6356:Moral Sentiments and Material Interests
6354:"Origins, Evidence, and Consequences",
6292:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6271:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6263:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5226:
3947:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01399
3776:"Ahmadiyya Arrival in the Gold Coast",
3743:
3614:
3102:
2865:
2661:
2255:Gelder, M. Van (2009), "Introduction",
2108:
1517:
485:β’ Combination with local kingdoms
14:
10997:
10926:Historical flags of the British Empire
10910:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985
7936:
7514:
7187:10.5744/florida/9780813054247.003.0004
6885:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.013.036
6652:
6234:
6202:
6167:
6086:
5890:
5175:The Oxford Handbook of Kenyan Politics
5172:
5094:
5073:10.21313/hawaii/9780824834012.003.0006
4919:
4876:
4048:
3936:
3840:"83 The Fathers who Came after Them".
3224:
3171:10.5744/florida/9780813056753.003.0002
3073:10.5744/florida/9780813056425.003.0010
2963:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2321:
2254:
2065:
1587:Politics of the independence movements
11015:Ghana and the Commonwealth of Nations
10801:
10713:
10450:
9959:
9631:
9306:
9199:
9123:
8450:
8066:
7549:
7445:
7014:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.42169
6874:
6599:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.33755
6479:
6277:"Early Manifestations of Nationalism"
6275:McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994),
6245:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.47789
6213:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.47795
5460:
5374:
5258:
5183:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198815693.013.20
5126:
4995:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
3807:
2916:McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994),
2485:
2418:
2182:
2021:
1968:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.41463
1928:
1525:Aborigines' Rights Protection Society
8557:Provisional National Defence Council
7885:
7728:, Cambridge University Press, 2017,
7657:
7592:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u244938
7295:
7155:10.12987/yale/9780300080483.003.0003
7038:West Indian Intellectuals in Britain
6832:
6749:
6698:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064
6396:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064
6342:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064
6260:
5804:
5700:
5634:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u212467
5603:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007978
5502:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064
5432:
5406:
5215:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064
4809:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u186402
4787:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u190678
4765:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u231810
4743:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u231810
4639:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u206187
4317:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim050080165
3970:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u191258
3710:
3699:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u169029
3499:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u218141
3428:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095044
3371:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u213981
3349:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u213981
3030:
2822:
2744:
2407:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064
1523:elite organised themselves into the
943:. These were the Gold Coast itself,
10737:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands
9580:. British Cameroons is now part of
7872:(Stanford University Press, 1949).
4959:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-20180016
4479:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u58616
3907:Muslim Societies in African History
3893:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u32068
3163:British Forts and Their Communities
2891:
1856:, 17 February 1951, p7, Issue 51928
1807:List of governors of the Gold Coast
24:
9596:unilaterally declared independence
9291:1708β1757, 1763β1782 and 1798β1802
8547:Armed Forces Revolutionary Council
8476:
7862:
7381:Reshaping the British Constitution
4814:
4501:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u5796
4357:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9935-2014001
4196:
25:
11061:
10803:Antarctica and the South Atlantic
10782:Occupied by Argentina during the
10714:
9960:
8042:
7842:Laronce, CΓ©cile. Auteur. (1997).
7485:Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy
7483:"Leader of Government Business",
7266:Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy
7115:Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy
6898:Johnson, Chalmers Ashby. (1982).
6712:Black Education in New York State
5836:
5308:"Central and local authorities".
3455:10.1163/2405-447x_loro_com_110031
3307:"Ahmadiyya Expansion to Asante",
2966:Labour, Land and Capital in Ghana
2536:10.5479/sil.204747.39088000128199
2265:10.1163/ej.9789004175433.i-246.10
2225:10.1163/ej.9789004156791.i-373.17
1415:Postage stamp with a portrait of
1063:Northern Territories protectorate
949:Northern Territories protectorate
10946:
10937:
10936:
10349:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
8031:Great Britain. Colonial Office.
7975:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2014)
7835:
7795:
7717:
7685:
7651:
7619:
7597:
7575:
7543:
7508:
7439:
7372:
7332:
7289:
7257:
7241:"The Man Who Had All the Luck".
7234:
7202:
7170:
7138:
7069:
7029:
6997:
6956:
6924:
6891:
6868:
6800:
6769:10.1097/00152193-199505000-00018
6743:
6703:
6681:
6646:
6614:
6582:
6539:
6473:
6441:
6401:
6379:
6347:
6325:
6282:
6228:
6196:
6161:
6129:
6120:
6080:
6040:
5999:
5967:
5927:
5884:
5849:
5830:
5798:
5774:10.1787/how_life-2013-graph10-en
5768:. How's Life?. 5 November 2013.
5757:
5717:
5694:
5639:
5617:
5539:
5507:
5485:
5454:
5400:
5368:
5336:
5301:
5252:
5220:
5198:
5120:
5088:
5028:"From Indirect to Direct Rule",
5021:
4392:"British Columbia, coastal area"
4173:British Overseas Territories Law
3668:10.1126/science.caredit.a1500011
3393:10.1126/science.caredit.a1500171
3193:"Antislavery on a Slave Coast",
2526:Brackenbury, Henry, Sir (1873).
1481:When measuring the influence of
953:British Togoland trust territory
738:
699:
674:
660:
646:
632:
100:
71:
57:
34:British colony from 1821 to 1957
11050:1957 disestablishments in Ghana
8033:Annual report on the Gold Coast
7886:Cana, Frank Richardson (1911).
7345:10.1787/9789264235120-graph7-en
7181:, University Press of Florida,
7006:African American Studies Center
6623:The Philosophy of War and Exile
6591:African American Studies Center
6237:African American Studies Center
6205:African American Studies Center
6089:Veterans of the First World War
5870:10.1016/j.accreview.2004.07.038
5809:, Routledge, pp. 117β139,
5764:"Long-term unemployment rate".
5465:. Austin: University of Texas.
5347:, Routledge, pp. 290β313,
4946:
4913:
4870:
4838:
4792:
4770:
4748:
4726:
4677:
4644:
4622:
4589:
4549:
4506:
4484:
4462:
4429:
4384:
4344:
4304:
4270:Journal of Coastal Conservation
4261:
4227:Journal of Coastal Conservation
4218:
4164:
4141:The Ahmadiyya in the Gold Coast
4118:
4109:
4100:
4091:
4082:
4042:
4007:
3975:
3953:
3930:
3898:
3876:
3833:
3801:
3778:The Ahmadiyya in the Gold Coast
3769:
3746:Restoring the Lost Constitution
3737:
3704:
3682:
3651:
3608:
3576:
3536:
3504:
3482:
3442:
3407:
3376:
3354:
3332:
3309:The Ahmadiyya in the Gold Coast
3300:
3260:
3218:
3186:
3165:, University Press of Florida,
3154:
3122:
3096:
3056:
2989:
2957:
2922:
2859:
2770:
2738:
2698:
2655:
2623:
2591:
2556:
2519:
2490:, Routledge, pp. 139β164,
2479:
2447:
2412:
2390:
2347:
2280:
2248:
2208:
2176:
2102:
1956:African American Studies Center
1768:
1081:
10845:Australian Antarctic Territory
9701:since 1965 (before as part of
9698:British Indian Ocean Territory
9584:, while Tanganyika is part of
9215:since 1960 (before as part of
7973:Historical dictionary of Ghana
6364:10.7551/mitpress/4771.003.0004
5976:Africa and the First World War
3842:International Migration Review
3810:Asante and the Dutch 1744β1873
3748:, Princeton University Press,
2779:The American Historical Review
2059:
2025:The Journal of African History
2015:
1983:
1947:
1887:
1846:
1765:in southern British Togoland.
1626:conducted was to change after
1508:
1315:
13:
1:
7243:Man Who Had All the Luck, the
6902:. Stanford University Press.
6170:Political Geography Quarterly
6091:, Routledge, pp. 48β64,
5546:"Revenue from export taxes".
5409:Roads Were Not Built for Cars
5322:10.1016/s0041-3879(35)80807-6
5099:, Routledge, pp. 23β32,
4998:Indirect Rule in South Africa
4053:, Routledge, pp. 34β63,
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3937:Nketia, J.H. Kwabena (2001).
3225:Piette, A. (20 August 2013).
2577:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)31670-1
2458:, Bloomsbury Academic, 2010,
2433:10.1016/s0262-4079(07)62754-7
2162:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)99958-1
2080:10.1080/0144039x.2015.1067975
1852:"The Gold Coast Experiment",
1839:
1802:Gold Coast Influenza Epidemic
236:Traditional African religions
9156:British Overseas Territories
7424:10.1017/cbo9780511550652.006
6625:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014,
6319:UK public library membership
6182:10.1016/0260-9827(87)90006-1
5237:10.1017/cbo9781316422335.011
5127:Osler, Mark William (2011).
5097:The Colonial Epoch in Africa
5032:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014,
5006:10.1017/upo9781580467421.006
4684:Valsecchi, Perluigi (2014).
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4598:What if I Had Been the Hero?
