4907:. The basic form of this sign is produced with the initial posture of the index finger on the chin, followed by a movement of the hand and finger tip toward the indirect object (the recipient of the telling). Inflected into the unrealized inceptive aspect ("to be just about to tell"), the sign begins with the hand moving from in front of the trunk in an arc to the initial posture of the base sign (i.e., index finger touching the chin) while inhaling through the mouth, dropping the jaw, and directing eye gaze toward the verb's object. The posture is then held rather than moved toward the indirect object. During the hold, the signer also stops the breath by closing the glottis. Other verbs (such as "look at", "wash the dishes", "yell", "flirt") are inflected into the unrealized inceptive aspect similarly: The hands used in the base sign move in an arc from in front of the trunk to the initial posture of the underlying verb sign while inhaling, dropping the jaw, and directing eye gaze toward the verb's object (if any), but subsequent movements and postures are dropped as the posture and breath are held.
1529:(not the same as the perfective), which refers to a state resulting from a previous action (also described as a previous action with relevance to a particular time, or a previous action viewed from the perspective of a later time). This corresponds (roughly) to the "have X-ed" construction in English, as in "I have recently eaten". Languages that lack this aspect (such as Portuguese, which is closely related to Spanish) often use the past perfective to render the present perfect (compare the roughly synonymous English sentences "Have you eaten yet?" and "Did you eat yet?").
32:
4507:. The choice of being half full represents an optimistic viewpoint while the choice of being half empty represents a pessimistic viewpoint. Not only does viewpoint aspect separate into negative and positive, but rather different point of views. Having two people describe a painting can bring about two different viewpoints. One may describe a situation aspect as a perfect or imperfect. A perfect situation aspect entails an event with no reference to time, while an imperfect situation aspect makes a reference to time with the observation.
1428:, "arrived", indicates that arrival occurred in the past without saying anything about the present status of the arriver – maybe they stuck around, maybe they turned around and left, etc. – nor about the aspect of the past event except insofar as completeness can be considered aspectual. This past verb is clearly similar if not identical to the Greek aorist, which is considered a tense but is more of an aspect marker. In the Arabic, aorist aspect is the logical consequence of past tense. By contrast, the "Verb of Similarity" (
4499:
based upon one's point of view. For example, a professor may say that a student who comes a minute before each class starts is a punctual student. Based upon the professor's judgment of what punctuality is, he or she may make that assumption of the situation with the student. Situation aspect is firstly divided into states and occurrences, then later subdivided under occurrences into processes and events, and lastly, under events, there are accomplishments and achievements.
4495:
achievements are continue and win. Drive-a-car is an accomplishment while hate is an example of a state. Another way to recognize a state inherent aspect is to note whether or not it changes. For example, if someone were to hate vegetables because they are allergic, this state of hate is unchanging and thus, a state inherent aspect. On the other hand, an achievement, unlike a state, only lasts for a short amount of time. Achievement is the highpoint of an action.
2126:
946:
1212:
used to go, I was going, I had gone"; in the present tense "I lose, I am losing, I have lost, I have been losing, I am going to lose"; and with the future modal "I will see, I will be seeing, I will have seen, I am going to see". What distinguishes these aspects within each tense is not (necessarily) when the event occurs, but how the time in which it occurs is viewed: as complete, ongoing, consequential, planned, etc.
1294:, is an inherent property of a verb or verb-complement phrase, and is not marked formally. The distinctions made as part of lexical aspect are different from those of grammatical aspect. Typical distinctions are between states ("I owned"), activities ("I shopped"), accomplishments ("I painted a picture"), achievements ("I bought"), and punctual, or
4494:
The inherent aspect describes the purpose of a verb and what separates verbs from one another. According to
Vendler, inherent aspect can be categorized into four different types: activities, achievements, accomplishments, and states. Simple activities include verbs such as pull, jump, and punch. Some
4502:
The third type of aspect is viewpoint aspect. Viewpoint aspect can be likened to situation aspect such that they both take into consideration one's inferences. However, viewpoint aspect diverges from situation aspect because it is where one decides to view or see such event. A perfect example is the
4097:
Wuvulu language is a minority language in
Pacific. The Wuvulu verbal aspect is hard to organize because of its number of morpheme combinations and the interaction of semantics between morphemes. Perfective, imperfective negation, simultaneous and habitual are four aspects markers in Wuvulu language.
1909:, are quite different from those of standard English, and often reflect a more elaborate paradigm of aspectual distinctions (often at the expense of tense). The following table, appearing originally in Green (2002) shows the possible aspectual distinctions in AAVE in their prototypical, negative and
1138:
Sometimes, English has a lexical distinction where other languages may use the distinction in grammatical aspect. For example, the
English verbs "to know" (the state of knowing) and "to find out" (knowing viewed as a "completed action") correspond to the imperfect and perfect forms of the equivalent
1130:
For events of short durations in the past, the distinction often coincides with the distinction in the
English language between the simple past "X-ed," as compared to the progressive "was X-ing". Compare "I wrote the letters this morning" (i.e. finished writing the letters: an action completed) and
4824:
typically use the unmarked verb for timeless habitual aspect, or for stative aspect, or for perfective aspect in the past. Invariant pre-verbal markers are often used. Non-stative verbs typically can optionally be marked for the progressive, habitual, completive, or irrealis aspect. The progressive
4515:
Aspect in Torau is marked with post-verbal particles or clitics. While the system for marking the imperfective aspect is complex and highly developed, it is unclear if Torau marks the perfective and neutral viewpoints. The imperfective clitics index one of the core arguments, usually the nominative
4498:
Another type of aspect is situation aspect. Situation aspect is described to be what one is experiencing in his or her life through that circumstance. Therefore, it is his or her understanding of the situation. Situation aspect are abstract terms that are not physically tangible. They are also used
3350:
There are a couple of verbs which can be used as the copula to the aspectual participles: होना (honā) , रहना (rêhnā) , आना (ānā) , and जाना (jānā) . Each of these copulas provide a unique nuance to the aspect. The default (unmarked) copula is होना (honā) . These copulas can themselves be conjugated
1211:
In
European languages, rather than locating an event time, the way tense does, aspect describes "the internal temporal constituency of a situation", or in other words, aspect is a way "of conceiving the flow of the process itself". English aspectual distinctions in the past tense include "I went, I
1126:
Essentially, the perfective aspect looks at an event as a complete action, while the imperfective aspect views an event as the process of unfolding or a repeated or habitual event (thus corresponding to the progressive/continuous aspect for events of short-term duration and to habitual aspect for
4910:
Other aspects in ASL include the following: stative, inchoative ("to begin to..."), predispositional ("to tend to..."), susceptative ("to... easily"), frequentative ("to... often"), protractive ("to... continuously"), incessant ("to... incessantly"), durative ("to... for a long time"), iterative
2474:
In at least the East Slavic and West Slavic languages, there is a three-way aspect differentiation for verbs of motion with the determinate imperfective, indeterminate imperfective, and perfective. The two forms of imperfective can be used in all three tenses (past, present, and future), but the
1544:
For some verbs in some languages, the difference between perfective and imperfective conveys an additional meaning difference; in such cases, the two aspects are typically translated using separate verbs in
English. In Greek, for example, the imperfective sometimes adds the notion of "try to do
1134:
In describing longer time periods, English needs context to maintain the distinction between the habitual ("I called him often in the past" – a habit that has no point of completion) and perfective ("I called him once" – an action completed), although the construct "used to" marks both habitual
2411:
In Slavic languages, a given verb is, in itself, either perfective or imperfective. Consequently, each language contains many pairs of verbs, corresponding to each other in meaning, except that one expresses perfective aspect and the other imperfective. (This may be considered a form of
1714:(While many elementary discussions of English grammar classify the present perfect as a past tense, it relates the action to the present time. One cannot say of someone now deceased that they "have eaten" or "have been eating". The present auxiliary implies that they are in some way
1521:
Grammatical aspect represents a formal distinction encoded in the grammar of a language. Although languages that are described as having imperfective and perfective aspects agree in most cases in their use of these aspects, they may not agree in every situation. For example:
4911:("to... over and over again"), intensive ("to... very much"), resultative ("to... completely"), approximative ("to... somewhat"), semblitive ("to appear to..."), increasing ("to... more and more"). Some aspects combine with others to create yet finer distinctions.
