1746:
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every turn and then, retreating, was all but annihilated by a massive Koryŏ attack at Kuju (Kusŏng) executed by Kang Kam-ch'an. The Koryŏ victory was so overwhelming that scarcely a few thousand of the 100,000 man invasion force survived. The Khitan invasions of Koryŏ thus ended in failure. Koryŏ had resolutely resisted foreign aggression and had driven the invaders back. The result was that the two nations worked out a settlement and peaceful relations were maintained between them thereafter.
36:
375:
soldiered on and headed toward the capital, but were met with stiff resistance and constant attacks, and were forced to retreat back north. During the retreat, 10,000 Liao army troops were annihilated by the Goryeo army under Kang Min-cheom of Goryeo. Kang Kam-ch'an and his troops waited at Gwiju and engaged the approaching Liao army, annihilating most of them. Barely a few thousand Liao troops survived after the
404:
in 1030. The sole embassy was probably related to the rebellion of Balhae people in the Liao dynasty. The rebellion was quickly defeated by the
Khitans, who returned to enforce Goryeo's tributary obligations. Goryeo adopted the reign title of the Liao in the fourth month of 1022. However according to Bielenstein, Goryeo maintained diplomatic relations with Song,
403:
In the Goryeo-Liao peace treaty formalized in 1022, the only terms stipulated were that the Goryeo king acknowledge their vassalage to the Liao and to release detained Liao envoys. After 1022, Goryeo did not have diplomatic relations with the Song until 1070, with the exception of an isolated embassy
304:
In 993, the Liao dynasty launched an invasion against the northwestern frontier of Goryeo with a force that the Liao commander alleged to be 800,000 strong. After a military stalemate, negotiations began between the two states, producing the following concessions: Firstly, Goryeo formally ended all
387:
In the next year the Liao assembled another large army in order to launch another invasion but it became clear that neither side could gain a decisive victory. In 1020 King
Hyeonjong resumed sending tribute, and in 1022 the Khitans officially recognized the legitimacy of King Hyeonjong's reign. In
374:
ordered a stream to the east of
Heunghwajin to be dammed. When the Liao troops crossed the Yalu River, Kang Kam-ch'an opened the dam and attacked the enemy troops with 12,000 mounted troops, catching them by surprise, inflicting severe losses, and cutting off their line of retreat. The Liao troops
289:
embraced the refugees from Balhae as his fellow kin and pursued a policy of northern expansion (possibly enabled by the absence of a fellow Korean kingdom in what was once
Goguryeo territory).In 942, the Khitan sent 50 camels to Goryeo as a gift. However, due to cold relations, Goryeo declined the
648:
Subsequently the Khitan launched several small-scale attacks, to press demands for Hyŏnjong's appearance at their court and surrender of the region of the Six
Garrison Settlements, before mounting their third great invasion in 1018. Led by Hsiao P'ai-ya, this time the Khitan army was harassed at
355:
temporarily. Unable to establish a foothold and to avoid a counterattack by the regrouped Goryeo armies, the Liao forces withdrew. Afterward, the Goryeo king sued for peace, but the Liao emperor demanded that he come in person and also cede key border areas to him; the Goryeo court refused the
919:: Liao forces invaded Goryeo territory in 993. Instead of pushing for total victory, the Khitans negotiated a peace that forced Goryeo to adopt the Liao calendar and end tributary relations with Song (a violation of King Taejo's testamentary injunction never to make peace with the Khitan)."
814:
1001:, p.102: "Until the 980s Khitan-Koryǒ relations had been at arm's length, for the Jurchen tribes and Ting-an had provided a buffer zone between Koryǒ's northern frontier and the Liao border". p.103: "Koryǒ was left free to deal with the Jurchen tribes south of the Yalu Valley".
1100:, p. 93: "a second Liao incursion resulted in heavy losses, the sacking of Kaesong, and the imposition of Liao suzerainty over the Koryo state." p. 95: "a prelude to more invasions during the reign of King Hyonjong (1010-1031) and the occupation of Kaesong, the Koryo capital."
1276:"On the 9th year of Hyeongjong (1018), Khitan launched another invasion with a 100,000 strong army, but the army was crushed by general Gang Gamchan at the Great Battle of Guiju. Thus, Goryeo expanded its territory to the north as far as the Yalu River basin."