4181:10.5040/9781472565433.ch-006
3992:10.1017/cbo9781139058032.003
3984:The Ashanti Campaign of 1900
3915:10.1017/cbo9780511811746.010
3593:10.5040/9780755623624.ch-001
3521:10.1017/cbo9781139192149.026
3006:10.1017/cbo9780511582035.008
2974:10.1017/upo9781580466363.008
2608:10.1017/cbo9781139058032.006
2600:The Ashanti Campaign of 1900
2464:10.5040/9781472599179.ch-002
2332:10.1017/cbo9780511983146.010
2193:10.1017/cbo9780511779473.003
1870:"The British Empire in 1924"
1663:West African Students' Union
1593:United Gold Coast Convention
1576:rioting and looting in Accra
1195:African Company of Merchants
1170:, governor of the colony of
1112:African Company of Merchants
985:African Company of Merchants
472:β’ Incorporation of the
459:β’ Incorporation of the
7:
11005:Gold Coast (British colony)
10872:British Antarctic Territory
10582:Western Pacific Territories
10476:
8532:National Liberation Council
7985:in Pre-Colonial West Africa
7761:Population (French Edition)
7560:10.1007/978-1-349-24141-5_4
7008:, Oxford University Press,
6750:RENZ, MARION CASEY (1995).
6458:10.1007/978-94-017-3325-0_4
6239:, Oxford University Press,
6207:, Oxford University Press,
5984:10.1007/978-1-349-18827-7_8
5417:10.5822/978-1-61091-688-2_1
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3715:. Macmillan Reference USA.
3035:, Oxford University Press,
2640:10.1007/978-3-0348-6006-2_1
2144:Chalmers, AlbertJ. (1900).
1929:Chipp, Thomas Ford (1922).
1780:
1681:, and the African-American
1457:Frederick Gordon Guggisberg
1071:Ghana Independence Act 1957
531:β’ Independence as the
10:
11066:
10610:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
10027:British Arctic Territories
9307:
9200:
8527:First Republic (1960β1966)
8103:Brandenburg-Prussian forts
8012:(Allen & Unwin, 1966)
7944:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
6933:Doing Things the Right Way
6631:10.1057/9781137351227.0010
5905:10.1177/073989130300100102
5858:ACC Current Journal Review
5038:10.1057/9781137318275.0013
4596:"Unexplored Territories".
4446:10.5040/9780571343454.0007
4282:10.1007/s11852-020-00742-y
3854:10.1177/019791839402801s84
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2747:We are no longer in France
2664:African Historical Studies
2563:"The Ashanti Expedition".
2356:African Historical Studies
2119:10.1002/9781119205043.ch12
1812:Slave Coast of West Africa
1797:Gold Coast in World War II
1671:Fifth Pan-African Congress
1659:University of Pennsylvania
1503:Gold Coast in World War II
1231:governor of the Gold Coast
1076:
941:Governor of the Gold Coast
594:British West African pound
449:β’ Colony established
26:
10921:
10890:
10850:Commonwealth of Australia
10808:
10797:
10768:
10720:
10709:
10675:
10482:
10446:
10252:Newfoundland and Labrador
9966:
9955:
9933:League of Nations mandate
9914:
9638:
9627:
9608:Lancaster House Agreement
9578:League of Nations mandate
9567:
9313:
9302:
9206:
9195:
9162:
9079:
9002:
8897:
8888:
8806:
8797:
8704:
8700:
8691:
8629:
8620:
8590:
8497:
8488:
8401:
8368:
8255:
8202:
8124:
8101:
7959:Federal Research Division
7882:(London: Macmillan, 1998)
7868:Bourret, Florence Mabel.
7734:10.1017/9781108261128.012
7702:10.1515/9783110870640-020
7636:10.1515/9783110900255-004
7113:"Secretary of the Ugcc",
6710:"Public Responsibility",
6667:10.1080/03071843309433806
6560:10.1017/s0001972000008986
6146:10.1215/9780822376309-002
5524:10.3138/9781442619951-006
5259:Ubink, Janine M. (2008).
4891:10.1080/03003930008433996
4855:10.3138/9781487579906-003
4239:10.1007/s11852-008-0037-4
4175:, Hart Publishing, 2011,
3139:10.1017/9781108182010.006
3131:The Temne of Sierra Leone
2571:(3768): 1246β1247. 1895.
2530:. W. Blackwood and Sons.
2297:10.1525/9780520338456-011
2287:"10. Crown and Charter",
2037:10.1017/s0021853700010744
1632:Convention People's Party
715:
611:
599:
586:
582:
572:
568:
561:
553:
546:
542:
529:
516:
506:
493:
483:
470:
457:
447:
443:
435:
425:
421:
406:
391:
387:
377:
373:
358:
343:
328:
313:
298:
283:
268:
253:
249:
241:
223:
171:
155:
145:
133:
85:
53:
48:
41:
10380:Turks and Caicos Islands
9687:(protectorate) 1907β1949
9632:
9259:(integrated into the UK)
8709:Administrative divisions
8542:Ignatius Kutu Acheampong
6982:10.22606/jaer.2018.33005
5471:10.5962/bhl.title.120501
5461:Lewis, Isaac M. (1915).
5353:10.4324/9781315130767-10
4879:Local Government Studies
3116:10.5962/bhl.title.120056
3065:Fort St. Joseph Revealed
2454:"Who were the Gentry?",
2185:The Atlantic Slave Trade
1904:10.4324/9781315033044-11
1817:
1530:Joseph E. Casely-Hayford
1254:Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War
1104:AshantiβAkimβAkwapim War
839:Brandenburger Gold Coast
518:β’ Incorporation of
43:Colony of the Gold Coast
10663:1919β1942 and 1945β1968
10488:18th and 19th centuries
10304:Queen Charlotte Islands
10264:North-Western Territory
10236:1665β1674 and 1702β1776
9839:1781β1784 and 1795β1819
9504:1923β1965 and 1979β1980
9187:Commonwealth of Nations
7954:(La Verle Berry, ed.).
7929:Graham, Charles Kwesi.
7895:Encyclopædia Britannica
7812:10.4324/9781315295978-4
7456:10.1057/9780230118645_3
7389:10.1057/9780230503366_6
6877:Oxford Handbooks Online
6817:10.1057/9780230372962_4
6358:, The MIT Press, 2005,
6097:10.4324/9780429056949-4
5815:10.4324/9781315771083-8
5711:10.17817/2015.07.09.249
5133:SSRN Electronic Journal
5105:10.4324/9781351058551-3
4059:10.4324/9780429340628-2
3786:10.2307/j.ctt2005s3h.13
3317:10.2307/j.ctt2005s3h.15
3103:Sowerby, James (1804).
2496:10.4324/9781351030823-7
2068:Slavery & Abolition
2000:10.1353/chapter.1546551
1960:Oxford University Press
1941:10.5962/bhl.title.45233
1365:Colonial administration
1300:War of the Golden Stool
1188:First Anglo-Ashanti War
98:(1837β1901; 1952β1957)
93:(1821β1837; 1901β1952)
10413:West Indies Federation
9602:) and continued as an
9185:Current member of the
8383:SΓ£o SebastiΓ£o de Shema
7979:Quartey, Seth (2007).
7951:A Country Study: Ghana
7669:10.22459/ag.01.2015.17
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6138:Postcolonial Modernism
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3203:10.2307/j.ctt1vgwbg8.5
2943:10.3917/presa.113.0193
2726:Cite journal requires
1622:
1605:R. A. Awoonor-Williams
1603:(known as Paa Grant),
1478:
1420:
1397:
1377:
1345:
1337:
1287:, the Asante capital.
1261:
1221:
1190:
140:The Gold Coast in 1922
11030:20th century in Ghana
11025:19th century in Ghana
10335:Saint Kitts and Nevis
9606:state until the 1979
9212:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
8378:Santo AntΓ³nio de Axim
8014:online free to borrow
7925:online free to borrow
7694:Portrait of a Patriot
7416:Nonviolent Resistance
7251:10.5040/9781580814768
7219:10.2307/j.ctt806bn.22
7123:10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.9
6720:10.2307/j.ctv9b2x9d.8
5269:10.5117/9789087280413
4703:10.1353/ghs.2014.0010
3617:International Affairs
2215:"Time On The Coast",
1721:nonviolent resistance
1617:
1542:Africanus Horton, Jr.
1469:
1414:
1395:
1372:
1343:
1335:
1251:
1213:The Portuguese-built
1212:
1185:
1096:first Asante invasion
853:Portuguese Gold Coast
172:Common languages
10863:Realm of New Zealand
10861:(transferred to the
10848:(transferred to the
10681:Realm of New Zealand
10282:Prince Edward Island
10160:1671β1816, 1833β1960
8876:Water and sanitation
8393:SΓ£o Francisco Xavier
8174:William (lighthouse)
8028:New York, NY: Knopf.
7971:Owusu-Ansah, David.
7921:The History of Ghana
7529:10.1093/afraf/adr041
7264:"Birth of the CPP",
6900:Revolutionary change
6480:Bleek, Wolf (1990).
6414:10.1787/888934066425
6053:10.1787/888933890540
5730:10.1787/888933600790
5552:10.1787/888933907963
5516:Colonial Extractions
5141:10.2139/ssrn.1800370
5065:Imperial Archipelago
4562:10.1787/814130478455
4521:(4): 700β701. 1941.
4022:(4111): 1710. 1902.
3587:, I.B.Tauris, 2015,
3549:10.1787/888932778157
2825:The Phylon Quarterly
2711:10.1787/888933318975
1728:Charles Arden-Clarke
1667:Pan-African Congress
1637:Nkrumah was born at
1634:(CPP) in June 1949.
1619:Charles Arden-Clarke
1565:British Labour Party
1550:S. R. B. Attah-Ahoma
1518:Early manifestations
1229:was appointed first
1050:, timber, grain and
495:β’ Admission of
416:Charles Arden-Clarke
11010:British West Africa
10977: /
10894:Since 2009 part of
10786:of AprilβJune 1982.