1260:, verbs lack grammatical markers of tense, but are rich in aspect (Heine, Kuteva 2010, p. 10). Markers of aspect are attached to verbs to indicate aspect. Event time is inferred through use of these aspectual markers, along with optional inclusion of adverbs.
1207:
that is found in most languages with aspect. Furthermore, the separation of tense and aspect in
English is not maintained rigidly. One instance of this is the alternation, in some forms of English, between sentences such as "Have you eaten?" and "Did you eat?".
2494:
are attached to
Russian verbs of motion they become more or less normal imperfective/perfective pairs, with the indeterminate imperfective becoming the prefixed imperfective and the determinate imperfective becoming the prefixed perfective. For example, prefix
4695:
is used in irrealis clauses, the speaker conveys that the event will definitely occur (Palmer, 2007). Although this suffix is not explicitly stated as a perfective viewpoint marker, the meaning that it contributes is very similar to the perfective viewpoint.
4914:
Aspect is unusual in ASL in that transitive verbs derived for aspect lose their grammatical transitivity. They remain semantically transitive, typically assuming an object made prominent using a topic marker or mentioned in a previous sentence. See
1532:
In some languages, the formal representation of aspect is optional, and can be omitted when the aspect is clear from context or does not need to be emphasized. This is the case, for example, in
Mandarin Chinese, with the perfective suffix
811:. Aspect can be said to describe the texture of the time in which a situation occurs, such as a single point of time, a continuous range of time, a sequence of discrete points in time, etc., whereas tense indicates its location in time.
1342:
In some languages, aspect and time are very clearly separated, making them much more distinct to their speakers. There are a number of languages that mark aspect much more saliently than time. Prominent in this category are
Chinese and
2229:
In the Tyrolean and other Bavarian regiolect the prefix *da can be found, which form perfective aspects. "I hu's gleant" (Ich habe es gelernt = I learnt it) vs. "I hu's daleant" (*Ich habe es DAlernt = I succeeded in learning).
1151:. This is also true when the sense of verb "to know" is "to know somebody", in this case opposed in aspect to the verb "to meet" (or even to the construction "to get to know"). These correspond to imperfect and perfect forms of
1437:), so called because of its resemblance to the active participial noun, is considered to denote an event in the present or future without committing to a specific aspectual sense beyond the incompleteness implied by the tense:
1401:) the verb has two aspect-tenses: perfective (past), and imperfective (non-past). There is some disagreement among grammarians whether to view the distinction as a distinction in aspect, or tense, or both. The past verb (
4889:, the optional progressive marker follows the verb. Completive markers tend to come from superstrate words like "done" or "finish", and some creoles model the future/irrealis marker on the superstrate word for "go".
4984:(an activity with ongoing nature: combines the meanings of both the continuous and the habitual aspects): 'I was walking to work' (continuous) or 'I walked (used to walk, would walk) to work every day' (habitual).
778:
Grammarians of the Greek and Latin languages also showed an interest in aspect, but the idea did not enter into the modern Western grammatical tradition until the 19th century via the study of the grammar of the
4691:, which must attach to a preverbal particle, may indicate similar meaning to the perfective aspect. In realis clauses, this suffix conveys an event that is entirely in the past and no longer occurring. When
2420:
also plays a small role. Perfective verbs cannot generally be used with the meaning of a present tense – their present-tense forms in fact have future reference. An example of such a pair of verbs, from
1670:, as in "tomorrow we go to New York City", or by some other means. Past is distinguished from non-past, in contrast, with internal modifications of the verb. These two tenses may be modified further for
3746:
between telic and atelic. Telic sentences signal that the intended goal of an action is achieved. Atelic sentences do not signal whether any such goal has been achieved. The aspect is indicated by the
1223:
in the indicative mood, conveys historic or 'immediate' aspect in the subjunctive and optative. The perfect in all moods is used as an aspectual marker, conveying the sense of a resultant state. E.g.
4801:
follow a complex system of affixes to express subtle changes in meaning. However, the verbs in this family of languages are conjugated to express the aspects and not the tenses. Though many of the
1203:. Although English largely separates tense and aspect formally, its aspects (neutral, progressive, perfect, progressive perfect, and habitual) do not correspond very closely to the distinction of
2416:.) Perfective verbs are commonly formed from imperfective ones by the addition of a prefix, or else the imperfective verb is formed from the perfective one by modification of the stem or ending.
1334:
The other factor in situation aspect is duration, which is also a property of a verb phrase. Accomplishments, states, and activities have duration, while achievements and semelfactives do not.
1347:, which both differentiate many aspects but rely exclusively on optional time-indicating terms to pinpoint an action with respect to time. In other language groups, for example in most modern
803:
to some other time, commonly the speech event, aspect conveys other temporal information, such as duration, completion, or frequency, as it relates to the time of action. Thus tense refers to
3033:
Modern Romance languages merge the concepts of aspect and tense but consistently distinguish perfective and imperfective aspects in the past tense. This derives directly from the way the
1514:
Although the perfective is often thought of as representing a "momentary action", this is not strictly correct. It can equally well be used for an action that took time, as long as it is
1298:, events ("I sneezed"). These distinctions are often relevant syntactically. For example, states and activities, but not usually achievements, can be used in English with a prepositional
1366:, aspect is more salient than tense in narrative. Russian, like other Slavic languages, uses different lexical entries for the different aspects, whereas other languages mark them
2483:. The difference corresponds closely to that between the English "I (regularly) go to school" and "I am going to school (now)". The three-way difference is given below for the
1468:
in Egyptian and Levantine dialects—though it may have a slightly different range of functions in each dialect) to explicitly mark progressive, continuous, or habitual aspect:
1302:-phrase describing a time duration: "I had a car for five hours", "I shopped for five hours", but not "*I bought a car for five hours". Lexical aspect is sometimes called
1456:, command or imperative, which is traditionally considered as denoting future events.) To explicitly mark aspect, Arabic uses a variety of lexical and syntactic devices.
3323:. Each of these three aspects are formed from their participles. The aspects of Hindi when conjugated into their personal forms can be put into five grammatical moods:
1485:
is a combination of tense and aspect that indicates the action is in preparation to take place. The inceptive aspect identifies the beginning stage of an action (e.g.
2408:
make a clear distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects; it was in relation to these languages that the modern concept of aspect originally developed.