989:, p.64: "By the end of the negotiation, Sŏ Hŭi had ... ostensibly for the purpose of securing safe diplomatic passage, obtained an explicit Khitan consent to incorporate the land between the Ch'ôngch'ôn and Amnok Rivers into Koryô territory."
590:
347:, killing him and establishing military rule. The Liao dynasty attacked with 400,000 troops in 1010, claiming to avenge the murdered Mokjong. Kang Cho blocked the Liao's first attack, but he was defeated in the second one and was executed.
321:. With this agreement, the Liao forces withdrew. However, in spite of the settlement, Goryeo continued to communicate with Song, having strengthened its defenses by building fortresses in the newly gained northern territories.
1013:, p.106: "Even though the Goryeo court agreed to set up tribute exchanges with the Liao court, that same year it also sent an envoy to the Song court to appeal, but in vain, for military assistance against the Khitan."
356:
demands, resulting in a decade of hostility between the two nations, during which both sides fortified their borders in preparation of war. Liao attacked Goryeo in 1015, 1016, and 1017, but the results were indecisive.
1287:
875:
624:
1073:: "In 1010, on the pretext that the rightful king had been deposed without the approval of the Liao court, the Khitan emperor personally led an attack that culminated in the burning of the Goryeo capital."
1037:, p. 203: "Fearful of plots against him, Mokchong summons Kang Cho from his administrative post in the northwest. However, Kang Cho himself engineers a successful coup in which Mokchong is assassinated."
513:
1184:
From 1015 to 1019 there was incessant warfare, with attacks on Koryŏ in 1015, 1016, and 1017 in which victory went sometimes to Koryŏ, sometimes to the Khitan, but in sum were indecisive.
954:
577:
The
Mongolian-Khitan invasions of the late tenth century challenge the stability of the Koryo government, but a period of prosperity follows the defeat of the Khitan in 1018..
290:
gift, banished the envoy to an island, and had the camels die from starvation under a bridge. Hyeonjong ordered preparations in case of an upcoming conflict with the Liao.
1225:
1126:
313:, Goryeo formally incorporated the land between the border of Liao and Goryeo up to the Yalu River, which was at the time occupied by troublesome
147:
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201:
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184:
1112:, p. 52: "in the reign of King Hyŏnjong (1010-1031) there were numerous Khitan invasions, and even the capital Kaesŏng was occupied."
255:
experienced a period of decline starting in the latter half of the 9th century, which continued until it was ultimately succeeded by
1049:, p. 203: "Liao initiates a fresh attack on Koryo's northern border with the ostensible purpose of avenging the murdered Mokchong."
1490:(Thesis). Vol. 6: Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–153.
1735:
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and the survivors to flee southward and seek refuge in Goryeo. This event marked the unification of the two successor states of
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1839:
1366:
1348:
1673:
767:
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was also invested by the Liao court as king. Goryeo broke off relations with Song and the Liao ceded territory around the
1786:
417:
1536:
309:, agreed to pay tribute to Liao and to adopt Liao's calendar. Secondly, after negotiations led by the Goryeo diplomat
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to Goryeo. The relationship between Liao and Goryeo would remain peaceful until the end of the Liao dynasty.
931:, p. 106: "the Khitan army attacked Goryeo, who was forced to accept the status of a Liao tributary in 994."
1558:
1678:
788:
1938:
1728:
1486:
Twitchett, Denis; Tietze, Klaus-Peter (1994). "The Liao". In Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis (eds.).
1796:
460:
422:
141:
1801:
847:
1791:
1721:
1508:
Rethinking the
Tribute System: Korean States and northeast Asian Interstate Relations, 600-1600
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1066:
912:
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1806:
726:
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In 1018, Liao assembled an army of 100,000 troops to invade Goryeo. In preparation, General
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260:
20:
8:
405:
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348:
104:
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1851:
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1359:
Pre-Modern East Asia: To 1800: A Cultural, Social, and
Political History, Third Edition
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163:
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The
Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368
1128:
The
Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368
877:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368
132:
120:
62:
1811:
1745:
1701:
1618:
1540:
1506:
1428:
Rogers, Michael C. (1961), "Some Kings of Koryo as Registered in Chinese Works",
1338:
852:
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35:
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kept his own reign title, and the two states concluded peace as equals in 1022.
