Golden jackal - Knowledge

1749: 1679: 1514: 1562: 1335: 1628: 2141: 2608:

vicinity. Howling begins with 2–3 low-pitched calls that rise to high-pitched calls. The howl consists of a wail repeated 3–4 times on an ascending scale, followed by three short yelps. Jackals typically howl at dawn and in the evening, and sometimes at midday. Adults may howl to accompany the ringing of church bells, with their young responding to sirens or the whistles of steam engines and boats. Social canids such as golden jackals, wolves, and coyotes respond to human imitations of their howls. When there is a change in the weather, jackals will produce a long and continuous chorus. Dominant canids defend their territories against intruders with either a howl to warn them off, approach and confront them, or howl followed by an approach. Jackals, wolves and coyotes will always approach a source of howling. Golden jackals give a warning call that is very different from their normal howling when they detect the presence of large carnivores such as wolves and tigers.

1854:, the spring moult begins at the end of winter. If the winter has been warm, the spring moult starts in the middle of February; if the winter has been cold, it begins in the middle of March. The spring moult lasts for 60–65 days; if the animal is sick, it loses only half of its winter fur. The spring moult commences with the head and limbs, extends to the flanks, chest, belly and rump, and ends at the tail. Fur on the underparts is absent. The autumn moult occurs from mid-September with the growth of winter fur; the shedding of the summer fur occurs at the same time. The development of the autumn coat starts with the rump and tail and spreads to the back, flanks, belly, chest, limbs and head, with full winter fur being attained at the end of November. 286: 2653:, and will use abandoned gray wolf dens. Most breeding pairs are spaced well apart and maintain a core territory around their dens. Den excavations commence from late April to May in India, with dens located in scrub areas. Rivulets, gullies, and road and check-dam embankments are prime denning habitats. Drainage pipes and culverts have been used as dens. Dens are 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) long and 0.5–1 m (1.6–3.3 ft) deep, with between 1–3 openings. Young pups can be moved between 2–4 dens. The male helps with digging the den and raising the pups. In the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the burrow is located either in thick shrub, on the slopes of gullies, or on flat surfaces. In 2857:. The Council Directive provides both guidance and limits on what participating governments can do when responding to the arrival of expanding jackals. These legislative instruments aim to contribute to conserving native wildlife; some governments argue that the golden jackal is not native wildlife but an invading species. The Golden Jackal informal study Group in Europe (GOJAGE) is an organization that is formed by researchers from across Europe to collect and share information on the golden jackal in Europe. The group also has an interest in the golden jackal's relationship with its environment across Eurasia. Membership is open to anyone who has an interest in golden jackals. 2906: 1863: 1012: 968: 1032: 939: 910: 854: 825: 881: 787: 2703:

when they first show signs of play-fighting with their siblings; serious fighting occurs during 4–6 weeks of age. Compared to wolf and dog pups, golden jackal pups develop aggression at the age of 4–6 weeks, when play-fighting frequently escalates into uninhibited biting intended to harm. This aggression ceases by 10–12 weeks when a hierarchy has formed. Once the lactation period concludes, the female drives off the pups. Pups born late remain with their mother until early autumn, at which time they leave either singly or in groups of two to four individuals. Females reach sexual maturity after 10–11 months and males at 21–22 months.

1438: 3148: 3316:. By the 1980s, the ability of Russia's bomb and narcotic detection dogs were assessed as being inadequate. Klim Sulimov, a research scientist with the DS Likhachev Scientific Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Environmental Protection, began cross-breeding dogs with their wild relatives in an attempt to improve their scent-detection abilities. The researchers assumed that during domestication dogs had lost some of their scent-detection ability because they no longer had to detect prey. Sulimov crossed European jackals with Laikas, and also with 2158:

the perceived competitors. Dogs responded to these calls in the same way while barking aggressively. Unleashed dogs have been observed to immediately chase away jackals when the jackals were detected. In Europe, there are an estimated 12,000 wolves. The jackal's recent expansion throughout eastern and western Europe has been attributed to the extermination of the local wolf populations. The present diffusion of the jackal into the northern Adriatic hinterland is in areas where the wolf is absent or very rare. In the past, jackals competed with tigers and

2625: 1932: 46: 3269: 2579: 115: 2809: 1729: 2712: 3123:. In Greece, golden jackals are not as damaging to livestock as wolves and red foxes but they can become a serious nuisance to small stock when in great numbers. In southern Bulgaria, over 1,000 attacks on sheep and lambs were recorded between 1982 and 1987, along with some damage to newborn deer in game farms. The damage by jackals in Bulgaria was minimal when compared to the livestock losses due to wolves. Approximately 1.5–1.9% of calves born in the 90: 3204:, British diplomats and Iraqi riders conducted jackal coursing together. They distinguished three types of jackal: the "city scavenger", which was described as being slow and so smelly that dogs did not like to follow them; the "village jack", which was described as being faster, more alert, and less odorous; and the "open-country jack", which was described as being the fastest, cleanest, and providing the best sport of all three populations. 2669: 1899:; they can withstand temperatures as low as −25 °C (−13 °F) and sometimes −35 °C (−31 °F). They are not adapted to snow, and in snow country they must travel along paths made by larger animals or humans. In India, they will occupy the surrounding foothills above arable areas, entering human settlements at night to feed on garbage, and have established themselves around hill stations at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) 2548: 2196: 766: 1838:

black-backed jackal. The underparts are a light pale ginger to cream color. Individual specimens can be distinguished by their unique light markings on the throat and chest. The coats of jackals from high elevations tend to be more buff-colored than those of their lowland counterparts while those of jackals in rocky, mountainous areas may exhibit a grayer shade. The bushy tail has a tan to black tip.

2115:, the golden jackal's diet consists of mammals, fruits, vegetables, insects, birds and their eggs, grasses and leaves. Golden jackals change their diet to more readily available foods. In Serbia, their diet is primarily livestock carcasses that are increasingly prevalent due to a lack of removal, and this may have led to the expansion of their population. In Hungary, 55% of their diet is composed of 3237:, jackals are not actively hunted and are usually captured only incidentally during the hunting of other animals by means of traps or shooting during drives. In Transcaucasia, jackals are captured with large fishing hooks baited with meat and suspended 75–100 cm (30–39 in) from the ground with wire. The jackals can only reach the meat by jumping, and are then hooked by the lip or jaw. 2734:. When hunting alone, it trots around an area and occasionally stops to sniff and listen. Once prey is located, the jackal conceals itself, quickly approaches its prey and then pounces on it. Single jackals hunt rodents, hares, and birds. They hunt rodents in grass by locating them with their hearing before leaping into the air and pouncing on them. In India, they can dig 3341:

identify the many humans that they come into contact with in their domesticated environment. Another researcher crossed German Shepherds with wolves and claimed that this hybrid had superior scent-detection abilities. The scientific evidence to support the claims of hybrid researchers is minimal, and more research has been called for.

7635: 7131: 2642:

26–28 days. Females undergoing their first estrus are often pursued by several males that may quarrel among themselves. Mating results in a copulatory tie that lasts for several minutes, as it does with all other canids. Gestation lasts 63 days, and the timing of the births coincides with the annual abundance of food.

2570:

in search of either food or more suitable habitat. Non-breeding members of a pack may stay near a distant food source, such as a carcass, for up to several days before returning to their home range. Home range sizes can vary between 1–20 km (0.39–7.72 sq mi), depending on the available food.

2002:... Although the species of the wolf approaches very near to that of the dog, yet the jackal seems to be placed between them; to the savage fierceness of the wolf it adds the impudent familiarity of the dog ... It is more noisy in its pursuits even than the dog, and more voracious than the wolf. 4116:

Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J.; Godinho, R.; Robinson, J.; Lea, A.; Hendricks, S.; Schweizer, R. M.; Thalmann, O.; Silva, P.; Fan, Z.; Yurchenko, A. A.; Dobrynin, P.; Makunin, A.; Cahill, J. A.; Shapiro, B.; Álvares, F.; Brito, J. C.; Geffen, E.; Leonard, J. A.; Helgen, K. M.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien,

3340:

The hybrid program has been criticized, with one of Sulimov's colleagues pointing out that in other tests the Laika performed just as well as the jackal hybrids. The assumption that dogs have lost some of their scent-detection ability may be incorrect, in that dogs need to be able to scent-detect and

3254:

in northern Iran produces the softest furs. Jackal skins are not graded to a fur standard, and are made into collars, women's coats, and fur coats. During the 1880s, 200 jackals were captured annually in Mervsk and in the Zakatal area of the Transcaucasus, with 300 jackals being captured there during

3245:

In Russia and the other nations of the former Soviet Union, golden jackals are considered furbearers of low quality because of their sparse, coarse, and monotonously colored fur. Jackal hairs have very little fur fiber; therefore, their pelts have a flat appearance. The jackals of Asia and the Middle

2569:

through urination and defecation is common around golden jackal den areas and on the trails they most often use. Scent marking is thought to assist in territorial defense. The hunting ranges of several jackals can overlap. Jackals can travel up to 12–15 km (7.5–9.3 mi) during a single night

2157:

under study killed a golden jackal. In Europe, the range of wolves and jackals is mutually exclusive, with jackals abandoning their territory with the arrival of a wolf pack. One experiment used loudspeakers to broadcast the calls of jackals, and this attracted wolves at a trotting pace to chase away

3320:

to add trainability and loyalty to the mix. He used the jackal because he believed that it was the wild ancestor of the dog, that it had superior scent-detecting ability, and, because it was smaller with more endurance than the dog, it could be housed outdoors in the Russian climate. Sulimov favored

3050:

and the need for jackals to enter agricultural areas and villages in search for food, resulting in conflict with humans. People in this region habitually chase jackals from their villages, which leads to the jackals becoming aggressive. Female jackals with pups respond with an attack more often than

2607:

are being formed and breeding occurs, which suggests howling has a role in the delineation of territory and for defense. Adult jackals howl standing and the young or subordinate jackals howl sitting. Jackals are easily induced to howl and a single howl may solicit replies from several jackals in the

1878:

allows it to eat a large range of foods; this diet, together with its tolerance of dry conditions, enables it to live in different habitats. The jackal's long legs and lithe body allow it to trot over great distances in search of food. It is able to go without water for extended periods and has been

1736:

The golden jackal is similar to the gray wolf but is distinguished by its smaller size, lighter weight, more elongated torso, less-prominent forehead, shorter legs and tail, and a muzzle that is narrower and more pointed. The legs are long in relation to its body, and the feet are slender with small

1349:

Large, with soft, pale fur with predominantly sandy tones. The general color of the outer fur is usually black and white, while the underfur varies from pale brown to pale slate-grey. Occasionally, the nape and shoulders are of a buff color. The ears and front legs are buff, sometimes tan, while the

2641:

Golden jackals are monogamous and will remain with the one partner until death. Female jackals have only one breeding cycle each year. Breeding occurs from October to March in Israel and from February to March in India, Turkmenistan, Bulgaria, and Transcaucasia, with the mating period lasting up to

2169:

Red foxes and golden jackals share similar diets. Red foxes fear jackals, which are three times bigger than them. Red foxes will avoid close proximity to jackals and fox populations decrease where jackals are abundant. Foxes can be found only at the fringes of jackal territory. There is however one

1737:

pads. Males measure 71–85 cm (28–33 in) in body length and females 69–73 cm (27–29 in). Males weigh 6–14 kg (13–31 lb) and females weigh 7–11 kg (15–24 lb). The shoulder height is 45–50 cm (18–20 in) for both. In comparison, the smallest wolf is the

652:

million years ago. The study found that the golden jackal and the African wolf shared a very similar skull and body morphology and that this had confused taxonomists into regarding these as one species. The study proposes that the very similar skull and body morphology is due to both species having

415:

The golden jackal is abundant in valleys and beside rivers and their tributaries, canals, lakes, and seashores, but rare in foothills and low mountains. It is a social species, the basic social unit of which consists of a breeding pair and any young offspring. It is very adaptable, with the ability

5080:

Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Ramos-Madrigal, Jazmín; Niemann, Jonas; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Vieira, Filipe G.; Carøe, Christian; Montero, Marc de Manuel; Kuderna, Lukas; Serres, Aitor; González-Basallote, Víctor Manuel; Liu, Yan-Hu; Wang, Guo-Dong; Marques-Bonet, Tomas;

2965:

tales, the jackal is regarded as being cunning in a way similar to the fox in European tales. One popular Indian saying describes the jackal as "the sharpest among beasts, the crow among birds, and the barber among men". For a person embarking on an early morning journey, hearing a jackal howl was

2702:

Dog pups show unrestrained fighting with their siblings from 2 weeks of age, with injury avoided only due to their undeveloped jaw muscles. This fighting gives way to play-chasing with the development of running skills at 4–5 weeks. Wolf pups possess more-developed jaw muscles from 2 weeks of age,

2684:

In Transcaucasia, golden jackal pups are born from late March to late April, and in northeastern Italy during late April; they can be born at any time of year in Nepal. The number of pups born in a single litter varies geographically. Jackals in Transcaucasia give birth to 3–8 pups, Tajikistan 3–7

1259:

showed high admixture with the Middle Eastern gray wolves and dogs, highlighting the role of the land bridge between the African and Eurasian continents in canid evolution. There was evidence of gene flow between golden jackals and Middle Eastern wolves, less so with European and Asian wolves, and

4978:

Freedman, Adam H.; Gronau, Ilan; Schweizer, Rena M.; Ortega-Del Vecchyo, Diego; Han, Eunjung; Silva, Pedro M.; Galaverni, Marco; Fan, Zhenxin; Marx, Peter; Lorente-Galdos, Belen; Beale, Holly; Ramirez, Oscar; Hormozdiari, Farhad; Alkan, Can; Vilà, Carles; Squire, Kevin; Geffen, Eli; Kusak, Josip;

3045:

state in eastern India, the jackal is of conservation value and there were no jackal attacks reported before 1997. During 1998–2005 there were 220 reported cases of jackal attacks on humans, although none were fatal. The majority of these attacks occurred in villages, followed by forests and crop

2860:

In Europe, there are an estimated 70,000 golden jackals. They are fully protected in Albania, North Macedonia, Germany, Italy, Poland and Switzerland. They are unprotected in Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Estonia, and Greece. They are hunted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,

2742:

calves throughout the day during the calving period. The peak times for their searches are the early morning and the late evening. When hunting in pairs or packs, jackals run parallel to their prey and overtake it in unison. When hunting aquatic rodents or birds, they will run along both sides of

1576:

The largest golden jackal subspecies, animals of both sexes average 120–125 cm (47–49 in) in total length and 10–15 kg (22–33 lb) in body weight. The fur is coarse, and is generally brightly colored with blackish tones on the back. The thighs, upper legs, ears and forehead are

1528:

Its fur is a mixture of black and white, with buff on the shoulders, ears and legs. The buff color is more pronounced in specimens from high altitudes. Black hairs predominate on the middle of the back and tail. The belly, chest and the sides of the legs are creamy white, while the face and lower

3184:

hours. India's weather and terrain added further challenges to jackal hunters that were not present in England: the hounds of India were rarely in as good condition as English hounds, and although the golden jackal has a strong odor, the terrain of northern India was not good in retaining scent.

1842:

can cause a dark-colored coat in some golden jackals, a coloring once fairly common in Bengal. Unlike melanistic wolves and coyotes that received their dark pigmentation from interbreeding with domestic dogs, melanism in golden jackals probably stems from an independent mutation that could be an

1697:

Distinguished by its brown ears. The body fur is a yellow on the back, lighter on the sides, and whitish-yellow underneath. A dark band runs from the nose to the end of the tail. Measures 60–90 cm (24–35 in) in body length, 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) in tail length, 15–18 cm

1186:

in Croatia may represent two ancient European populations from 6,000 years ago that have survived into modern times. Jackals were absent from most of Europe until the 19th century, when they started to expand slowly. Jackals were recorded in Hungary with the nearest population known at that time

3992:

Lindblad-Toh, K.; Wade, C. M.; Mikkelsen, T. S.; Karlsson, E. K.; Jaffe, D. B.; Kamal, M.; Clamp, M.; Chang, J. L.; Kulbokas, E. J.; Zody, M. C.; Mauceli, E.; Xie, X.; Breen, M.; Wayne, R. K.; Ostrander, E. A.; Ponting, C. P.; Galibert, F.; Smith, D. R.; Dejong, P.J.; Kirkness, E.; Alvarez, P.;

5030:

Fan, Zhenxin; Silva, Pedro; Gronau, Ilan; Wang, Shuoguo; Armero, Aitor Serres; Schweizer, Rena M.; Ramirez, Oscar; Pollinger, John; Galaverni, Marco; Ortega Del-Vecchyo, Diego; Du, Lianming; Zhang, Wenping; Zhang, Zhihe; Xing, Jinchuan; Vilà, Carles; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Godinho, Raquel; Yue,

1452:

The Indochinese jackal (also known as the Siamese jackal and the Southeast Asian golden jackal) has been disputed as a separate subspecies by some authors who state that its classification is based solely on observations of captive animals. In 2023, an mDNA study indicated that it was an early

1160:

inherited from their common ancestor. The mDNA haplotypes of the golden jackal form two haplogroups: the oldest haplogroup is formed by golden jackals from India, and the other, younger, haplogroup diverging from this includes golden jackals from all of the other regions. Indian golden jackals

1906:

They generally avoid mountainous forests, but may enter alpine and sub-alpine areas during dispersal. In Turkey, the Caucasus, and Transcaucasia they have been observed up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above mean sea level, particularly in areas where the climate supports shrublands in high

7660: 1837:

The jackal's fur is coarse and relatively short, with the base color golden, varying seasonally from a pale creamy yellow to a dark tawny. The fur on the back is composed of a mixture of black, brown, and white hairs, sometimes giving the appearance of the dark saddle like that seen on the

1215:

Genetic analysis reveals that mating sometimes occurs between female jackals and gray wolves, producing jackal-wolf hybrids that experts cannot visually distinguish from wolves. Hybridization also occurs between female golden jackals and male dogs, which produces fertile offspring, a

2694:

is completed after five months. Pups are born with soft fur that ranges in color from light gray to dark brown. At the age of one month, their fur is shed and replaced with a new reddish-colored pelt with black speckles. The pups have a fast growth rate and weigh 0.201–0.214 kg

2564:

is the basic social unit, and they are sometimes accompanied by their current litter of pups. In India, their distributions are a single jackal, 31%, two jackals, 35%, three jackals, 14%, and more than three jackals, 20%. Family groups of up to 4–5 individuals have been recorded.

3259:

fair. In the early 1930s there were 20,000–25,000 jackal skins tanned annually in the Soviet Union, but these could not be utilized within the country, and so the majority were exported to the United States. Commencing from 1949, they were all used within the Soviet Union.

3127:

die due to predation, mainly by jackals. The high predation rate by jackals in both Bulgaria and Israel is attributable to the lack of preventative measures in those countries and the availability of food in illegal garbage dumps, leading to jackal population explosions.

542:). These three species are approximately the same size, possess similar dental and skeletal morphology, and are identified from each other primarily by their coat color. They were once thought to have different distributions across Africa with their ranges overlapping in 1101:

million years ago. It is described as a small jackal-like dog and probably the ancestor of modern jackals. Its anatomy and morphology relate it more to the modern golden jackal than to the two African jackal species, the black-backed jackal and the side-striped jackal.

1177:

Outside of India, golden jackals in the Caucasus and Turkey demonstrate the next highest genetic diversity, while those in Europe indicate low genetic diversity, confirming their more recent expansion into Europe. Genetic data indicates that the golden jackals of the

2750:

is recorded in India. Packs of between 5 and 18 jackals scavenging on the carcasses of large ungulates is recorded in India and Israel. Packs of 8–12 jackals consisting of more than one family have been observed in the summer periods in Transcaucasia. In India, the

1169:, which indicates that India was the center from which golden jackals spread. The extant golden jackal lineage commenced expanding its population in India 37,000 years ago. During the Last Glacial Maximum, 25,000 to 18,000 years ago, the warmer regions of India and 1879:

observed on islands that have no fresh water. Jackals are abundant in valleys and along rivers and their tributaries, canals, lakes, and seashores, but are rare in foothills and low mountains. In Central Asia they avoid waterless deserts and cannot be found in the

5081:

Mirarab, Siavash; Fernandes, Carlos; Gaubert, Philippe; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Budd, Jane; Rueness, Eli Knispel; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Petersen, Bent; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Bachmann, Lutz; Wiig, Øystein; Hansen, Anders J.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (2018).

325:. The golden jackal's coat varies in color from a pale creamy yellow in summer to a dark tawny beige in winter. It is smaller and has shorter legs, a shorter tail, a more elongated torso, a less-prominent forehead, and a narrower and more pointed muzzle than the 6804:

Mengüllüoğlu, D.; Ambarlı, H.; Berger, A. & Hofer, H. (2018). "Foraging ecology of Eurasian lynx populations in southwest Asia: Conservation implications for a diet specialist". Ecology and Evolution. 8 (18): 9451–9463. doi:10.1002/ece3.4439. PMC 6194280.

3776:

Cherin, Marco; Bertè, Davide F.; Rook, Lorenzo; Sardella, Raffaele (2013). "Re-Defining Canis etruscus (Canidae, Mammalia): A New Look into the Evolutionary History of Early Pleistocene Dogs Resulting from the Outstanding Fossil Record from Pantalla (Italy)".

1350:

feet are pale. The hind legs are more deeply tinted above the hocks. The chin and forethroat are usually whitish. Weight varies geographically, ranging around 8–10 kg (18–22 lb). In areas where it borders the range of the larger, more richly colored

1646:. The coat is also darker on the back, being black and speckled with white. The underside is more pigmented on the chin, hind throat, chest and forebelly, while the limbs are rusty ochreous or a rich tan. Molting occurs earlier in the season than with 627:

Results from two recent studies of mDNA from golden jackals indicate that the specimens from Africa are genetically closer to the gray wolf than are the specimens from Eurasia. In 2015 a major DNA study of golden jackals concluded that the six

4702:

Fabbri, Elena; Caniglia, Romolo; Galov, Ana; Arbanasić, Haidi; Lapini, Luca; Bošković, Ivica; Florijančić, Tihomir; Vlasseva, Albena; Ahmed, Atidzhe; Mirchev, Rossen L.; Randi, Ettore (2013). "Genetic structure and expansion of golden jackals

1133:, similar to the fox, but too large, and similar to the wolf, but too small. As the golden jackal falls between these two in size, the fossil possibly belongs to a golden jackal. The absence of clearly identified golden jackal fossils in the 2759:

roost in their hundreds in grasslands during their winter migration. Jackals stalk close to these roosting harriers and then rush at them, attempting to catch one before the harriers can take off or gain sufficient height to escape.

2689:

2–8 pups, and Bulgaria 4–7 pups; in India the average is four pups. The pups are born with closed eyes that open after 8–11 days, with the ears erecting after 10–13 days. Their teeth erupt at 11 days after birth, and the eruption of

2795:

will even alert a tiger to prey with a loud "pheal". Tigers have been known to tolerate these jackals, with one report describing how a jackal confidently walked in and out between three tigers walking together. Golden jackals and

1173:

provided a refuge from colder surrounding areas. At the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the beginning of the warming cycles, the golden jackal lineage expanded out of India and into Eurasia to reach the Middle East and Europe.

4979:

Boyko, Adam R.; Parker, Heidi G.; Lee, Clarence; Tadigotla, Vasisht; Siepel, Adam; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Harkins, Timothy T.; Nelson, Stanley F.; Ostrander, Elaine A.; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Wayne, Robert K.; et al. (2014).

2876:. The jackal population for the Indian subcontinent is estimated to be over 80,000. In India, the golden jackal occurs in all of India's protected areas apart from those in the higher areas of the Himalayas. It is included in 6594: 1800:). Compared with the wolf, the skull of the golden jackal is smaller and less massive, with a lower nasal region and shorter facial region; the projections of the skull are prominent but weaker than those of the wolf; the 2861:

Croatia, Hungary, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine. Their protection in Austria and Turkey depends on the part of the country. Their status in Moldova is not known.

3303:

The Russian military established the Red Star kennels in 1924 to improve the performance of working dogs and to conduct military dog research. The Red Star kennel developed "Laikoid" dogs, which were a cross-breed of

2131:

and hares. In Israel, golden jackals are significant predators of snakes; during a poisoning campaign against golden jackals there was an increase in human snakebite reports, but a decrease when the poisoning ceased.