1385:
Hindi verb forms consist of two elements. The first of these two elements is the aspect marker and the second element (the copula) is the common tense/mood marker.
1323:. Telicity might be considered a kind of lexical aspect, except that it is typically not a property of a verb in isolation, but rather a property of an entire verb
743:; the meanings of the latter terms are somewhat different, and in some languages, the common names used for verb forms may not follow the actual aspects precisely.
4968:: In English a sentence such as "I put it on the table" is neutral in implication (the object could still be on the table or not), but in some languages such as
3347:
Hindi verb forms consist of two elements. The first of these two elements is the aspect marker. The second element (the copula) is the common tense/mood marker.
678:, which indicates that an event occurred prior to (but has continuing relevance at) the time of reference: "I have eaten"; "I had eaten"; "I will have eaten".
5130:
6199:
5124:
5106:
5081:
5112:
5063:
4516:
subject, and follow the rightmost element in a syntactic structure larger than the word. The two distinct forms for marking the imperfective aspect are
5057:
5051:
5033:
1682:, or for both. These two aspectual forms are also referred to as BE +ING and HAVE +EN, respectively, which avoids what may be unfamiliar terminology.
5069:
5021:
5926:
4900:(ASL) is similar to many other sign languages in that it has no grammatical tense but many verbal aspects produced by modifying the base verb sign.
4949:
4491:
There are three types of aspects one must consider when analyzing the Tokelauan language: inherent aspect, situation aspect, and viewpoint aspect.
615:
775:). This is the key distinction between the imperfective and perfective. Yaska also applied this distinction to a verb versus an action nominal.
6243:
5365:
4978:(a conflation of aspect and tense): 'He is about to fall', 'I am going to cry" (brings attention to the anticipation of a future situation)
4990:: 'I used to walk home from work', 'I would walk home from work every day', 'I walk home from work every day' (a subtype of imperfective)
1654:. No marker of a distinct future tense exists on the verb in English; the futurity of an event may be expressed through the use of the
830:). Yet since they differ in aspect each conveys different information or points of view as to how the action pertains to the present.
656:
is used for situations conceived as existing continuously or habitually as time flows ("I was helping him"; "I used to help people").
674:
Certain aspectual distinctions express a relation between the time of the event and the time of reference. This is the case with the
3789:("to yell once") (used for emotive verbs like "laugh", "smile", "growl", "bark"; is not used for verbs like "shoot", "say", "drink")
932:, which is an inherent feature of verbs or verb phrases and is determined by the nature of the situation that the verb describes.
6154:
Verkuyl, H. (2005). "How (in-)sensitive is tense to aspectual information?" In B. Hollebrandse, A. van Hout & C. Vet (Eds.),
1770:
to express various meanings, mostly combining modality with past reference: "I should have eaten" etc. In particular, the modals
1635:
814:
For example, consider the following sentences: "I eat", "I am eating", "I have eaten", and "I have been eating". All are in the
6175:
5965:
Berdinetto, P. M., & Delfitto, D. (2000). "Aspect vs. Actionality: Some reasons for keeping them apart". In O. Dahl (Ed.),
4504:
2399:
6216:
4972:
the equivalent tense carries an implication that the object is no longer there. It is thus the opposite of the perfect aspect.
4946:(a common conflation of aspect and tense): 'I have arrived' (brings attention to the consequences of a situation in the past)
4904:
2198:
dialects, and some more vernacular forms of German do make an aspectual distinction which partly corresponds with the English
5605:
5385:
5223:
4996:: 'I am eating' or 'I know' (situation is described as ongoing and either evolving or unevolving; a subtype of imperfective)
5148:
1215:
In most dialects of Ancient Greek, aspect is indicated uniquely by verbal morphology. For example, the very frequently used
725:; here verbs often occur in pairs, with two related verbs being used respectively for imperfective and perfective meanings.
608:
4934:: 'I struck the bell' (an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence)
4916:
3820:
2147:
1894:
967:
6297:
5912:), by Hadumod Bussmann, edited by Gregory P. Trauth and Kerstin Kazzazi, Routledge, London 1996. Translation of German
4758:
3320:
881:过 to mark the perfective, durative stative, durative progressive, and experiential aspects, and also marks aspect with
664:
6236:
5909:
5647:
5291:
Zhang, Yaxu; Zhang, Jingting (2 July 2008). "Brain responses to agreement violations of Chinese grammatical aspect".
2173:
993:
75:
53:
2155:
975:
46:
2367:
Sometimes the meaning of the auxiliary verb is diminished to 'being engaged in'. Take for instance these examples:
1831:
The uses of the progressive and perfect aspects are quite complex. They may refer to the viewpoint of the speaker:
1419:) completed in the past, but it says nothing about the relation of this past event to present status. For example,
6073:
2324:
and the infinitive. The conjugated verbs indicate the stance of the subject performing or undergoing the action.
1885:, a future situation highlighting current intention or expectation, as in "I'm going to go to school next year."
1824:
1459:
Contemporary Arabic dialects are another matter. One major change from al-fuṣḥā is the use of a prefix particle (
601:
1549:); hence, the same verb, in the imperfective (present or imperfect) and aorist, respectively, is used to convey
5797:
Palmer, Bill (December 2007). "Imperfective Aspect and the Interplay of Aspect, Tense, and Modality in Torau".
4540:
This example below shows these two imperfective aspect markers giving different meanings to similar sentences.
2151:
971:
2253:
The first type is very similar to the non-standard German type. It is formed by the conjugated auxiliary verb
4197:
indicates the action has not done and also doesn't show anything about the action will be done in the future.
1902:
1581:, "we heard").) Spanish has similar pairs for certain verbs, such as (imperfect and preterite, respectively)
5587:
4350:: The marker fane- can indicate a habitual activity, which means "keep doing something" in English. Example:
1718:(alive), even when the action denoted is completed (perfect) or partially completed (progressive perfect).)
6417:
6229:
4239:
indicates the two actions are done at the same time or one action occurs while other action is in progress.
3854:. Old Rapa words are still used for grammar and sentence structure, but most common words were replaced by
5923:
4718:
follow a system of affixes to express changes in meaning. To express the aspects, Malay uses a number of
1707:
1204:
577:
6074:"Recent activity in the theory of aspect: Accomplishments, achievements, or just non-progressive state?"
1835:
I was walking down the road when I met Michael Jackson's lawyer. (Speaker viewpoint in middle of action)
3336:
1820:
1163:
in French. In German, on the other hand, the distinction is also lexical (as in English) through verbs
675:
4927:
The following aspectual terms are found in the literature. Approximate English equivalents are given.
4679:
4602:
5496:
5179:
3747:
784:
698:
649:
362:
312:
249:
229:
4805:
do not have a fully codified grammar, most of them follow the verb aspects that are demonstrated by
1447:, he strikes/is striking/will strike/etc.). Those are the only two "tenses" in Arabic (not counting
2214:('I am/was at the eating'; capitalization varies). This is formed by the conjugated auxiliary verb
2136:
1743:
1525:
Some languages have additional grammatical aspects. Spanish and Ancient Greek, for example, have a
1507:). Aspects of stage continue through progressive, pausative, resumptive, cessive, and terminative.
1367:
1241:– I am in a state of having seen = I know (perfect). Turkish has a same/similar aspect, such as in
1018:
956:
910:
445:
388:
383:
201:
149:
40:
4056:
The unmarked verb, frequently used, can indicate habitual aspect or perfective aspect in the past.