10373:Trinidad and Tobago
9987:Antigua and Barbuda
9887:Straits Settlements
8954:Illegal immigration
8499:Historical timeline
8111:GroΓ Friedrichsburg
8035:(annual 1931β1953)
7956:Library of Congress
7076:"Nkrumah/Lumumba",
5661:on 14 December 2004
4655:. Clarkson Potter.
3585:Protectorate Cyprus
2156:(4027): 1262β1264.
1281:Sir Garnet Wolseley
1219:World Heritage Site
1162:, who were chiefly
1102:of 1811 and in the
1038:on 1 January 1902.
1005:Fante confederacies
843:Prussian Gold Coast
430:Legislative Council
10046:Cape Breton Island
9937:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
9779:Unfederated States
9594:Southern Rhodesia
9181:Commonwealth realm
8861:Telecommunications
8010:A History of Ghana
7919:Gocking, Roger S.
7889:"Gold Coast"
7880:A history of Ghana
7802:"Original Title",
5701:Soon, Lee (2015).
5345:Terror Out of Zion
5316:(1): 43β44. 1935.
4924:. Momentum Press.
4515:Harvard Law Review
3273:10.21236/ada426696
2931:PrΓ©sence Africaine
1874:The British Empire
1787:Anglo-Ashanti wars
1726:The governor, Sir
1655:Lincoln University
1623:
1479:
1421:
1417:Queen Elizabeth II
1398:
1378:
1346:
1338:
1309:Kingdom of Ashanti
1262:
1227:Henry Worsley Hill
1222:
1191:
1016:Anglo-Ashanti Wars
863:Swedish Gold Coast
819:British Gold Coast
96:God Save the Queen
10981:5.5500Β°N 0.2167Β°W
10960:
10959:
10917:
10916:
10793:
10792:
10725:Providence Island
10705:
10704:
10670:
10669:
10538:Western Australia
10506:Van Diemen's Land
10442:
10441:
10419:Associated States
10117:Columbia District
9951:
9950:
9805:Manila and Cavite
9623:
9622:
9502:Southern Rhodesia
9496:South-West Africa
9446:Northern Rhodesia
9358:Cape of Good Hope
9298:
9297:
9175:Current territory
9117:
9116:
9075:
9074:
9012:Cultural heritage
8949:Human trafficking
8929:Domestic violence
8884:
8883:
8793:
8792:
8789:
8788:
8766:Political parties
8729:Foreign relations
8687:
8686:
8616:
8615:
8444:
8443:
8388:SΓ£o Jorge da Mina
8001:Szereszewski, R.
7994:978-1-62499-043-4
7961:(November 1994).
7933:(Routledge, 2013)
7821:978-1-315-29597-8
7743:978-1-108-26112-8
7711:978-3-11-087064-0
7679:978-1-925022-09-4
7645:978-3-11-090025-5
7628:Party Governments
7569:978-0-333-55528-6
7502:978-9988-647-81-0
7465:978-1-349-29513-5
7433:978-0-511-55065-2
7398:978-0-333-94620-6
7283:978-9988-647-81-0
7228:978-0-7735-6580-7
7196:978-0-8130-5424-7
7164:978-0-300-08048-3
7132:978-9988-647-81-0
7095:978-0-89680-486-9
7055:978-0-7190-6474-6
7023:978-0-19-530173-1
6950:978-1-55238-328-5
6826:978-1-349-40797-2
6729:978-1-68445-015-2
6640:978-1-137-35122-7
6608:978-0-19-530173-1
6467:978-90-481-8316-6
6373:978-0-262-27386-2
6317:(Subscription or
6310:978-0-19-861412-8
6254:978-0-19-530173-1
6222:978-0-19-530173-1
6155:978-0-8223-5732-2
6106:978-0-429-05694-9
6025:978-0-309-26427-3
5993:978-1-349-18829-1
5824:978-1-315-77108-3
5533:978-1-4426-1995-1
5426:978-1-59726-315-3
5394:978-0-19-966483-2
5362:978-1-315-13076-7
5286:978-90-8728-041-3
5246:978-1-316-42233-5
5192:978-0-19-881569-3
5114:978-1-351-05855-1
5082:978-0-8248-3401-2
5047:978-1-137-31827-5
5015:978-1-58046-742-1
4931:978-1-60650-794-0
4864:978-1-4875-7990-6
4190:978-1-84946-019-4
4158:978-0-253-02951-5
4068:978-0-429-34062-8
4001:978-1-139-05803-2
3924:978-0-521-82627-3
3827:978-0-19-822156-2
3795:978-0-253-02951-5
3763:978-0-691-15973-7
3602:978-1-78076-114-5
3530:978-1-139-19214-9
3326:978-0-253-02951-5
3212:978-0-300-23152-6
3195:Freedom's Debtors
3180:978-0-8130-5675-3
3148:978-1-108-18201-0
3082:978-0-8130-5642-5
3050:978-1-884446-05-4
3033:Oxford Art Online
3015:978-0-521-59074-7
2983:978-1-58046-636-3
2885:978-0-7190-8511-6
2764:978-0-7190-9024-0
2649:978-3-0348-6007-9
2617:978-1-139-05803-2
2528:Fanti and Ashanti
2505:978-1-351-03082-3
2473:978-1-4411-9064-2
2341:978-0-511-98314-6
2306:978-0-520-33845-6
2289:Crown and Charter
2274:978-90-04-17543-3
2234:978-90-04-15679-1
2202:978-0-511-77947-3
2128:978-1-119-20504-3
2009:978-1-4008-7294-7
1992:African Folktales
1977:978-0-19-530173-1
1913:978-1-315-03304-4
1702:Komla A. Gbedemah
1694:Coussey Committee
1557:Gordon Guggisberg
1540:leaders included
1168:Charles MacCarthy
1153:Cape Coast Castle
989:Danish Gold Coast
914:
913:
795:Danish Gold Coast
785:Kingdom of Dagbon
765:Mankessim Kingdom
725:
724:
711:
710:
707:
706:
695:Dominion of Ghana
687:
686:
682:Danish Gold Coast
533:Dominion of Ghana
461:Danish Gold Coast
411:
408:β’ 1949β1957
396:
393:β’ 1821β1822
363:
360:β’ 1952β1957
348:
345:β’ 1936β1952
333:
330:β’ 1936-1936
318:
315:β’ 1910β1936
303:
300:β’ 1901β1910
288:
285:β’ 1837β1901
273:
270:β’ 1830β1837
258:
255:β’ 1821β1830
126:
91:God Save the King
18:Gold Coast colony
16:(Redirected from
11057:
10992:
10991:
10989:
10988:
10987:
10982:
10978:
10975:
10974:
10973:
10970:
10950:
10940:
10939:
10905:Antarctic Treaty
10866:
10853:
10838:Falkland Islands
10830:Tristan da Cunha
10822:Ascension Island
10799:
10798:
10750:Falkland Islands
10711:
10710:
10679:Now part of the
10551:Pitcairn Islands
10516:Auckland Islands
10485:
10484:
10471:
10464:
10457:
10448:
10447:
10433:Windward Islands
10387:Vancouver Island
10164:MassachusettsBay
10033:British Columbia
9957:
9956:
9773:Federated States
9629:
9628:
9539:Tristan da Cunha
9508:Southern Nigeria
9440:Northern Nigeria
9319:Ascension Island
9304:
9303:
9260:
9197:
9196:
9171:Former territory
9168:
9144:
9137:
9130:
9121:
9120:
9102:
9095:
9088:
8895:
8894:
8804:
8803:
8702:
8701:
8698:
8697:
8627:
8626:
8495:
8494:
8471:
8464:
8457:
8448:
8447:
8370:Portuguese forts
8087:
8080:
8073:
8064:
8063:
7998:
7945:
7902:Claridge, W. W.
7899:
7891:
7856:
7855:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7799:
7793:
7792:
7756:
7747:
7746:
7726:Votes from Seats
7721:
7715:
7714:
7689:
7683:
7682:
7671:
7655:
7649:
7648:
7623:
7617:
7616:
7601:
7595:
7594:
7579:
7573:
7572:
7547:
7541:
7540:
7523:(441): 629β647.
7512:
7506:
7505:
7480:
7469:
7468:
7443:
7437:
7436:
7411:
7402:
7401:
7376:
7370:
7369:
7363:
7358:
7356:
7348:
7336:
7330:
7329:
7310:10.2307/40087909
7293:
7287:
7286:
7261:
7255:
7254:
7238:
7232:
7231:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7174:
7168:
7167:
7147:Freedom and Time
7142:
7136:
7135:
7110:
7099:
7098:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6984:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6895:
6889:
6888:
6872:
6866:
6863:
6830:
6829:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6771:
6747:
6741:
6740:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6685:
6679:
6678:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6554:(4): 543. 1936.
6543:
6537:
6536:
6486:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6445:
6439:
6438:
6432:
6427:
6425:
6417:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6314:
6286:
6280:
6273:
6258:
6257:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6133:
6127:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6071:
6066:
6064:
6056:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5958:
5953:
5951:
5943:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5766:How's Life? 2013
5761:
5755:
5754:
5748:
5743:
5741:
5733:
5721:
5715:
5714:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5685:
5680:
5678:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5657:. Archived from
5643:
5637:
5636:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5586:
5577:
5576:
5570:
5565:
5563:
5555:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5458:
5452:
5449:
5430:
5429:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5170:
5161:
5160:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5060:
5051:
5050:
5025:
5019:
5018:
4993:
4984:
4983:
4977:
4972:
4970:
4962:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4812:
4811:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4705:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4580:
4575:
4573:
4565:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4420:
4415:
4413:
4405:
4403:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4375:
4370:
4368:
4360:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4335:
4330:
4328:
4320:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4194:
4193:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4136:
4125:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3552:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3458:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3422:(245): 348β350.