1830: in) in length and was concealed by fur. Although no evidence of its existence has been found, belief in it remains common in South Asia. This feature was once associated with magical powers by the people of 3139:, muskrats constituted 12.3% of jackal fecal contents, and 71% of muskrat houses were destroyed by jackals. Jackals also harm the fur industry by eating muskrats caught in traps or taking skins left out to dry. 2152:

The jackal's competitors are the red fox, wolf, jungle cat, wildcat, and raccoon in the Caucasus, and the steppe wildcat in Central Asia. Wolves dominate jackals, and jackals dominate foxes. In 2017 in Iran, an

2828:

due to its widespread distribution, with it being common throughout its range and with high densities in those areas where food and shelter are abundant. In Europe, golden jackals are not listed under the 1973

4654:

Zachos, Frank E.; Cirovic, Dusko; Kirschning, Julia; Otto, Marthe; Hartl, Günther B.; Petersen, Britt; Honnen, Ann-Christin (2009). "Genetic Variability, Differentiation, and Founder Effect in Golden Jackals

2841: 2661:, litters are sometimes located within the hollows of fallen trees, among tree roots, and under stones on river banks. In Central Asia, the golden jackal does not dig burrows but constructs lairs in dense 1990:. The jackal scavenges off the kills made by the lion, tiger, leopard, dhole, and gray wolf. In some regions of Bangladesh and India, golden jackals subsist by scavenging on carrion and garbage, and will 1260:

least with North American wolves. The study proposes that the golden jackal ancestry found in North American wolves may have occurred before the divergence of the Eurasian and North American wolves.

1748: 2162:, feeding on the remains of their kills and, in one case, on a dead tiger. Leopards and tigers once hunted jackals, but today, the leopard is rare, and the tiger is extinct in the jackal's range. 2695:(0.44–0.47 lb) at two days of age, 0.560–0.726 kg (1.23–1.60 lb) at one month, and 2.700–3.250 kg (5.95–7.17 lb) at four months. Females possess four pairs of teats, and 6973:

Shamir, M; Yakobson, B; Baneth, G; King, R; Dar-Verker, S; Markovics, A; Aroch, I (2001). "Antibodies to Selected Canine Pathogens and Infestation with Intestinal Helminths in Golden Jackals (

6394:

Krofel, M.; Giannatos, G.; Ćirović, D.; Stoyanov, S.; Newsome, T. M. (2017). "Golden jackal expansion in Europe: a case of mesopredator release triggered by continent-wide wolf persecution?".

6365: 3046:

fields. Jackals build their dens in the bouldery hillocks that surround flat areas, and these areas have been encroached by human agriculture and settlements. This encroachment has led to

644:(African wolf), reducing the number of golden jackal subspecies to seven. The phylogenetic tree generated from this study shows the golden jackal diverging from the wolf/coyote lineage 1.9 4851:

Pilot, Małgorzata; Dąbrowski, Michał J; Hayrapetyan, Vahram; Yavruyan, Eduard G; Kopaliani, Natia; Tsingarska, Elena; Bujalska, Barbara; Kamiński, Stanisław; Bogdanowicz, Wiesław (2014).

2836: 6289:

Arnold, Janosch; Humer, Anna; Heltai, Miklós; Murariu, Dumitru; Spassov, Nikolai; Hackländer, Klaus (2012). "Current status and distribution of golden jackals Canis aureus in Europe".

2779:) when these are on a hunt, and they will scavenge off wolf kills without any hostility shown from the wolves. In India, lone jackals expelled from their pack have been known to form 376:. It is described as having been a small, jackal-like canine. Genetic studies indicate that the golden jackal expanded from India around 20,000 years ago, towards the end of the last 4227: 3200:, and with mixed packs. Hunting jackals with greyhounds offered poor sport because greyhounds were too fast for jackals, and mixed packs were too difficult to control. From 1946 in 64: 4290:

Lucenti, Saverio Bartolini; Rook, Lorenzo (2016). "A review on the Late Villafranchian medium-sized canid Canis arnensis based on the evidence from Poggio Rosso (Tuscany, Italy)".

3613: 7448: 1816:, small vertebrates, insects, carrion, fruit, and some vegetable matter. It was once thought that golden jackals could develop a horny growth on the skull referred to as a " 6823:

Scheinin, Shani; Yom-Tov, Yoram; Motro, Uzi; Geffen, Eli (2006). "Behavioural responses of red foxes to an increase in the presence of golden jackals: A field experiment".

1529:

flanks are grizzled with gray fur. Adults grow to a length of 100 cm (39 in), 35–45 cm (14–18 in) in height and 8–11 kg (18–24 lb) in weight.

550:(they do not share a common ancestor), and they are only distantly related. The accuracy of the colloquial name "jackal" to describe all jackals is therefore questionable. 63: 1895:. They are found in dense thickets of prickly bushes, reed flood-lands and forests. They have been known to ascend over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) up the slopes of the 1678: 1129:

and is described as probably belonging to the golden jackal, but its classification is not clear. The fossil is described as being slightly smaller and thinner than the

1513: 5302:"The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic characterization of two putative subspecies of golden jackal (Canis aureus cruesemanni and Canis aureus moreotica)" 1561: 1334: 1627: 4910:

Galov, Ana; Fabbri, Elena; Caniglia, Romolo; Arbanasić, Haidi; Lapalombella, Silvana; Florijančić, Tihomir; Bošković, Ivica; Galaverni, Marco; Randi, Ettore (2015).

4050:

Gaubert, Philippe; Bloch, Cécile; Benyacoub, Slim; Abdelhamid, Adnan; Pagani, Paolo; Djagoun, Chabi Adéyèmi Marc Sylvestre; Couloux, Arnaud; Dufour, Sylvain (2012).

1224:

into the golden jackal from the population that was ancestral to wolves and dogs, and an additional 3% from extant wolf populations. Up to 15% of the Israeli wolf

1187:

being found in Dalmatia, some 300 kilometers away. This was followed by rapid expansion of jackals towards the end of the 20th century. Golden jackals from both

3170:

of their native England. They were not considered as beautiful as English red foxes, but were esteemed for their endurance in the chase with one pursuit lasting

6322: 3677:

Wayne, R. K; Van Valkenburgh, B; Kat, P. W; Fuller, T. K; Johnson, W. E; O'Brien, S. J (1989). "Genetic and Morphological Divergence among Sympatric Canids".

2140: 1642:

Measures 67–74 cm (26–29 in) in length and weighs 5–8.6 kg (11–19 lb). The winter coat is shorter, smoother and not as shaggy as that of

65: 7152:

Tolnai, Z; Széll, Z; Sproch, Á; Szeredi, L; Sréter, T (2014). "Dirofilaria immitis: An emerging parasite in dogs, red foxes and golden jackals in Hungary".

1195:. In the Middle East, golden jackals from Israel have a higher genetic diversity than European jackals. This is thought to be due to Israeli jackals having 3717:

Rueness, Eli Knispel; Asmyhr, Maria Gulbrandsen; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; MacDonald, David W; Bekele, Afework; Atickem, Anagaw; Stenseth, Nils Chr (2011).

7120:

I. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 1835) in Julian Pre-Alps, with new data on its range-expansion in the high-Adriatic hinterland (Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae)"

6034:"Do wildlife crimes against less charismatic species go unnoticed? A case study of golden jackal canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758 poaching and trade in India" 1958:; it is both a predator and a scavenger, and an omnivorous and opportunistic forager with a diet that varies according to its habitat and the season. In 14070: 7802: 7888: 6238: 4853:"Genetic Variability of the Grey Wolf Canis lupus in the Caucasus in Comparison with Europe and the Middle East: Distinct or Intermediary Population?" 546:(Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania). Although the jackal group has traditionally been considered as homogenous, genetic studies show that jackals are not 1808:

teeth are weaker. The golden jackal is a less specialized species than the gray wolf, and these skull features relate to the jackal's diet of small

6938:

Dalimi, A; Motamedi, Gh; Hosseini, M; Mohammadian, B; Malaki, H; Ghamari, Z; Far, F.Ghaffari (2002). "Echinococcosis/hydatidosis in western Iran".

1481:, besides occasionally eating fruits. One seller of two trapped jackals claimed that they killed ten piglets on his farm. It can be active in both 6780: 13839: 5503: 12994: 3559: 5821: 4345: 13917: 13878: 13065: 5728: 5278: 3300:

near the Caspian Sea were known to frequently cross their dogs with jackals, and Balkan shepherds once crossed their sheepdogs with jackals.

1113:, Lebanon. The fragment of a single tooth is dated approximately 7,600 years ago. The oldest golden jackal fossils found in Europe are from 14010: 6144: 4215: 2179:

A 2022 study indicated that the presence of golden jackals in portions of Eastern Europe leads to a decrease in the population of invasive

7579: 6476: 1489:. Siamese jackals are solitary creatures, but a male and female will cooperate during mating season. It has few natural predators, though 8039: 7968: 7720: 6728:

Mohammadi, Alireza; Kaboli, Mohammad; López-Bao, José Vicente (2017). "Interspecific killing between wolves and golden jackals in Iran".

6522: 6178: 5864: 5416: 5158: 4193: 3971: 3931: 8086: 8006: 6032:

Chawla, Malaika Mathew; Srivathsa, Arjun; Singh, Priya; Majgaonkar, Iravatee; Sharma, Sushma; Punjabi, Girish; Banerjee, Aditya (2020).

6011: 5919: 5619: 4266: 3815:

Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wayne, Robert K (1994). "Shape Divergence Associated with Size Convergence in Sympatric East African Jackals".

2738:

out from their burrows, and they can hunt young, old, and infirm ungulates up to 4–5 times their body weight. Jackals search for hiding

7767: 6903:

Dalimi, A; Sattari, A; Motamedi, Gh (2006). "A study on intestinal helminthes of dogs, foxes and jackals in the western part of Iran".

3647: 388:, Lebanon, is 7,600 years old. The oldest golden jackal fossils in Europe were found in Greece and are 7,000 years old. There are six 3585: 7552:"The golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Bosnia and Herzegovina: density of territorial groups, population trend and distribution range" 13813: 7433: 6616:Ćirović, Duško; Penezić, Aleksandra; Milenković, Miroljub; Paunović, Milan (2014). "Winter diet composition of the golden jackal ( 4052:"Reviving the African Wolf Canis lupus lupaster in North and West Africa: A Mitochondrial Lineage Ranging More than 6,000 km Wide" 13852: 6071:

Sharma, Chandra Prakash; Singh, Preeti; Srinivas, Yellapu; Madhanraj, Anandraj; Rawat, Gopal Singh; Gupta, Sandeep Kumar (2022).

3463: 2847: 5667: 4810:

Moura, Andre E; Tsingarska, Elena; Dąbrowski, Michał J; Czarnomska, Sylwia D; Jędrzejewska, Bogumiła; Pilot, Małgorzata (2013).

14065: 6655:

Lanszki, J; Heltai, M (2002). "Feeding habits of golden jackal and red fox in south-western Hungary during winter and spring".

6119: 5442: 13896: 8121: 8000: 7714: 7654: 7613: 6508: 5858: 5779: 5699: 5598: 5525: 5410: 5363: 5253: 5187: 4523: 4498: 3965: 3925: 13857: 7496: 7012:

Talmi-Frank, Dalit; Kedem-Vaanunu, Noa; King, Roni; Bar-Gal, Gila Kahila; Edery, Nir; Jaffe, Charles L; Baneth, Gad (2010).

6707: 5369: 4463: 2665:

thickets. Jackals in the tugais and cultivated lands of Tajikistan construct lairs in long grass, shrubs, and reed openings.

14085: 14075: 14060: 5968: 2633: 7395:

Frank, Harry; Frank, Martha Gialdini (1982). "On the effects of domestication on canine social development and behavior".

4376: 14090: 14055: 8164: 7276:"Decoding Group Vocalizations: The Acoustic Energy Distribution of Chorus Howls is Useful to Determine Wolf Reproduction" 3029:

is a jackal despised by the Seeonee wolf pack due to his mock cordiality, his scavenging habits, and his subservience to

2127:

carcasses. Information on the diet of the golden jackal in northeastern Italy is scant, but it is known to prey on small

1388:

where its distribution overlaps with the Indian jackal to the north and the Sri Lankan/South Indian jackal to the south.

3227:, hunt and eat golden jackals, but the majority of South Asian cultures consider the animal to be unclean. The orthodox 14080: 14035: 6701: 5913: 5574: 5152: 4457: 4260: 3553: 2864:

The Syrian jackal was common in Israel and Lebanon in the 1930s–40s, but their populations were reduced during an anti-

2768: 4398:

Sommer, R.; Benecke, N. (2005). "Late-Pleistocene and early Holocene history of the canid fauna of Europe (Canidae)".

2791:, will associate themselves with a particular tiger, trailing it at a safe distance to feed on the big cat's kills. A 13974: 13717: 9534: 8080: 4339: 4187: 3255:

1896. In this same period, a total of 10,000 jackals were taken within Russia and their furs sent exclusively to the

13792: 7742: 4812:"Unregulated hunting and genetic recovery from a severe population decline: The cautionary case of Bulgarian wolves" 14050: 5817:

The natural history of dogs : Canidae or genus Canis of authors; including also the genera Hyaena and Proteles

3993:

Biagi, T.; Brockman, W.; Butler, J.; Chin, C.W.; Cook, A.; Cuff, J.; Daly, M.J.; Decaprio, D.; et al. (2005).

13922: 7525: 13805: 9878: 8073:

Canine Olfaction Science and Law: Advances in Forensic Science, Medicine, Conservation, and Remedial Conservation

3321:

a mix of one quarter jackal and three-quarters dog. Sulimov's program continues today with the use of the hybrid

229: 2892:

III, thus receiving legal protection at the lowest level to help control the trade of pelts and tails in India.

337:

due to its widespread distribution and high density in areas with plenty of available food and optimum shelter.

14045: 14030: 3634:

Wayne, R.; Ostrander, Elaine A. (1999). "Origin, genetic diversity, and genome structure of the domestic dog".

1970:

and fruit. Vegetable matter forms part of the jackal diet, and in India they feed intensively on the fruits of

1568: 1157: 3358: 2966:

considered to be a sign of impending good fortune, as was seeing a jackal crossing a road from the left side.

501: 318: 14040: 13987: 13904: 12096: 4588: 3534: 2885: 1689: 7790: 7335:"Seasonal Differences in Territorial Behavior by Golden Jackals in Bangladesh: Howling versus Confrontation" 14025: 7847: 7601: 6779:(in Italian). V. Ord., relatore E. Pizzul, Fac. Di Scienze Naturali dell'Univ. di Trieste. pp. 1–118. 6242: 2246: 1862: 7925: 7685: 13891: 13740: 13735: 12087: 9290: 2905: 2587: 2525: 1900: 1874:

The golden jackal inhabits Europe and Southwest, Central, South, and Southeast Asia. The golden jackal's

7473: 5755: 3413: 1141:, areas where the species currently resides, indicates that the species is a relatively recent arrival. 560:

of mDNA sequences within a species provides a history of maternal lineages that can be represented as a

13552: 13208: 6767: 6441:"Golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Estonia: development of a thriving population in the boreal ecoregion" 5402: 2170:

record of a male golden jackal interacting peacefully with multiple red foxes in southwestern Germany.

1843:

adaptive trait. What is possibly an albino specimen was photographed in southeastern Iran during 2012.

11574: 3861:

Arora, Devender; Singh, Ajeet; Sharma, Vikrant; Bhaduria, Harvendra Singh; Patel, Ram Bahadur (2015).

2977:, the emaciated, devouring goddess of the cremation grounds. Another deity associated with jackals is 2839:. Golden jackals in Europe fall under various international legal instruments. These include the 1979 10413: 2999:(vehicles) of various protective Hindu and Buddhist deities, particularly in Tibet. According to the 7875: 7274:

Palacios, Vicente; López-Bao, José Vicente; Llaneza, Luis; Fernández, Carlos; Font, Enrique (2016).

4180:

Species Concepts in Biology: Historical Development, Theoretical Foundations and Practical Relevance

3719:"The Cryptic African Wolf: Canis aureus lupaster is Not a Golden Jackal and is Not Endemic to Egypt" 3538: 3441: 1907:

elevations. The Estonian population, which marks the only population of this species adapted to the

1117:

and Kitsos in Greece and are dated 7,000–6,500 years ago. An unusual fossil of a heel bone found in

13471: 13366: 12105: 10395: 10123: 10090: 10066: 9887: 9139: 6860:"Interspecific social interaction between golden jackal (Canis aureus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes)" 6323:"Legal implications of range expansions in a terrestrial carnivore: The case of the golden jackal ( 5815: 5712: 5266: 2650: 2387: 2276: 1653: 617: 3147: 2511:

that can be caught from ingesting infected raw fish. In Hungary, some jackals carry dog heartworm

114: 13133: 12114: 11845: 11538: 11473: 10855: 10431: 9904: 9426: 8157: 2724: 2501: 2477: 1437: 1232: 589: 13948: 1251:

to both. There is evidence of gene flow between African golden wolves, golden jackals, and gray

1011: 967: 14015: 13870: 13844: 13690: 13652: 13357: 13109: 12922: 12798: 12410: 12392: 12220: 11914: 11905: 11547: 10285: 9077: 8113:

Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)

7870: 7551: 3452:(in Latin). Vol. Regnum Animale (10 ed.). Holmiæ: Laurentius Salvius. pp. 39–40. 3076: 2981:, who inhabits the cremation ground and is surrounded by millions of jackals. According to the 2854:

Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora

2560:

Golden jackals exhibit flexible social organization depending on the availability of food. The

2336: 2322: 2298: 2081: 1959: 1520: 1031: 938: 285: 8031: 7962: 7704: 6498: 6172: 5848: 5394: 5142: 4747:

Rutkowski, R; Krofel, M; Giannatos, G; Ćirović, D; Männil, P; Volokh, AM; et al. (2015).

4488: 4329: 4175: 3953: 3915: 909: 853: 824: 13943: 13534: 12789: 12771: 12762: 12753: 12238: 12229: 11601: 10371: 10362: 10353: 10302: 10240: 10222: 10213: 10150: 10099: 9937: 9928: 8365: 8068: 7990: 7690:

Beast and man in India; a popular sketch of Indian animals in their relations with the people

6559: 6174:

The mammals of India; a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India

6073:"Unraveling the mystery of confiscated "jackal horns" in India using wildlife forensic tools" 6005: 5903: 5611: 5497: 4250: 3247: 3047: 2873: 2507: 2452: 1248: 1217: 1179: 1166: 880: 786: 557: 397: 209: 11556: 11452: 7791:"Food Habits and Human-jackal Interaction in Marwahi forest Division, Bilaspur Chhattisgarh" 7759: 5226: 4119:"Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species" 2961:

tells the fable of a jackal who cheats a wolf and a lion out of their shares of a camel. In

1453:

branching lineage of golden jackal which supports it being a subspecies. It is smaller than

13969: 13761: 13699: 13375: 13276: 13235: 12949: 12460: 12188: 11514: 10579: 10329: 10320: 10276: 10231: 9854: 9360: 9095: 8921: 7862: 7287: 6664: 6629: 6341: 5094: 4931: 4864: 4764: 4608: 4407: 4299: 4130: 4063: 4006: 3824: 3730: 3326: 3273: 2954: 2752: 2535: 2519: 1962:, India, over 60% of its diet was measured to consist of rodents, birds, and fruit. In the 1090: 405: 377: 3690: 3390: 3389:

Hoffmann, M.; Arnold, J.; Duckworth, J. W.; Jhala, Y.; Kamler, J. F.; Krofel, M. (2020) .

2947:, where they are portrayed as intelligent and wily creatures. The ancient Hindu text, the 8: 13615: 13561: 13333: 12780: 12666: 12648: 12493: 12342: 12247: 11497: 11443: 11192: 10934: 10925: 10189: 9462: 9444: 9299: 9148: 8651: 7915: 3234: 2513: 2489: 2292: 2216: 2200: 1963: 1944: 1330: 1027: 1007: 528: 516: 515:. Within the wolf-like canids is the jackal group, which includes the three jackals: the 345: 341: 79: 10685: 7866: 7291: 6668: 6633: 6345: 6049: 5098: 4935: 4868: 4768: 4612: 4411: 4303: 4134: 4067: 4010: 3828: 3734: 2987:

scripture, when offered animal flesh, Kali appears in the form of a jackal. The goddess

2973:, the jackal is portrayed as the familiar of several deities with the most common being 2211:

Some golden jackals carry diseases and parasites harmful to human health. These include

612:. These are followed by the black-backed and side-striped jackals, members of the genus 13430: 12657: 12179: 11869: 11592: 11565: 10828: 10570: 10422: 9525: 9417: 9317: 9257: 8642: 8578: 8255: 8150: 7571: 7356: 7310: 7275: 7215: 7188: 7096: 7038: 7013: 6840: 6745: 6468: 6357: 6220: 5331: 5115: 5082: 5057: 5032: 5007: 4980: 4952: 4911: 4887: 4852: 4833: 4787: 4748: 4724: 4684: 4631: 4592: 4569: 4156: 4086: 4051: 4032: 3891: 3862: 3840: 3794: 3753: 3718: 3659: 2853: 2483: 2316: 2304: 2282: 2187:), indicating a potentially positive consequence of the jackal colonization of Europe. 2180: 1983: 1269: 1126: 109: 19:

This article is about the canid native to Eurasia. For the canid native to Africa, see

6951: 6199:

Ambarlı, Hüseyin; Bilgin, C. Can (2013). "First record of a melanistic golden jackal (

6033: 5654: 3471: 3135:. Coypu can be completely extirpated in shallow water bodies. During 1948–1949 in the 2226:

in people. Jackals in southwestern Tajikistan can carry up to 16 species of parasitic

13748: 13704: 13309: 13226: 13006: 12502: 12469: 11393: 10900: 10622: 10404: 10258: 10132: 10016: 9369: 9199: 9157: 9104: 8884: 8866: 8624: 8117: 8111: 8076: 7996: 7884: 7710: 7650: 7609: 7408: 7315: 7220: 7169: 7115: 7088: 7043: 6994: 6955: 6920: 6806: 6697: 6578: 6514: 6504: 6472: 6460: 6302: 6100: 6092: 6053: 5909: 5854: 5775: 5695: 5594: 5570: 5521: 5406: 5359: 5335: 5323: 5249: 5183: 5148: 5120: 5062: 5012: 4957: 4892: 4792: 4676: 4636: 4548:) (Canidae: Carnivora: Mammalia) from Turkey based on mitochondrial D-loop sequences" 4519: 4494: 4453: 4335: 4256: 4183: 4148: 4091: 4024: 3961: 3921: 3896: 3758: 3694: 3651: 3605: 3601: 3549: 3309: 2932: 2869: 2258: 2252: 2204: 2076:, their spring diet consists almost exclusively of plant bulbs and the roots of wild 1619: 1162: 1094: 668: 664: 561: 553: 437: 269: 7100: 6844: 6749: 6361: 6224: 5399:

Canids of the World: Wolves, Wild Dogs, Foxes, Jackals, Coyotes, and Their Relatives

4688: 4573: 4328:

Jalvo, Yolanda Fernandez; King, Tania; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Andrews, Peter (2016).

4311: 4160: 3798: 3233:

texts forbid the eating of jackals because they have five nails. In the area of the

14020: 13588: 13421: 12699: 12129: 11419: 11201: 10951: 10141: 10040: 9824: 9815: 9399: 9190: 9181: 8975: 8966: 8524: 7880: 7575: 7563: 7412: 7404: 7346: 7305: 7295: 7210: 7200: 7161: 7078: 7033: 7025: 6986: 6947: 6912: 6871: 6832: 6737: 6672: 6637: 6452: 6403: 6349: 6298: 6212: 6084: 6045: 5958: 5483: 5438: 5313: 5110: 5102: 5052: 5044: 5002: 4992: 4947: 4939: 4882: 4872: 4837: 4823: 4782: 4772: 4728: 4716: 4668: 4626: 4616: 4559: 4415: 4307: 4138: 4081: 4071: 4036: 4014: 3995:"Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog" 3886: 3878: 3832: 3786: 3748: 3738: 3686: 3663: 3643: 3597: 3546:

Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs:Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

3408: 3313: 2730:

The golden jackal often hunts alone, and sometimes in pairs, but rarely hunts in a

2349: 1995: 1931: 1908: 1817: 1685: 1196: 1188: 1122: 963: 601: 512: 504:. All species within the wolf-like canids share a similar morphology and possess 78 465: 393: 35: 13753: 7189:"A synoptic overview of golden jackal parasites reveals high diversity of species" 6836: 5567:

Mammals of Nepal:with reference to those of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Pakistan

3357:

For a full set of supporting references refer to the note (a) in the phylotree at

3268: 556:(mDNA) passes along the maternal line and can date back thousands of years. Thus, 45: 13930: 13606: 13597: 13525: 13480: 13142: 13092: 13083: 12958: 12904: 12848: 12717: 12690: 12583: 12401: 12360: 12325: 12070: 11133: 10846: 10813: 10804: 10311: 10049: 9498: 8948: 8875: 8833: 8569: 8374: 8308: 8285: 7848:"Cattle predation by the golden jackal Canis aureus in the Golan Heights, Israel" 7490: 7300: 7165: 6916: 6691: 6641: 5353: 4997: 4877: 4777: 4659:) from Serbia as Revealed by Mitochondrial DNA and Nuclear Microsatellite Loci". 4621: 4445: 4419: 4076: 3743: 3163: 3064: 3021: 3012: 3004: 2917: 2699:

lasts for up to 8–10 weeks. The pups begin to eat meat at the age of 15–20 days.