5158:
2484:
2243:
2140:
1906:
1804:
1348:
960:
555:
440:
393:
282:
6205:
5987:
Chertkova, M. Y. (2004). ""Vid or Aspect? On the Typology of a Slavic and Romance Category" ".
5008:: 'I know French' (situation is described as ongoing but not evolving; a subtype of continuous)
4897:
4794:
4711:
1389:
1359:), aspect has become almost entirely conflated, in the verbal morphological system, with time.
1344:
560:
532:
493:
473:
428:
423:
292:
57:
6187:
6016:
Aspect in English: a "common-sense" view of the interplay between verbal and nominal referents
5538:
Partee, Barbara H (1973). "Some Structural Analogies between Tenses and Pronouns in English".
5377:
5213:
1758:
with progressive aspect), "(to) have eaten" (infinitive with perfect aspect), "having eaten" (
1499:, "I am beginning to eat".) and inchoative and ingressive aspects identify a change of state (
5979:
Binnick, R. I. (2006). "Aspect and Aspectuality". In B. Aarts & A. M. S. McMahon (Eds.),
5266:
BUCLD 25: Proceedings of the 25th annual Boston University Conference on Language Development
850:
433:
196:
4802:
4798:
3351:
into an aspectual participle and used with another copula, hence forming subaspects. (Seeː
2475:
perfective can only be used with past and future. The indeterminate imperfective expresses
2084:
1910:
1313:
1135:
aspect and past tense and can be used if the aspectual distinction otherwise is not clear.
846:
637:
367:
357:
93:
8:
6316:
6302:
6292:
5153:
5100:
5075:
5027:
4981:
4885:. Some Atlantic Creoles use one marker for both the habitual and progressive aspects. In
4748:
4092:
3039:
2328:
2269:
2195:
1814:
1767:
1695:
653:
525:
453:
117:
6024:
4524:. While more work needs to be done on this language, the preliminary hypothesis is that
1518:
as a unit, with a clearly defined start and end, such as "Last summer I visited France".
6389:
5954:
5880:
5832:
5824:
5572:
Green, L. (1998). Aspect and predicate phrases in African-American vernacular English.
5555:
5476:
5468:
5318:
5045:
4999:
4975:
4965:
4788:
4486:
3283:
3267:
2480:
2356:
2289:
1882:
1800:
1794:
1759:
1671:
1482:
1378:
1356:
1331:
have telic situation aspect, while states and activities have atelic situation aspect.
1196:
1175:, although the semantic relation between both forms is much more straightforward since
894:
297:
242:
218:
191:
5863:
Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1936). "The punctual and segmentative aspects of verbs in Hopi".
5422:
Situation aspect and viewpoint aspect: From Salish to Japanese (Doctoral dissertation)
5002:: 'I am eating' (action is described as ongoing and evolving; a subtype of continuous)
4473:
3SG=REAL-HAB-think(REDUP) the thought Faninilo COMP like COMP who again the person the
1006:
The most fundamental aspectual distinction, represented in many languages, is between
652:
and unitary, without reference to any flow of time during the event ("I helped him").
6384:
6359:
6270:
6181:
5958:
5905:
5836:
5643:
5601:
5480:
5460:
5381:
5310:
5219:
5163:
4993:
4943:
4931:
4806:
4732:
4049:
3855:
3847:
3739:
3316:
3279:
2247:
2199:
1959:
1847:
1679:
1613:("I refused (to do something)"). Such differences are often highly language-specific.
1526:
1200:
898:
886:
862:
796:
733:
706:
690:
681:
Different languages make different grammatical aspectual distinctions; some (such as
645:
520:
513:
503:
468:
458:
398:
332:
272:
254:
142:
5336:
Gabriele, Alison (2008). "Transfer and Transition in the L2 Acquisition of Aspect".
5322:
6368:
6312:
6190:
6126:
6106:
6088:
6036:
5946:
5872:
5814:
5806:
5593:
5547:
5519:
5452:
5373:
5302:
5168:
5087:
4810:
3859:
3735:
3332:
2405:
2342:
2279:
1731:
1363:
1352:
1257:
799:, because they both convey information about time. While tense relates the time of
780:
722:
694:
463:
327:
112:
6221:
6149:
A Theory of Aspectuality: the interaction between temporal and atemporal structure
3758:
is atelic. For example, the (implicit) purpose of shooting is to kill, such that:
1039:) and imperfect in French, and the perfect and imperfect in Latin (from the Latin
845:, derivational affixes, or independent words that serve as grammatically required
6363:
6343:
6014:
5930:
5306:
4987:
4957:
4834:
4826:
4821:
4719:
3340:
3312:
3303:
2479:(or motion in no single direction), while the determinate imperfective expresses
2476:
2430:
2422:
2187:
1936:
1871:
1751:
1701:
906:
721:. Explicit consideration of aspect as a category first arose out of study of the
682:
668:
508:
377:
339:
179:
161:
137:
132:
5523:
5246:
Pye, Clifton (2008). Stacey Stowers; Nathan Poell (eds.). "Mayan Morphosyntax".
4940:: 'The mouse squeaked once' (contrasted to 'The mouse squeaked / was squeaking')
3775:
In rare cases corresponding telic and atelic forms can be unrelated by meaning.
2226:) and the infinitive, which German uses in many constructions as a verbal noun.
1131:"I was writing the letters this morning" (the letters may still be unfinished).
689:) do not make any. The marking of aspect is often conflated with the marking of
6256:
5628:. Accessed on 2020-06-10). Updated by Tom McCoy (2015) and Katie Martin (2018).
5456:
5143:
4969:
4878:
4715:
4476:'And the thought kept occurring to Faninilo, "who is this particular person?"'
3343:. In Hindi, the aspect marker is overtly separated from the tense/mood marker.
3034:
2413:
2239:
1810:
1689:
1655:
1639:
1371:
1304:
1275:
1269:
1026:
925:
914:
572:
403:
322:
206:
127:
20:
5950:
5625:
5096:: 'It sparkled', contrasted with 'It sparked'. Or, 'I run around', vs. 'I run'
1864:
English expresses some other aspectual distinctions with other constructions.
1786:
are used to combine future or hypothetical reference with aspectual meaning:
6411:
6338:
6320:
5693:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. pp. 137–143.
5597:
5464:
5093:
5015:
4705:
4470:ʔi=na-fane-naranara fei nara Faninilo ba, ʔaleʔena ba ini liai mei ramaʔa mei
4334:
is only for singular subject. When the subject is dual or plural, the marker
3843:
3837:
3804:
3328:
1790:
1766:
with perfect aspect), etc. The perfect infinitive can further be governed by
1643:
815:
287:
5703:
767:) dealt with grammatical aspect, distinguishing actions that are processes (
6285:
6194:
5314:
5005:
4774:
2191:
1737:
1328:
1295:
660:
537:
372:
186:
154:
122:
6130:
6092:
6001:
Aspect: An introduction to the study of verbal aspect and related problems
5937:
Bache, C (1982). "Aspect and Aktionsart: Towards a semantic distinction".
5819:
5663:
Walworth, Mary (2017). "Reo Rapa: A Polynesian Contact Language Contact".
4330:'He held together the two hands of Puleafo while drinking.' (Note: marker
3765:-- "I shot the bear (succeeded; it is done)" i.e., "I shot the bear dead".