1879:
314:
1922:
1661:
1623:
1449:
1227:
China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries
816:
China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries
237:
1545:
1640:
1581:
1070:
943:, p.103: "The Korean king was invested with his title by the Liao emperor."
916:
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was forced to flee the capital, which was sacked and burnt by the Liao, to
306:
271:, and the ruling Silla nobility. In 926, the Khitan Liao dynasty conquered
241:
92:
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1907:
1861:
1628:
515:
East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World
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112:
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1550:
1457:
1402:
1713:
1412:
Korea: Tradition & Transformation: A History of the Korean People
1817:
1441:
1395:
Gift Exchange among States in East Asia during the Eleventh Century
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318:
280:
264:
128:
116:
1375:
Hatada, Takashi; Smith Jr, Warren W.; Hazard, Benjamin H. (1969),
1159:
Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; Fairbank, John King (1978).
1125:
Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; Fairbank, John King (1978).
874:
Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; Fairbank, John King (1978).
495:
493:
40:
Map of the two dynasties, Liao Dynasty in green, Goryeo in white
1749:
792:
340:
272:
268:
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233:
232:) was a series of 10th- and 11th-century conflicts between the
87:
490:
252:
263:, marked by conflict between the resurgent aristocracies of
397:
352:
713:
A Concise History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present
1511:(Ph.D. thesis). University of California, Los Angeles.
1158:
1124:
873:
1313:
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tribes, citing that in the past the land belonged to
1374:
1109:
1465:
1340:Diplomacy and Trade in the Chinese World, 589–1276
550:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture
547:
848:"Goryeo: the dynasty that offered Korea its name"
392:as king, and when he died in 1031, his successor
1920:
1357:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2014),
1264:. Ewha Womans University Press. pp. 64–65.
1485:
1230:. University of California Press. p. 323.
1211:
1082:
1022:
998:
940:
819:. University of California Press. p. 323.
696:
684:
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259:. This transition followed a time known as the
1729:
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1093:
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1061:
907:
227:
19:For the South Korean television series, see
1361:, Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning,
1336:
1165:. Cambridge University Press. p. 111.
1131:. Cambridge University Press. p. 111.
880:. Cambridge University Press. p. 103.
499:
1736:
1722:
1573:
1559:
1397:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Washington.
1088:
518:. Columbia University Press. p. 116.
247:
34:
1292:. Harvard University Press. p. 126.
629:. Harvard University Press. p. 126.
1430:Journal of the American Oriental Society
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388:1022, a Khitan envoy was sent to invest
331:Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War
16:10th and 11th century conflicts in Korea
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1223:
1217:
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366:Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War
300:First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War
1921:
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1463:
1427:
1319:
1097:
1046:
1034:
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545:
461:"The Koryo or Goryeo Kingdom of Korea"
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1554:
1202:
1076:
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707:
705:
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554:. Columbia University Press. p.
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1472:, New York, NY: St. Martin's Press,
1409:
1392:
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1115:
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928:
768:National Institute of Korean History
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1504:
1258:Shin, Hyeongsik (January 1, 2005).
1028:
986:
952:
724:
487:, p.101: "Third invasion, 1018-19".
13:
1285:
1261:A Brief History of Korea, Volume 1
1110:Hatada, Smith Jr & Hazard 1969
901:
702:
622:
324:
14:
1955:
1527:
1468:Korea: The Search for Sovereignty
956:The History of Korea, 2nd Edition
789:"Государство Бохай (698-926 гг.)"
589:Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012-11-20).
359:
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1929:History of China–Korea relations
1744:
1787:Korean–Jurchen border conflicts
1379:, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO,
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813:Rossabi, Morris (20 May 1983).
806:
781:
752:
718:
715:. Rowman and Littlefield, 2024.
690:
512:Cohen, Warren I. (2000-12-20).
418:Korean–Jurchen border conflicts
1488:The Cambridge History of China
1224:Rossabi, Morris (1983-05-20).