2691: 2596: 1991: 1884: 1634: 1553: 1355: 1284: 1256: 1183: 572:

are the most closely related on this tree. The next most closely related are the

445: 367: 262: 13961: 13909: 13883: 6773:(I. Geoffrey Saint Hilaire, 1835) nell'Italia nordorientale (Carnivora: Canidae) 5946: 3544:. In Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Hoffmann, Michael; Macdonald, David Whyte (eds.). 3285: 2603:

are common in jackals. Howling is more frequent between December and April when

2176:

prey on golden jackals, and three jackal carcasses were found in one hyena den.

13800: 13787: 13579: 13498: 13300: 13047: 12940: 12913: 11966: 11583: 11183: 11047: 10730: 10267: 10249: 10180: 9791: 9782: 9384: 9345: 8299: 8211: 7434:"The ontogeny of social play and agonistic behaviour in selected canid species" 7083: 7062: 6876: 6859: 6456: 6407: 6216: 6088: 5318: 5301: 4707:) in the north-western distribution range (Croatia and eastern Italian Alps)". 4368: 3388: 3131:

Golden jackals are extremely harmful to fur-bearing rodents, such as coypu and

3100: 2957:, and mouse against each other so he can eat a gazelle without sharing it. The 2832:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

2756: 2530: 2495: 2436: 2344:

in people who drink from them. Jackals may also play a large part in spreading

2341: 2310: 2235: 2085: 1987: 1880: 1244: 1170: 1078: 905: 581: 449: 363: 8137: 7567: 7550:

Trbojević, Igor; Trbojević, Tijana; Malešević, Danijela; Krofel, Miha (2018).

7205: 6741: 6353: 5488: 5467: 5147:. Vol. 1 (3 ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 574–575. 5106: 4828: 4811: 4720: 4672: 4143: 4118: 3790: 3284:

11,000 years ago, as there is a sculpture of a man cradling a jackal found in

3063:

The golden jackal can be a harmful pest that attacks domestic animals such as

2842:

Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats

2624: 14004: 13865: 13675: 13543: 13439: 13412: 13038: 12736: 12681: 12203: 12147: 11888: 11529: 10546: 9711: 9678: 9480: 9471: 9408: 9308: 9266: 9118: 8711: 6464: 6440: 6145:"In India, jackals are being poached for their 'magical', non-existent horns" 6096: 6057: 5141:

Wozencraft, W. Christopher (2005). Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (eds.).

3951: 3867:: Haplogroups Database to understand migration and molecular risk assessment" 3399: 3297: 3189:

when caught and could be ferociously protective of their captured packmates.

3159: 3124: 2825: 2821: 2772: 2735: 2731: 2711: 2566: 2561: 2364: 2223: 2173: 2163: 2057: 1955: 1505: 1457:, weighing up to 8 kg (18 lb). Its fur closely resembles that of a 1444: 1385: 1351: 1341: 1279: 1192: 1138: 453: 421: 334: 330: 255: 225: 99: 94: 10168: 9980: 6676: 6072: 5947:"A review of the family Canidae, with a classification by numerical methods" 2953:, tells the story of a learned jackal who sets his friends the tiger, wolf, 2044:. Vegetable matter eaten by Jackals in these areas includes fruits, such as 13570: 13516: 13217: 12985: 12931: 12708: 12607: 12162: 12138: 11957: 11948: 11768: 11735: 11658: 11619: 11029: 11011: 10873: 10745: 10204: 9605: 9568: 9453: 9435: 8848: 8794: 8720: 8398: 8142: 7319: 7224: 7173: 7092: 7047: 7029: 6998: 6990: 6959: 6924: 6810: 6518: 6104: 5327: 5124: 5066: 5016: 4961: 4896: 4796: 4680: 4640: 4388:

Golden jackal remains found in Level 1, post-glacial, at 7,600 carbon years

4152: 4095: 4028: 3900: 3882: 3762: 3655: 3317: 3162:, sportsmen conducted golden jackal hunting on horseback with hounds, with 3116: 3042: 2943: 2780: 2073: 2069: 1801: 1738: 1698:(5.9–7.1 in) in head length, and weighs 5–12 kg (11–26 lb). 1486: 1373: 1240: 849: 547: 493: 420:. It attacks domestic fowl and domestic mammals up to the size of domestic 401: 326: 20: 5963: 5079: 5048: 3698: 3609: 3051:

lone males. In comparison, over twice as many attacks were carried out by

2743:

narrow rivers or streams and drive their prey from one jackal to another.

340:

Despite its name, the golden jackal is not closely related to the African

13935: 13826: 13684: 13184: 12375: 12292: 12265: 12014: 11928: 11860: 11786: 11777: 11744: 11702: 11667: 11384: 11277: 11109: 10649: 10561: 10469: 10114: 9687: 9507: 9172: 9086: 9069: 9046: 9009: 8893: 8857: 8702: 8491: 8346: 8225: 8064: 7417: 4977: 4564: 4543: 3648:

10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199903)21:3<247::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-Z

3322: 3208: 3167: 3120: 3052: 2949: 2923: 2913: 2808: 2677: 2240: 2154: 2116: 2089: 1950:

The golden jackal fills much the same ecological niche in Eurasia as the

1892: 1728: 1377: 1365: 1200: 543: 429: 13727: 4943: 4749:"A European Concern? Genetic Structure and Expansion of Golden Jackals ( 4587:

Yumnam, Bibek; Negi, Tripti; Maldonado, Jesús E.; Fleischer, Robert C.;

4019: 3994: 3246:

East produce the coarsest pelts, though this can be remedied during the

2868:

campaign. Its current status is difficult to ascertain, due to possible

636:

subspecies found in Africa should be reclassified under the new species

13818: 13393: 12639: 12570: 12557: 12524: 12310: 12048: 11808: 11356: 11333: 11219: 11210: 11159: 11124: 11100: 10864: 10763: 10712: 10658: 10640: 10613: 10520: 10470: 9869: 9842: 9770: 9753: 9516: 9489: 9335: 9239: 9223: 9059: 8939: 8779: 8615: 8482: 8274: 8242: 8226: 7517: 7360: 3844: 3256: 3224: 3220: 3186: 3112: 3030: 3000: 2988: 2983: 2763:

In Southeastern Asia, golden jackals have been known to hunt alongside

2686: 2658: 2646: 2345: 2077: 2065: 1851: 1805: 1540: 1482: 1289: 1153: 1118: 508: 433: 389: 13831: 7014:"Leishmania tropica infection in Golden Jackals and Red Foxes, Israel" 5033:"Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves" 3055:

over the same period. There are no known attacks on humans in Europe.

2195: 13774: 13324: 13259: 12872: 12812: 12598: 12419: 12034: 12026: 11975: 11825: 11711: 11693: 11407: 11241: 11074: 10916: 10882: 10694: 10386: 9660: 9130: 8606: 8174: 3216: 3193: 3152: 3136: 3108: 3096: 2797: 2739: 2696: 2604: 2578: 2493:. In northeastern Italy, the jackal is a carrier of the tick species 2481:. In Israel, some jackals are infected with intestinal helminths and 2472: 2231: 2124: 2120: 2049: 2041: 2025: 1979: 1971: 1912: 1896: 1831: 1657: 1221: 1145: 1130: 1106: 685: 565: 448:. It is expanding beyond its native grounds in Southeast Europe into 417: 381: 371: 350: 294: 166: 126: 13646: 7351: 7334: 5271:

Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin

4255:. Oxford Biology (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 98. 3836: 3716: 2668: 2529:. A golden jackel from Iran was found to be a host of an intestinal 13779: 13669: 13021: 12484: 12301: 12277: 11638: 11488: 11434: 11370: 11365: 11318: 11250: 11168: 11038: 10787: 10778: 10676: 10631: 10511: 10344: 10081: 9990: 9959: 9919: 9806: 9738: 9646: 9637: 8957: 8753: 8506: 8389: 8356: 8205: 8193: 7114:

Lapini, L.; Molinari, P.; Dorigo, L.; Are, G.; Beraldo, P. (2009).

7011: 3334: 3197: 3092: 3080: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2837:

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals

2654: 2446: 2409: 2128: 2112: 2097: 2021: 1994:

extra food by burying it. The Irish novelist, playwright and poet,

1920: 1875: 1847: 1839: 1496: 1381: 1134: 409: 146: 54: 5267:"Herr Matschie sprach uber den Schakel des Menam-Gebietes in Siam" 4809: 3958:

Documenting Domestication:New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms

3011:) caused a deluge to dispose of a jackal who had offended him. In 1152:

found in an organism that is inherited from one of its parents. A

362:. The ancestor of the golden jackal is believed to be the extinct 13982: 13403: 13250: 13124: 12839: 12351: 11681: 11147: 10703: 10667: 10534: 10502: 10486: 9999: 9702: 9281: 8762: 8669: 8587: 8515: 8457: 8434: 8327: 7549: 7273: 6937: 5144:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

5083:"Interspecific Gene Flow Shaped the Evolution of the Genus Canis" 4850: 3991: 3212: 3132: 3104: 3026: 2995:

was often linked to the jackal. Jackals are considered to be the

2909: 2813: 2747: 2600: 2547: 2227: 2159: 2145: 2101: 2093: 2053: 2037: 2012:

In the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, golden jackals primarily hunt

1975: 1967: 1709: 1581: 1474: 681: 497: 489: 441: 425: 359: 322: 176: 6615: 5945:

Clutton-Brock, Juliet; Corbet, Gordon B; Hills, Michael (1976).

4981:"Genome Sequencing Highlights the Dynamic Early History of Dogs" 1228:

is derived from admixture with golden jackals in ancient times.

13766: 13712: 13507: 13454: 13199: 12887: 12621: 11341: 11002: 10837: 10594: 10031: 8803: 8729: 8678: 8660: 8633: 8554: 8416: 8199: 8187: 7919: 4746: 4542:İbiş, Osman; Aksöyek, Eren; Özcan, Servet; Tez, Coşkun (2015). 4115: 4049: 3330: 3293: 3281: 3251: 3229: 3016: 2996: 2937: 2865: 2358: 2212: 2105: 1951: 1940: 1813: 1713: 1701: 1544: 1466: 1252: 1225: 1114: 1110: 820: 573: 385: 355: 156: 136: 7061:

Blaga, R; Gherman, C; Seucom, D; Cozma, V; Boireau, P (2008).

6858:

Böcker, F; Weber, H; Arnold, J; Collet, S; Hatlauf, J (2024).

6393: 6031: 1891:. On the other hand, in India they can be found living in the 1199:

with dogs, gray wolves, and African golden wolves, creating a

13956: 13489: 13348: 13291: 13164: 12967: 12824: 12451: 12433: 12056: 11726: 10975: 10960: 9621: 8912: 8407: 4327: 3676: 3633: 3305: 3088: 3068: 3008: 2992: 2877: 2831: 2784: 2764: 2662: 2461: 2061: 2017: 1916: 1888: 1757: 1705: 1536: 1532: 1490: 1359: 1274: 1149: 1086: 934: 765: 621: 593: 186: 6120:"A tale of non-existent jackal horns and their online sales" 6070: 4909: 4701: 4586: 1850:

twice a year, in spring and in autumn. In Transcaucasia and

1362:), animals of intermediate size and color sometimes appear. 408:

near Moscow, where they are deployed by the Russian airline

293:

Range of the golden jackal (note: distribution north of the

12863: 11759: 11084: 11020: 8693: 8425: 8283: 7333:

Jaeger, Michael M; Pandit, Rajat K; Haque, Emdadul (1996).

7063:"First identification of Trichinella sp. In golden jackal ( 6321:

Trouwborst, Arie; Krofel, Miha; Linnell, John D. C (2015).

5609: 5466:

Moehlman, 1Patricia D.; Hayssen, Virginia (17 April 2018).

4653: 3201: 3084: 3072: 2978: 2645:

In India, the golden jackal will take over the dens of the

2431: 2353: 2045: 2033: 2029: 2013: 1809: 1478: 1470: 1462: 1369: 1109:

rock shelter located 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of

782: 6822: 4448:. In Boitani, L.; Lovari, S.; Vigna Taglianti, A. (eds.). 3952:

Robert K. Wayne; Jennifer A. Leonard; Carles Vila (2006).

10993: 10602: 8930: 7846:

Yom-Tov, Yoram; Ashkenazi, Shoshana; Viner, Omer (1995).

1458: 1165:, and those from northern and western India are the most 760: 569: 392:

of the golden jackal. It is capable of producing fertile

8071:. In Jezierski, T.; Ensminger, J.; Papet, L. E. (eds.). 7950:. Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. p. 37. 7647:

Animals in stone: Indian mammals sculptured through time

7151: 6972: 6727: 6288: 6010:. Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. pp. 35–37. 5944: 4912:"First evidence of hybridization between golden jackal ( 4544:"A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of golden jackals ( 4450:

Fauna d'Italia – Mammalia III – Carnivora – Artiodactyla

3860: 3280:

The golden jackal may have once been tamed in Neolithic

3111:. It destroys grape, coffee, maize, sugarcane, and eats 2900: 2517:, and some have provided the first record in Hungary of 2340:

can infect bodies of water with their eggs, which cause

416:

to exploit food ranging from fruit and insects to small

8069:"6-Olfacation in Wild Canids and Russian Canid Hybrids" 7744:

The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India

7706:

Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in World Art

7518:"Golden Jackal informal study Group in Europe (GOJAGE)" 7113: 7060: 6857: 6320: 4117:

S. J.; Van Valkenburgh, B.; Wayne, R. K. (2015-08-17).

3775: 3548:. IUCN-The World Conservation Union. pp. 156–161. 7431: 7187:

Gherman, Călin Mircea; Mihalca, Andrei Daniel (2017).

3058: 2916:

and his family, as illustrated in the 1895 edition of

7845: 6902: 6566:. Vol. 3. T. C. Hansard, London. pp. 56–57. 4490:

Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach

2471:

In Iran, some golden jackals carry intestinal worms (

1804:

are large and strong but relatively thinner; and its

1206: 1156:

is a group of similar haplotypes that share a single

11824: 9220: 8062: 7124:

Bolletino Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia

4487:

Cox, C. B.; Moore, Peter D.; Ladle, Richard (2016).

3960:. University of California Press. pp. 279–295. 3814: 1745:), which weighs on average 20 kg (44 lb). 1650:, and the pelt generally does not lighten in color. 1243:

being distinct from the golden jackal, and with the

648:

million years ago and the African wolf diverging 1.3

564:. A 2005 genetic study of the canids found that the 7992:

In Defence of Dogs: Why Dogs Need Our Understanding

5760:. Vol. 2. Taylor and Francis. pp. 94–109. 5618:. Vol. 3-Zoologie. F.G. Levrault. p. 10. 4541: 3414:

10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T118264161A163507876.en

2352:in dogs. In Tajikistan, jackals may carry up to 12 1820:" which usually measured approximately 13 mm ( 592:with the dog in the wild. The next closest are the 6657:Mammalian Biology – Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 6622:Mammalian Biology – Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 5073: 5029: 4400:Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 3954:"Chapter 19:Genetic Analysis of Dog Domestication" 3810: 3808: 7545: 7543: 7332: 6583:L.) on the Pelješac Peninsula, Dalmatia, Croatia" 6316: 6314: 6312: 5853:. Texas Tech University Press. pp. 142–145. 5790: 5721:The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 5136: 5134: 3917:Molecular Markers, Natural History, and Evolution 2060:. The jackal is implicated in the destruction of 1105:The oldest golden jackal fossil was found at the 14002: 9620: 5951:Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5616:Mammiferes de l'expedition scientifique de Moree 4742: 4740: 4738: 4452:. Vol. XXXVIII. Calderini. pp. 47–58. 2487:. In Romania, a jackal was found to be carrying 380:. The oldest golden jackal fossil, found at the 8138:Golden jackal being trained for scent detection 8025: 8023: 7967:(3 ed.). Prentice-Hall. pp. 214–217. 7747:. Vol. 4. MacMillan & Co. p. 327. 7593: 7478:. Vol. 2. Taylor and Francis. p. 163. 6557: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5656:Conservation Action Plan for the golden jackal 5560: 5558: 5556: 5465: 5461: 5459: 5388: 5386: 5231:. Vol. 2. Taylor Francis. pp. 96–100. 4973: 4971: 4513: 3805: 3470:. Oxford University Press. 2017. Archived from 3079:calves, and valuable game species like newborn 2991:is depicted with a jackal's head. The goddess 7829: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7540: 7425: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7236: 7234: 7186: 6576: 6309: 5999: 5997: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5820:. Vol. 9. W.H. Lizars. pp. 215–216. 5351: 5347: 5345: 5240: 5238: 5220: 5218: 5131: 4285: 4283: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3351: 468:around 1600. It derives from the Turkish word 396:with both the gray wolf and the African wolf. 10484: 8325: 8158: 8109: 7982: 7954: 7924:. Longmans, Green, and Co. pp. 181–193. 7833: 7788: 7599: 7382: 7267: 7261: 7240: 6890: 6761: 6759: 6721: 6654: 6545: 6541: 6539: 6423: 6419: 6417: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6276: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6198: 6166: 6164: 5988: 5889: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5704: 5633: 5209: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 4735: 4507: 4486: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4397: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3533: 3207:Some indigenous people of India, such as the 2636:Golden jackals mating in Pench National Park 2144:Male golden jackal interacting with a female 1263: 456:into areas where there are few or no wolves. 444:in the Caucasus and in Central Asia, and the 8172: 8058: 8056: 8029: 8020: 7910: 7908: 7751: 7734: 7696: 7677: 7633: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7522:Golden Jackal informal study Group in Europe 7465: 7180: 6816: 6683: 5835: 5813: 5784: 5603: 5553: 5456: 5383: 5358:(2 ed.). Darnsutha Press. p. 520. 5299: 5258: 4968: 4323: 4321: 3985: 3856: 3854: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 2895: 1923:, habitats where wolves are seldom present. 7839: 7816: 7782: 7510: 7367: 7326: 7246: 7231: 7145: 7107: 6648: 6609: 6570: 6564:A history of the earth, and animated nature 6192: 5994: 5933: 5764: 5684: 5583: 5530: 5510: 5502:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5342: 5235: 5215: 5172: 4537: 4535: 4289: 4280: 4242: 4102: 4043: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3428: 1776:) than to that of the black-backed jackal ( 8345: 8165: 8151: 7740: 7482: 7394: 7388: 6966: 6931: 6896: 6884: 6851: 6756: 6551: 6536: 6438: 6414: 6382: 6282: 6257: 6161: 5982: 5878: 5742: 5436: 5293: 5192: 5140: 4695: 4647: 4426: 4391: 4360: 4331:Azokh Cave and the Transcaucasian Corridor 4167: 3705: 2222:that is harmless to jackals but may cause 1469:, and its prey include small animals like 653:originated from a larger common ancestor. 284: 88: 61: 44: 14071:Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances 12568: 9057: 8240: 8053: 7939: 7905: 7874: 7622: 7416: 7350: 7309: 7299: 7214: 7204: 7082: 7054: 7037: 7005: 6875: 6693:Foxes, Wolves, and Wild Dogs of the World 6577:Radović, Andreja; Kovačić, Darko (2010). 6503:. New York: Academic Press. p. 156. 6496: 6439:Männil, Peep; Ranc, Nathan (2022-01-04). 6241:. Iranian Cheetah society. Archived from 6007:Sketches of the natural history of Ceylon 5962: 5895: 5807: 5710: 5652: 5487: 5317: 5114: 5056: 5006: 4996: 4951: 4903: 4886: 4876: 4844: 4827: 4803: 4786: 4776: 4630: 4620: 4563: 4318: 4142: 4085: 4075: 4018: 3945: 3907: 3890: 3851: 3769: 3752: 3742: 3456: 3412: 2190: 1235:was used to compare members of the genus 472:, which originates from the Persian word 10914: 8075:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 63–64. 7988: 7960: 6689: 6579:"Diet composition of the golden jackal ( 6142: 5846: 5569:. Steven Simpson Natural History Books. 5564: 5392: 5264: 4580: 4532: 4224:Catalogue of Life: 2017 Annual Checklist 3920:. Chapman & Hall. pp. 109–110. 3670: 3627: 3577: 3478: 3296:kept golden jackals in their homes. The 3267: 3192:Jackals were hunted in three ways: with 3146: 2904: 2807: 2710: 2667: 2590:Scent marking in Keoladeo National Park 2546: 2194: 2139: 1930: 1887:, but can be found at their edges or in 1861: 1747: 1727: 1191:and the Caucasus are expanding into the 9988: 8751: 8272: 7757: 7702: 7683: 6231: 6077:International Journal of Legal Medicine 6003: 5536: 5281:from the original on September 16, 2017 5023: 4480: 4252:Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition 4248: 4207: 3586:"Molecular evolution of the dog family" 3565:from the original on September 23, 2015 3439: 3272:European jackal undergoing training at 2848:1992 Convention on Biological Diversity 2595:Social interactions such as greetings, 1966:, 80% of its diet consists of rodents, 1760:, and is closer to that of the coyote ( 459: 14003: 13081: 11317: 8110:Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). 7741:Russell, R. V.; Lal, R. B. H. (1916). 7602:"12-The Fox, the Jackal, and the Wolf" 7528:from the original on 28 September 2015 7471: 6765: 6696:(1 ed.). Blandford. p. 139. 6497:Hall, Robert L.; Sharp, H. S. (1978). 6170: 5753: 5439:"Scottish Maria and the Golden Jackal" 5224: 4593:"Phylogeography of the Golden Jackal ( 4443: 4369:"The Carnivora of the Palestine Caves" 4366: 4213: 4173: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3359:Evolution of the wolf#Wolf-like canids 3185:Also, unlike foxes, jackals sometimes 3041:In the Marwahi forest division of the 2767:packs. They have been observed in the 2166:have also been known to hunt jackals. 1461:. It inhabits mountainous areas, near 13651: 13650: 12555: 12012: 11316: 10468: 9603: 9044: 8224: 8146: 7921:The Fox (Fur, Feather and Fin Series) 7608:. Vol. 2. Trubner. p. 125. 7488: 6730:European Journal of Wildlife Research 6434: 6432: 6117: 5901: 5791:Hemprich, W.; Ehrenberg, C. (1833). " 4348:from the original on 10 February 2023 4230:from the original on 17 November 2017 3913: 3691:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110896 3583: 2901:In folklore, mythology and literature 2148:and its kits in south-western Germany 1255:. One African wolf from the Egyptian 13988:17C416CE-8BAC-4C6F-87B0-B693CD211CC9 13806:c8bb3e21-02e2-40ef-bfff-e325fbb0bdbc 8038:. J.-J. Dubochet. pp. 204–207. 7945: 7914: 7789:Akhtar, N.; Chauhan, N.P.S. (2009). 7779:First published by Macmillan in 1894 7116:"Reproduction of the Golden Jackal ( 6239:"Albino Jackal in Southeastern Iran" 5610:Geoffroy Sai'nt-Hilaire, I. (1835). 3036: 14011:IUCN Red List least concern species 9535:South African small-spotted genet ( 7946:Hatt, R. T. (1959). "The Mammals". 6500:Wolf and man: Evolution in Parallel 6050:10.11609/JOTT.5783.12.4.15407-15413 6004:Tennent, Sir James Emerson (1861). 5430: 4518:. V&S Publishers. p. 137. 3400:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3373: 3059:Livestock, game, and crop predation 2787:. These solitary jackals, known as 2096:, the fruits of wild stony olives, 2080:, while during winter they feed on 1756:The skull is most like that of the 1752:Lateral and dorsal aspects of skull 13: 8030:Boitard, M.; Janin, M. J. (1842). 7692:. MacMillan & Co. p. 279. 6597:from the original on June 19, 2020 6558:Goldsmith, O.; Turton, W. (1816). 6429: 6171:Jerdon, Thomas Claverhill (1874). 3288:. French explorers during the 19th 2769:Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar 2676:) pup at the entrance to its den, 2555: 2551:Howling at the Szeged Zoo, Hungary 2523:and the first record in Europe of 2238:(thorny-headed worms), these are: 608:), which are not members of genus 464:The word 'jackal' appeared in the 14: 14102: 9879:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( 8131: 7995:. Penguin Books. pp. 10–11. 6177:. John Weldon. pp. 142–144. 5352:Lekagul, B.; McNeely, J. (1988). 5031:Bisong; Wayne, Robert K. (2016). 4920:) as revealed by genetic markers" 3292:century noted that people in the 1998:, wrote about the golden jackal: 1911:region, largely inhabits coastal 1493:are a major source of mortality. 671:with timing in millions of years 9604: 8116:. Science Publishers, Inc. USA. 7766:. The Century Co. pp. 2–4. 6396:The Italian Journal of Mammalogy 6303:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00185.x 6143:Pardikar, Rishika (2020-04-26). 4493:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 106. 4220:F. Cuvier, 1820 (accepted name)" 2623: 2577: 1677: 1626: 1560: 1512: 1436: 1333: 1030: 1010: 966: 937: 908: 879: 852: 823: 785: 764: 588:), which have all been shown to 424:calves. Its competitors are the 113: 12013: 9045: 8103: 8089:from the original on 2023-02-10 8042:from the original on 2023-02-10 8009:from the original on 2023-02-10 7971:from the original on 2021-04-17 7928:from the original on 2020-06-20 7894:from the original on 2016-03-04 7805:from the original on 2020-06-20 7770:from the original on 2023-02-10 7723:from the original on 2021-04-17 7686:"11-Of dogs, foxes and jackals" 7634:van der Geer, A. A. E. (2008). 7582:from the original on 2020-03-06 7499:from the original on 2023-02-10 7475:Fauna of British India: Mammals 7454:from the original on 2017-09-26 7432:Feddersen-Petersen, D. (1991). 7134:from the original on 2020-06-19 6798: 6786:from the original on 2020-12-01 6710:from the original on 2023-02-10 6525:from the original on 2023-02-10 6490: 6479:from the original on 2023-02-10 6371:from the original on 2020-06-19 6181:from the original on 2023-02-10 6136: 6111: 6064: 6025: 6014:from the original on 2023-02-10 5971:from the original on 2021-05-13 5922:from the original on 2023-02-10 5867:from the original on 2023-02-10 5824:from the original on 2017-11-17 5814:Smith, C.; Jardine, W. (1839). 5757:Fauna of British India: Mammals 5731:from the original on 2017-09-18 5673:from the original on 2017-12-09 5622:from the original on 2023-02-10 5445:from the original on 2020-04-07 5419:from the original on 2023-02-10 5372:from the original on 2023-02-10 5228:Fauna of British India: Mammals 5161:from the original on 2023-02-10 4466:from the original on 2023-02-10 4446:"Canis aureus (Linnaeus, 1758)" 4379:from the original on 2020-04-10 4312:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.09.005 4269:from the original on 2023-02-10 4214:Orrell, T. (20 November 2015). 4196:from the original on 2023-02-10 3974:from the original on 2023-02-10 3934:from the original on 2023-02-10 3616:from the original on 2021-02-24 2820:The golden jackal is listed as 2803: 2800:can occupy the same territory. 2614: 2505:, and the smallest human fluke 2207:of the heart of a golden jackal 511:, allowing them potentially to 12556: 8063:Hall, N. J.; Protopopova, A.; 8032:"Les Carnassiers Digitigrades" 3779:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 3584:Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). 3263: 2935:and in two ancient texts, the 2870:hybridisation with pariah dogs 2851:, and the 1992 European Union 2135: 1723: 1584:, Asia Minor and the Caucasus 1220:. There was 11–13% of ancient 348:, which are part of the genus 1: 14066:Least concern biota of Europe 9291:Malabar large-spotted civet ( 7495:. Cassell. pp. 154–157. 6952:10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00005-5 6837:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.05.022 6334:Biodiversity and Conservation 6118:Sekar, Sandhya (2020-04-20). 5666:. WWF Greece. pp. 1–47. 4753:) in Europe and the Caucasus" 4516:Concise Dictionary of Science 3956:. In Melinda A. Zeder (ed.). 3367: 2886:Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 2332:Macracanthorhynchus catulinum 13553:Indonesian mountain weasel ( 13209:North American river otter ( 12097:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( 9151:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii 7885:10.1016/0006-3207(95)90051-9 7409:10.1016/0304-3762(82)90215-2 7301:10.1371/journal.pone.0153858 7166:10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.04.004 7071:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 7018:Emerging Infectious Diseases 6917:10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.06.024 6642:10.1016/j.mambio.2013.11.003 5565:Shrestha, Tej Kumar (1997). 4998:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004016 4878:10.1371/journal.pone.0093828 4778:10.1371/journal.pone.0141236 4622:10.1371/journal.pone.0138497 4420:10.1016/j.mambio.2004.12.001 4077:10.1371/journal.pone.0042740 3744:10.1371/journal.pone.0016385 3602:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x 2715:Pair of Sri Lankan jackals ( 2247:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides 1784:), the side-striped jackal ( 1410: (Wroughton, 1916) 1403: (Wroughton, 1916) 656: 7: 14086:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 14076:Pleistocene mammals of Asia 14061:Least concern biota of Asia 10414:Somalian slender mongoose ( 7649:. Brill. pp. 152–153. 7645:. In Bronkhorst, J. (ed.). 6795:Tesi di Laurea in Zoologia 2706: 2542: 2526:Echinococcus multilocularis 2104:, watermelons, muskmelons, 1901:height above mean sea level 1792:), and the Ethiopian wolf ( 1605: (Kolenati, 1858) 1417: (Kolenati, 1858) 1310:Trinomial authority (year) 1292:were described since then. 1085:) is an extinct species of 483: 10: 14107: 14091:Habitats Directive species 14056:Mammals of the Middle East 13367:Asian small-clawed otter ( 12106:American hog-nosed skunk ( 12088:Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( 10396:Angolan slender mongoose ( 10091:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( 9140:Small-toothed palm civet ( 7709:. Continuum. p. 240. 7600:De Gubernatis, A. (1872). 7084:10.7589/0090-3558-44.2.457 6877:10.1007/s13364-024-00737-2 6457:10.1007/s13364-021-00615-1 6408:10.4404/hystrix-28.1-11819 6217:10.1515/mammalia-2012-0009 6089:10.1007/s00414-022-02773-6 6038:Journal of Threatened Taxa 5797:Symbolae Physicae Mammalia 5774:, Princeton, pp. 136–137, 5694:, Princeton, pp. 140–141, 5593:, Princeton, pp. 134–135, 5520:, Princeton, pp. 138–139, 5403:Princeton University Press 5319:10.1016/j.gene.2023.147303 5248:, Princeton, pp. 142-143, 5182:, Princeton, pp. 132–133, 4924:Royal Society Open Science 4292:Quaternary Science Reviews 3537:; Moehlman, P. D. (2004). 3407:: e.T118264161A163507876. 3240: 3142: 3007:, India, the god Mahadeo ( 2884:III, and is listed in the 2084:. Around the edges of the 2072:, and nut crops. Near the 1857: 1598: (Brusina, 1892) 1354:(particularly the area of 1272:subordinated to the genus 1264:Subspecies and populations 538:), and the golden jackal ( 476:. It is also known as the 354:. It is instead closer to 18: 14081:Mammals described in 1758 14036:Mammals of Southeast Asia 13659: 13452: 13401: 13392: 13346: 13322: 13289: 13272: 13248: 13197: 13180: 13163: 13134:Saharan striped polecat ( 13122: 13105: 13064: 13019: 13002: 12993: 12984: 12885: 12861: 12837: 12820: 12811: 12734: 12679: 12637: 12620: 12596: 12579: 12564: 12551: 12523: 12482: 12449: 12432: 12373: 12323: 12290: 12273: 12264: 12201: 12160: 12127: 12115:Striped hog-nosed skunk ( 12068: 12047: 12025: 12021: 12008: 11944: 11927: 11886: 11858: 11846:Mediterranean monk seal ( 11841: 11807: 11757: 11724: 11689: 11680: 11654: 11637: 11618: 11575:Juan Fernández fur seal ( 11539:South American fur seal ( 11527: 11510: 11486: 11474:South American sea lion ( 11469: 11432: 11415: 11406: 11382: 11354: 11332: 11328: 11312: 11276: 11249: 11240: 11181: 11155: 11146: 11122: 11098: 11083: 11072: 10973: 10947: 10899: 10856:South American gray fox ( 10826: 10800: 10776: 10759: 10744: 10729: 10592: 10559: 10542: 10533: 10500: 10480: 10464: 10432:Common slender mongoose ( 10384: 10342: 10298: 10202: 10176: 10167: 10112: 10079: 10062: 10029: 10012: 9979: 9958: 9917: 9905:Narrow-striped mongoose ( 9900: 9867: 9850: 9841: 9804: 9778: 9769: 9752: 9736: 9700: 9674: 9659: 9635: 9616: 9612: 9599: 9567: 9563: 9427:Crested servaline genet ( 9382: 9343: 9334: 9279: 9253: 9238: 9216: 9170: 9126: 9117: 9068: 9053: 9040: 9008: 8910: 8846: 8829: 8820: 8792: 8775: 8742: 8691: 8604: 8567: 8550: 8541: 8504: 8480: 8471: 8455: 8387: 8354: 8341: 8321: 8268: 8251: 8236: 8220: 8182: 7964:Fur: a practical treatise 7834:Heptner & Naumov 1998 7758:Kipling, Rudyard (1920). 7568:10.1007/s13364-018-0365-1 7383:Heptner & Naumov 1998 7262:Heptner & Naumov 1998 7241:Heptner & Naumov 1998 7206:10.1186/s13071-017-2329-8 6891:Heptner & Naumov 1998 6742:10.1007/s10344-017-1124-3 6546:Heptner & Naumov 1998 6424:Heptner & Naumov 1998 6354:10.1007/s10531-015-0948-y 6277:Heptner & Naumov 1998 6203:, Canidae) from Turkey". 5989:Heptner & Naumov 1998 5890:Heptner & Naumov 1998 5395:"Ch.2 - Wolf-like Canids" 5210:Heptner & Naumov 1998 5107:10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.041 4829:10.1007/s10592-013-0547-y 4721:10.1007/s10592-013-0530-7 4673:10.1007/s10528-009-9221-y 4334:. Springer. p. 131. 4182:. Springer. p. 158. 4176:"6-Species Delimitations" 4174:Zachos, Frank E. (2016). 4144:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060 3791:10.1007/s10914-013-9227-4 2931:Golden jackals appear in 2896:Relationships with humans 2348:in sheep and cattle, and 2123:, and 41% is composed of 2092:, lizards, snakes, fish, 1671: 1618: 1612: (Wagner, 1841) 1577:bright-reddish chestnut. 1569:I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1552: 1504: 1430: 1424: (Wagner, 1841) 1323: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1306: 1303: 1239:. The study supports the 1025: 1005: 998: 990: 961: 932: 903: 876: 847: 818: 780: 758: 751: 744: 737: 729: 721: 713: 705: 697: 689: 292: 283: 241: 236: 215: 208: 110:Scientific classification 108: 86: 77: 72: 60: 52: 43: 30: 13490:Stoat/Beringian ermine ( 13358:African clawless otter ( 13110:African striped weasel ( 12923:Yellow-throated marten ( 12799:Formosan ferret-badger ( 12503:Western mountain coati ( 12494:Eastern mountain coati ( 12411:Western lowland olingo ( 12393:Eastern lowland olingo ( 12221:Southern spotted skunk ( 11915:Southern elephant seal ( 11906:Northern elephant seal ( 11696:Pagophilus groenlandicus 10473:("dog-like" carnivorans) 10286:Stripe-necked mongoose ( 9907:Mungotictis decemlineata 8782:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 8229:("cat-like" carnivorans) 5908:. Scribner. p. 18. 5850:Mammals of the Holy Land 5847:Qumsiyeh, M. B. (1996). 5770:Castelló, J. R. (2018). 5690:Castelló, J. R. (2018). 5589:Castelló, J. R. (2018). 5516:Castelló, J. R. (2018). 5244:Castelló, J. R. (2018), 5178:Castelló, J. R. (2018). 4514:Editorial Board (2012). 3344: 2651:Indian crested porcupine 2334:. Jackals infected with 2277:Hydatigera taeniaeformis 2185:Nyctereutes procyonoides 2020:-like rodents, and also 1654:Coastal South West India 1396: (Noack, 1896) 1282:in his 1758 publication 14051:Mammals of Central Asia 13535:Yellow-bellied weasel ( 12790:Burmese ferret-badger ( 12772:Chinese ferret-badger ( 12763:Bornean ferret badger ( 12754:Vietnam ferret-badger ( 12239:Eastern spotted skunk ( 12230:Western spotted skunk ( 11960:Leptonychotes weddellii 11602:Subantarctic fur seal ( 11548:Australasian fur seal ( 10372:Black-footed mongoose ( 10354:Bushy-tailed mongoose ( 10303:White-tailed mongoose ( 10241:Indian brown mongoose ( 10223:Short-tailed mongoose ( 10214:Small Indian mongoose ( 10151:Flat-headed kusimanse ( 10124:Alexander's kusimanse ( 10100:Common dwarf mongoose ( 10067:Pousargues's mongoose ( 9929:Brown-tailed mongoose ( 9888:Grandidier's mongoose ( 9142:Arctogalidia trivirgata 8366:Sunda clouded leopard ( 7855:Biological Conservation 7703:Werness, H. B. (2006). 7684:Kipling, J. L. (1904). 7397:Applied Animal Ethology 7193:Parasites & Vectors 7154:Veterinary Parasitology 7118:Canis aureus moreoticus 6940:Veterinary Parasitology 6905:Veterinary Parasitology 6771:Canis aureus moreoticus 6677:10.1078/1616-5047-00020 5537:Hodgson, B.H. (1833). " 5489:10.1093/mspecies/sey002 5393:Castelló, J.R. (2018). 3333:by the Russian airline 3158:During British rule in 3003:of the Kamar people in 2812:Indian jackal at Upper 2781:commensal relationships 2725:Udawalawe National Park 2502:Dermacentor reticulatus 2478:Echinococcus granulosus 2356:species (which include 1926: 1233:whole genome sequencing 374: million years ago 73:Golden jackals howling 13376:Congo clawless otter ( 13279:Hydrictis maculicollis 13277:Spotted-necked otter ( 13236:Southern river otter ( 13187:Pteronura brasiliensis 12950:European pine marten ( 12461:South American coati ( 12189:Palawan stink badger ( 11515:New Zealand sea lion ( 10580:Japanese raccoon dog ( 10277:Crab-eating mongoose ( 10232:Indian grey mongoose ( 9855:Ring-tailed vontsira ( 9666:(bone-crushing hyenas) 9361:Central African oyan ( 8922:Chinese mountain cat ( 7492:The World of the Tiger 7472:Pocock, R. I. (1941). 7030:10.3201/eid1612.100953 6991:10.1053/tvjl.2000.0572 6979:The Veterinary Journal 6620:L., 1758) in Serbia". 5754:Pocock, R. I. (1941). 5711:Wroughton, J. (1916). 5653:Giannatos, G. (2004). 5225:Pocock, R. I. (1941). 4589:Jhala, Yadvendradev V. 4249:Miklosi, Adam (2015). 3883:10.6026/97320630011272 3277: 3155: 3077:domestic water buffalo 2928: 2817: 2727: 2681: 2552: 2460:), and one species of 2447:Ctenocephanlides canis 2337:Dracunculus medinensis 2323:Dracunculus medinensis 2299:Uncinaria stenocephala 2288:Mesocestoides lineatus 2208: 2191:Diseases and parasites 2149: 2010: 1960:Keoladeo National Park 1947: 1871: 1753: 1733: 1268:The golden jackal was 580:), golden jackal, and 488:The biological family 404:are in service at the 14046:Mammals of South Asia 14031:Carnivorans of Europe 13944:Paleobiology Database 13616:Back-striped weasel ( 13562:Black-footed ferret ( 13334:Smooth-coated otter ( 13112:Poecilogale albinucha 12781:Javan ferret-badger ( 12667:Sumatran hog badger ( 12649:Northern hog badger ( 12343:Crab-eating raccoon ( 12248:Pygmy spotted skunk ( 11969:Lobodon carcinophagus 11705:Histriophoca fasciata 11498:Australian sea lion ( 11444:California sea lion ( 11193:American black bear ( 10935:Black-backed jackal ( 10926:Side-striped jackal ( 10766:Chrysocyon brachyurus 10190:Long-nosed mongoose ( 9463:Rusty-spotted genet ( 9300:Large-spotted civet ( 9149:Sulawesi palm civet ( 9078:Owston's palm civet ( 8652:Andean mountain cat ( 8036:Le jardin des plantes 7989:Bradshaw, J. (2011). 7961:Bachrach, M. (1953). 7760:"1-Mowgli's Brothers" 6690:Alderton, D. (1998). 