1274:
There is a distinction between grammatical aspect, as described here, and
6211:
5810:
5293:
5173:
3352:
3344:
3324:
2008:
1944:
1898:
1725:
1659:
1382:
1030:
1014:
aspect. This is the basic aspectual distinction in the Slavic languages.
629:
6040:
6019:(Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy). Springer. Retrieved 2016-05-18.
5828:
5472:
709:, for example, the perfective–imperfective distinction is marked in the
5559:
5440:
5039:
4845:
for the present progressive and a combination of the past time marker (
3816:
3751:
2417:
2038:
1755:
917:, however, can convey such distinctions by the use of adverbs or other
842:
710:
587:
582:
567:
498:
307:
213:
169:
5884:
5264:
Pye, Clifton (2001). "The Acquisition of Finiteness in Kʼicheʼ Maya".
6307:
6280:
5917:
5364:
Liu, Meichun (1 April 2015). Wang, William S-Y; Sun, Chaofen (eds.).
5118:
4937:
4886:
4066:
is frequently used and conveys the progressive aspect in the present.
3812:
3808:
3755:
1992:
1486:
1381:, the aspect marker is overtly separated from the tense/mood marker.
1220:
737:
718:
714:
277:
174:
6099:
Sasse, H.-J. (2006). "Aspect and Aktionsart". In E. K. Brown (Ed.),
5551:
4532:
encodes the active imperfective. Reduplication always cooccurs with
2125:
945:
5876:
5042:: 'The flowers started to bloom' (beginning of a new state: static)
3851:
3743:
3266:
Other aspects in Italian are rendered with other periphrases, like
2300:
The second type is formed by one of the conjugated auxiliary verbs
1876:
1320:
838:
800:
771:), from those where the action is considered as a completed whole (
302:
6054:
Maslov, I. S. (1998). "Vid glagol'nyj" . In V. N. Yartseva (Ed.),
5099:
Experiential: 'I have gone to school many times' (see for example
1491:
701:). Aspectual distinctions may be restricted to certain tenses: in
6137:
Travis, Lisa deMena (2010). "Inner aspect", Dordrecht, Springer..
1866:
1309:
107:
6275:
6061:(pp. 83–84). Moscow: Bol'shaja Rossijskaja Entsyklopedija.
4082:+ verb conveys the perfective aspect but is frequently omitted.
2491:
2390:
In these cases, there is generally an undertone of irritation.
2262:
1839:
1763:
1667:
1216:
1022:
918:
882:
234:
6049:
The syntactic nature of inner aspect: A minimalist perspective
1893:
The aspectual systems of certain dialects of English, such as
1857:
You are not having chocolate with your sausages! (I forbid it)
659:
Further distinctions can be made, for example, to distinguish
3308:
1663:
1236:
1230:
1224:
795:
Aspect is often confused with the closely related concept of
757:
702:
5622:
Yale Grammatical Diversity Project: English in North America
4320:ʔi=na-panaro-puluʔi-na ruapalo ʔei pani Puleafo ma ʔi=fi-unu
16:
Grammatical category expressing how a verb extends over time
5281:. Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 184–237.
4623:
4556:
3778:
Derivational suffixes exist for various aspects. Examples:
1017:
It semantically corresponds to the distinction between the
641:
4741:: near perfective, 'saya baru makan' = 'I have just eaten'
4323:
3SG=REAL-hold-together-TR two the.PL hand Puleafo and 3SG=
644:
action, event, or state, extends over time. For instance,
5036:: 'I started to run' (beginning of a new action: dynamic)
1854:
You are being stupid now. (You are doing it deliberately)
5198:
Henk J. Verkuyl, Henriette De Swart, Angeliek Van Hout,
3819:
aspect meanings. Also, pairs of verbs differing only in
3771:-- "I shot at the bear" i.e. the bear may have survived.
818:, indicated by the present-tense verb of each sentence (
3938:
3803:
There are derivational suffixes for verbs, which carry
1827:: "I will have been eating", "I would have been eating"
6200:
Anna Katarzyna Młynarczyk: Aspectual Pairing in Polish
3742:, among others, have a grammatical aspect contrast of
2372:
De leraar zit steeds te zeggen dat we moeten luisteren
2265:(which in Dutch matches the infinitive). For example:
1888:
6117:
Tatevosov, S (2002). "The parameter of actionality".
5983:(pp. 244–268). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
5574:
African-American English: Structure, history, and use
5149:
Ancient Greek grammar: Dependence of moods and tenses
3107:
merges habitual and continuous aspects, among others
2466:("was writing, used to write, wrote", imperfective);
1860:
I am having lunch with Mike tomorrow. (It is decided)
686:
5642:. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 216–246.
2250:
are used. Both types are considered Standard Dutch.
1312:
linguists. Lexical or situation aspect is marked in
6251:
6176:
Robert Binnick, Annotated tense/aspect bibliography
6156:
Crosslinguistic views on tense, aspect and modality
5589:
African American English: A Linguistic Introduction
5277:Li, Charles, and Sandra Thompson (1981). "Aspect".
2115:
6051:. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co.
6003:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
5409:The Syntax of Inner Aspect (Doctoral dissertation)
2218:("to be") followed by the preposition and article
1199:combine the concept of aspect with the concept of
853:spoken in Guatemala has the inflectional prefixes
6056:Jazykoznanie: Bol'shoj entsyklopedicheskij slovar
5620:Harris, Alysia and Jim Wood. 2013. Stressed BIN.
5211:
4180:but 3SG=REAL-PERF-talk-CAUS-good with them Barafi
4109:indicates the action is done before other action.
1838:I have traveled widely, but I have never been to
1263:
6409:
6113:. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
5902:Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics
5279:Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar
5268:, pp. 645–656. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
3846:(Reo Rapa) is a mixed language that grew out of
3263:expresses an aorist (punctual/historical) past.
3259:renders an imperfective (continuous) past while
1650:or, more commonly and less formally, simply the
1116:
935:
6161:Zalizniak, A. A., & Shmelev, A. D. (2000).
5494:
4012:
3862:as they both have specific tense words such as
1478:, he is now writing, writes all the time, etc.
783:. The earliest use of the term recorded in the
6400:Lexical aspects. Grammatical aspects unmarked.
5974:Time and the verb: A guide to tense and aspect
5969:(pp. 189–226). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
5218:. Oxford University Press US. pp. 135–6.
5215:Time and the verb: a guide to tense and aspect
4656:
4627:
4583:
4560:
4359:
4309:
4248:
4206:
4130:
3850:and Old Rapa among monolingual inhabitants of
1029:, the preterite and imperfect in Spanish, the
861:- to mark incompletive and completive aspect;
648:is used in referring to an event conceived as
6237:
6103:(Vol. 1, pp. 535–538). Boston: Elsevier.
6010:. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
5133:: 'It is coming out in successive multitudes'
2632:to go by transport (drive, train, bus, etc.)
2380:("Everyone keeps on saying that it was good")
1152:
1146:
1080:
609:
6068:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
5989:Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Filologiya
5495:Gabriele, Allison; McClure, William (2003).
5284:
5018:: 'Fish swim and birds fly' (general truths)
4922:
4183:'But, Barafi had already clearly told them.'
4076:conveys the progressive aspect in any tense.