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1:
1944:Wars involving Imperial China
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953:Kim, Djun Kil (2014-05-30).
791:(in Russian). Archived from
595:. AuthorHouse. p. 207.
382:
7:
1212:Twitchett & Tietze 1994
1083:Twitchett & Tietze 1994
1023:Twitchett & Tietze 1994
999:Twitchett & Tietze 1994
941:Twitchett & Tietze 1994
697:Twitchett & Tietze 1994
685:Twitchett & Tietze 1994
546:Bowman, John (2000-09-05).
485:Twitchett & Tietze 1994
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1337:Bielenstein, Hans (2005),
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1414:, Elizabeth, NJ: Hollym,
1062:Ebrey & Walthall 2014
908:Ebrey & Walthall 2014
423:Mongol invasions of Korea
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98:
81:
44:
33:
28:
1684:Administrative divisions
1410:Nahm, Andrew C. (1988),
959:. ABC-CLIO. p. 66.
727:
592:East Asia: A New History
349:King Hyeonjong of Goryeo
194:: Approximately 800,000
1393:Hyun, Jeongwon (2013).
248:Goryeo–Khitan relations
204:: Approximately 100,000
199:: Approximately 400,000
187:: Approximately 208,000
182:: Approximately 300,000
1505:Yun, Peter I. (1998).
1464:Simons, Geoff (1995),
1289:A New History of Korea
626:A New History of Korea
443:"China's Liao Dynasty"
99:Commanders and leaders
1807:Sambyeolcho Rebellion
1689:Shangjing Linhuangfu
1286:Yi, Ki-baek (1984).
623:Yi, Ki-baek (1984).
261:Later Three Kingdoms
52:993, 1010, 1018–1019
1889:Society and culture
1546:Doosan Encyclopedia
343:led a coup against
305:relations with the
105:Hyeonjong of Goryeo
1939:Invasions of Korea
1903:Buddhist paintings
1852:Military of Goryeo
1539:2007-04-10 at the
1377:A History of Korea
502:, p. 183-183.
1934:Goryeo–Khitan War
1916:
1915:
1897:Tripitaka Koreana
1765:Goryeo–Khitan War
1711:
1710:
1597:Goryeo–Khitan War
1368:978-1-133-60651-2
1350:978-90-474-0761-4
760:"(2) 건국―호족들과의 제휴"
731:(in Korean). 들녘.
728:고려사 - 열정과 자존의 오백년
711:Seth, Michael J.
335:In 1009, General
277:last crown prince
236:of Korea and the
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1840:Family tree
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1320:Rogers 1961
1098:Simons 1995
1047:Bowman 2000
1035:Bowman 2000
226::
162: [
151: [
145:Xiao Hengde
1923:Categories
1857:Byeolmuban
1828:Government
1646:Later Liao
1403:1773/24231
860:2022-05-21
799:2019-08-01
429:References
390:Hyeongjong
244:of China.
169:Yelü Pennu
159:Xiao Paiya
1667:Yelü clan
1450:0003-0279
1343:, BRILL,
1214:, p. 112.
1085:, p. 111.
1011:Hyun 2013
929:Hyun 2013
687:, p. 103.
670:Nahm 1988
465:ThoughtCo
406:Hyeonjong
394:Wang Heum
383:Aftermath
61:Northern
1835:Monarchs
1818:Goryeosa
1674:Emperors
1655:See also
1537:Archived
1025:, p.103.
987:Yun 1998
773:23 March
744:23 March
699:, p.111.
672:, p. 89.
470:July 20,
412:See also
337:Kang Cho
319:Goguryeo
281:Goguryeo
265:Goguryeo
229:고려-거란 전쟁
174:Strength
129:Yang Kyu
117:Kang Cho
57:Location
1880:Coinage
1873:Economy
1758:History
1696:Coinage
1590:History
1330:Sources
1305:30 July
1243:30 July
1178:30 July
1144:30 July
972:30 July
893:30 July
832:30 July
642:30 July
608:30 July
571:30 July
531:30 July
315:Jurchen
216:Chinese
135:†
123:†
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218::
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70:Result
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240:-led
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353:Naju
220:遼麗戰爭
210:The
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