6587:Periodicum Biologorum 5964:10.5962/bhl.part.6922 5472:(Carnivore: Canidae)" 5300:Sosale M. S. (2023). 5265:Matschie, P. (1900). 5049:10.1101/gr.197517.115 4816:Conservation Genetics 4709:Conservation Genetics 4226:. Catalogue of Life. 3914:Avise, J. C. (1994). 3539:"6.2 – Golden Jackal" 3271: 3166:a substitute for the 3150: 3048:habitat fragmentation 3019:stories collected in 2908: 2874:African golden wolves 2811: 2714: 2671: 2550: 2508:Metagonimus yokogawai 2198: 2143: 2000: 1934: 1865: 1768:) and the gray wolf ( 1751: 1732:Golden jackal profile 1731: 1580:Southeastern Europe, 1207:Admixture with other 1180:Peloponnese Peninsula 558:phylogenetic analysis 494:South American canids 412:for scent-detection. 14041:Mammals of West Asia 13801:Fauna Europaea (new) 13431:Long-tailed weasel ( 13009:Lyncodon patagonicus 12658:Greater hog badger ( 12180:Sunda stink badger ( 11870:Hawaiian monk seal ( 11593:Guadalupe fur seal ( 11566:Antarctic fur seal ( 11557:Galápagos fur seal ( 11453:Galápagos sea lion ( 10571:Common raccoon dog ( 10423:Cape gray mongoose ( 10363:Jackson's mongoose ( 10323:Paracynictis selousi 10314:Cynictis penicillata 9938:Durrell's vontsira ( 9526:Giant forest genet ( 9318:Large Indian civet ( 9258:Small Indian civet ( 8867:Sunda leopard cat ( 8643:Southern tiger cat ( 8579:African golden cat ( 8256:African palm civet ( 7640:, the golden jackal" 7606:Zoological Mythology 7339:Journal of Mammalogy 6769:Lo sciacallo dorato 5539:Canis aureus indicus 5405:. pp. 142–143. 5093:(21): 3441–3449.e5. 4916:) and domestic dog ( 4661:Biochemical Genetics 4565:10.3897/vz.65.e31532 3440:Linnæus, C. (1758). 3327:Sheremetyevo Airport 3274:Sheremetyevo Airport 2777:Canis lupus pallipes 2536:Pachysentis canicola 2520:Trichinella spiralis 1307:Trinomial authority 1161:exhibit the highest 1091:Mediterranean Europe 1089:that was endemic to 460:Etymology and naming 406:Sheremetyevo Airport 378:Last Glacial Maximum 14026:Carnivorans of Asia 13474:M. aistoodonnivalis 13310:Hairy-nosed otter ( 13227:Neotropical otter ( 13007:Patagonian weasel ( 12470:White-nosed coati ( 11670:Cystophora cristata 11661:Erignathus barbatus 11394:Northern fur seal ( 11171:Helarctos malayanus 10807:Atelocynus microtis 10514:U. cinereoargenteus 10405:Egyptian mongoose ( 10332:Rhynchogale melleri 10330:Meller's mongoose ( 10321:Selous's mongoose ( 10305:Ichneumia albicauda 10259:Collared mongoose ( 10133:Angolan kusimanse ( 10017:Liberian mongoose ( 9370:West African oyan ( 9269:Civettictis civetta 9200:Golden palm civet ( 9158:Masked palm civet ( 9133:Arctictis binturong 9107:Hemigalus derbyanus 9105:Banded palm civet ( 9096:Hose's palm civet ( 8885:Rusty-spotted cat ( 7948:The Mammals of Iraq 7867:1995BCons..73...19Y 7795:The Indian Forester 7292:2016PLoSO..1153858P 6766:Lapini, L. (2009). 6669:2002MamBi..67..129L 6634:2014MamBi..79..132C 6346:2015BiCon..24.2593T 5772:Canids of the World 5692:Canids of the World 5591:Canids of the World 5518:Canids of the World 5355:Mammals of Thailand 5246:Canids of the World 5180:Canids of the World 5099:2018CBio...28E3441G 4944:10.1098/rsos.150450 4936:2015RSOS....250450G 4869:2014PLoSO...993828P 4769:2015PLoSO..1041236R 4613:2015PLoSO..1038497Y 4444:Lapini, L. (2003). 4412:2005MamBi..70..227S 4367:Kurtén, B. (1965). 4304:2016QSRv..151...58B 4135:2015CBio...25.2158K 4068:2012PLoSO...742740G 4020:10.1038/nature04338 4011:2005Natur.438..803L 3829:1994Ecol...75.1567V 3735:2011PLoSO...616385R 3679:Journal of Heredity 3474:on August 29, 2017. 3468:Oxford Dictionaries 3235:former Soviet Union 2771:, India, following 2514:Dirofilaria immitis 2490:Trichinella britovi 2442:Xenopsylla nesokiae 2293:Ancylostoma caninum 2056:, and the cones of 1964:Kanha Tiger Reserve 1945:Pench National Park 1431:Indochinese jackal 1331:Nominate subspecies 1300: 1028:Black-backed jackal 1008:Side-striped jackal 529:side-striped jackal 517:black-backed jackal 492:is composed of the 346:side-striped jackal 342:black-backed jackal 313:), also called the 80:Conservation status 13589:European polecat ( 13422:Colombian weasel ( 13072:(African polecats) 12700:Caucasian badger ( 12628:(Eurasian badgers) 12078:(hog-nosed skunks) 11815:("southern seals") 11714:Halichoerus grypus 11645:("northern seals") 11517:Phocarctos hookeri 11422:Eumetopias jubatus 11420:Steller sea lion ( 11202:Asian black bear ( 10952:African wild dog ( 10906:(wolf-like canids) 10183:Atilax paludinosus 10142:Common kusimanse ( 10069:Dologale dybowskii 10041:Gambian mongoose ( 9825:Western falanouc ( 9816:Eastern falanouc ( 9785:Cryptoprocta ferox 9690:Parahyaena brunnea 9445:Johnston's genet ( 9400:Abyssinian genet ( 9352:(African linsangs) 9260:Viverricula indica 9191:Brown palm civet ( 9182:Asian palm civet ( 9089:Cynogale bennettii 9080:Chrotogale owstoni 8976:European wildcat ( 8967:Black-footed cat ( 8557:Leptailurus serval 8525:Asian golden cat ( 8291:(Asiatic linsangs) 7836:, pp. 160–164 7489:Perry, R. (1964). 7385:, pp. 154–155 7243:, pp. 151–153 6893:, pp. 158–159 6548:, pp. 147–148 6426:, pp. 141–146 6279:, pp. 156–157 6044:(4): 15407–15413. 5991:, pp. 132–134 5902:Lopez, B. (2004). 5892:, pp. 129–132 5543:Asiatic Researches 5212:, pp. 140–141 4552:Vertebrate Zoology 3590:Trends in Genetics 3278: 3156: 3151:Jackals hunted in 2929: 2818: 2728: 2682: 2553: 2484:Leishmania tropica 2466:Trichodectes canis 2317:Toxascaris leonina 2305:Dioctophyma renale 2283:Dipylidium caninum 2209: 2150: 2088:, jackals feed on 1982:, and the pods of 1948: 1872: 1870:) hunting in reeds 1754: 1734: 1295: 1247:being genetically 1182:in Greece and the 1127:Middle Pleistocene 398:Jackal–dog hybrids 384:rock shelter near 329:. It is listed as 321:that is native to 13998: 13997: 13653:Taxon identifiers 13644: 13643: 13640: 13639: 13636: 13635: 13632: 13631: 13628: 13627: 13607:Siberian weasel ( 13598:American ermine ( 13526:Japanese weasel ( 13481:Mountain weasel ( 13465: 13388: 13387: 13174: 13159: 13158: 13155: 13154: 13143:Striped polecat ( 13093:Marbled polecat ( 13075: 13060: 13059: 13032: 12980: 12979: 12959:Japanese marten ( 12905:American marten ( 12898: 12756:M. cucphuongensis 12747: 12730: 12729: 12718:European badger ( 12691:Japanese badger ( 12631: 12584:American badger ( 12547: 12546: 12543: 12542: 12519: 12518: 12515: 12514: 12443: 12402:Northern olingo ( 12386: 12361:Cozumel raccoon ( 12336: 12260: 12259: 12214: 12173: 12081: 12062: 12004: 12003: 12000: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11992: 11991: 11988: 11987: 11978:Ommatophoca rossi 11951:Hydrurga leptonyx 11938: 11935:(Antarctic seals) 11908:M. angustirostris 11899: 11882: 11881: 11848:Monachus monachus 11835: 11818: 11803: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11648: 11631: 11614: 11613: 11476:Otaria flavescens 11465: 11464: 11376: 11344:Odobenus rosmarus 11308: 11307: 11304: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11259: 11236: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11134:Spectacled bear ( 11092: 11068: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11060: 11059: 10908: 10895: 10894: 10814:Crab-eating fox ( 10805:Short-eared dog ( 10753: 10738: 10725: 10724: 10607: 10549:Otocyon megalotis 10493: 10460: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10312:Yellow mongoose ( 10163: 10162: 10050:Banded mongoose ( 10019:Liberiictus kuhni 9973: 9954: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9837: 9836: 9763: 9732: 9731: 9728: 9727: 9724: 9723: 9668: 9629: 9595: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9559: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9551: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9499:Servaline genet ( 9418:Bourlon's genet ( 9393: 9354: 9330: 9329: 9212: 9211: 9184:P. hermaphroditus 9036: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9004: 9003: 9000: 8999: 8996: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8988: 8987: 8949:African wildcat ( 8906: 8905: 8876:Flat-headed cat ( 8816: 8815: 8600: 8599: 8537: 8536: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8375:Clouded leopard ( 8334: 8309:Spotted linsang ( 8293: 8258:Nandinia binotata 8123:978-1-886106-81-9 8002:978-1-84614-295-6 7716:978-0-8264-1525-7 7656:978-90-04-16819-0 7615:978-0-7661-4895-6 7441:Bonn. Zool. Beitr 6510:978-0-12-319250-9 5905:Of Wolves and Men 5860:978-0-89672-364-1 5780:978-0-691-17685-7 5700:978-0-691-17685-7 5599:978-0-691-17685-7 5526:978-0-691-17685-7 5476:Mammalian Species 5412:978-0-691-18372-5 5365:978-974-86806-1-3 5254:978-0-691-17685-7 5188:978-0-691-17685-7 4525:978-93-81588-64-2 4500:978-1-118-96858-1 4129:(16): 2158–2165. 4005:(7069): 803–819. 3967:978-0-520-24638-6 3927:978-0-412-03781-8 3037:Attacks on humans 2753:Montagu's harrier 2253:Taenia hydatigena 2241:Sparganum mansoni 2082:wild stony olives 1743:Canis lupus arabs 1721: 1720: 1667: 1666:(Wroughton, 1838) 1620:Sri Lankan jackal 1613: 1606: 1599: 1593: 1434:C. a. cruesemanni 1425: 1418: 1411: 1404: 1397: 1218:jackal–dog hybrid 1163:genetic diversity 1095:Early Pleistocene 1075: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1061: 1060: 1052: 1051: 1043: 1042: 979: 978: 950: 949: 921: 920: 892: 891: 865: 864: 836: 835: 807: 806: 798: 797: 665:Phylogenetic tree 562:phylogenetic tree 554:Mitochondrial DNA 438:Caucasian wildcat 301: 300: 250:C. a. cruesemanni 103: 66: 53:Golden jackal in 16:Species of mammal 14098: 13991: 13990: 13978: 13977: 13965: 13964: 13952: 13951: 13939: 13938: 13926: 13925: 13913: 13912: 13910:NHMSYS0000376466 13900: 13899: 13887: 13886: 13874: 13873: 13861: 13860: 13848: 13847: 13835: 13834: 13822: 13821: 13809: 13808: 13796: 13795: 13783: 13782: 13770: 13769: 13757: 13756: 13744: 13743: 13731: 13730: 13721: 13720: 13708: 13707: 13695: 13694: 13693: 13680: 13679: 13678: 13648: 13647: 13580:Malayan weasel ( 13499:Steppe polecat ( 13472:Sichuan weasel ( 13464: 13463: 13459: 13399: 13398: 13336:L. perspicillata 13301:Eurasian otter ( 13178: 13177: 13173: 13172: 13168: 13079: 13078: 13074: 13073: 13069: 13048:Greater grison ( 13031: 13030: 13026: 13000: 12999: 12991: 12990: 12941:Nilgiri marten ( 12914:Pacific marten ( 12897: 12896: 12892: 12818: 12817: 12801:M. subaurantiaca 12746: 12745: 12744:(ferret-badgers) 12741: 12635: 12634: 12630: 12629: 12625: 12577: 12576: 12566: 12565: 12553: 12552: 12447: 12446: 12442: 12441: 12437: 12385: 12384: 12380: 12335: 12334: 12330: 12271: 12270: 12213: 12212: 12211:(spotted skunks) 12208: 12172: 12171: 12167: 12080: 12079: 12075: 12066: 12065: 12061: 12060: 12052: 12023: 12022: 12010: 12009: 11967:Crabeater seal ( 11942: 11941: 11937: 11936: 11932: 11898: 11897: 11896:(elephant seals) 11893: 11872:N. schauinslandi 11839: 11838: 11834: 11833: 11829: 11822: 11821: 11817: 11816: 11812: 11687: 11686: 11652: 11651: 11647: 11646: 11642: 11635: 11634: 11630: 11629: 11623: 11584:Brown fur seal ( 11559:A. galapagoensis 11446:Z. californianus 11413: 11412: 11380: 11379: 11375: 11374: 11360: 11330: 11329: 11322: 11314: 11313: 11258: 11257: 11253: 11247: 11246: 11162:Melursus ursinus 11153: 11152: 11096: 11095: 11091: 11088: 11081: 11080: 11048:Ethiopian wolf ( 10912: 10911: 10907: 10904: 10757: 10756: 10752: 10749: 10742: 10741: 10737: 10734: 10623:Blanford's fox ( 10606: 10599: 10540: 10539: 10498: 10497: 10492: 10489: 10482: 10481: 10474: 10466: 10465: 10268:Ruddy mongoose ( 10250:Javan mongoose ( 10181:Marsh mongoose ( 10174: 10173: 10153:C. platycephalus 9986: 9985: 9977: 9976: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9848: 9847: 9792:Malagasy civet ( 9776: 9775: 9767: 9766: 9762: 9757: 9750: 9749: 9745: 9672: 9671: 9667: 9664: 9633: 9632: 9628: 9625: 9618: 9617: 9614: 9613: 9601: 9600: 9565: 9564: 9392: 9389: 9353: 9350: 9341: 9340: 9251: 9250: 9247: 9236: 9235: 9231: 9218: 9217: 9124: 9123: 9066: 9065: 9055: 9054: 9042: 9041: 8836:Otocolobus manul 8827: 8826: 8749: 8748: 8625:Geoffroy's cat ( 8548: 8547: 8478: 8477: 8469: 8468: 8464: 8352: 8351: 8343: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8330: 8323: 8322: 8300:Banded linsang ( 8292: 8289: 8281: 8280: 8270: 8269: 8249: 8248: 8238: 8237: 8230: 8222: 8221: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8144: 8143: 8127: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8060: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8027: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8014: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7976: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7933: 7912: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7893: 7878: 7852: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7810: 7786: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7671: 7665: 7659:. Archived from 7644: 7631: 7620: 7619: 7597: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7547: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7524:. GOJAGE. 2017. 7514: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7504: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7453: 7438: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7365: 7364: 7354: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7313: 7303: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7244: 7238: 7229: 7228: 7218: 7208: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7086: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7041: 7009: 7003: 7002: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6911:(1–2): 129–133. 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6825:Animal Behaviour 6820: 6814: 6802: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6785: 6778: 6763: 6754: 6753: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6436: 6427: 6421: 6412: 6411: 6391: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6370: 6331: 6318: 6307: 6306: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6168: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6083:(6): 1767–1771. 6068: 6062: 6061: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6001: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5966: 5942: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5844: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5788: 5782: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5751: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5708: 5702: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5672: 5665: 5650: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5607: 5601: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5562: 5551: 5550: 5534: 5528: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5501: 5493: 5491: 5463: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5437:Phung My Trung. 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5390: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5349: 5340: 5339: 5321: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5262: 5256: 5242: 5233: 5232: 5222: 5213: 5207: 5190: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5138: 5129: 5128: 5118: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5060: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5010: 5000: 4975: 4966: 4965: 4955: 4918:Canis familiaris 4907: 4901: 4900: 4890: 4880: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4831: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4790: 4780: 4763:(11): e0141236. 4744: 4733: 4732: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4634: 4624: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4567: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4441: 4424: 4423: 4395: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4375:(107): 6–8, 42. 4373:Acta Zool. Fenn. 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4325: 4316: 4315: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4146: 4113: 4100: 4099: 4089: 4079: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4022: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3939: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3894: 3858: 3849: 3848: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3756: 3746: 3714: 3703: 3702: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3564: 3543: 3531: 3476: 3475: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3437: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3416: 3386: 3361: 3355: 3314:German Shepherds 3291: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3025:, the character 2912:(left) torments 2891: 2888:, under Schedule 2883: 2746:Pack-hunting of 2720: 2627: 2581: 2456: 2427: 2419: 2404: 2396: 2382: 2374: 2350:canine distemper 2271: 2262: 2236:acanthocephalans 2008: 2007:Oliver Goldsmith 1996:Oliver Goldsmith 1988:golden rain tree 1829: 1828: 1824: 1797: 1789: 1781: 1773: 1765: 1681: 1662: 1630: 1608: 1601: 1594: 1588: 1564: 1558:C. a. moreoticus 1516: 1440: 1420: 1413: 1406: 1399: 1392: 1337: 1301: 1294: 1189:Southeast Europe 1123:Nagorno-Karabakh 1100: 1034: 1014: 1001: 1000: 993: 992: 970: 964:African wild dog 941: 912: 883: 856: 827: 789: 769: 768: 754: 753: 747: 746: 740: 739: 732: 731: 724: 723: 716: 715: 708: 707: 700: 699: 692: 691: 678: 677: 669:wolf-like canids 661: 660: 651: 647: 641: 633: 620:members of this 602:African wild dog 524: 507: 502:wolf-like canids 466:English language 454:Northeast Europe 375: 288: 263:C. a. moreoticus 221: 118: 117: 97: 92: 91: 68: 67: 48: 36:Late Pleistocene 34:Temporal range: 28: 27: 14106: 14105: 14101: 14100: 14099: 14097: 14096: 14095: 14001: 14000: 13999: 13994: 13986: 13981: 13973: 13968: 13960: 13955: 13947: 13942: 13934: 13931:Observation.org 13929: 13921: 13916: 13908: 13903: 13895: 13890: 13882: 13877: 13869: 13864: 13856: 13851: 13843: 13838: 13830: 13825: 13817: 13812: 13804: 13799: 13791: 13786: 13778: 13773: 13765: 13760: 13752: 13747: 13739: 13734: 13726: 13724: 13716: 13711: 13703: 13698: 13689: 13688: 13683: 13674: 13673: 13668: 13655: 13645: 13624: 13600:M. richardsonii 13544:European mink ( 13461: 13460: 13458: 13448: 13440:American mink ( 13413:Amazon weasel ( 13384: 13342: 13318: 13285: 13268: 13244: 13193: 13170: 13169: 13167: 13151: 13118: 13101: 13071: 13070: 13068: 13056: 13039:Lesser grison ( 13028: 13027: 13025: 13015: 12976: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12881: 12857: 12833: 12807: 12743: 12742: 12740: 12726: 12675: 12627: 12626: 12624: 12616: 12592: 12573: 12560: 12539: 12511: 12478: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12428: 12382: 12381: 12379: 12369: 12332: 12331: 12329: 12319: 12286: 12256: 12223:S. angustifrons 12210: 12209: 12207: 12197: 12170:(stink badgers) 12169: 12168: 12166: 12156: 12148:Striped skunk ( 12123: 12117:C. semistriatus 12077: 12076: 12074: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12043: 12037:Ailurus fulgens 12017: 11984: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11923: 11895: 11894: 11892: 11878: 11854: 11831: 11830: 11828: 11814: 11813: 11811: 11795: 11753: 11720: 11676: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11627: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11610: 11523: 11506: 11482: 11461: 11428: 11402: 11369: 11364: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11355: 11350: 11324: 11320: 11292: 11272: 11255: 11254: 11228: 11177: 11142: 11118: 11089: 11087: 11077: 11056: 10985:Golden jackal ( 10969: 10943: 10905: 10903: 10891: 10822: 10816:Cerdocyon thous 10796: 10772: 10750: 10748: 10735: 10733: 10721: 10686:Rüppell's fox ( 10600: 10598: 10588: 10573:N. procyonoides 10555: 10547:Bat-eared fox ( 10529: 10494: 10490: 10476: 10472: 10440: 10425:H. pulverulenta 10380: 10338: 10294: 10261:U. semitorquata 10216:U. auropunctata 10198: 10159: 10108: 10075: 10058: 10025: 10008: 9970: 9968: 9963: 9962: 9946: 9913: 9896: 9863: 9857:Galidia elegans 9833: 9800: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9746: 9741: 9720: 9712:Spotted hyena ( 9696: 9679:Striped hyena ( 9665: 9663: 9655: 9626: 9624: 9608: 9583: 9543: 9481:Aquatic genet ( 9472:Pardine genet ( 9409:Angolan genet ( 9390: 9388: 9378: 9363:P. richardsonii 9351: 9349: 9326: 9309:Malayan civet ( 9275: 9267:African civet ( 9243: 9242: 9232: 9227: 9226: 9222: 9208: 9166: 9113: 9098:Diplogale hosei 9062: 9049: 9024: 8984: 8902: 8842: 8822: 8812: 8788: 8771: 8744: 8738: 8712:Eurasian lynx ( 8687: 8596: 8563: 8543: 8533: 8500: 8473: 8465: 8460: 8443: 8383: 8335: 8331: 8317: 8290: 8277: 8264: 8245: 8232: 8228: 8216: 8178: 8171: 8134: 8124: 8106: 8101: 8092: 8090: 8083: 8065:Wynne, C. D. L. 8061: 8054: 8045: 8043: 8028: 8021: 8012: 8010: 8003: 7987: 7983: 7974: 7972: 7959: 7955: 7944: 7940: 7931: 7929: 7913: 7906: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7876:10.1.1.580.6352 7850: 7844: 7840: 7832: 7817: 7808: 7806: 7787: 7783: 7773: 7771: 7764:The Jungle Book 7756: 7752: 7739: 7735: 7726: 7724: 7717: 7701: 7697: 7682: 7678: 7669: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7642: 7632: 7623: 7616: 7598: 7594: 7585: 7583: 7556:Mammal Research 7548: 7541: 7531: 7529: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7502: 7500: 7487: 7483: 7470: 7466: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7436: 7430: 7426: 7393: 7389: 7381: 7368: 7352:10.2307/1382682 7331: 7327: 7286:(5): e0153858. 7272: 7268: 7260: 7247: 7239: 7232: 7185: 7181: 7160:(3–4): 339–42. 7150: 7146: 7137: 7135: 7112: 7108: 7059: 7055: 7010: 7006: 6971: 6967: 6936: 6932: 6901: 6897: 6889: 6885: 6864:Mammal Research 6856: 6852: 6821: 6817: 6803: 6799: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6776: 6764: 6757: 6726: 6722: 6713: 6711: 6704: 6688: 6684: 6653: 6649: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6575: 6571: 6556: 6552: 6544: 6537: 6528: 6526: 6511: 6495: 6491: 6482: 6480: 6445:Mammal Research 6437: 6430: 6422: 6415: 6392: 6383: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6329: 6319: 6310: 6287: 6283: 6275: 6258: 6248: 6246: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6197: 6193: 6184: 6182: 6169: 6162: 6153: 6151: 6141: 6137: 6128: 6126: 6116: 6112: 6069: 6065: 6030: 6026: 6017: 6015: 6002: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5974: 5972: 5943: 5934: 5925: 5923: 5916: 5900: 5896: 5888: 5879: 5870: 5868: 5861: 5845: 5836: 5827: 5825: 5812: 5808: 5789: 5785: 5769: 5765: 5752: 5743: 5734: 5732: 5709: 5705: 5689: 5685: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5651: 5634: 5625: 5623: 5608: 5604: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5563: 5554: 5535: 5531: 5515: 5511: 5495: 5494: 5464: 5457: 5448: 5446: 5435: 5431: 5422: 5420: 5413: 5391: 5384: 5375: 5373: 5366: 5350: 5343: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5263: 5259: 5243: 5236: 5223: 5216: 5208: 5193: 5177: 5173: 5164: 5162: 5155: 5139: 5132: 5087:Current Biology 5078: 5074: 5037:Genome Research 5028: 5024: 4991:(1): e1004016. 4976: 4969: 4908: 4904: 4849: 4845: 4808: 4804: 4745: 4736: 4700: 4696: 4667:(3–4): 241–50. 4652: 4648: 4607:(9): e0138497. 