3411:
3405:
3404:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3276:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3240:(238): 230β247.
3231:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3028:
3019:
3018:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2889:
2888:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2714:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2632:Der Fall Ashanti
2627:
2621:
2620:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2539:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1962:, 7 April 2005,
1951:
1945:
1944:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1866:
1857:
1850:
1834:
1827:
1792:Gold Coast ackey
1755:British Togoland
1683:W. E. B. Du Bois
1609:Eric Ato Nkrumah
1402:Frederick Lugard
1270:Dutch Gold Coast
1145:Fort Metal Cross
1141:Fort Tantumquery
1059:British Togoland
1032:Ashanti Uprising
993:Dutch Gold Coast
991:in 1850 and the
906:
899:
892:
829:British Togoland
805:Dutch Gold Coast
743:
742:
727:
726:
703:
702:
691:
690:
678:
677:
668:Dutch Gold Coast
664:
663:
654:British Togoland
650:
649:
636:
635:
629:
628:
613:
612:
591:Gold Coast ackey
525:11 December 1956
520:British Togoland
502:27 December 1916
497:British Togoland
474:Dutch Gold Coast
409:
394:
361:
346:
331:
316:
301:
286:
271:
256:
138:
128:
127:
75:
61:
39:
38:
21:
11065:
11064:
11060:
11059:
11058:
11056:
11055:
11054:
10995:
10994:
10986:5.5500; -0.2167
10985:
10983:
10979:
10976:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10964:
10963:
10961:
10956:
10913:
10886:
10860:
10858:Ross Dependency
10847:
10804:
10789:
10764:
10716:
10701:
10671:
10666:
10622:
10617:Solomon Islands
10564:North Australia
10544:South Australia
10500:New South Wales
10478:
10475:
10438:
10158:Leeward Islands
9962:
9947:
9910:
9817:Muscat and Oman
9634:
9619:
9563:
9309:
9294:
9258:
9202:
9191:
9166:
9158:
9148:
9118:
9113:
9105:
9098:
9091:
9084:
9071:
9047:Public holidays
9042:National pledge
9037:National anthem
8998:
8984:Street children
8880:
8816:Cedi (currency)
8785:
8756:Law enforcement
8683:
8669:Protected areas
8612:
8586:
8582:Nana Akufo-Addo
8484:
8475:
8445:
8440:
8397:
8364:
8251:
8198:
8120:
8097:
8091:
8058:George Cansdale
8045:
8008:Ward, W. E. F.
7995:
7910:Davidson, Basil
7865:
7863:Further reading
7860:
7859:
7840:
7836:
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7757:
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7517:African Affairs
7513:
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7263:
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7245:. 1 June 2007.
7240:
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6545:
6544:
6540:
6501:10.2307/1160430
6484:
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5889:
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5864:(7): 50. 2004.
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5591:African Affairs
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4776:
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4771:
4754:
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4678:
4663:
4649:
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4628:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4578:
4576:
4567:
4566:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4527:10.2307/1333971
4512:
4511:
4507:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4436:"Amma Asante".
4435:
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4407:
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4390:
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3416:African Affairs
3412:
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3333:
3327:
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2984:
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2923:
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2892:
2886:
2864:
2860:
2821:
2814:
2791:10.2307/1843737
2775:
2771:
2765:
2743:
2739:
2727:
2725:
2716:
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2704:
2703:
2699:
2660:
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2562:
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2557:
2541:
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2506:
2484:
2480:
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2453:
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2413:
2396:
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2352:
2348:
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2320:
2313:
2307:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2253:
2249:
2235:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2181:
2177:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2107:
2103:
2064:
2060:
2020:
2016:
2010:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1783:
1771:
1759:French Togoland
1651:Achimota School
1589:
1532:, convened the
1520:
1511:
1483:living standard
1441:
1367:
1318:
1258:Ashanti Kingdom
1084:
1079:
910:
737:
700:
675:
661:
647:
633:
575:
535:
522:
509:
499:
486:
476:
463:
450:
412:
401:John Hope Smith
397:
364:
349:
334:
319:
304:
289:
274:
259:
179:
163:
141:
129:
101:
94:
81:
80:
79:
76:
68:
67:
62:
44:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11063:
11053:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
10958:
10957:
10955:
10954:
10944:
10934:
10928:
10922:
10919:
10918:
10915:
10914:
10912:
10911:
10908:
10901:
10891:
10888:
10887:
10885:
10884:
10876:
10868:
10855:
10842:
10834:
10826:
10818:
10809:
10806:
10805:
10795:
10794:
10791:
10790:
10788:
10787:
10780:
10769:
10766:
10765:
10763:
10762:
10754:
10746:
10740:
10734:
10731:Willoughbyland
10728:
10721:
10718:
10717:
10707:
10706:
10703:
10702:
10700:
10699:
10689:
10683:
10676:
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10668:
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10652:
10645:
10638:
10632:
10625:
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10613:
10607:
10601:
10591:
10585:
10579:
10573:
10567:
10561:
10555:
10547:
10541:
10531:
10525:
10519:
10513:
10503:
10496:
10493:
10492:
10489:
10483:
10480:
10479:
10474:
10473:
10466:
10459:
10451:
10444:
10443:
10440:
10439:
10437:
10436:
10430:
10424:
10423:
10422:
10410:
10404:
10398:
10394:Virgin Islands
10390:
10384:
10376:
10370:
10364:
10361:South Carolina
10358:
10352:
10345:
10338:
10331:
10325:
10319:
10313:
10307:
10297:
10291:
10285:
10279:
10273:
10267:
10261:
10258:North Carolina
10255:
10249:
10243:
10237:
10231:
10225:
10219:
10213:
10207:
10201:
10195:
10192:Mosquito Coast
10189:
10181:
10175:
10174:
10173:
10161:
10155:
10148:
10142:
10136:
10130:
10124:
10121:Oregon Country
10114:
10110:Cayman Islands
10106:
10100:
10099:
10098:
10092:
10086:
10080:
10068:
10061:
10055:
10049:
10043:
10042:
10041:
10030:
10024:
10016:
10009:
10003:
9997:
9990:
9983:
9976:
9967:
9964:
9963:
9953:
9952:
9949:
9948:
9946:
9945:
9939:
9930:
9915:
9912:
9911:
9909:
9908:
9902:
9899:Trucial States
9896:
9890:
9884:
9878:
9872:
9871:
9870:
9858:
9852:
9846:
9840:
9834:
9833:
9832:
9820:
9814:
9808:
9802:
9796:
9795:
9794:
9788:
9782:
9776:
9764:
9758:
9752:
9746:
9740:
9734:
9728:
9722:
9716:
9710:
9694:
9688:
9682:
9676:
9666:
9660:
9659:
9658:
9646:
9639:
9636:
9635:
9625:
9624:
9621:
9620:
9618:
9617:
9611:
9592:Self-governing
9589:
9575:
9568:
9565:
9564:
9562:
9561:
9555:
9549:
9543:
9535:
9529:
9523:
9517:
9511:
9505:
9499:
9493:
9487:
9481:
9475:
9469:
9461:
9455:
9449:
9443:
9437:
9431:
9425:
9419:
9413:
9407:
9401:
9395:
9385:
9379:
9373:
9367:
9364:Central Africa
9361:
9355:
9349:
9343:
9333:
9323:
9314:
9311:
9310:
9300:
9299:
9296:
9295:
9293:
9292:
9286:
9285:
9284:
9278:
9269:
9268:
9267:
9252:
9249:Ionian Islands
9246:
9240:
9232:
9226:
9220:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9193:
9192:
9190:
9189:
9183:
9177:
9172:
9169:
9163:
9160:
9159:
9152:British Empire
9147:
9146:
9139:
9132:
9124:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9111:
9104:
9103:
9096:
9089:
9081:
9080:
9077:
9076:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9057:Social conduct
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9008:
9006:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8924:Discrimination
8921:
8916:
8915:
8914:
8904:
8898:
8892:
8886:
8885:
8882:
8881:
8879:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8856:Stock Exchange
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8807:
8801:
8795:
8794:
8791:
8790:
8787:
8786:
8784:
8783:
8781:Prime Minister
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8747:
8746:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8705:
8695:
8689:
8688:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8664:National parks
8661:
8656:
8651:
8648:Climate change
8641:
8636:
8630:
8624:
8618:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8594:
8592:
8588:
8587:
8585:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8562:Jerry Rawlings
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8517:Ashanti Empire
8514:
8509:
8503:
8501:
8492:
8486:
8485:
8474:
8473:
8466:
8459:
8451:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8426:Christiansborg
8423:
8418:
8413:
8407:
8405:
8399:
8398:
8396:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8374:
8372:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8265:Elize Carthago
8261:
8259:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8217:Christiansborg
8214:
8208:
8206:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8130:
8128:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8118:
8113:
8107:
8105:
8099:
8098:
8090:
8089:
8082:
8075:
8067:
8061:
8060:
8051:
8044:
8043:External links
8041:
8040:
8039:
8029:
8016:
8006:
7999:
7993:
7976:
7969:
7946:
7934:
7927:
7917:
7907:
7900:
7883:
7876:
7864:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7834:
7820:
7794:
7748:
7742:
7716:
7710:
7684:
7678:
7650:
7644:
7618:
7596:
7574:
7568:
7542:
7507:
7501:
7470:
7464:
7438:
7432:
7403:
7397:
7371:
7362:|journal=
7331:
7288:
7282:
7256:
7233:
7227:
7201:
7195:
7169:
7163:
7137:
7131:
7100:
7094:
7068:
7054:
7028:
7022:
6996:
6955:
6949:
6923:
6908:
6890:
6867:
6831:
6825:
6799:
6742:
6728:
6702:
6680:
6661:(509): 44β59.