1710:(progressive, perfect): "I have been eating"
1481:Aspect can mark the stage of an action. The
1469:
1460:
1448:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1140:
1092:
1034:
5967:Tense and Aspect in the Languages of Europe
5853:, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000: pp. 173–189.
5736:, Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1992: pp. 228–231.
5732:Pukui, Mary Kawena, and Elbert, Samuel H.,
5626:http://ygdp.yale.edu/phenomena/stressed-bin
5441:"Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb"
4652:
4579:
2455:Compound future tense (imperfective only):
2154:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1817:: "I will have eaten", "I would have eaten"
1746:(progressive, perfect): "I had been eating"
1646:, the latter of which is also known as the
1104:
1065:
1040:
974:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
6244:
6230:
6142:On the Compositional Nature of the Aspects
5782:Hafford, James (2015). "Verb Morphology".
5767:Hafford, James (2015). "Verb Morphology".
5749:Hafford, James (2015). "Verb Morphology".
5592:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
5438:
5370:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics
5290:
5205:
4505:Is the glass half full or is it half empty
2485:Russian basic (unprefixed) verbs of motion
2378:Iedereen loopt te beweren dat het goed was
2374:("The teacher keeps telling us to listen")
1734:(progressive, not perfect): "I was eating"
1704:(not progressive, perfect): "I have eaten"
1319:One of the factors in situation aspect is
616:
602:
6208:- a column overview of the English tenses
6116:
5986:
5818:
5723:, Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1995: pp. 23–25.
5115:: 'I accidentally knocked over the chair'
5090:: 'I read the same books again and again'
4892:
4751:, 'saya belum makan' = 'I have not eaten'
4673:Peter RL.3SG-PST {REDUP}≈be.dead=IPFV-3SG
3994:
3920:
3892:
3826:
2522:(to arrive (on foot), impf.); and prefix
2320:("to walk"), followed by the preposition
2174:Learn how and when to remove this message
1807:: "I will be eating", "I would be eating"
1740:(not progressive, perfect): "I had eaten"
1698:(progressive, not perfect): "I am eating"
1638:has two morphologically distinct tenses,
994:Learn how and when to remove this message
924:Grammatical aspect is distinguished from
909:. Even languages that do not mark aspect
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
6151:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6101:Encyclopedia of language and linguistics
6022:
5662:
5335:
4903:An example is illustrated with the verb
3161:tense, not ordinarily marked for aspect
3143:merges habitual and progressive aspects
3051:Italian language example using the verb
2952:to lead, to accompany, to drive (a car)
1256:In many Sino-Tibetan languages, such as
39:This article includes a list of general
5781:
5766:
5748:
5637:
5378:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199856336.001.0001
5329:
4956:: 'I just ate' or 'I am after eating' (
4782:
4367:
3910:
2202:: alongside the standard present tense
1728:(not progressive, not perfect): "I ate"
1692:(not progressive, not perfect): "I eat"
6410:
6158:(pp. 145–169). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
5851:An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles
5796:
5688:
5537:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5366:"Tense and Aspect in Mandarin Chinese"
5338:Studies in Second Language Acquisition
5271:
4735:, 'saya sudah makan' = 'I have eaten'
3998:
3233:future tense and perfect tense/aspect
2400:Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages
1874:, as in "I used to go to school," and
1842:. (Speaker viewpoint at end of action)
1597:("I succeeded (in doing something)"),
728:The concept of grammatical aspect (or
6225:
6071:
6025:"The Triad 'Tense–Aspect–Aktionsart'"
5936:
5862:
5762:
5760:
5744:
5742:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5585:
5344:
4648:
4528:encodes the stative imperfective and
4371:
4275:
1905:based on English vocabulary, such as
1754:forms of the verb: "(to) be eating" (
1624:
5976:. New York: Oxford University Press.
5248:Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics
4324:
4313:
3906:
3028:
2152:adding citations to reliable sources
2119:
2069:Remote Past Perfect Resultant State
1337:
1327:. Achievements, accomplishments and
972:adding citations to reliable sources
939:
25:
5981:The Handbook of English Linguistics
5895:
5631:
5427:
5363:
5258:
5245:
5239:
4816:
4699:
4424:
4406:
4363:
4252:
4220:
4210:
4134:
3730:
2393:
1895:African-American Vernacular English
1889:African American Vernacular English
1470:
1461:
1449:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1355:and some Indo-Aryan languages like
1250:
1246:
1242:
1190:
849:of those aspects. For example, the
13:
6165:. Moskva: IAzyki russkoi kul’tury.
5757:
5739:
5671:
5407:MacDonald, Jonathan Eric. (2006).
4678:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
4631:
4601:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
4564:
4256:
4177:-ware-fa-rawani ʔaʔa roʔou, Barafi
3968:NEG.PST 1.SG PFV go PREP ART house
3896:
2731:to chase, to drive (cattle, etc.)
1537:and (especially) the imperfective
665:continuous and progressive aspects
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
6429:
6169:
6163:Vvedenie v russkuiu aspektologiiu
5640:A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi
5505:for Japanese learners of English"
5424:. University of British Columbia.
5060:: 'I stopped working for a while'
4869:) for the past progressive (e.g.
4596:Peter RL.3SG-PST be.dead=IPFV-3SG
4142:
5586:Green, Lisa J. (8 August 2002).
4767:: progressive implicating an end
3140:"I was eating", "I usually ate"
3037:used to render both aspects and
2124:
2116:German vernacular and colloquial
1928:Stressed / Emphatic Affirmative
1850:or additional modal components:
1577:, "we listened") vs. ἠκούσαμεν (
1290:. Lexical aspect, also known as
944:
746:
243:Singulative-Collective-Plurative
30:
5856:
5843:
5790:
5775:
5726:
5713:
5697:
5656:
5614:
5579:
5566:
5530:
5487:
5414:
5411:(p. 1). Stony Brook University.
5401:
5084:: 'The argument went on and on'
4536:, but it usually does not with
4138:
4008:
3948:
3278:"I shall be about to eat"), or
2459:("will write, will be writing")
1825:conditional perfect progressive
1278:. Other terms for the contrast
790:
6029:Belgian Journal of Linguistics
5914:Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft
5734:New Pocket Hawaiian Dictionary
5357:
5192:
5024:: 'The bird flew' (non-gnomic)
4861:) and the progressive marker (
3125:merges perfective and perfect
2064:'ain('t)/haven't BIN dən ate'
1750:Aspects can also be marked on
1685:Aspects of the present tense:
1666:", by a non-past form plus an
1619:
1264:Lexical vs. grammatical aspect
841:, distinguished through overt
732:) should not be confused with
207:Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)
1:
5784:Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary
5769:Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary
5751:Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary
5048:: 'I finished eating/reading'
4342:are used in same situation.)
4035:'You don't have your book.' (
2444:Present/simple future tense:
2024:Past Perfect Resultant State
1973:'ain('t)/haven't BIN eating'
1913:/emphatic affirmative forms:
1797:: "I will eat", "I would eat"
1503:) or the start of an action (
1243:Görmüş bulunuyorum/durumdayım
1139:verbs in French and Spanish,
936:Common aspectual distinctions
761:
5924:Morfofonologian harjoituksia
5638:Shapiro, Michael C. (1989).
5354:. Cambridge University Press
5307:10.1097/WNR.0b013e328302f14f
4881:uses the progressive marker
4789:Tagalog grammar § Verbs
4480:
2543:(to arrive (on foot), pf.).