4585: 4581: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4460: 4442: 4427: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4342: 4326: 4319: 4288: 4281: 4272: 4270: 4263: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4212: 4208: 4199: 4197: 4190: 4172: 4168: 4123:Current Biology 4114: 4103: 4048: 4044: 3990: 3986: 3977: 3975: 3968: 3950: 3946: 3937: 3935: 3928: 3912: 3908: 3859: 3852: 3837:10.2307/1939618 3813: 3806: 3774: 3770: 3715: 3706: 3675: 3671: 3632: 3628: 3619: 3617: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3541: 3532: 3479: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3438: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3387: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3289: 3266: 3243: 3211:and Vaghirs of 3180: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3164:jackal coursing 3145: 3101:grey partridges 3061: 3039: 3022:The Jungle Book 3013:Rudyard Kipling 3005:Raipur district 2933:Indian folklore 2918:Rudyard Kipling 2903: 2898: 2889: 2881: 2806: 2718: 2709: 2692:adult dentition 2672:Syrian jackal ( 2639: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2617: 2611: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2558: 2556:Social behavior 2545: 2531:acanthocephalan 2454: 2425: 2417: 2402: 2394: 2380: 2372: 2269: 2260: 2193: 2164:Eurasian lynxes 2138: 2009: 2006: 1935:Indian jackal ( 1929: 1885:Kyzylkum Desert 1876:omnivorous diet 1866:Syrian jackal ( 1860: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1795: 1787: 1779: 1771: 1763: 1726: 1607: 1600: 1554:European jackal 1465:or residential 1419: 1412: 1405: 1398: 1329: 1324:Persian jackal 1285:Systema Naturae 1266: 1257:Sinai Peninsula 1213: 1184:Dalmatian coast 1125:, dates to the 1098: 1071: 1062: 1053: 1044: 980: 951: 922: 893: 866: 837: 808: 799: 763: 684: 3.5 659: 649: 645: 639: 631: 522: 505: 498:fox-like canids 486: 462: 446:Asiatic wildcat 370: 368:southern Europe 319:wolf-like canid 232: 223: 217: 204: 112: 104: 93: 89: 82: 62: 39: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14104: 14094: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 13996: 13995: 13993: 13992: 13979: 13966: 13953: 13940: 13927: 13914: 13901: 13888: 13875: 13862: 13849: 13836: 13823: 13810: 13797: 13788:Fauna Europaea 13784: 13771: 13758: 13745: 13732: 13722: 13709: 13696: 13681: 13665: 13663: 13657: 13656: 13642: 13641: 13638: 13637: 13634: 13633: 13630: 13629: 13626: 13625: 13623: 13622: 13618:M. strigidorsa 13613: 13604: 13595: 13586: 13577: 13571:Least weasel ( 13568: 13559: 13550: 13541: 13532: 13523: 13517:Haida ermine ( 13514: 13505: 13501:M. eversmannii 13496: 13487: 13478: 13468: 13466: 13450: 13449: 13447: 13446: 13437: 13428: 13419: 13409: 13407: 13396: 13390: 13389: 13386: 13385: 13383: 13382: 13373: 13364: 13354: 13352: 13344: 13343: 13341: 13340: 13330: 13328: 13320: 13319: 13317: 13316: 13307: 13297: 13295: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13283: 13273: 13270: 13269: 13267: 13266: 13256: 13254: 13246: 13245: 13243: 13242: 13233: 13229:L. longicaudis 13224: 13218:Marine otter ( 13215: 13205: 13203: 13195: 13194: 13192: 13191: 13181: 13175: 13161: 13160: 13157: 13156: 13153: 13152: 13150: 13149: 13140: 13130: 13128: 13120: 13119: 13117: 13116: 13106: 13103: 13102: 13100: 13099: 13089: 13087: 13076: 13062: 13061: 13058: 13057: 13055: 13054: 13045: 13035: 13033: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13013: 13003: 12997: 12988: 12982: 12981: 12978: 12977: 12975: 12974: 12965: 12956: 12947: 12938: 12932:Beech marten ( 12929: 12920: 12911: 12901: 12899: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12879: 12869: 12867: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12855: 12845: 12843: 12835: 12834: 12832: 12831: 12821: 12815: 12809: 12808: 12806: 12805: 12796: 12787: 12778: 12769: 12760: 12750: 12748: 12732: 12731: 12728: 12727: 12725: 12724: 12715: 12709:Asian badger ( 12706: 12697: 12687: 12685: 12677: 12676: 12674: 12673: 12664: 12655: 12651:A. albogularis 12645: 12643: 12632: 12618: 12617: 12615: 12614: 12608:Honey badger ( 12604: 12602: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12590: 12580: 12574: 12569: 12562: 12561: 12549: 12548: 12545: 12544: 12541: 12540: 12538: 12537: 12536: 12535: 12529: 12527: 12521: 12520: 12517: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12510: 12509: 12500: 12490: 12488: 12480: 12479: 12477: 12476: 12467: 12457: 12455: 12444: 12430: 12429: 12427: 12426: 12417: 12408: 12399: 12389: 12387: 12371: 12370: 12368: 12367: 12358: 12349: 12345:P. cancrivorus 12339: 12337: 12321: 12320: 12318: 12317: 12313:B. sumichrasti 12308: 12298: 12296: 12288: 12287: 12285: 12284: 12274: 12268: 12262: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12254: 12245: 12236: 12227: 12217: 12215: 12199: 12198: 12196: 12195: 12186: 12176: 12174: 12158: 12157: 12155: 12154: 12145: 12139:Hooded skunk ( 12135: 12133: 12125: 12124: 12122: 12121: 12112: 12103: 12094: 12084: 12082: 12063: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12041: 12031: 12029: 12019: 12018: 12006: 12005: 12002: 12001: 11998: 11997: 11994: 11993: 11990: 11989: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11982: 11973: 11964: 11958:Weddell seal ( 11955: 11949:Leopard seal ( 11945: 11939: 11925: 11924: 11922: 11921: 11912: 11902: 11900: 11884: 11883: 11880: 11879: 11877: 11876: 11866: 11864: 11856: 11855: 11853: 11852: 11842: 11836: 11819: 11805: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11793: 11784: 11775: 11769:Caspian seal ( 11765: 11763: 11755: 11754: 11752: 11751: 11742: 11736:Spotted seal ( 11732: 11730: 11722: 11721: 11719: 11718: 11709: 11700: 11690: 11684: 11678: 11677: 11675: 11674: 11665: 11659:Bearded seal ( 11655: 11649: 11632: 11628:or true seals) 11626:(earless seals 11616: 11615: 11612: 11611: 11609: 11608: 11599: 11590: 11581: 11572: 11563: 11554: 11545: 11535: 11533: 11525: 11524: 11522: 11521: 11511: 11508: 11507: 11505: 11504: 11494: 11492: 11484: 11483: 11481: 11480: 11470: 11467: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11459: 11450: 11440: 11438: 11430: 11429: 11427: 11426: 11416: 11410: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11400: 11390: 11388: 11377: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11348: 11338: 11336: 11326: 11325: 11310: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11302: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11282: 11280: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11270: 11269: 11268: 11262: 11260: 11244: 11238: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11226: 11217: 11208: 11199: 11189: 11187: 11179: 11178: 11176: 11175: 11166: 11156: 11150: 11144: 11143: 11141: 11140: 11130: 11128: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11116: 11112:A. melanoleuca 11106: 11104: 11093: 11078: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11066: 11065: 11062: 11061: 11058: 11057: 11055: 11054: 11045: 11036: 11030:Eastern wolf ( 11027: 11018: 11012:African wolf ( 11009: 11000: 10994:Domestic dog ( 10991: 10981: 10979: 10971: 10970: 10968: 10967: 10958: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10941: 10932: 10922: 10920: 10909: 10897: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10889: 10880: 10874:Sechuran fox ( 10871: 10867:L. gymnocercus 10862: 10853: 10847:Darwin's fox ( 10844: 10834: 10832: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10820: 10811: 10801: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10794: 10784: 10782: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10770: 10760: 10754: 10739: 10727: 10726: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10719: 10710: 10701: 10692: 10683: 10674: 10665: 10656: 10647: 10638: 10629: 10620: 10616:V. bengalensis 10610: 10608: 10590: 10589: 10587: 10586: 10577: 10567: 10565: 10557: 10556: 10554: 10553: 10543: 10537: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10527: 10518: 10508: 10506: 10495: 10485: 10478: 10477: 10462: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10446: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10438: 10429: 10420: 10411: 10402: 10392: 10390: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10378: 10369: 10360: 10356:B. crassicauda 10350: 10348: 10340: 10339: 10337: 10336: 10327: 10318: 10309: 10299: 10296: 10295: 10293: 10292: 10283: 10274: 10265: 10256: 10247: 10238: 10229: 10220: 10210: 10208: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10196: 10187: 10177: 10171: 10165: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10157: 10148: 10139: 10130: 10120: 10118: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10106: 10097: 10087: 10085: 10077: 10076: 10074: 10073: 10063: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10056: 10047: 10037: 10035: 10027: 10026: 10024: 10023: 10013: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10006: 9996: 9994: 9983: 9974: 9956: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9944: 9935: 9925: 9923: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9911: 9901: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9894: 9890:G. grandidieri 9885: 9875: 9873: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9851: 9845: 9839: 9838: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9831: 9822: 9812: 9810: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9798: 9789: 9779: 9773: 9764: 9747: 9737: 9734: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9718: 9708: 9706: 9698: 9697: 9695: 9694: 9685: 9675: 9669: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9643: 9641: 9630: 9610: 9609: 9597: 9596: 9593: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9581: 9580: 9579: 9573: 9571: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9553: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9545: 9544: 9542: 9541: 9532: 9523: 9514: 9505: 9496: 9487: 9478: 9469: 9460: 9454:Letaba genet ( 9451: 9442: 9436:Common genet ( 9433: 9424: 9415: 9406: 9396: 9394: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9376: 9367: 9357: 9355: 9338: 9332: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9324: 9315: 9306: 9297: 9287: 9285: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9273: 9264: 9254: 9248: 9233: 9221: 9214: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9202:P. zeylonensis 9197: 9188: 9178: 9176: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9164: 9160:Paguma larvata 9155: 9146: 9137: 9127: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9111: 9102: 9093: 9084: 9074: 9072: 9063: 9058: 9051: 9050: 9038: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9022: 9021: 9020: 9014: 9012: 9006: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8982: 8973: 8964: 8955: 8946: 8937: 8931:Domestic cat ( 8928: 8918: 8916: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8900: 8891: 8887:P. rubiginosus 8882: 8873: 8864: 8860:P. bengalensis 8854: 8852: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8834:Pallas's cat ( 8830: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8810: 8800: 8798: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8786: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8769: 8759: 8757: 8746: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8736: 8727: 8721:Iberian lynx ( 8718: 8709: 8699: 8697: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8685: 8676: 8667: 8658: 8649: 8640: 8631: 8622: 8612: 8610: 8602: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8594: 8585: 8575: 8573: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8561: 8551: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8522: 8512: 8510: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8488: 8486: 8475: 8466: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8441: 8432: 8423: 8414: 8405: 8399:Snow leopard ( 8395: 8393: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8381: 8372: 8362: 8360: 8349: 8336: 8326: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8306: 8296: 8294: 8278: 8273: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8252: 8246: 8241: 8234: 8233: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8214: 8212:Laurasiatheria 8208: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8170: 8169: 8162: 8155: 8147: 8141: 8140: 8133: 8132:External links 8130: 8129: 8128: 8122: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8099: 8081: 8052: 8019: 8001: 7981: 7953: 7938: 7904: 7838: 7815: 7781: 7750: 7733: 7715: 7695: 7676: 7655: 7621: 7614: 7592: 7562:(3): 341–348. 7539: 7509: 7481: 7464: 7424: 7387: 7366: 7325: 7266: 7264:, pp. 152 7245: 7230: 7179: 7144: 7106: 7077:(2): 457–459. 7053: 7024:(12): 1973–5. 7004: 6977:) in Israel". 6965: 6930: 6895: 6883: 6870:(2): 319–324. 6850: 6815: 6797: 6755: 6720: 6703:978-0713727531 6702: 6682: 6647: 6608: 6593:(2): 219–224. 6569: 6550: 6535: 6509: 6489: 6451:(2): 245–250. 6428: 6413: 6381: 6308: 6281: 6256: 6230: 6191: 6160: 6135: 6124:Mongabay-India 6110: 6063: 6024: 5993: 5981: 5932: 5915:978-0743249362 5914: 5894: 5877: 5859: 5834: 5806: 5793:Canis syriacus 5783: 5763: 5741: 5703: 5683: 5632: 5602: 5582: 5576:978-0952439066 5575: 5552: 5529: 5509: 5482:(957): 14–25. 5455: 5429: 5411: 5382: 5364: 5341: 5292: 5257: 5234: 5214: 5191: 5171: 5154:978-0801882210 5153: 5130: 5072: 5043:(2): 163–173. 5022: 4967: 4930:(12): 150450. 4902: 4843: 4802: 4734: 4694: 4646: 4579: 4558:(3): 391–397. 4531: 4524: 4506: 4499: 4479: 4459:978-8870191691 4458: 4425: 4406:(4): 227–241. 4390: 4359: 4340: 4317: 4279: 4262:978-0199545667 4261: 4241: 4206: 4188: 4166: 4101: 4042: 3984: 3966: 3944: 3926: 3906: 3877:(6): 272–275. 3871:Bioinformation 3850: 3804: 3768: 3704: 3669: 3626: 3596:(6): 218–224. 3576: 3555:978-2831707860 3554: 3477: 3455: 3450:Systema naturæ 3427: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3308:-type Russian 3265: 3262: 3242: 3239: 3144: 3141: 3060: 3057: 3038: 3035: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2805: 2802: 2757:Pallid harrier 2736:Indian gerbils 2708: 2705: 2674:C. a. syriacus 2632: 2631: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2586: 2585: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2557: 2554: 2544: 2541: 2496:Ixodes ricinus 2437:Pulex irritans 2342:dracunculiasis 2311:Toxocara canis 2192: 2189: 2174:Striped hyenas 2137: 2134: 2108:, and grapes. 2086:Karakum Desert 2058:common medlars 2004: 1928: 1925: 1881:Karakum Desert 1868:C. a. syriacus 1859: 1856: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1683: 1675:C. a. syriacus 1672:Syrian jackal 1669: 1668: 1660: 1651: 1640: 1637: 1632: 1616: 1615: 1592:(Wagner, 1841) 1585: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1566: 1550: 1549: 1547: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1450: 1447: 1442: 1428: 1427: 1389: 1363: 1347: 1344: 1339: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1296:Subspecies of 1265: 1262: 1245:Ethiopian wolf 1212: 1205: 1171:Southeast Asia 1148:is a group of 1083:Canis arnensis 1079:Arno river dog 1073: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1004: 999: 997: 991: 989: 986: 985: 982: 981: 977: 976: 973: 972: 960: 957: 956: 953: 952: 948: 947: 944: 943: 931: 928: 927: 924: 923: 919: 918: 915: 914: 906:Ethiopian wolf 902: 899: 898: 895: 894: 890: 889: 886: 885: 878:Golden jackal 875: 872: 871: 868: 867: 863: 862: 859: 858: 846: 843: 842: 839: 838: 834: 833: 830: 829: 817: 814: 813: 810: 809: 805: 804: 801: 800: 796: 795: 792: 791: 779: 776: 775: 772: 771: 757: 752: 750: 745: 743: 738: 736: 730: 728: 722: 720: 714: 712: 706: 704: 698: 696: 690: 688: 676: 673: 672: 658: 655: 586:Canis simensis 582:Ethiopian wolf 485: 482: 461: 458: 366:that lived in 364:Arno river dog 299: 298: 290: 289: 281: 280: 279: 278: 276:C. a. syriacus 273: 266: 259: 252: 247: 239: 238: 234: 233: 224: 213: 212: 206: 205: 201:C. aureus 198: 196: 192: 191: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 106: 105: 87: 84: 83: 78: 75: 74: 70: 69: 58: 57: 50: 49: 41: 40: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14103: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14016:Golden jackal 14014: 14012: 14009: 14008: 14006: 13989: 13984: 13980: 13976: 13971: 13967: 13963: 13958: 13954: 13950: 13945: 13941: 13937: 13932: 13928: 13924: 13919: 13915: 13911: 13906: 13902: 13898: 13893: 13889: 13885: 13880: 13876: 13872: 13867: 13863: 13859: 13854: 13850: 13846: 13841: 13837: 13833: 13828: 13824: 13820: 13815: 13811: 13807: 13802: 13798: 13794: 13789: 13785: 13781: 13776: 13772: 13768: 13763: 13759: 13755: 13750: 13746: 13742: 13737: 13733: 13729: 13723: 13719: 13714: 13710: 13706: 13701: 13697: 13692: 13686: 13682: 13677: 13671: 13667: 13666: 13664: 13662: 13658: 13654: 13649: 13621: 13619: 13614: 13612: 13610: 13605: 13603: 13601: 13596: 13594: 13592: 13587: 13585: 13583: 13578: 13576: 13574: 13569: 13567: 13565: 13560: 13558: 13556: 13555:M. lutreolina 13551: 13549: 13547: 13542: 13540: 13538: 13533: 13531: 13529: 13524: 13522: 13520: 13515: 13513: 13511: 13506: 13504: 13502: 13497: 13495: 13493: 13488: 13486: 13484: 13479: 13477: 13475: 13470: 13469: 13467: 13457: 13456: 13451: 13445: 13443: 13438: 13436: 13434: 13429: 13427: 13425: 13420: 13418: 13416: 13411: 13410: 13408: 13406: 13405: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13391: 13381: 13379: 13374: 13372: 13370: 13365: 13363: 13361: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13351: 13350: 13345: 13339: 13337: 13332: 13331: 13329: 13327: 13326: 13321: 13315: 13313: 13308: 13306: 13304: 13299: 13298: 13296: 13294: 13293: 13288: 13282: 13280: 13275: 13274: 13271: 13265: 13263: 13258: 13257: 13255: 13253: 13252: 13247: 13241: 13239: 13234: 13232: 13230: 13225: 13223: 13221: 13216: 13214: 13212: 13211:L. canadensis 13207: 13206: 13204: 13202: 13201: 13196: 13190: 13188: 13185:Giant otter ( 13183: 13182: 13179: 13176: 13166: 13162: 13148: 13146: 13141: 13139: 13137: 13132: 13131: 13129: 13127: 13126: 13121: 13115: 13113: 13108: 13107: 13104: 13098: 13096: 13091: 13090: 13088: 13086: 13085: 13080: 13077: 13067: 13063: 13053: 13051: 13046: 13044: 13042: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13024: 13023: 13018: 13012: 13010: 13005: 13004: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12983: 12973: 12971: 12966: 12964: 12962: 12957: 12955: 12953: 12948: 12946: 12944: 12943:M. gwatkinsii 12939: 12937: 12935: 12930: 12928: 12926: 12921: 12919: 12917: 12912: 12910: 12908: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12890: 12889: 12884: 12878: 12876: 12871: 12870: 12868: 12866: 12865: 12860: 12854: 12852: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12842: 12841: 12836: 12830: 12828: 12823: 12822: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12810: 12804: 12802: 12797: 12795: 12793: 12788: 12786: 12784: 12783:M. orientalis 12779: 12777: 12775: 12770: 12768: 12766: 12761: 12759: 12757: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12739: 12738: 12733: 12723: 12721: 12716: 12714: 12712: 12707: 12705: 12703: 12698: 12696: 12694: 12689: 12688: 12686: 12684: 12683: 12678: 12672: 12670: 12665: 12663: 12661: 12656: 12654: 12652: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12642: 12641: 12636: 12633: 12623: 12619: 12613: 12611: 12606: 12605: 12603: 12601: 12600: 12595: 12589: 12587: 12586:Taxidea taxus 12582: 12581: 12578: 12575: 12572: 12567: 12563: 12559: 12554: 12550: 12533: 12532: 12531: 12530: 12528: 12526: 12522: 12508: 12506: 12501: 12499: 12497: 12496:N. meridensis 12492: 12491: 12489: 12487: 12486: 12481: 12475: 12473: 12468: 12466: 12464: 12459: 12458: 12456: 12454: 12453: 12448: 12445: 12435: 12431: 12425: 12423: 12418: 12416: 12414: 12409: 12407: 12405: 12400: 12398: 12396: 12391: 12390: 12388: 12378: 12377: 12372: 12366: 12364: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12350: 12348: 12346: 12341: 12340: 12338: 12328: 12327: 12322: 12316: 12314: 12309: 12307: 12305: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12295: 12294: 12289: 12283: 12281: 12276: 12275: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12263: 12253: 12251: 12246: 12244: 12242: 12237: 12235: 12233: 12228: 12226: 12224: 12219: 12218: 12216: 12206: 12205: 12200: 12194: 12192: 12187: 12185: 12183: 12182:M. javanensis 12178: 12177: 12175: 12165: 12164: 12159: 12153: 12151: 12146: 12144: 12142: 12137: 12136: 12134: 12132: 12131: 12126: 12120: 12118: 12113: 12111: 12109: 12108:C. leuconotus 12104: 12102: 12100: 12099:C. humboldtii 12095: 12093: 12091: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12073: 12072: 12067: 12064: 12058: 12050: 12046: 12040: 12038: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12011: 12007: 11981: 11979: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11965: 11963: 11961: 11956: 11954: 11952: 11947: 11946: 11943: 11940: 11930: 11926: 11920: 11918: 11913: 11911: 11909: 11904: 11903: 11901: 11891: 11890: 11885: 11875: 11873: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11862: 11857: 11851: 11849: 11844: 11843: 11840: 11837: 11827: 11823: 11820: 11810: 11806: 11792: 11790: 11787:Baikal seal ( 11785: 11783: 11781: 11778:Ringed seal ( 11776: 11774: 11772: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11762: 11761: 11756: 11750: 11748: 11745:Harbor seal ( 11743: 11741: 11739: 11734: 11733: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11717: 11715: 11710: 11708: 11706: 11703:Ribbon seal ( 11701: 11699: 11697: 11692: 11691: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11679: 11673: 11671: 11668:Hooded seal ( 11666: 11664: 11662: 11657: 11656: 11653: 11650: 11640: 11636: 11633: 11621: 11617: 11607: 11605: 11604:A. tropicalis 11600: 11598: 11596: 11591: 11589: 11587: 11582: 11580: 11578: 11573: 11571: 11569: 11564: 11562: 11560: 11555: 11553: 11551: 11546: 11544: 11542: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11532: 11531: 11530:Arctocephalus 11526: 11520: 11518: 11513: 11512: 11509: 11503: 11501: 11496: 11495: 11493: 11491: 11490: 11485: 11479: 11477: 11472: 11471: 11468: 11458: 11456: 11455:Z. wollebaeki 11451: 11449: 11447: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11437: 11436: 11431: 11425: 11423: 11418: 11417: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11405: 11399: 11397: 11392: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11386: 11381: 11378: 11372: 11367: 11363:(eared seals: 11358: 11353: 11347: 11345: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11315: 11311: 11286: 11285: 11284: 11283: 11281: 11279: 11275: 11266: 11265: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11252: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11239: 11225: 11223: 11218: 11216: 11214: 11209: 11207: 11205: 11204:U. thibetanus 11200: 11198: 11196: 11195:U. americanus 11191: 11190: 11188: 11186: 11185: 11180: 11174: 11172: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11158: 11157: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11145: 11139: 11137: 11132: 11131: 11129: 11127: 11126: 11121: 11115: 11113: 11110:Giant panda ( 11108: 11107: 11105: 11103: 11102: 11097: 11094: 11086: 11082: 11079: 11076: 11071: 11053: 11051: 11046: 11044: 11042: 11037: 11035: 11033: 11028: 11026: 11024: 11019: 11017: 11015: 11010: 11008: 11006: 11001: 10999: 10997: 10996:C. familiaris 10992: 10990: 10988: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10978: 10977: 10972: 10966: 10964: 10959: 10957: 10955: 10954:Lycaon pictus 10950: 10949: 10946: 10940: 10938: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10919: 10918: 10913: 10910: 10902: 10898: 10888: 10886: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10872: 10870: 10868: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10854: 10852: 10850: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10819: 10817: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10803: 10802: 10799: 10793: 10791: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10780: 10775: 10769: 10767: 10762: 10761: 10758: 10755: 10747: 10743: 10740: 10732: 10728: 10718: 10716: 10711: 10709: 10707: 10702: 10700: 10698: 10693: 10691: 10689: 10684: 10682: 10680: 10675: 10673: 10671: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10650:Tibetan fox ( 10648: 10646: 10644: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10604: 10597: 10596: 10591: 10585: 10583: 10582:N. viverrinus 10578: 10576: 10574: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10563: 10558: 10552: 10550: 10545: 10544: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10532: 10526: 10524: 10523:U. littoralis 10519: 10517: 10515: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10504: 10499: 10496: 10488: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10467: 10463: 10437: 10435: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10403: 10401: 10399: 10398:H. flavescens 10394: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10383: 10377: 10375: 10370: 10368: 10366: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10346: 10341: 10335: 10333: 10328: 10326: 10324: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10310: 10308: 10306: 10301: 10300: 10297: 10291: 