6645:
6639:
6613:
6607:
6581:
6538:
6495:(1): 121β131.
6472:
6466:
6440:
6431:|journal=
6400:
6378:
6372:
6346:
6324:
6309:
6281:
6259:
6253:
6227:
6221:
6195:
6176:(2): 171β194.
6160:
6154:
6128:
6119:
6105:
6079:
6070:|journal=
6039:
6024:
6016:10.17226/13499
5998:
5992:
5966:
5957:|journal=
5926:
5883:
5848:
5829:
5823:
5797:
5782:
5756:
5747:|journal=
5716:
5693:
5684:|journal=
5638:
5616:
5578:
5569:|journal=
5538:
5532:
5506:
5484:
5453:
5431:
5425:
5399:
5393:
5367:
5361:
5335:
5300:
5285:
5251:
5245:
5219:
5197:
5191:
5162:
5119:
5113:
5087:
5081:
5052:
5046:
5020:
5014:
4985:
4976:|journal=
4945:
4930:
4912:
4869:
4863:
4837:
4813:
4791:
4769:
4747:
4725:
4696:(1): 223β246.
4676:
4661:
4643:
4621:
4614:
4588:
4579:|journal=
4548:
4505:
4483:
4461:
4454:
4428:
4419:|journal=
4383:
4374:|journal=
4343:
4334:|journal=
4303:
4260:
4233:(3): 125β134.
4217:
4195:
4189:
4163:
4157:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4081:
4067:
4041:
4006:
4000:
3974:
3952:
3939:"Asante music"
3929:
3923:
3897:
3875:
3832:
3826:
3800:
3794:
3768:
3762:
3736:
3721:
3703:
3681:
3650:
3607:
3601:
3575:
3566:|journal=
3535:
3529:
3503:
3481:
3472:|journal=
3441:
3406:
3375:
3353:
3331:
3325:
3299:
3290:|journal=
3259:
3217:
3211:
3185:
3179:
3153:
3147:
3121:
3095:
3081:
3055:
3049:
3020:
3014:
2988:
2982:
2956:
2921:
2890:
2884:
2858:
2837:10.2307/273187
2831:(2): 155β161.
2812:
2769:
2763:
2737:
2728:|journal=
2697:
2676:10.2307/216480
2654:
2648:
2622:
2616:
2590:
2555:
2518:
2504:
2478:
2472:
2446:
2411:
2389:
2368:10.2307/216221
2362:(2): 359β372.
2346:
2340:
2311:
2305:
2279:
2273:
2247:
2233:
2207:
2201:
2175:
2133:
2127:
2111:Master Traders
2101:
2074:(3): 445β459.
2058:
2031:(2): 330β331.
2014:
2008:
1982:
1976:
1954:"Gold Coast",
1946:
1918:
1912:
1886:
1858:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1770:
1767:
1679:George Padmore
1588:
1585:
1572:Sir Alan Burns
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1487:anthropometric
1440:
1437:
1366:
1363:
1317:
1314:
1252:Following the
1203:George Maclean
1137:Fort Apollonia
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1012:Ashanti people
929:Gulf of Guinea
912:
911:
909:
908:
901:
894:
886:
883:
882:
881:
880:
869:Gold Coastians
866:
856:
846:
832:
822:
808:
798:
788:
778:
775:Ashanti Empire
768:
758:
745:
744:
734:
733:
723:
722:
717:
713:
712:
709:
708:
705:
704:
697:
688:
685:
684:
679:
671:
670:
665:
657:
656:
651:
643:
642:
640:Ashanti Empire
637:
625:
624:
619:
609:
608:
603:
597:
596:
588:
584:
583:
580:
579:
576:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
559:
558:
555:
551:
550:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
530:
527:
526:
523:
517:
514:
513:
510:
507:
504:
503:
500:
494:
491:
490:
487:
484:
481:
480:
477:
471:
468:
467:
464:
458:
455:
454:
451:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
422:
419:
418:
413:
407:
404:
403:
398:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
381:
375:
374:
371:
370:
365:
359:
356:
355:
350:
344:
341:
340:
335:
329:
326:
325:
320:
314:
311:
310:
305:
299:
296:
295:
290:
284:
281:
280:
275:
269:
266:
265:
260:
254:
251:
250:
247:
246:
243:
239:
238:
225:
221:
220:
173:
169:
168:
157:
153:
152:
150:British colony
147:
143:
142:
139:
131:
130:
99:
83:
82:
77:
70:
69:
63:
56:
55:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
42:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11062:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11002:
11000:
10993:
10990:
10953:
10949:
10945:
10943:
10935:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10923:
10920:
10909:
10906:
10902:
10899:
10898:
10893:
10892:
10889:
10882:
10881:
10877:
10874:
10873:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10843:
10840:
10839:
10835:
10832:
10831:
10827:
10824:
10823:
10819:
10816:
10815:
10811:
10810:
10807:
10800:
10796:
10785:
10784:Falklands War
10781:
10779:
10775:
10771:
10770:
10767:
10760:
10759:
10755:
10752:
10751:
10747:
10744:
10741:
10738:
10735:
10732:
10729:
10726:
10723:
10722:
10719:
10715:South America
10712:
10708:
10698:
10694:
10690:
10688:
10684:
10682:
10678:
10677:
10674:
10662:
10659:
10656:
10653:
10650:
10646:
10643:
10639:
10636:
10633:
10630:
10627:
10626:
10624:
10618:
10614:
10611:
10608:
10605:
10604:Union Islands
10602:
10599:
10595:
10592:
10589:
10586:
10583:
10580:
10577:
10574:
10571:
10568:
10565:
10562:
10559:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10548:
10545:
10542:
10539:
10535:
10532:
10529:
10526:
10523:
10520:
10517:
10514:
10511:
10507:
10504:
10501:
10498:
10497:
10495:
10494:
10490:
10487:
10486:
10481:
10472:
10467:
10465:
10460:
10458:
10453:
10452:
10449:
10445:
10434:
10431:
10428:
10425:
10420:
10417:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10408:
10405:
10402:
10399:
10396:
10395:
10391:
10388:
10385:
10382:
10381:
10377:
10374:
10371:
10368:
10365:
10362:
10359:
10356:
10353:
10350:
10346:
10343:
10339:
10336:
10332:
10329:
10326:
10323:
10320:
10317:
10316:Rupert's Land
10314:
10311:
10308:
10305:
10301:
10298:
10295:
10292:
10289:
10286:
10283:
10280:
10277:
10276:Paulet affair
10274:
10271:
10268:
10265:
10262:
10259:
10256:
10253:
10250:
10247:
10244:
10241:
10238:
10235:
10232:
10229:
10226:
10223:
10222:New Hampshire
10220:
10217:
10214:
10211:
10210:New Brunswick
10208:
10205:
10202:
10199:
10196:
10193:
10190:
10187:
10186:
10182:
10179:
10176:
10171:
10168:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10159:
10156:
10153:
10149:
10146:
10143:
10140:
10137:
10134:
10131:
10128:
10125:
10122:
10118:
10115:
10112:
10111:
10107:
10104:
10101:
10096:
10093:
10090:
10087:
10084:
10081:
10078:
10075:
10074:
10073:
10069:
10066:
10062:
10059:
10056:
10053:
10050:
10047:
10044:
10040:
10037:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10028:
10025:
10022:
10021:
10017:
10014:
10010:
10007:
10004:
10001:
9998:
9995:
9991:
9988:
9984:
9981:
9977:
9974:
9973:
9969:
9968:
9965:
9961:North America
9958:
9954:
9944:
9940:
9938:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9916:
9913:
9906:
9903:
9900:
9897:
9894:
9891:
9888:
9885:
9882:
9881:South Vietnam
9879:
9876:
9873:
9868:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9856:
9853:
9850:
9847:
9844:
9841:
9838:
9835:
9830:
9827:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9818:
9815:
9812:
9809:
9806:
9803:
9800:
9797:
9792:
9789:
9786:
9783:
9780:
9777:
9774:
9771:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9762:
9759:
9756:
9753:
9750:
9747:
9744:
9741:
9738:
9735:
9732:
9729:
9726:
9723:
9720:
9717:
9714:
9711:
9708:
9704:
9700:
9699:
9695:
9692:
9689:
9686:
9683:
9680:
9677:
9674:
9670:
9667:
9664:
9661:
9656:
9653:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9644:
9641:
9640:
9637:
9630:
9626:
9616:
9612:
9609:
9605:
9601:
9597:
9593:
9590:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9570:
9569:
9566:
9559:
9556:
9553:
9550:
9547:
9544:
9541:
9540:
9536:
9533:
9530:
9527:
9524:
9521:
9518:
9515:
9512:
9509:
9506:
9503:
9500:
9497:
9494:
9491:
9488:
9485:
9482:
9479:
9476:
9473:
9470:
9467:
9466:
9462:
9459:
9456:
9453:
9450:
9447:
9444:
9441:
9438:
9435:
9432:
9429:
9426:
9423:
9420:
9417:
9414:
9411:
9408:
9405:
9402:
9399:
9396:
9393:
9389:
9386:
9383:
9380:
9377:
9374:
9371:
9368:
9365:
9362:
9359:
9356:
9353:
9350:
9347:
9344:
9341:
9337:
9334:
9331:
9327:
9324:
9321:
9320:
9316:
9315:
9312:
9305:
9301:
9290:
9287:
9282:
9279:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9270:
9265:
9262:
9261:
9256:
9253:
9250:
9247:
9244:
9241:
9238:
9237:
9233:
9230:
9227:
9224:
9221:
9218:
9214:
9213:
9209:
9208:
9205:
9198:
9194:
9188:
9184:
9182:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9170:
9165:
9164:
9161:
9157:
9153:
9145:
9140:
9138:
9133:
9131:
9126:
9125:
9122:
9110:
9107:
9106:
9101:
9097:
9094:
9090:
9087:
9083:
9082:
9078:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9009:
9007:
9005:
9001:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8939:Ethnic groups
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8913:
8910:
8909:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8899:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8887:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8841:Manufacturing
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8796:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8745:
8742:
8741:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8706:
8703:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8690:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8649:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8631:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8619:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8595:
8593:
8589:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8507:Early history
8505:
8504:
8502:
8500:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8472:
8467:
8465:
8460:
8458:
8453:
8452:
8449:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8404:
8403:Swedish forts
8400:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8375:
8373:
8371:
8367:
8361:
8360:Singelenburgh
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8320:Coenraadsburg
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8305:San Sebastian
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8275:Saint Anthony
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8258:
8254:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8212:Frederiksborg
8210:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8201:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8127:
8126:British forts
8123:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8108:
8106:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8088:
8083:
8081:
8076:
8074:
8069:
8068:
8065:
8059:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8038:
8034:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7990:
7986:
7984:
7983:Basel Mission
7977:
7974:
7970:
7968:
7966:
7965:public domain
7960:
7957:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7938:Kimble, David
7935:
7932:
7928:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7915:
7911:
7908:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7896:
7890:
7884:
7881:
7877:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7866:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7838:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7798:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7755:
7753:
7745:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7727:
7720:
7713:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7688:
7681:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7662:, ANU Press,
7661:
7654:
7647:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7622:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7600:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7578:
7571:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7546:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7511:
7504:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7479:
7477:
7475:
7467:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7442:
7435:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7410:
7408:
7400:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7375:
7367:
7354:
7346:
7342:
7335:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7260:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7205:
7198:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7173:
7166:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7141:
7134:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7097:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7072:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7032:
7025:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7000:
6992:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6959:
6952:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6927:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6909:0-8047-1144-5
6905:
6901:
6894:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6871:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6836:
6828:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6803:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6746:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6684:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6649:
6642:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6585:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6542:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6444:
6436:
6423:
6415:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6350:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6328:
6320:
6312:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6293:
6285:
6278:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6256:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6199:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6164:
6157:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6132:
6123:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6083:
6075:
6062:
6054:
6050:
6043:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5970:
5962:
5949:
5941:
5937:
5930:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5887:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5852:
5844:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5783:9789264200746
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5760:
5752:
5739:
5731:
5727:
5720:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5697:
5689:
5676:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5620:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5583:
5574:
5561:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5457:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5428:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5339:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5169:
5167:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5057:
5049:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4990:
4981:
4968:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4690:Ghana Studies
4687:
4680:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4662:0-609-60515-1
4658:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4617:
4615:9781838710224
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4592:
4584:
4571:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4457:
4455:9780571343454
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4424:
4411:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4379:
4366:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4339:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4192:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4121:
4112:
4103:
4094:
4085:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3722:0-02-864880-3
3718:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3477:
3464:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3099:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3025:
3017:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2817:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:New Scientist
2415:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1628:Kwame Nkrumah
1620:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:J. B. Danquah
1594:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1471:Lord Listowel
1468:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1278:Major General
1275:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1215:Elmina Castle
1211:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
981:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
923:
919:
907:
902:
900:
895:
893:
888:
887:
885:
884:
878:
874:
870:
867:
864:
860:
857:
854:
850:
847:
844:
840:
836:
833:
830:
826:
823:
820:
816:
812:
809:
806:
802:
799:
796:
792:
789:
786:
782:
779:
776:
772:
769:
766:
762:
759:
756:
752:
749:
748:
747:
746:
741:
736:
735:
732:
729:
728:
721:
718:
716:Today part of
714:
698:
696:
693:
692:
689:
683:
680:
673:
672:
669:
666:
659:
658:
655:
652:
645:
644:
641:
638:
631:
630:
627:
626:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
610:
607:
604:
602:
601:ISO 3166 code
598:
595:
592:
589:
585:
581:
577:
571:
567:
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:
545:
541:
537:
534:
528:
524:
521:
515:
511:
505:
501:
498:
492:
488:
482:
478:
475:
469:
465:
462:
456:
452:
446:
442:
438:
434:
431:
428:
424:
420:
417:
414:
405:
402:
399:
390:
386:
382:
380:
376:
372:
369:
366:
357:
354:
351:
342:
339:
336:
327:
324:
321:
312:
309:
306:
297:
294:
291:
282:
279:
276:
267:
264:
261:
252:
248:
244:
240:
237:
233:
229:
226:
222:
219:widely spoken
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
174:
170:
166:
161:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
137:
132:
97:
92:
88:
84:
74:
66:
60:
52:
47:
40:
37:
30:
19:
10962:
10895:
10878:
10870:
10836:
10828:
10820:
10814:Saint Helena
10812:
10756:
10748:
10598:Cook Islands
10549:
10522:New Hebrides
10491:20th century
10407:West Florida
10392:
10378:
10310:Rhode Island
10288:Pennsylvania
10246:Newfoundland
10183:
10108:
10058:East Florida
10029:16th c.β1880
10018:
9970:
9867:Crown Colony
9855:Pulo Condore
9829:Crown Colony
9823:North Borneo
9696:
9655:Protectorate
9604:unrecognised
9598:in 1965 (as
9537:
9490:South Africa
9478:Sierra Leone
9465:Saint Helena
9463:
9458:Orange River
9387:
9336:Bechuanaland
9317:
9275:Protectorate
9234:
9210:
9174:
9154:and Current
9100:Bibliography
8974:Prostitution
8919:Demographics
8821:Central Bank
8739:Human rights
8714:Constitution
8552:Hilla Limann
8521:
8204:Danish forts
8125:
8032:
8022:
8009:
8002:
7980:
7972:
7962:
7949:
7941:
7930:
7920:
7913:
7903:
7893:
7879:
7878:Buah, F. K.
7869:
7843:
7837:
7803:
7797:
7764:
7760:
7725:
7719:
7693:
7687:
7659:
7653:
7627:
7621:
7604:
7599:
7583:
7577:
7551:
7545:
7520:
7516:
7510:
7484:
7447:
7441:
7415:
7380:
7374:
7353:cite journal
7334:
7301:
7298:Books Abroad
7297:
7291:
7265:
7259:
7242:
7236:
7210:
7204:
7178:
7172:
7146:
7140:
7114:
7077:
7071:
7037:
7031:
7005:
6999:
6972:
6968:
6958:
6932:
6926:
6899:
6893:
6876:
6870:
6808:
6802:
6762:(5): 47β49.
6759:
6755:
6745:
6711:
6705:
6689:
6683:
6658:
6654:
6648:
6622:
6616:
6590:
6584:
6551:
6547:
6541:
6492:
6488:
6475:
6449:
6443:
6422:cite journal
6403:
6387:
6381:
6355:
6349:
6333:
6327:
6290:
6284:
6236:
6230:
6204:
6198:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6137:
6131:
6122:
6088:
6082:
6061:cite journal
6042:
6007:
6001:
5975:
5969:
5948:cite journal
5929:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5861:
5857:
5851:
5842:
5838:
5832:
5806:
5800:
5765:
5759:
5738:cite journal
5719:
5702:
5696:
5675:cite journal
5663:. Retrieved
5659:the original
5641:
5625:
5619:
5597:(389): 577.
5594:
5590:
5560:cite journal
5541:
5515:
5509:
5493:
5487:
5462:
5456:
5408:
5402:
5376:
5370:
5344:
5338:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5260:
5254:
5228:
5222:
5206:
5200:
5174:
5132:
5122:
5096:
5090:
5064:
5029:
5023:
4997:
4967:cite journal
4948:
4921:
4915:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4846:
4840:
4800:
4794:
4778:
4772:
4756:
4750:
4734:
4728:
4693:
4689:
4679:
4652:
4646:
4630:
4624:
4597:
4591:
4570:cite journal
4551:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4492:
4486:
4470:
4464:
4437:
4431:
4410:cite journal
4401:10.4095/8830
4386:
4365:cite journal
4346:
4325:cite journal
4306:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4172:
4166:
4140:
4120:
4111:
4102:
4093:
4084:
4050:
4044:
4019:
4015:
4009:
3983:
3977:
3961:
3955:
3932:
3906:
3900:
3884:
3878:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3809:
3803:
3777:
3771:
3745:
3739:
3712:
3706:
3690:
3684:
3659:
3653:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3584:
3578:
3557:cite journal
3538:
3512:
3506:
3490:
3484:
3463:cite journal
3444:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3384:
3378:
3362:
3356:
3340:
3334:
3308:
3302:
3281:cite journal
3262:
3237:
3233:
3220:
3194:
3188:
3162:
3156:
3130:
3124:
3105:
3098:
3064:
3058:
3032:
2997:
2991:
2965:
2959:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2917:
2867:
2861:
2828:
2824:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2746:
2740:
2719:cite journal
2700:
2670:(1): 57β74.