2437:("to write", imperfective);
2210:('I ate') there is the form
2190:does not have aspects, many
2055:Remote Past Resultant State
1778:and their subjunctive forms
1501:The flowers started blooming
1253:means "I am in the state".
7:
6202:, a pdf version of the book
5691:Studies in Tokelauan syntax
5524:10.21248/zaspil.29.2003.170
5439:VAN OLPHEN, HERMAN (1975).
5137:
4052:conveys aspect as follows:
4043:
3831:
2109:'might/may not be dən ate'
1721:Aspects of the past tense:
1708:Present perfect progressive
1636:English tense–aspect system
1308:, especially by German and
1205:perfective vs. imperfective
1105:
667:) from repetitive actions (
323:Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)
10:
6434:
6298:Continuous and progressive
5457:10.1163/000000075791615397
5212:Robert I. Binnick (1991).
5154:Aspect in Standard Chinese
4786:
4703:
4484:
4090:
4039:'Your book doesn't exist')
3971:'I did not go to a house.'
3858:words. Rapa is similar to
3835:
3304:Hindi verbs § Aspects
3301:
3046:
2452:("will write", perfective)
2397:
2339:("The laundry is drying ")
2294:Ik zal aan het werken zijn
2212:Ich bin/war am essen/Essen
1987:'ain('t)/haven't BIN ate'
1917:Aspectual Marking in AAVE
1821:Future perfect progressive
1629:
1609:("I did not want to") vs.
1573:. (For example, ἠκούομεν (
1545:something" (the so-called
1510:Important qualifications:
1267:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1021:known respectively as the
751:
713:, by the division between
18:
6398:
6377:
6352:
6331:
6263:
6066:Case and aspect in Slavic
6047:MacDonald, J. E. (2008).
5951:10.1017/s0022226700007234
5710:, Blackwell, 1985: ch. 6.
5512:ZAS Papers in Linguistics
4923:Terms for various aspects
4086:
3390:
3380:
3370:
3060:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2548:
1071:
785:Oxford English Dictionary
5929:12 December 2005 at the
5708:Tense and Aspect Systems
5598:10.1017/cbo9780511800306
5501:is just as difficult as
5420:Kiyota, Masaru. (2008).
5202:, Springer 2006, p. 118.
5185:
5109:: 'I listened carefully'
4841:(from English "are") or
4510:
4105:: The perfective marker
3297:
3122:"I ate", "I have eaten"
2549:Russian verbs of motion
2441:("to write", perfective)
2233:
1846:But they can have other
1744:Past perfect progressive
1370:, and still others with
1249:means "having seen" and
1045:, meaning "completed").
885:; and English marks the
865:has the aspect markers -
833:Grammatical aspect is a
446:Serial verb construction
19:Not to be confused with
6385:Perfect (Retrospective)
6264:Complete vs. incomplete
6182:TAMPA: Aspect Explained
6111:The parameter of aspect
6064:Richardson, K. (2007).
5972:Binnick, R. I. (1991).
5624:. (Available online at
5254:. University of Kansas.
5159:Grammatical conjugation
5078:: 'I slept for a while'
3799:"to go shooting around"
2361:Ik zal zitten te werken
2257:("to be"), followed by
2106:'MIGHT/MAY be dən ate'
2103:'might/may be dən ate'
2083:Future Resultant State/
1978:Remote Past Completive
1907:Hawaiian Creole English
1805:conditional progressive
1349:Indo-European languages
1284:situation vs. viewpoint
1280:lexical vs. grammatical
807:while aspect refers to
384:Honorifics (politeness)
60:more precise citations.
6013:Kabakciev, K. (2000).
5939:Journal of Linguistics
5689:Hooper, Robin (1994).
5350:Bernard Comrie, 1976.
5200:Perspectives on Aspect
5066:: 'I resumed sleeping'
4898:American Sign Language
4893:American Sign Language
4795:Austronesian languages
4761:not implicating an end
4712:Austronesian languages
4687:In Torau, the suffix -
4245:ʔi=na-panaro-puluʔi-na
4225:'It has not yet come.'
3827:Austronesian languages
3294:"I shall be eating").
3104:"I eat", "I'm eating"
2894:to carry (by vehicle)
2363:("I will be working ")
2337:De was hangt te drogen
2244:West Germanic language
2100:Modal Resultant State
1593:("I was able to") vs.
1345:American Sign Language
1251:bulunuyorum/durumdayım
1219:, though a functional
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1117:
1093:
1081:
1066:
1041:
1035:
765: 7th century BCE
561:Polypersonal agreement
6178:(around 9000 entries)
6131:10.1515/lity.2003.003
6093:10.1515/lity.2002.007
6072:Sasse, H.-J. (2002).
5540:Journal of Philosophy
5076:Durative/Delimitative
5046:Terminative/cessative
5030:: 'I am still eating'
4833:(from English "be").
4032:NEG.NPST ART-2SG book
3965:vau i haere i te fare
3276:io starò per mangiare
3230:"I shall have eaten"
2696:to stroll, to wander
2597:to go by foot (walk)
2470:("wrote", perfective)
2384:Zit niet zo te zeuren
2296:("I will be working")
2284:Ik was aan het werken
2274:Ik ben aan het werken
663:and ongoing actions (
640:that expresses how a
197:Genitive construction
6353:Beginning vs. ending
6332:Generic vs. episodic
6195:10.15126/SMG.18/1.08
6147:Verkuyl, H. (1993).
6144:, Reidel, Dordrecht.
6140:Verkuyl, H. (1972).
6023:Kortmann, B (1991).
6008:Linguistic semantics
6006:Frawley, W. (1992).
5811:10.1353/ol.2008.0000
5445:Indo-Iranian Journal
5034:Inceptive/ingressive
4803:Philippine languages
4799:Philippine languages
4783:Philippine languages
3274:"I'm about to eat",
3152:(Recent pluperfect)
2349:("I was reading "),
2148:improve this section
1954:'don('t) be eating'
1848:illocutionary forces
1605:("I tried to"), and
1601:("I wanted to") vs.
1431:الْفِعْل الْمُضَارِع
1410:) denotes an event (
1314:Athabaskan languages
1181:means "to know" and
1057:Imperfective Aspect
968:improve this section
756:The Indian linguist
638:grammatical category
450:Traditional grammar
418:Syntax relationships
94:Grammatical features
6418:Grammatical aspects
6119:Linguistic Typology
6081:Linguistic Typology
6041:10.1075/bjl.6.02kor
5999:Comrie, B. (1976).
5799:Oceanic Linguistics
5719:Schütz, Albert J.,
5665:Journal of Language
5176:(tense–aspect–mood)
5028:Continuative aspect
4797:, the verbs of the
4714:, the verbs of the
4356:ʔi=na-fane-naranara
4093:Wuvulu-Aua language
3979:(Regular negative)
3795:"repeatedly" as in
3311:has three aspects,
3272:io sto per mangiare
3247:contrasts with the
3245:trapassato prossimo
3149:Trapassato prossimo
3040:consecutio temporum
2353:("I was watching ")
2329:Present progressive
2270:Present progressive
2206:('I eat') and past
2196:West Central German
2095:'won't be dən ate'
2061:'HAVE BIN dən ate'
2044:'should'a dən ate'
1993:Remote Past Perfect
1918:
1815:conditional perfect
1696:Present progressive
1229:– I see (present);
1019:morphological forms
654:Imperfective aspect
368:Comparison (degree)
118:Dative construction
5721:All about Hawaiian
5536:See, for example,
5493:See, for example,
4966:Discontinuous past
4676:'Peter was dying.'