10289: 10288:U. vitticolla 10284: 10282: 10280: 10275: 10273: 10271: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10239: 10237: 10235: 10230: 10228: 10226: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10207: 10206: 10201: 10195: 10193: 10192:Xenogale naso 10188: 10186: 10184: 10179: 10178: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10166: 10156: 10154: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10117: 10116: 10111: 10105: 10103: 10098: 10096: 10094: 10089: 10088: 10086: 10084: 10083: 10078: 10072: 10070: 10065: 10064: 10061: 10055: 10053: 10048: 10046: 10044: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10033: 10028: 10022: 10020: 10015: 10014: 10011: 10005: 10003: 9998: 9997: 9995: 9993: 9992: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9978: 9975: 9966: 9965:sensu stricto 9961: 9957: 9943: 9941: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9922: 9921: 9916: 9910: 9908: 9903: 9902: 9899: 9893: 9891: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9872: 9871: 9866: 9860: 9858: 9853: 9852: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9840: 9830: 9828: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9797: 9795: 9794:Fossa fossana 9790: 9788: 9786: 9781: 9780: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9768: 9765: 9755: 9751: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9735: 9717: 9715: 9710: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9704: 9699: 9693: 9691: 9688:Brown hyena ( 9686: 9684: 9682: 9681:Hyaena hyaena 9677: 9676: 9673: 9670: 9662: 9658: 9652: 9650: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9639: 9634: 9631: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9602: 9598: 9577: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9572: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9540: 9538: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9508:Hausa genet ( 9506: 9504: 9502: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9479: 9477: 9475: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9443: 9441: 9439: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9411:G. angolensis 9407: 9405: 9403: 9402:G. abyssinica 9398: 9397: 9395: 9387: 9386: 9381: 9375: 9373: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9348: 9347: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9333: 9323: 9321: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9311:V. tangalunga 9307: 9305: 9303: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9284: 9283: 9278: 9272: 9270: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9256: 9255: 9252: 9249: 9246: 9245:sensu stricto 9241: 9237: 9234: 9230: 9225: 9219: 9215: 9205: 9203: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9175: 9174: 9169: 9163: 9161: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9129: 9128: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9119:Paradoxurinae 9116: 9110: 9108: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9087:Otter civet ( 9085: 9083: 9081: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9067: 9064: 9061: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9043: 9039: 9018: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9011: 9007: 8981: 8979: 8978:F. silvestris 8974: 8972: 8970: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8899: 8897: 8896:P. viverrinus 8894:Fishing cat ( 8892: 8890: 8888: 8883: 8881: 8879: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8869:P. javanensis 8865: 8863: 8861: 8858:Leopard cat ( 8856: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8850: 8845: 8839: 8837: 8832: 8831: 8828: 8825: 8819: 8809: 8807: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8785: 8783: 8778: 8777: 8774: 8768: 8766: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8733: 8728: 8726: 8724: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8705:L. canadensis 8703:Canada lynx ( 8701: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8695: 8690: 8684: 8682: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8593: 8591: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8571: 8566: 8560: 8558: 8553: 8552: 8549: 8546: 8540: 8530: 8528: 8527:C. temminckii 8523: 8521: 8519: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8508: 8503: 8497: 8495: 8492:Marbled cat ( 8490: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8479: 8476: 8470: 8467: 8463: 8462:sensu stricto 8459: 8454: 8440: 8438: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8380: 8378: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8358: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8337: 8329: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8312: 8311:P. pardicolor 8307: 8305: 8303: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8279: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8259: 8254: 8253: 8250: 8247: 8244: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8223: 8219: 8213: 8209: 8207: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8195: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8184: 8181: 8176: 8168: 8163: 8161: 8156: 8154: 8149: 8148: 8145: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8125: 8119: 8115: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8088: 8084: 8082:9781482260274 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8059: 8057: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8026: 8024: 8008: 8004: 7998: 7994: 7993: 7985: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7957: 7949: 7942: 7927: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7911: 7909: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7849: 7842: 7835: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7804: 7801:: 1347–1356. 7800: 7796: 7792: 7785: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7754: 7746: 7745: 7737: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7708: 7707: 7699: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7666:on 2017-12-30 7662: 7658: 7652: 7648: 7641: 7639: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7617: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7596: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7546: 7544: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7513: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7485: 7477: 7476: 7468: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7419: 7418:2027.42/23918 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7362: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7329: 7321: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7270: 7263: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7242: 7237: 7235: 7226: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7183: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7119: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7067:) in Romania" 7066: 7057: 7049: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7008: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6969: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6946:(2): 161–71. 6945: 6941: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6887: 6878: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6782: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6762: 6760: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6724: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6695: 6694: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6612: 6601:September 12, 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6582: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6542: 6540: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6493: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6433: 6425: 6420: 6418: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6328: 6326: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6291:Mammal Review 6285: 6278: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6245:on 2016-02-02 6244: 6240: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6167: 6165: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6000: 5998: 5990: 5985: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5898: 5891: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5852: 5851: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5810: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5759: 5758: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5716: 5707: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5687: 5669: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5578: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5505: 5499: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5471: 5462: 5460: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5389: 5387: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5348: 5346: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5285:September 18, 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5221: 5219: 5211: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5137: 5135: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4985:PLOS Genetics 4982: 4974: 4972: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4863:(4): e93828. 4862: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4752: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4596: 4590: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4547: 4538: 4536: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4502: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4483: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4347: 4343: 4341:9783319249247 4337: 4333: 4332: 4324: 4322: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4284: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4245: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4219: 4210: 4195: 4191: 4189:9783319449647 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4062:(8): e42740. 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3866: 3857: 3855: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3809: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3729:(1): e16385. 3728: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3685:(6): 447–54. 3684: 3680: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3642:(3): 247–57. 3641: 3637: 3630: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3569:September 18, 3561: 3557: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3372: 3360: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3298:Kalmyk people 3295: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3270: 3261: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3187:feigned death 3169: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3149: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3125:Golan Heights 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2926: 2925: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2893: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2856: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2843: 2838: 2835:nor the 1979 2834: 2833: 2827: 2826:IUCN Red List 2823: 2822:Least Concern 2815: 2810: 2801: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2773:Indian wolves 2770: 2766: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2722: 2713: 2704: 2700: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2634: 2626: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2580: 2571: 2568: 2567:Scent marking 2563: 2562:breeding pair 2549: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2497: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2413: 2411: 2406: 2398: 2390: 2389: 2388:R. sanguineus 2384: 2376: 2368: 2366: 2365:Rhipicephalus 2361: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2265: 2264: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2224:leishmaniasis 2221: 2220: 2214: 2206: 2203:in the right 2202: 2197: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2147: 2142: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2003: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1956:North America 1953: 1946: 1942: 1939:) feeding on 1938: 1937:C. a. indicus 1933: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1869: 1864: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1819: 1818:jackal's horn 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1791: 1783: 1775: 1767: 1759: 1750: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1730: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1604: 1597: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1510:C. a. indicus 1507: 1506:Indian jackal 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455:C. a. indicus 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1416: 1409: 1402: 1395: 1394:hadramauticus 1390: 1387: 1386:Western India 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:Indian jackal 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1316:Distribution 1309: 1302: 1299: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1280:Carl Linnaeus 1277: 1276: 1271: 1270:taxonomically 1261: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1210: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1139:Transcaucasia 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1066: 1065: 1057: 1056: 1048: 1047: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1003: 1002: 995: 994: 988: 987: 984: 983: 975: 974: 971: 969: 965: 959: 958: 955: 954: 946: 945: 942: 940: 936: 930: 929: 926: 925: 917: 916: 913: 911: 907: 901: 900: 897: 896: 888: 887: 884: 882: 874: 873: 870: 869: 861: 860: 857: 855: 851: 845: 844: 841: 840: 832: 831: 828: 826: 822: 816: 815: 812: 811: 803: 802: 794: 793: 790: 788: 784: 778: 777: 774: 773: 770: 767: 762: 756: 755: 749: 748: 742: 741: 734: 733: 726: 725: 718: 717: 710: 709: 702: 701: 694: 693: 687: 683: 680: 679: 675: 674: 670: 666: 663: 662: 654: 643: 635: 625: 623: 619: 616:and the most 615: 611: 607: 606:Lycaon pictus 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 578:Canis latrans 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 534: 530: 526: 518: 514: 510: 503: 499: 495: 491: 481: 479: 478:common jackal 475: 471: 467: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 422:water buffalo 419: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 352: 347: 343: 338: 336: 335:IUCN Red List 332: 331:Least Concern 328: 324: 320: 316: 315:common jackal 312: 311: 306: 305:golden jackal 296: 291: 287: 282: 277: 274: 272: 271: 267: 265: 264: 260: 258: 257: 256:C. a. indicus 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 240: 235: 231: 227: 222: 220: 214: 211: 210:Binomial name 207: 203: 202: 197: 194: 193: 190: 189: 185: 182: 181: 178: 175: 172: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 158: 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 138: 135: 132: 131: 128: 125: 122: 121: 116: 111: 107: 101: 96: 95:Least Concern 85: 81: 76: 71: 59: 56: 51: 47: 42: 37: 31:Golden jackal 29: 26: 22: 13718:canis-aureus 13705:Canis_aureus 13691:Canis aureus 13661:Canis aureus 13660: 13617: 13608: 13599: 13590: 13581: 13572: 13563: 13554: 13545: 13536: 13527: 13518: 13509: 13500: 13491: 13482: 13473: 13453: 13441: 13432: 13423: 13414: 13402: 13377: 13368: 13359: 13347: 13335: 13323: 13312:L. sumatrana 13311: 13302: 13290: 13278: 13261: 13249: 13237: 13228: 13219: 13210: 13198: 13186: 13144: 13135: 13123: 13111: 13095:V. peregusna 13094: 13082: 13049: 13040: 13020: 13008: 12995:Lyncodontini 12986:Ictonychinae 12970:M. zibellina 12969: 12960: 12951: 12942: 12933: 12925:M. flavigula 12924: 12915: 12907:M. americana 12906: 12886: 12874: 12862: 12850: 12838: 12827:Eira barbara 12826: 12800: 12792:M. personata 12791: 12782: 12773: 12764: 12755: 12735: 12719: 12710: 12702:M. canescens 12701: 12692: 12680: 12668: 12659: 12650: 12638: 12609: 12597: 12585: 12504: 12495: 12483: 12471: 12462: 12450: 12421: 12412: 12403: 12394: 12374: 12362: 12353: 12344: 12324: 12312: 12311:Cacomistle ( 12303: 12291: 12280:Potos flavus 12279: 12249: 12240: 12231: 12222: 12202: 12190: 12181: 12161: 12149: 12140: 12128: 12116: 12107: 12098: 12089: 12069: 12036: 11977: 11968: 11959: 11950: 11916: 11907: 11887: 11871: 11859: 11847: 11832:(monk seals) 11788: 11779: 11770: 11758: 11746: 11737: 11725: 11713: 11704: 11695: 11669: 11660: 11603: 11595:A. townsendi 11594: 11585: 11577:A. philippii 11576: 11567: 11558: 11549: 11541:A. australis 11540: 11528: 11516: 11499: 11487: 11475: 11454: 11445: 11433: 11421: 11395: 11383: 11343: 11222:U. maritimus 11221: 11220:Polar bear ( 11212: 11211:Brown bear ( 11203: 11194: 11182: 11170: 11161: 11160:Sloth bear ( 11135: 11123: 11111: 11099: 11049: 11040: 11031: 11022: 11013: 11004: 10995: 10986: 10984: 10974: 10963:Cuon alpinus 10962: 10953: 10937:L. mesomelas 10936: 10927: 10915: 10884: 10875: 10866: 10865:Pampas fox ( 10857: 10848: 10839: 10827: 10815: 10806: 10790:S. venaticus 10789: 10777: 10765: 10764:Maned wolf ( 10746:Cerdocyonina 10714: 10713:Fennec fox ( 10705: 10696: 10688:V. rueppelli 10687: 10678: 10669: 10660: 10659:Arctic fox ( 10652:V. ferrilata 10651: 10642: 10641:Corsac fox ( 10633: 10624: 10615: 10614:Bengal fox ( 10593: 10581: 10572: 10560: 10548: 10522: 10521:Island fox ( 10513: 10501: 10434:H. sanguinea 10433: 10424: 10415: 10407:H. ichneumon 10406: 10397: 10385: 10373: 10364: 10355: 10343: 10331: 10322: 10313: 10304: 10287: 10278: 10269: 10260: 10251: 10242: 10234:U. edwardsii 10233: 10225:U. brachyura 10224: 10215: 10203: 10191: 10182: 10152: 10143: 10134: 10126:C. alexandri 10125: 10113: 10101: 10092: 10080: 10068: 10051: 10043:M. gambianus 10042: 10030: 10018: 10002:S. suricatta 10001: 9989: 9964: 9939: 9930: 9918: 9906: 9889: 9880: 9868: 9856: 9826: 9817: 9805: 9793: 9784: 9761:carnivorans) 9742: 9713: 9701: 9689: 9680: 9648: 9636: 9606:Herpestoidea 9569:Herpestoidea 9536: 9528:G. victoriae 9527: 9518: 9517:Cape genet ( 9509: 9501:G. servalina 9500: 9491: 9490:King genet ( 9483:G. piscivora 9482: 9473: 9464: 9455: 9447:G. johnstoni 9446: 9437: 9428: 9419: 9410: 9401: 9383: 9372:P. leightoni 9371: 9362: 9344: 9319: 9310: 9302:V. megaspila 9301: 9293:V. civettina 9292: 9280: 9268: 9259: 9244: 9228: 9201: 9192: 9183: 9171: 9159: 9150: 9141: 9132: 9106: 9097: 9088: 9079: 8977: 8968: 8960:F. margarita 8959: 8950: 8941: 8940:Jungle cat ( 8932: 8923: 8911: 8895: 8886: 8878:P. planiceps 8877: 8868: 8859: 8849:Prionailurus 8847: 8835: 8805: 8793: 8781: 8780:Jaguarundi ( 8764: 8752: 8731: 8722: 8713: 8704: 8692: 8680: 8671: 8662: 8653: 8644: 8635: 8627:L. geoffroyi 8626: 8617: 8616:Pampas cat ( 8605: 8589: 8580: 8568: 8556: 8526: 8517: 8505: 8494:P. marmorata 8493: 8481: 8461: 8436: 8427: 8418: 8409: 8400: 8388: 8376: 8367: 8355: 8310: 8301: 8284: 8257: 8210:Superorder: 8204:Infraclass: 8112: 8104:Bibliography 8091:. Retrieved 8072: 8044:. Retrieved 8035: 8011:. Retrieved 7991: 7984: 7973:. Retrieved 7963: 7956: 7947: 7941: 7930:. Retrieved 7920: 7896:. Retrieved 7861:(1): 19–22. 7858: 7854: 7841: 7807:. Retrieved 7798: 7794: 7784: 7772:. Retrieved 7763: 7753: 7743: 7736: 7725:. Retrieved 7705: 7698: 7689: 7679: 7668:. Retrieved 7661:the original 7646: 7638:Canis aureus 7637: 7605: 7595: 7584:. Retrieved 7559: 7555: 7530:. Retrieved 7521: 7512: 7501:. Retrieved 7491: 7484: 7474: 7467: 7456:. Retrieved 7444: 7440: 7427: 7400: 7396: 7390: 7342: 7338: 7328: 7283: 7279: 7269: 7196: 7192: 7182: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7136:. Retrieved 7127: 7123: 7117: 7109: 7074: 7070: 7065:Canis aureus 7064: 7056: 7021: 7017: 7007: 6985:(1): 66–72. 6982: 6978: 6975:Canis aureus 6974: 6968: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6908: 6904: 6898: 6886: 6867: 6863: 6853: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6800: 6788:. Retrieved 6772: 6768: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6712:. Retrieved 6692: 6685: 6660: 6656: 6650: 6625: 6621: 6618:Canis aureus 6617: 6611: 6599:. Retrieved 6590: 6586: 6581:Canis aureus 6580: 6572: 6563: 6553: 6527:. Retrieved 6499: 6492: 6481:. Retrieved 6448: 6444: 6399: 6395: 6373:. Retrieved 6340:(10): 2593. 6337: 6333: 6327:) in Europe" 6325:Canis aureus 6324: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6247:. Retrieved 6243:the original 6233: 6208: 6204: 6201:Canis aureus 6200: 6194: 6183:. Retrieved 6173: 6152:. Retrieved 6148: 6138: 6127:. Retrieved 6123: 6113: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6041: 6037: 6027: 6016:. Retrieved 6006: 5984: 5973:. Retrieved 5954: 5950: 5924:. Retrieved 5904: 5897: 5869:. Retrieved 5849: 5826:. Retrieved 5816: 5809: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5771: 5766: 5756: 5733:. Retrieved 5724: 5720: 5714: 5706: 5691: 5686: 5675:. Retrieved 5660:L. in Greece 5659: 5658:Canis aureus 5655: 5624:. Retrieved 5615: 5612:"Mammiferes" 5605: 5590: 5585: 5566: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5517: 5512: 5498:cite journal 5479: 5475: 5470:Canis aureus 5469: 5447:. Retrieved 5432: 5421:. Retrieved 5398: 5374:. Retrieved 5354: 5309: 5305: 5295: 5283:. Retrieved 5274: 5270: 5260: 5245: 5227: 5179: 5174: 5163:. Retrieved 5143: 5090: 5086: 5075: 5040: 5036: 5025: 4988: 4984: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914:Canis aureus 4913: 4905: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4760: 4756: 4751:Canis aureus 4750: 4712: 4708: 4705:Canis aureus 4704: 4697: 4664: 4660: 4657:Canis aureus 4656: 4649: 4604: 4600: 4595:Canis aureus 4594: 4582: 4555: 4551: 4546:Canis aureus 4545: 4515: 4509: 4489: 4482: 4476:(in Italian) 4468:. Retrieved 4449: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4381:. Retrieved 4372: 4362: 4350:. Retrieved 4330: 4295: 4291: 4271:. Retrieved 4251: 4244: 4232:. Retrieved 4223: 4218:Canis anthus 4217: 4209: 4198:. Retrieved 4179: 4169: 4126: 4122: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4002: 3998: 3987: 3976:. Retrieved 3957: 3947: 3936:. Retrieved 3916: 3909: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3820: 3816: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3726: 3722: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3618:. Retrieved 3593: 3589: 3579: 3567:. Retrieved 3545: 3535:Jhala, Y. V. 3472:the original 3467: 3458: 3449: 3444:Canis aureus 3443: 3418:. Retrieved 3404: 3398: 3393:Canis aureus 3392: 3353: 3339: 3323:Sulimov dogs 3318:fox terriers 3302: 3286:Göbekli Tepe 3279: 3244: 3228: 3206: 3191: 3157: 3130: 3062: 3043:Chhattisgarh 3040: 3020: 2982: 2968: 2959:Panchatantra 2958: 2948: 2944:Panchatantra 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924:Jungle Books 2921: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2830: 2819: 2804:Conservation 2792: 2788: 2776: 2762: 2745: 2729: 2716: 2701: 2683: 2673: 2644: 2640: 2615:Reproduction 2610: 2599:, and group 2594: 2559: 2534: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2465: 2451: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2423: 2415: 2408: 2400: 2392: 2386: 2378: 2370: 2363: 2357: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2267: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2230:(flatworm), 2218: 2210: 2184: 2181:raccoon dogs 2178: 2172: 2168: 2151: 2117:common voles 2110: 2074:Vakhsh River 2011: 2001: 1949: 1943:carcass in 1936: 1905: 1873: 1867: 1845: 1836: 1802:canine teeth 1793: 1785: 1777: 1769: 1761: 1755: 1742: 1739:Arabian wolf 1735: 1674: 1673: 1663: 1647: 1643: 1623: 1622: 1609: 1602: 1595: 1589: 1587: 1557: 1556: 1509: 1508: 1454: 1433: 1432: 1421: 1414: 1407: 1400: 1393: 1391: 1374:Turkmenistan 1327:C. a. aureus 1326: 1325: 1313:Description 1298:Canis aureus 1297: 1283: 1273: 1267: 1241:African wolf 1236: 1230: 1214: 1208: 1176: 1143: 1104: 1082: 1076: 1026: 1006: 962: 933: 904: 877: 850:African wolf 848: 819: 781: 761:Domestic dog 759: 637: 629: 626: 613: 609: 605: 598:Cuon alpinus 597: 585: 577: 552: 548:monophyletic 540:Canis aureus 539: 535: 532: 520: 487: 477: 473: 469: 463: 414: 402:Sulimov dogs 349: 339: 327:Arabian wolf 314: 310:Canis aureus 309: 308: 304: 302: 297:not mapped) 275: 268: 261: 254: 249: 245:C. a. aureus 244: 219:Canis aureus 218: 216: 200: 199: 187: 25: 21:African wolf 13827:iNaturalist 13685:Wikispecies 13609:M. sibirica 13591:M. putorius 13564:M. nigripes 13546:M. lutreola 13519:M. haidarum 13415:N. africana 13378:A. congicus 13369:A. cinereus 13360:A. capensis 13260:Sea otter ( 13238:L. provocax 13145:I. striatus 13066:Ictonychini 12961:M. melampus 12873:Wolverine ( 12851:P. pennanti 12774:M. moschata 12765:M. everetti 12711:M. leucurus 12669:A. hoevenii 12660:A. collaris 12610:M. capensis 12505:N. olivacea 12420:Olinguito ( 12376:Bassaricyon 12363:P. pygmaeus 12293:Bassariscus 12266:Procyonidae 12241:S. putorius 12232:S. gracilis 12150:M. mephitis 12141:M. macroura 12035:Red panda ( 12015:Musteloidea 11976:Ross seal ( 11929:Lobodontini 11861:Neomonachus 11789:P. sibirica 11747:P. vitulina 11712:Grey seal ( 11694:Harp seal ( 11586:A. pusillus 11550:A. forsteri 11385:Callorhinus 11319:Pinnipedia 11278:Musteloidea 11050:C. simensis 11014:C. lupaster 10883:Hoary fox ( 10876:L. sechurae 10849:L. fulvipes 10840:L. culpaeus 10736:(true dogs) 10695:Swift fox ( 10670:V. macrotis 10562:Nyctereutes 10471:Caniformia 10416:H. ochracea 10374:B. nigripes 10365:B. jacksoni 10252:U. javanica 10169:Herpestinae 10144:C. obscurus 10135:C. ansorgei 10115:Crossarchus 9971:(mongooses) 9960:Herpestidae 9940:S. durrelli 9931:S. concolor 9881:G. fasciata 9818:E. goudotii 9739:Herpestidae 9649:P. cristata 9510:G. thierryi 9465:G. maculata 9429:G. cristata 9420:G. bourloni 9173:Paradoxurus 9131:Binturong ( 9070:Hemigalinae 9047:Viverroidea 9010:Viverroidea 8969:F. nigripes 8821:Leopard cat 8806:P. concolor 8723:L. pardinus 8672:L. tigrinus 8663:L. pardalis 8654:L. jacobita 8645:L. guttulus 8618:L. colocola 8377:N. nebulosa 8347:Pantherinae 8227:Feliformia 7916:Dale, T. F. 7130:: 169–186. 