2667:
2663:
2657:
2631:
2625:
2599:
2593:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2527:
2521:
2487:
2481:
2455:
2449:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2398:
2392:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2323:
2288:
2282:
2256:
2250:
2216:
2210:
2184:
2178:
2153:
2149:
2110:
2104:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2028:
2024:
2017:
1991:
1985:
1955:
1949:
1931:
1895:
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1873:
1853:
1848:
1830:
1825:
1772:
1769:Independence
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1687:
1636:
1630:created his
1624:
1590:
1581:
1569:
1567:government.
1561:
1554:
1546:J. M. Sarbah
1538:
1521:
1512:
1499:
1491:pre-colonial
1480:
1461:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1406:
1399:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1263:
1243:
1239:
1235:Bond of 1844
1223:
1200:
1192:
1172:Sierra Leone
1157:
1149:Fort Komenda
1133:Fort Winneba
1129:Fort Sekondi
1121:Fort William
1100:Ga-Fante War
1093:
1085:
1082:British rule
1056:
1040:
1036:protectorate
1020:
1009:
995:, including
982:
957:
925:Crown colony
917:
915:
818:
622:Succeeded by
621:
616:
574:β’ 1924
538:6 March 1957
479:6 April 1872
368:Elizabeth II
228:Christianity
193:Ewe language
162:(1821β1877)
86:
36:
10984: /
10931:Anglosphere
10649:New Zealand
10558:New Zealand
10427:West Jersey
10342:Saint Lucia
10328:Saint Kitts
10322:Saint Croix
10302:1763β1791*
10270:Nova Scotia
10216:New England
10172:, 1691β1776
10139:East Jersey
10127:Connecticut
10006:Bay Islands
9893:Transjordan
9811:Mesopotamia
9649:Afghanistan
9643:Aden Colony
9428:Niger Coast
9394:) 1874β1957
9370:East Africa
9352:Cape Colony
9342:) 1884β1966
9332:) 1868β1966
9062:Video games
8964:Mob justice
8811:Agriculture
8577:John Mahama
8567:John Kufuor
8310:Vredenburgh
8257:Dutch forts
8237:Prinsensten
8227:Fredensborg
8222:Augustaborg
8179:Tantumquery
8139:Metal Cross
8037:online free
6690:Who Was Who
6388:Who Was Who
6334:Who Was Who
5899:(1): 7β11.
5626:Who Was Who
5494:Who Was Who
5207:Who Was Who
4885:(3): 1β10.
4801:Who Was Who
4779:Who Was Who
4757:Who Was Who
4735:Who Was Who
4631:Who Was Who
4471:Who Was Who
3962:Who Was Who
3885:Who Was Who
3691:Who Was Who
3491:Who Was Who
3363:Who Was Who
3341:Who Was Who
2427:(2628): 9.
2399:Who Was Who
1698:Kojo Botsio
1657:and at the
1647:Half Assini
1601:G. A. Grant
1509:Nationalism
1375:Akuapemhene
1316:Colonialism
1089:slave trade
997:Fort Elmina
933:West Africa
617:Preceded by
426:Legislature
338:Edward VIII
167:(1877β1957)
10999:Categories
10883:since 1908
10875:since 1908
10841:since 1833
10833:since 1816
10825:since 1815
10817:since 1658
10774:department
10761:since 1908
10753:since 1833
10554:since 1838
10534:Swan River
10528:Queensland
10415:1958β1962
10397:since 1666
10383:since 1799
10234:New Jersey
10204:New Albion
10188:since 1632
10185:Montserrat
10166:1629β1691
10113:since 1670
10035:1858β1866
10023:since 1619
9975:since 1650
9928:Bangladesh
9863:1841β1946
9825:1882β1963
9791:Federation
9769:1819β1826
9707:Seychelles
9651:1839β1842
9542:since 1816
9526:Tanganyika
9484:Somaliland
9472:Seychelles
9468:since 1658
9388:Gold Coast
9382:The Gambia
9326:Basutoland
9322:since 1815
9264:Free State
9257:1542β1800
9243:Heligoland
9239:since 1713
9067:Witchcraft
8912:Cybercrime
8771:Parliament
8734:Government
8572:John Mills
8537:Kofi Busia
8522:Gold Coast
8512:Bono state
8421:Batenstein
8355:Crèvecoeur
8350:Goede Hoop
8290:Batenstein
8232:Kongensten
8154:Cape Coast
8095:Gold Coast
8019:Gyasi, Yaa
7767:(2): 353.
7304:(4): 418.
6321:required.)
5479:2152/25198
5277:1887/21154
4016:The Lancet
3623:(1): 117.
2937:(1): 193.
2785:(2): 345.
2565:The Lancet
2150:The Lancet
1879:7 November
1840:References
1831:ex officio
1751:plebiscite
1675:Manchester
1293:asantehene
1125:Fort James
1028:Asantehene
977:Gold Coast
918:Gold Coast
849:Portuguese
755:Bono state
731:Gold Coast
563:Population
308:Edward VII
278:William IV
178:(official)
160:Cape Coast
29:Gold Coast
10972:0Β°13β²00β³W
10969:5Β°33β²00β³N
10867:1841β1947
10854:1841β1933
10745:1831β1966
10739:1670β1688
10733:1651β1667
10727:1631β1641
10657:1914β1962
10651:1907β1947
10644:1901β1942
10642:Australia
10637:1900β1974
10631:1900β1970
10619:1893β1978
10612:1892β1979
10606:1889β1948
10600:1888β1901
10594:Rarotonga
10590:1884β1902
10584:1877β1976
10578:1874β1970
10572:1851β1901
10566:1846β1847
10560:1841β1907
10546:1836β1901
10540:1829β1901
10530:1824β1901
10524:1824β1980
10518:1807β1863
10512:1803β1901
10502:1788β1901
10435:1833β1960
10429:1674β1702
10421:1967β1983
10409:1763β1783
10403:1607β1776
10389:1849β1866
10375:1889β1962
10369:1862β1863
10363:1712β1776
10357:1635β1644
10351:1627β1979
10344:1605β1979
10337:1882β1983
10330:1623β1983
10324:1625β1650
10318:1670β1870
10312:1636β1776
10306:1853β1863
10296:1620β1691
10290:1681β1776
10284:1763β1873
10272:1713β1867
10266:1859β1870
10260:1712β1776
10254:1583β1907
10248:1907β1949
10242:1664β1776
10230:1637β1662
10228:New Haven
10224:1680β1776
10218:1686β1689
10212:1784β1867
10200:1628β1983
10194:1655β1860
10180:1632β1776
10154:1655β1962
10147:1733β1776
10141:1674β1702
10135:1701β1776
10129:1636β1776
10123:1818β1846
10105:1663β1712
10097:1867β1931
10091:1841β1867
10085:1791β1841
10079:1791β1841
10067:1762β1974
10060:1763β1783
10054:1763β1978
10048:1754β1820
10039:1866β1871
10015:1871β1981
10008:1643β1860
10002:1624β1966
9996:1670β1973
9989:1860β1981
9982:1632β1860
9907:1898β1930
9901:1892β1971
9895:1921β1946
9889:1826β1946
9883:1945β1946
9877:1946β1963
9875:Singapore
9869:1946β1963
9857:1702β1705
9851:1786β1946
9845:1923β1948
9843:Palestine
9831:1946β1963
9819:1891β1971
9813:1920β1932
9807:1762β1764
9801:1796β1965
9793:1948β1957
9787:1946β1948
9781:1885β1946
9775:1895β1946
9763:1848β1946
9757:1918β1961
9751:1811β1816
9745:1858β1947
9739:1841β1997
9737:Hong Kong
9733:1878β1960
9727:1795β1948
9721:1888β1984
9715:1824β1948
9703:Mauritius
9693:1874β1963
9681:1757β1947
9675:1812β1824
9665:1685β1824
9663:Bencoolen
9657:1879β1919
9645:1839β1967
9560:1887β1897
9554:1890β1963
9548:1890β1962
9534:1900β1910
9532:Transvaal
9528:1922β1961
9522:1899β1956
9516:1893β1968
9514:Swaziland
9510:1900β1914
9498:1915β1931
9492:1910β1931
9486:1884β1960
9480:1792β1961
9474:1903β1976
9460:1900β1910
9454:1891β1964
9452:Nyasaland
9448:1924β1964
9442:1900β1914
9436:1914β1960
9430:1884β1900
9424:1856β1910
9418:1810β1968
9416:Mauritius
9412:1807β1808
9406:1862β1906
9400:1920β1963
9384:1816β1965
9378:1882β1922
9372:1895β1920
9366:1891β1907
9360:1806β1910
9354:1795β1803
9348:1919β1961
9346:Cameroons
9283:1813β1964
9277:1800β1813
9266:1921β1931
9251:1809β1864
9245:1807β1890
9236:Gibraltar
9231:1878β1960
9225:1794β1796
9179:*Current
9022:Festivals
8989:Squatting
8959:Languages
8934:Education
8871:Transport
8776:President
8751:Judiciary
8724:Elections
8659:Mountains
8622:Geography
8603:Political
8436:Apollonia
8411:Carlsborg
8340:Amsterdam
8280:Hollandia
8270:Ruychaver
8242:Carlsborg
8134:Apollonia
8056:taken by
8024:Homegoing
7852:490457889
7830:239521353
7781:0032-4663
7584:Who's Who
7537:0001-9909
7318:0006-7431
7064:242756948
6991:2519-7002
6918:251351828
6794:193110128
6778:0360-4039
6738:241586403
6675:0035-9289
6576:245910374
6568:0001-9720
6509:0001-9720
6190:0260-9827
6115:187898587
5921:158253861
5913:0739-8913
5878:1062-1458
5792:2308-9679
5665:4 January
5611:0001-9909
5330:0041-3879
5295:153527682
5157:155227204
5149:1556-5068
4940:911067682
4907:153482452
4899:0300-3930
4720:162392978
4712:2333-7168
4535:0017-811X
4493:Who's Who
4298:214784654
4290:1400-0350
4255:128678644
4247:1400-0350
4077:225687000
4036:0140-6736
3870:220340725
3862:0197-9183
3676:1095-9203
3637:1468-2346
3436:1468-2621
3401:1095-9203
3254:0013-8215
3091:213549340
2951:0032-7638
2845:0885-6826
2799:0002-8762
2684:0001-9992
2585:0140-6736
2544:cite book
2514:233065561
2441:0262-4079
2376:0001-9992
2243:128336362
2170:0140-6736
2096:143085310
2088:0144-039X
2053:155038059
2045:0021-8537
1854:The Times
1274:Pra River
1266:purchased
1117:factories
873:Ghanaians
578:2,080,208
353:George VI
347:(seventh)
263:George IV
224:Religion
49:1821β1957
10942:Category
10778:Colombia
10693:Kiribati
10570:Victoria
10510:Tasmania
10401:Virginia
10367:Stickeen
10355:Saybrook
10294:Plymouth
10240:New York
10178:Maryland
10170:Province
10133:Delaware
10103:Carolina
10095:Dominion
10089:Province
10052:Dominica
10000:Barbados
9972:Anguilla
9943:disputed
9924:Pakistan
9799:Maldives
9673:Billiton
9600:Rhodesia
9586:Tanzania
9582:Cameroon
9558:Zululand
9552:Zanzibar
9340:Botswana
9109:Category
8979:Religion
8969:Polygamy
8902:Abortion
8761:Military
8693:Politics
8679:Wildlife
8598:Economic
8591:By topic
8482:articles
8345:Patience
8285:Dorothea
8159:Victoria
8116:Dorothea
8021:(2016).