5957:: 117–199. 5715:Canis naria 5277:: 144–145. 4715:: 187–199. 4597:) in India" 4234:17 November 3823:(6): 1567. 3420:16 February 3264:Sulimov dog 3221:Narikuravas 3168:fox hunting 3113:watermelons 3053:sloth bears 3033:the tiger. 2950:Mahabharata 2914:Father Wolf 2678:Yarkon Park 2155:Indian wolf 2136:Competition 1893:Thar Desert 1846:The jackal 1724:Description 1624:C. a. naria 1378:Afghanistan 1366:Middle East 1304:Subspecies 1203:in Israel. 1201:hybrid zone 1137:region and 1093:during the 544:East Africa 509:chromosomes 430:steppe wolf 270:C. a. naria 237:Subspecies 14005:Categories 13582:M. nudipes 13573:M. nivalis 13537:M. kathiah 13492:M. erminea 13483:M. altaica 13433:N. frenata 13424:N. felipei 13394:Mustelinae 13136:I. libycus 13050:G. vittata 12916:M. caurina 12693:M. anakuma 12571:Mustelidae 12558:Mustelidae 12534:see below↓ 12525:Mustelidae 12422:B. neblina 12333:(raccoons) 12304:B. astutus 12302:Ringtail ( 12278:Kinkajou ( 12250:S. pygmaea 12191:M. marchei 12049:Mephitidae 11917:M. leonina 11809:Monachinae 11780:P. hispida 11771:P. caspica 11568:A. gazella 11500:N. cinerea 11396:C. ursinus 11334:Odobenidae 11287:see below↓ 11267:see below↓ 11251:Pinnipedia 11169:Sun bear ( 11136:T. ornatus 11125:Tremarctos 11101:Ailuropoda 11039:Red wolf ( 11005:C. latrans 10928:L. adustus 10885:L. vetulus 10858:L. griseus 10788:Bush dog ( 10679:V. pallida 10677:Pale fox ( 10661:V. lagopus 10632:Cape fox ( 10512:Gray fox ( 10270:U. smithii 10102:H. parvula 10093:H. hirtula 9981:Mungotinae 9870:Galidictis 9843:Galidiinae 9771:Euplerinae 9754:Eupleridae 9743:sensu lato 9714:C. crocuta 9647:Aardwolf ( 9578:see below↓ 9519:G. tigrina 9492:G. poensis 9474:G. pardina 9456:G. letabae 9438:G. genetta 9336:Genettinae 9320:V. zibetha 9240:Viverrinae 9229:sensu lato 9224:Viverrinae 9193:P. jerdoni 9060:Viverridae 9019:see below↓ 8958:Sand cat ( 8765:A. jubatus 8590:C. caracal 8483:Pardofelis 8302:P. linsang 8243:Feliformia 8093:2017-10-17 8046:2017-10-17 8013:2017-10-17 7975:2023-02-10 7932:2017-10-17 7898:2007-08-19 7809:2018-08-17 7774:2017-11-10 7727:2023-02-10 7670:2017-10-14 7586:2019-12-11 7532:8 November 7503:2017-10-09 7458:2017-09-26 7447:: 97–114. 7403:(6): 507. 7345:(3): 768. 7199:(1): 419. 7138:2017-10-13 6831:(3): 577. 6790:2013-06-24 6714:2017-10-09 6663:(3): 129. 6628:(2): 132. 6529:2020-10-14 6483:2022-01-15 6375:2019-08-27 6185:2017-09-18 6154:2024-02-24 6129:2024-02-24 6018:2017-09-26 5975:2021-06-30 5926:2017-10-24 5871:2017-10-20 5828:2017-11-17 5735:2018-01-13 5677:2017-10-09 5626:2017-09-18 5449:2020-04-07 5423:2020-01-17 5376:2017-10-09 5312:: 147303. 5165:2017-09-18 4822:(2): 405. 4470:2017-09-11 4383:2017-10-26 4273:2017-09-18 4200:2017-09-16 3978:2017-09-11 3938:2017-09-18 3785:: 95–110. 3620:2017-11-15 3368:References 3257:Nizhegorod 3225:Tamil Nadu 3194:greyhounds 3117:muskmelons 3097:francolins 3031:Shere Khan 3001:flood myth 2984:Tantrasara 2687:Uzbekistan 2659:Azerbaijan 2647:Bengal fox 2605:pair bonds 2412:anatolicum 2346:coenurosis 2263:pisiformis 2232:roundworms 2219:Leishmania 2217:Donovan's 2121:bank voles 2078:sugar cane 2066:watermelon 2042:passerines 2026:francolins 1913:grasslands 1852:Tajikistan 1806:carnassial 1610:dalmatinus 1596:balcanicus 1541:Bangladesh 1290:subspecies 1197:hybridized 1154:haplogroup 1119:Azykh Cave 1097:around 1.9 513:interbreed 500:, and the 434:jungle cat 390:subspecies 13871:118264161 13528:M. itatsi 13462:(weasels) 13325:Lutrogale 13262:E. lutris 13220:L. felina 13029:(grisons) 12952:M. martes 12895:(martens) 12813:Guloninae 12599:Mellivora 12472:N. narica 12413:B. medius 12404:B. gabbii 12395:B. alleni 12383:(olingos) 12352:Raccoon ( 12204:Spilogale 12090:C. chinga 12071:Conepatus 12027:Ailuridae 11826:Monachini 11738:P. largha 11408:Otariinae 11371:sea lions 11366:fur seals 11357:Otariidae 11242:Mustelida 11213:U. arctos 11075:Arctoidea 11032:C. lycaon 10987:C. aureus 10917:Lupulella 10829:Lycalopex 10706:V. vulpes 10704:Red fox ( 10668:Kit fox ( 10643:V. corsac 10387:Herpestes 10000:Meerkat ( 9759:(Malagasy 9661:Hyaeninae 9622:Hyaenidae 9537:G. felina 8951:F. lybica 8763:Cheetah ( 8681:L. wiedii 8670:Oncilla ( 8636:L. guigna 8607:Leopardus 8588:Caracal ( 8581:C. aurata 8516:Bay cat ( 8437:P. pardus 8435:Leopard ( 8410:P. tigris 8368:N. diardi 8286:Prionodon 8186:Kingdom: 8175:Carnivora 7871:CiteSeerX 6473:245738736 6465:2199-241X 6149:Scroll.in 6097:1437-1596 6058:0974-7907 5549:(2): 237. 5336:257224067 4298:: 58–71. 3636:BioEssays 3250:process. 3217:Rajasthan 3198:foxhounds 3153:Vojvodina 3137:Amu Darya 3109:waterfowl 3093:pheasants 3067:, lambs, 2989:Shivaduti 2798:wild boar 2740:blackbuck 2697:lactation 2473:helminths 2434:species ( 2428:asiaticum 2367:turanicus 2328:Filariata 2205:ventricle 2201:heartworm 2125:wild boar 2070:muskmelon 2022:pheasants 1980:Java plum 1972:buckthorn 1921:reed beds 1897:Himalayas 1832:Sri Lanka 1782:mesomalas 1690:Ehrenberg 1658:Sri Lanka 1635:Wroughton 1603:caucasica 1319:Synonyms 1231:In 2018, 1222:gene flow 1146:haplotype 1131:cave lynx 1107:Ksar Akil 783:Gray wolf 657:Evolution 614:Lupulella 590:hybridize 566:gray wolf 533:Lupulella 521:Lupulella 418:ungulates 382:Ksar Akil 351:Lupulella 295:Black Sea 195:Species: 167:Carnivora 133:Kingdom: 127:Eukaryota 13957:Species+ 13897:14000704 13845:10200773 13725:BioLib: 13670:Wikidata 13508:Ferret ( 13442:N. vison 13303:L. lutra 13171:(otters) 13165:Lutrinae 13022:Galictis 12934:M. foina 12849:Fisher ( 12737:Melogale 12720:M. meles 12640:Arctonyx 12485:Nasuella 12463:N. nasua 12440:(coatis) 12354:P. lotor 12130:Mephitis 11889:Mirounga 11639:Phocinae 11620:Phocidae 11489:Neophoca 11435:Zalophus 11342:Walrus ( 11041:C. rufus 11023:C. lupus 11003:Coyote ( 10838:Culpeo ( 10779:Speothos 10715:V. zerda 10697:V. velox 10634:V. chama 10345:Bdeogale 10243:U. fusca 10082:Helogale 10052:M. mungo 9991:Suricata 9920:Salanoia 9827:E. major 9807:Eupleres 9638:Proteles 9627:(hyenas) 9391:(genets) 8942:F. chaus 8933:F. catus 8924:F. bieti 8804:Cougar ( 8754:Acinonyx 8732:L. rufus 8730:Bobcat ( 8679:Margay ( 8661:Ocelot ( 8634:Kodkod ( 8555:Serval ( 8518:C. badia 8507:Catopuma 8417:Jaguar ( 8401:P. uncia 8390:Panthera 8357:Neofelis 8275:Feloidea 8206:Eutheria 8200:Mammalia 8194:Chordata 8192:Phylum: 8188:Animalia 8087:Archived 8067:(2016). 8040:Archived 8007:Archived 7969:Archived 7926:Archived 7918:(1906). 7889:Archived 7803:Archived 7768:Archived 7721:Archived 7580:Archived 7526:Archived 7497:Archived 7449:Archived 7320:27144887 7280:PLOS ONE 7225:28915831 7174:24810374 7132:Archived 7101:21625704 7093:18436679 7048:21122235 6999:11409931 6960:11900930 6925:16899340 6845:38578736 6811:30377514 6781:Archived 6750:22133348 6708:Archived 6595:Archived 6523:Archived 6477:Archived 6366:Archived 6362:16890568 6297:: 1–11. 6225:84947764 6205:Mammalia 6179:Archived 6105:35102447 6012:Archived 5969:Archived 5920:Archived 5865:Archived 5822:Archived 5803:(z): 16. 5729:Archived 5668:Archived 5620:Archived 5443:Archived 5417:Archived 5370:Archived 5328:36854348 5279:Archived 5159:Archived 5125:30344120 5067:26680994 5017:24453982 4962:27019731 4897:24714198 4857:PLOS ONE 4797:26540195 4757:PLOS ONE 4689:14110950 4681:19169806 4641:26414163 4601:PLOS ONE 4591:(2015). 4574:13861746 4464:Archived 4377:Archived 4346:Archived 4267:Archived 4228:Archived 4194:Archived 4161:16379927 4153:26234211 4096:22900047 4056:PLOS ONE 4029:16341006 3972:Archived 3932:Archived 3901:26229286 3799:17083040 3763:21298107 3723:PLOS ONE 3656:10333734 3614:Archived 3560:Archived 3464:"Jackal" 3335:Aeroflot 3276:, Russia 3248:dressing 3219:and the 3133:muskrats 3105:bustards 3081:roe deer 2975:Chamunda 2971:Hinduism 2963:Buddhist 2955:mongoose 2941:and the 2922:The Two 2880:Appendix 2793:kol-bahl 2789:kol-bahl 2755:and the 2721:a. naria 2707:Foraging 2680:, Israel 2655:Dagestan 2649:and the 2597:grooming 2543:Behavior 2430:), four 2420:scupense 2410:Hyalomma 2405:schulzei 2383:rossicus 2228:cestodes 2160:leopards 2129:roe deer 2113:Dalmatia 2106:tomatoes 2102:apricots 2100:, dried 2098:mulberry 2094:muskrats 2050:hawthorn 2038:moorhens 2005:— 1986:and the 1984:mesquite 1968:reptiles 1954:does in 1883:nor the 1840:Melanism 1798:simensis 1686:Hemprich 1497:Thailand 1475:reptiles 1445:Matschie 1422:vulgaris 1382:Pakistan 1342:Linnaeus 1158:mutation 1135:Caucasus 525:mesomela 484:Taxonomy 410:Aeroflot 226:Linnaeus 173:Family: 157:Mammalia 147:Chordata 143:Phylum: 137:Animalia 123:Domain: 100:IUCN 3.1 55:Tel Aviv 14021:Jackals 13983:ZooBank 13884:1005939 13819:5219219 13676:Q128098 13510:M. furo 13455:Mustela 13404:Neogale 13251:Enhydra 13125:Ictonyx 13084:Vormela 13041:G. cuja 12968:Sable ( 12875:G. gulo 12840:Pekania 12825:Tayra ( 12622:Melinae 12434:Nasuina 12326:Procyon 11682:Phocini 11321:(seals) 11256:(seals) 11148:Ursinae 11090:(bears) 11085:Ursidae 10961:Dhole ( 10751:(zorro) 10625:V. cana 10535:Vulpini 10503:Urocyon 10487:Canidae 10279:U. urva 9783:Fossa ( 9703:Crocuta 9385:Genetta 9282:Viverra 8823:lineage 8745:lineage 8714:L. lynx 8570:Caracal 8544:lineage 8542:Caracal 8474:lineage 8472:Bay cat 8458:Felinae 8419:P. onca 8408:Tiger ( 8328:Felidae 8198:Class: 8177:species 8173:Extant 7863:Bibcode 7576:4395979 7361:1382682 7311:4856277 7288:Bibcode 7216:5603039 7039:3294571 6665:Bibcode 6630:Bibcode 6519:3607816 6342:Bibcode 5727:: 651. 5116:6224481 5095:Bibcode 5058:4728369 5008:3894170 4953:4807452 4932:Bibcode 4888:3979716 4865:Bibcode 4838:9584529 4788:4634961 4765:Bibcode 4729:2503128 4632:4586146 4609:Bibcode 4408:Bibcode 4300:Bibcode 4131:Bibcode 4087:3416759 4064:Bibcode 4037:4338513 4007:Bibcode 3892:4512000 3845:1939618 3825:Bibcode 3817:Ecology 3754:3027653 3731:Bibcode 3699:2559120 3664:5547543 3610:8337763 3325:at the 3241:Fur use 3213:Gujarat 3196:, with 3179:⁄ 3143:Hunting 3065:turkeys 3027:Tabaqui 2997:vahanas 2938:Jakatas 2910:Tabaqui 2824:on the 2816:, India 2814:Bhavani 2748:langurs 2601:howling 2397:pumilio 2375:leporis 2146:red fox 2090:gerbils 2054:dogwood 1976:dogbane 1858:Ecology 1825:⁄ 1814:rodents 1790:adustus 1766:latrans 1710:Lebanon 1648:indicus 1644:indicus 1590:graecus 1582:Moldova 1521:Hodgson 1467:forests 1415:typicus 1211:species 682:Caninae 667:of the 527:), the 490:Canidae 450:Central 442:raccoon 426:red fox 400:called 394:hybrids 360:coyotes 333:on the 323:Eurasia 317:, is a 183:Genus: 177:Canidae 163:Order: 153:Class: 98: ( 38:—Recent 13949:104156 13858:183817 13832:851014 13793:305288 13780:CANIAU 13767:328681 13741:174686 13713:ARKive 13200:Lontra 12888:Martes 12163:Mydaus 12057:skunks 11021:Wolf ( 10901:Canina 10731:Canini 10595:Vulpes 10491:(dogs) 10032:Mungos 9346:Poiana 8428:P. leo 8426:Lion ( 8332:(cats) 8120: 8079: 7999: 7873: 7713: 7653: 7612: 7574: 7359: 7318: 7308: 7223: 7213: 7172: 7099: 7091: 7046: 7036: 6997: 6958: 6923: 6843: 6809: 6748: 6700: 6517: 6507: 6471: 6463: 6360: 6249:30 May 6223: 6103: 6095: 6056: 5912: 5857: 5778: 5698: 5597: 5573: 5524: 5409: 5362: 5334: 5326: 5252: 5186: 5151: 5123: 5113: 5065: 5055: 5015: 5005: 4960: 4950: 4895: 4885: 4836: 4795: 4785: 4727: 4687: 4679: 4639: 4629: 4572: 4522: 4497: 4456: 4352:27 May 4338: 4259: 4186: 4159: 4151: 4094: 4084: 4035: 4027: 3999:Nature 3964: 3924: 3899: 3889: 3843: 3797: 3761: 3751: 3697: 3662: 3654: 3608: 3552: 3331:Moscow 3310:Laikas 3294:Levant 3290: 3282:Turkey 3252:Elburz 3230:dharma 3119:, and 3017:Mowgli 2890: 2882: 2866:rabies 2845:, the 2785:tigers 2719: 2685:pups, 2533:worm, 2475:) and 2455: 2426: 2418: 2403: 2395: 2381: 2373: 2359:Ixodes 2270: 2261: 2234:, and 2215:, and 2213:rabies 2199:Adult 2040:, and 1952:coyote 1941:chital 1919:, and 1917:alvars 1909:boreal 1848:moults 1796: 1788: 1780: 1772: 1764: 1714:Jordan 1712:, and 1702:Israel 1545:Bhutan 1491:dholes 1356:Kumaun 1253:wolves 1226:genome 1193:Baltic 1115:Delphi 1111:Beirut 1099: 1087:canine 821:Coyote 650: 646: 642:anthus 640: 634:aureus 632: 600:) and 574:coyote 536:adusta 523: 506: 496:, the 440:, the 386:Beirut 356:wolves 13936:80322 13923:68724 13840:IRMNG 13349:Aonyx 13292:Lutra 12682:Meles 12452:Nasua 11727:Phoca 11184:Ursus 10976:Canis 10603:foxes 8913:Felis 7892:(PDF) 7851:(PDF) 7664:(PDF) 7643:(PDF) 7572:S2CID 7452:(PDF) 7437:(PDF) 7357:JSTOR 7097:S2CID 6841:S2CID 6784:(PDF) 6777:(PDF) 6746:S2CID 6736:(4). 6469:S2CID 6402:(1). 6369:(PDF) 6358:S2CID 6330:(PDF) 6221:S2CID 6211:(2). 5671:(PDF) 5664:(PDF) 5332:S2CID 4834:S2CID 4725:S2CID 4685:S2CID 4570:S2CID 4157:S2CID 4033:S2CID 3863:"Hgs 3841:JSTOR 3795:S2CID 3660:S2CID 3563:(PDF) 3542:(PDF) 3345:Notes 3329:near 3312:with 3306:Spitz 3209:Kolis 3160:India 3089:coypu 3085:hares 3073:goats 3069:sheep 3009:Shiva 2993:Durga 2878:CITES 2783:with 2765:dhole 2723:) in 2663:tugai 2462:louse 2457:felis 2062:grape 2046:pears 2034:coots 2030:ducks 2018:mouse 2014:hares 1992:cache 1889:oases 1810:birds 1774:lupus 1758:dingo 1706:Syria 1694:1833 1664:lanka 1639:1916 1573:1835 1537:Nepal 1533:India 1525:1833 1487:night 1479:frogs 1471:birds 1463:farms 1449:1900 1408:lanka 1360:India 1346:1758 1288:. 13 1275:Canis 1249:basal 1237:Canis 1209:Canis 1167:basal 1150:genes 1121:, in 935:Dhole 735:0.38 719:0.96 622:clade 618:basal 610:Canis 594:dhole 474:šagāl 470:çakal 188:Canis 13975:3354 13962:9412 13918:NCBI 13866:IUCN 13853:ITIS 13814:GBIF 13775:EPPO 13754:QLX7 13736:BOLD 13728:1853 12864:Gulo 11760:Pusa 10205:Urva 8795:Puma 8743:Puma 8694:Lynx 8118:ISBN 8077:ISBN 7997:ISBN 7711:ISBN 7651:ISBN 7636:"11- 7610:ISBN 7534:2017 7316:PMID 7221:PMID 7170:PMID 7089:PMID 7044:PMID 6995:PMID 6956:PMID 6921:PMID 6807:PMID 6698:ISBN 6603:2017 6515:OCLC 6505:ISBN 6461:ISSN 6251:2013 6101:PMID 6093:ISSN 6054:ISSN 5910:ISBN 5855:ISBN 5776:ISBN 5696:ISBN 5595:ISBN 5571:ISBN 5522:ISBN 5504:link 5407:ISBN 5360:ISBN 5324:PMID 5306:Gene 5287:2017 5275:1900 5250:ISBN 5184:ISBN 5149:ISBN 5121:PMID 5063:PMID 5013:PMID 4958:PMID 4893:PMID 4793:PMID 4677:PMID 4637:PMID 4520:ISBN 4495:ISBN 4454:ISBN 4354:2017 4336:ISBN 4257:ISBN 4236:2017 4184:ISBN 4149:PMID 4092:PMID 4025:PMID 3962:ISBN 3922:ISBN 3897:PMID 3759:PMID 3695:PMID 3652:PMID 3606:PMID 3571:2017 3550:ISBN 3422:2022 3405:2018 3215:and 3202:Iraq 3121:nuts 3107:and 2979:Kali 2872:and 2732:pack 2657:and 2499:and 2450:and 2432:flea 2422:and 2354:tick 2330:and 2272:ovis 2119:and 2016:and 1927:Diet 1688:and 1485:and 1477:and 1401:kola 1384:and 1370:Iran 1077:The 996:2.6 727:0.6 711:2.0 703:2.5 695:3.0 568:and 452:and 358:and 303:The 230:1758 13970:TSA 13905:NBN 13892:MSW 13879:MDD 13762:EoL 13749:CoL 13700:ADW 7881:doi 7564:doi 7413:hdl 7405:doi 7347:doi 7306:PMC 7296:doi 7211:PMC 7201:doi 7162:doi 7158:203 7079:doi 7034:PMC 7026:doi 6987:doi 6983:162 6948:doi 6944:105 6913:doi 6909:142 6872:doi 6833:doi 6738:doi 6673:doi 6638:doi 6591:112 6560:"1" 6453:doi 6404:doi 6350:doi 6299:doi 6213:doi 6085:doi 6081:136 6046:doi 5959:doi 5795:". 5541:". 5484:doi 5314:doi 5310:866 5111:PMC 5103:doi 5053:PMC 5045:doi 5003:PMC 4993:doi 4948:PMC 4940:doi 4883:PMC 4873:doi 4824:doi 4783:PMC 4773:doi 4717:doi 4669:doi 4627:PMC 4617:doi 4560:doi 4416:doi 4308:doi 4296:151 4139:doi 4082:PMC 4072:doi 4015:doi 4003:438 3887:PMC 3879:doi 3833:doi 3787:doi 3749:PMC 3739:doi 3687:doi 3644:doi 3598:doi 3409:doi 3223:in 3015:'s 2969:In 2920:'s 2468:). 2111:In 1483:day 1459:dog 1358:in 1278:by 570:dog 372:1.9 344:or 14007:: 13985:: 13972:: 13959:: 13946:: 13933:: 13920:: 13907:: 13894:: 13881:: 13868:: 13855:: 13842:: 13829:: 13816:: 13803:: 13790:: 13777:: 13764:: 13751:: 13738:: 13715:: 13702:: 13687:: 13672:: 8085:. 8055:^ 8034:. 8022:^ 8005:. 7907:^ 7887:. 7879:. 7869:. 7859:73 7857:. 7853:. 7818:^ 7799:10 7797:. 7793:. 7762:. 7719:. 7688:. 7624:^ 7604:. 7578:. 7570:. 7560:63 7558:. 7554:. 7542:^ 7520:. 7445:42 7443:. 7439:. 7411:. 7399:. 7369:^ 7355:. 7343:77 7341:. 7337:. 7314:. 7304:. 7294:. 7284:11 7282:. 7278:. 7248:^ 7233:^ 7219:. 7209:. 7197:10 7195:. 7191:. 7168:. 7156:. 7128:60 7126:. 7122:. 7095:. 7087:. 7075:44 7073:. 7069:. 7042:. 7032:. 7022:16 7020:. 7016:. 6993:. 6981:. 6954:. 6942:. 6919:. 6907:. 6868:69 6866:. 6862:. 6839:. 6829:71 6827:. 6758:^ 6744:. 6734:63 6732:. 6706:. 6671:. 6661:67 6659:. 6636:. 6626:79 6624:. 6589:. 6585:. 6562:. 6538:^ 6521:. 6513:. 6475:. 6467:. 6459:. 6449:67 6447:. 6443:. 6431:^ 6416:^ 6400:28 6398:. 6384:^ 6364:. 6356:. 6348:. 6338:24 6336:. 6332:. 6311:^ 6295:42 6293:. 6259:^ 6219:. 6209:77 6207:. 6163:^ 6147:. 6122:. 6099:. 6091:. 6079:. 6075:. 6052:. 6042:12 6040:. 6036:. 5996:^ 5967:. 5955:29 5953:. 5949:. 5935:^ 5918:. 5880:^ 5863:. 5837:^ 5799:. 5744:^ 5725:24 5723:. 5719:. 5635:^ 5614:. 5555:^ 5547:18 5545:. 5500:}} 5496:{{ 5480:50 5478:. 5474:. 5458:^ 5441:. 5415:. 5401:. 5397:. 5385:^ 5368:. 5344:^ 5330:. 5322:. 5308:. 5304:. 5273:. 5269:. 5237:^ 5217:^ 5194:^ 5157:. 5133:^ 5119:. 5109:. 5101:. 5091:28 5089:. 5085:. 5061:. 5051:. 5041:26 5039:. 5035:. 5011:. 5001:. 4989:10 4987:. 4983:. 4970:^ 4956:. 4946:. 4938:. 4926:. 4922:. 4891:. 4881:. 4871:. 4859:. 4855:. 4832:. 4820:15 4818:. 4814:. 4791:. 4781:. 4771:. 4761:10 4759:. 4755:. 4737:^ 4723:. 4713:15 4711:. 4683:. 4675:. 4665:47 4663:. 4635:. 4625:. 4615:. 4605:10 4603:. 4599:. 4568:. 4556:65 4554:. 4550:. 4534:^ 4462:. 4428:^ 4414:. 4404:70 4402:. 4371:. 4344:. 4320:^ 4306:. 4294:. 4282:^ 4265:. 4222:. 4192:. 4178:. 4155:. 4147:. 4137:. 4127:25 4125:. 4121:. 4104:^ 4090:. 4080:. 4070:. 4058:. 4054:. 4031:. 4023:. 4013:. 4001:. 3997:. 3970:. 3930:. 3895:. 3885:. 3875:11 3873:. 3869:. 3865:Db 3853:^ 3839:. 3831:. 3821:75 3819:. 3807:^ 3793:. 3783:21 3781:. 3757:. 3747:. 3737:. 3725:. 3721:. 3707:^ 3693:. 3683:80 3681:. 3658:. 3650:. 3640:21 3638:. 3612:. 3604:. 3592:. 3588:. 3558:. 3480:^ 3466:. 3448:. 3430:^ 3403:. 3397:. 3375:^ 3337:. 3115:, 3103:, 3099:, 3095:, 3091:, 3087:, 3083:, 3075:, 3071:, 2717:C. 2539:. 2453:C. 2444:, 2440:, 2424:H. 2416:H. 2414:, 2407:, 2401:R. 2399:, 2393:R. 2391:, 2385:, 2379:R. 2377:, 2371:R. 2369:, 2362:, 2326:, 2320:, 2314:, 2308:, 2302:, 2296:, 2290:, 2286:, 2280:, 2274:, 2268:T. 2266:, 2259:T. 2256:, 2250:, 2244:, 2068:, 2064:, 2052:, 2048:, 2036:, 2032:, 2028:, 2024:, 1978:, 1974:, 1915:, 1903:. 1834:. 1812:, 1794:C. 1786:L. 1778:L. 1770:C. 1762:C. 1708:, 1704:, 1656:, 1543:, 1539:, 1535:, 1473:, 1380:, 1376:, 1372:, 1368:, 1144:A 686:Ma 638:C. 630:C. 624:. 480:. 436:, 432:, 428:, 228:, 13620:) 13611:) 13602:) 13593:) 13584:) 13575:) 13566:) 13557:) 13548:) 13539:) 13530:) 13521:) 13512:) 13503:) 13494:) 13485:) 13476:) 13444:) 13435:) 13426:) 13417:) 13380:) 13371:) 13362:) 13338:) 13314:) 13305:) 13281:) 13264:) 13240:) 13231:) 13222:) 13213:) 13189:) 13147:) 13138:) 13114:) 13097:) 13052:) 13043:) 13011:) 12972:) 12963:) 12954:) 12945:) 12936:) 12927:) 12918:) 12909:) 12877:) 12853:) 12829:) 12803:) 12794:) 12785:) 12776:) 12767:) 12758:) 12722:) 12713:) 12704:) 12695:) 12671:) 12662:) 12653:) 12612:) 12588:) 12507:) 12498:) 12474:) 12465:) 12424:) 12415:) 12406:) 12397:) 12365:) 12356:) 12347:) 12315:) 12306:) 12282:) 12252:) 12243:) 12234:) 12225:) 12193:) 12184:) 12152:) 12143:) 12119:) 12110:) 12101:) 12092:) 12059:) 12055:( 12039:) 11980:) 11971:) 11962:) 11953:) 11919:) 11910:) 11874:) 11850:) 11791:) 11782:) 11773:) 11749:) 11740:) 11716:) 11707:) 11698:) 11672:) 11663:) 11606:) 11597:) 11588:) 11579:) 11570:) 11561:) 11552:) 11543:) 11519:) 11502:) 11478:) 11457:) 11448:) 11424:) 11398:) 11373:) 11368:, 11346:) 11224:) 11215:) 11206:) 11197:) 11173:) 11164:) 11138:) 11114:) 11052:) 11043:) 11034:) 11025:) 11016:) 11007:) 10998:) 10989:) 10965:) 10956:) 10939:) 10930:) 10887:) 10878:) 10869:) 10860:) 10851:) 10842:) 10818:) 10809:) 10792:) 10768:) 10717:) 10708:) 10699:) 10690:) 10681:) 10672:) 10663:) 10654:) 10645:) 10636:) 10627:) 10618:) 10605:) 10601:( 10584:) 10575:) 10551:) 10525:) 10516:) 10436:) 10427:) 10418:) 10409:) 10400:) 10376:) 10367:) 10358:) 10334:) 10325:) 10316:) 10307:) 10290:) 10281:) 10272:) 10263:) 10254:) 10245:) 10236:) 10227:) 10218:) 10194:) 10185:) 10155:) 10146:) 10137:) 10128:) 10104:) 10095:) 10071:) 10054:) 10045:) 10021:) 10004:) 9942:) 9933:) 9909:) 9892:) 9883:) 9859:) 9829:) 9820:) 9796:) 9787:) 9716:) 9692:) 9683:) 9651:) 9539:) 9530:) 9521:) 9512:) 9503:) 9494:) 9485:) 9476:) 9467:) 9458:) 9449:) 9440:) 9431:) 9422:) 9413:) 9404:) 9374:) 9365:) 9322:) 9313:) 9304:) 9295:) 9271:) 9262:) 9204:) 9195:) 9186:) 9162:) 9153:) 9144:) 9135:) 9109:) 9100:) 9091:) 9082:) 8980:) 8971:) 8962:) 8953:) 8944:) 8935:) 8926:) 8898:) 8889:) 8880:) 8871:) 8862:) 8838:) 8808:) 8784:) 8767:) 8734:) 8725:) 8716:) 8707:) 8683:) 8674:) 8665:) 8656:) 8647:) 8638:) 8629:) 8620:) 8592:) 8583:) 8559:) 8529:) 8520:) 8496:) 8439:) 8430:) 8421:) 8412:) 8403:) 8379:) 8370:) 8313:) 8304:) 8260:) 8166:e 8159:t 8152:v 8126:. 8096:. 8049:. 8016:. 7978:. 7935:. 7901:. 7883:: 7865:: 7812:. 7777:. 7730:. 7673:. 7618:. 7589:. 7566:: 7536:. 7506:. 7461:. 7421:. 7415:: 7407:: 7401:8 7363:. 7349:: 7322:. 7298:: 7290:: 7227:. 7203:: 7176:. 7164:: 7141:. 7103:. 7081:: 7050:. 7028:: 7001:. 6989:: 6962:. 6950:: 6927:. 6915:: 6880:. 6874:: 6847:. 6835:: 6813:. 6793:. 6752:. 6740:: 6717:. 6679:. 6675:: 6667:: 6644:. 6640:: 6632:: 6605:. 6532:. 6486:. 6455:: 6410:. 6406:: 6378:. 6352:: 6344:: 6305:. 6301:: 6253:. 6227:. 6215:: 6188:. 6157:. 6132:. 6107:. 6087:: 6060:. 6048:: 6021:. 5978:. 5961:: 5929:. 5874:. 5831:. 5801:2 5738:. 5717:" 5713:" 5680:. 5629:. 5579:. 5506:) 5492:. 5486:: 5468:" 5452:. 5426:. 5379:. 5338:. 5316:: 5289:. 5168:. 5127:. 5105:: 5097:: 5069:. 5047:: 5019:. 4995:: 4964:. 4942:: 4934:: 4928:2 4899:. 4875:: 4867:: 4861:9 4840:. 4826:: 4799:. 4775:: 4767:: 4731:. 4719:: 4703:( 4691:. 4671:: 4655:( 4643:. 4619:: 4611:: 4576:. 4562:: 4528:. 4503:. 4473:. 4422:. 4418:: 4410:: 4386:. 4356:. 4314:. 4310:: 4302:: 4276:. 4238:. 4216:" 4203:. 4163:. 4141:: 4133:: 4098:. 4074:: 4066:: 4060:7 4039:. 4017:: 4009:: 3981:. 3941:. 3903:. 3881:: 3847:. 3835:: 3827:: 3801:. 3789:: 3765:. 3741:: 3733:: 3727:6 3701:. 3689:: 3666:. 3646:: 3623:. 3600:: 3594:9 3573:. 3446:" 3442:" 3424:. 3411:: 3395:" 3391:" 3181:2 3177:1 3174:+ 3172:3 2927:. 2775:( 2464:( 2183:( 1827:2 1823:1 1741:( 1081:( 604:( 596:( 584:( 576:( 531:( 519:( 307:( 102:) 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index