7940:(1963).
7923:(2005).
7326:40087909
6533:24702978
6525:12343106
6034:24901192
5649:. 2004.
5310:Tubercle
4671:45393879
4600:. 2012.
4440:. 2015.
4394:. 1968.
3731:43648650
1781:See also
1673:held at
1665:and the
1108:palm oil
1065:and the
969:Prussian
951:and the
781:Dagombas
771:Ashantis
587:Currency
379:Governor
323:George V
302:(fourth)
293:Victoria
272:(second)
242:Monarchs
10933:culture
10687:Vanuatu
10477:Oceania
10152:Jamaica
10145:Georgia
10065:Grenada
10020:Bermuda
9994:Bahamas
9980:Antigua
9861:Sarawak
9573:Namibia
9434:Nigeria
9410:Madeira
9330:Lesotho
9289:Minorca
9255:Ireland
9223:Corsica
9150:Former
9086:Outline
9017:Cuisine
9004:Culture
8890:Society
8866:Tourism
8831:Fishing
8799:Economy
8719:Cabinet
8654:Forests
8644:Climate
8634:Borders
8490:History
8416:William
8330:William
8247:William
8184:Winneba
8169:William
8149:Komenda
8144:Sekondi
7789:1527080
6786:7746538
6756:Nursing
6517:1160430
4543:1333971
3660:Science
3645:2605063
3385:Science
3234:English
2807:1843737
1690:Big Six
1649:and at
1641:in the
1639:Nkroful
1077:History
1067:Ashanti
1001:Ashanti
973:Swedish
945:Ashanti
927:on the
922:British
835:Germans
815:British
811:English
436:History
395:(first)
332:(sixth)
317:(fifth)
287:(third)
257:(first)
205:Dagaare
201:Dagbani
176:English
156:Capital
87:Anthem:
10952:Portal
10772:Now a
10743:Guiana
10697:Tuvalu
10300:Quebec
10072:Canada
10013:Belize
9905:Weihai
9849:Penang
9837:Padang
9767:Malaya
9761:Labuan
9755:Kuwait
9731:Cyprus
9725:Ceylon
9719:Brunei
9691:Borneo
9685:Bhutan
9679:Bengal
9615:Zambia
9546:Uganda
9308:Africa
9281:Colony
9271:Malta
9229:Cyprus
9217:Cyprus
9201:Europe
9167:Legend
9052:Sports
8944:Health
8846:Mining
8826:Energy
8674:Rivers
8639:Cities
8608:Postal
8480:
8431:Witsen
8325:Nassau
8315:Elmina
8300:Orange
8295:Witsen
8194:Vernon
7991:
7916:(1990)
7906:(1915)
7874:online
7850:
7828:
7818:
7787:
7779:
7740:
7708:
7676:
7642:
7566:
7535:
7499:
7462:
7430:
7395:
7324:
7316:
7280:
7225:
7193:
7161:
7129:
7092:
7062:
7052:
7020:
6989:
6947:
6916:
6906:
6823:
6792:
6784:
6776:
6736:
6726:
6673:
6637:
6605:
6574:
6566:
6548:Africa
6531:
6523:
6515:
6507:
6489:Africa
6464:
6370:
6315:
6307:
6251:
6219:
6188:
6152:
6113:
6103:
6032:
6022:
5990:
5919:
5911:
5876:
5821:
5790:
5780:
5609:
5530:
5423:
5391:
5359:
5328:
5293:
5283:
5243:
5189:
5155:
5147:
5111:
5079:
5044:
5012:
4938:
4928:
4905:
4897:
4861:
4718:
4710:
4669:
4659:
4612:
4541:
4533:
4452:
4296:
4288:
4253:
4245:
4187:
4155:
4075:
4065:
4034:
3998:
3921:
3868:
3860:
3824:
3792:
3760:
3729:
3719:
3674:
3643:
3635:
3599:
3527:
3434:
3399:
3323:
3252:
3209:
3177:
3145:
3089:
3079:
3047:
3012:
2980:
2949:
2882:
2853:273187
2851:
2843:
2805:
2797:
2761:
2692:216480
2690:
2682:
2646:
2614:
2583:
2512:
2502:
2470:
2439:
2384:216221
2382:
2374:
2338:
2303:
2271:
2241:
2231:
2199:
2168:
2125:
2094:
2086:
2051:
2043:
2006:
1974:
1910:
1548:; and
1475:Tamale
1419:, 1953
1285:Kumasi
1176:Kumasi
1151:, and
1061:, the
1048:pepper
1024:Kumasi
965:slaves
961:Elmina
947:, the
920:was a
859:Swedes
761:Fantes
439:
410:(last)
383:
362:(last)
245:
213:Kasena
197:Dangme
181:French
146:Status
89:
10695:and *
10661:Nauru
10655:Samoa
10629:Tonga
10588:Papua
10198:Nevis
10083:Upper
10077:Lower
9920:India
9785:Union
9743:India
9713:Burma
9669:Banka
9520:Sudan
9422:Natal
9404:Lagos
9398:Kenya
9392:Ghana
9376:Egypt
9093:Index
9032:Music
9027:Media
8994:Women
8907:Crime
8836:Labor
8478:Ghana
8189:James
8164:Royal
7826:S2CID
7785:JSTOR
7322:JSTOR
7060:S2CID
6975:(3).
6790:S2CID
6734:S2CID
6572:S2CID
6529:S2CID
6513:JSTOR
6485:(PDF)
6111:S2CID
5917:S2CID
5291:S2CID
5153:S2CID
4903:S2CID
4716:S2CID
4539:JSTOR
4294:S2CID
4276:(2).
4251:S2CID
4073:S2CID
3866:S2CID
3641:JSTOR
3230:(PDF)
3087:S2CID
2849:JSTOR
2803:JSTOR
2688:JSTOR
2510:S2CID
2380:JSTOR
2239:S2CID
2092:S2CID
2049:S2CID
1818:Notes
1775:Ghana
1643:Nzema
1495:Ghana
1160:Accra
1052:cocoa
1044:ivory
937:Ghana
877:Ghana
801:Dutch
791:Danes
751:Bonos
720:Ghana
548:Area
232:Islam
217:Nzema
209:Gonja
165:Accra
78:Badge
10691:Now
10685:Now
10635:Niue
10576:Fiji
10278:1843
10206:1579
9926:and
9918:Now
9749:Java
9705:and
9671:and
9633:Asia
9613:Now
9571:Now
8744:LGBT
8335:Egya
7989:ISBN
7848:OCLC
7816:ISBN
7777:ISSN
7738:ISBN
7706:ISBN
7674:ISBN
7640:ISBN
7564:ISBN
7533:ISSN
7497:ISBN
7460:ISBN
7428:ISBN
7393:ISBN
7366:help
7314:ISSN
7278:ISBN
7223:ISBN
7191:ISBN
7159:ISBN
7127:ISBN
7090:ISBN
7050:ISBN
7018:ISBN
6987:ISSN
6945:ISBN
6914:OCLC
6904:ISBN
6821:ISBN
6782:PMID
6774:ISSN
6724:ISBN
6671:ISSN
6635:ISBN
6603:ISBN
6564:ISSN
6521:PMID
6505:ISSN
6462:ISBN
6435:help
6368:ISBN
6305:ISBN
6249:ISBN
6217:ISBN
6186:ISSN
6150:ISBN
6101:ISBN
6074:help
6030:PMID
6020:ISBN
5988:ISBN
5961:help
5909:ISSN
5874:ISSN
5819:ISBN
5788:ISSN
5778:ISBN
5751:help
5688:help
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