4487:Tokelauan language
4191:Imperfect negation
3321:progressive aspect
3292:io starò mangiando
3179:perfective aspect
3155:io avevo mangiato
2923:to carry, to wear
2481:progressive aspect
2425:, is given below:
2357:Future progressive
2351:Ik stond te kijken
2335:("I am eating "),
2290:Future progressive
2092:'WILL be dən ate'
2072:'had BIN dən ate'
2019:'ain('t) dən ate'
1970:'HAVE BIN eating'
1916:
1801:Future progressive
1795:simple conditional
1760:present participle
1672:progressive aspect
1625:Germanic languages
1547:conative imperfect
1505:He started running
1483:prospective aspect
1435:al-fiʿl al-muḍāriʿ
1404:الْفِعْل الْمَاضِي
1235:– I saw (aorist);
1197:Germanic languages
1187:means "to learn".
1054:Perfective Aspect
895:present participle
318:Grammatical aspect
6405:
6404:
6360:Inchoative aspect
6206:Grammar Tutorials
6107:Smith, Carlota S.
5607:978-0-521-81449-2
5387:978-0-19-985633-6
5225:978-0-19-506206-9
5180:Tense–aspect–mood
5164:Grammatical tense
5054:: 'I almost fell'
4825:in English-based
4599:'Peter was dead.'
4219:3SG=not.yet-move-
4050:Hawaiian language
3977:Non-past negative
3728:
3727:
3317:perfective aspect
3253:trapassato remoto
3237:
3236:
3227:io avrò mangiato
3224:(Future perfect)
3191:io ebbi mangiato
3188:(Far pluperfect)
3185:Trapassato remoto
3029:Romance languages
3026:
3025:
2987:to drag, to pull
2836:to swim, to sail
2286:("I was working")
2184:
2183:
2176:
2113:
2112:
2089:' 'a be dən ate'
2033:'hadn't dən ate'
2003:'hadn't BIN ate'
1897:(see for example
1870:+ VERB is a past
1678:aspect), for the
1589:("I found out"),
1374:(e.g., English).
1338:Indicating aspect
1124:
1123:
1118:Preterite perfect
1025:and imperfect in
1004:
1003:
996:
887:continuous aspect
787:dates from 1853.
707:Romance languages
699:tense–aspect–mood
646:perfective aspect
626:
625:
521:Topic and Comment
504:Thematic relation
399:Reflexive pronoun
313:Tense–aspect–mood
273:Associated motion
255:Universal grinder
86:
85:
78:
6425:
6246:
6239:
6232:
6223:
6222:
6134:
6096:
6078:
6059:
6044:
5996:
5962:
5896:Other references
5889:
5888:
5860:
5854:
5847:
5841:
5840:
5822:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5764:
5755:
5754:
5746:
5737:
5730:
5724:
5717:
5711:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5686:
5669:
5668:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5635:
5629:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5583:
5577:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5509:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5436:
5425:
5418:
5412:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5361:
5355:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5288:
5282:
5275:
5269:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5209:
5203:
5196:
5169:Grammatical mood
5127:: 'It glimmered'
4952:, also known as
4827:Atlantic Creoles
4822:Creole languages
4817:Creole languages
4700:Malay/Indonesian
4683:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4606:
4589:Pita ma-to mate=
4585:
4581:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4503:glass metaphor:
4426:
4408:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4326:
4315:
4311:
4277:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4222:
4212:
4208:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3996:
3950:
3940:
3922:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3894:
3785:("once"), as in
3731:Finnic languages
3358:
3357:
3288:io sto mangiando
3221:Futuro anteriore
3206:(Simple future)
3113:Passato prossimo
3058:
3057:
3018:
3008:
2998:
2983:
2973:
2963:
2934:
2905:
2876:
2847:
2832:
2822:
2812:
2797:
2787:
2777:
2762:
2752:
2742:
2727:
2717:
2707:
2678:
2663:
2653:
2643:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2579:
2546:
2545:
2520:
2510:
2502:+ indeterminate
2429:Infinitive (and
2406:Slavic languages
2394:Slavic languages
2386:("Stop whining")
2343:Past progressive
2316:("to stand") or
2280:Past progressive
2276:("I am working")
2246:), two types of
2179:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2128:
2120:
2041:Resultant State
1919:
1915:
1732:Past progressive
1473:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1353:Slavic languages
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1191:Aspect vs. tense
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1157:in Spanish, and
1156:
1150:
1144:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1069:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1038:
999:
992:
988:
985:
979:
948:
940:
863:Mandarin Chinese
851:Kʼicheʼ language
781:Slavic languages
766:
763:
723:Slavic languages
618:
611:
604:
352:General features
267:Related to verbs
102:Related to nouns
90:
89:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
56:this article by
47:inline citations
34:
33:
26:
6433:
6432:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6394:
6373:
6348:
6327:
6259:
6257:lexical aspects
6250:
6172:
6076:
6057:
5933:, Lauri Carlson
5931:Wayback Machine
5916:Kröner Verlag,
5898:
5893:
5892:
5861:
5857:
5848:
5844:
5795:
5791:
5780:
5776:
5765:
5758:
5747:
5740:
5731:
5727:
5718:
5714:
5702:
5698:
5687:
5672:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5636:
5632:
5619:
5615:
5608:
5584:
5580:
5571:
5567:
5552:10.2307/2025024
5546:(18): 601–609.
5535:
5531:
5507:
5492:
5488:
5437:
5428:
5419:
5415:
5406:
5402:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5362:
5358:
5349:
5345:
5334:
5330:
5301:(10): 1039–43.
5289:
5285:
5276:
5272:
5263:
5259:
5244:
5240:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5210:
5206:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5140:
5101:Chinese aspects
4958:Hiberno-English
4925:
4895:
4835:Jamaican Creole
4819:
4791:
4785:
4720:auxiliary verbs
4708:
4702:
4685:
4677:
4660:
4635:
4617:
4608:
4600:
4587:
4568:
4550:
4513:
4489:
4483:
4478:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4418:
4410:
4400:
4392:
4384:
4376:
4344:
4318:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4279:
4268:
4260:
4255:-hold-together-
4227:
4214:
4185:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4127:-ware-fa-rawani
4120:
4095:
4089:
4046:
4041:
4024:
4016:
4002:
3973:
3960:
3952:
3942:
3932:
3924:
3914:
3900:
3840:
3834:
3829:
3750:of the object:
3733:
3313:habitual aspect
3306:
3300:
3223:
3205:
3203:Futuro semplice
3187:
3169:
3151:
3133:
3119:io ho mangiato
3115:
3097:
3049:
3031:
3016:
3013:
3006:
3003:
2996:
2993:
2981:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2961:
2958:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2842:
2830:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2810:
2807:
2795:
2792:
2785:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2760:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2725:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2661:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2626:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2606:
2603:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2518:
2508:
2477:habitual aspect
2431:dictionary form
2402:
2396:
2347:Ik lag te lezen
2248:continuous form
2236:
2200:continuous form
2188:Standard German
2180:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2145:
2129:
2118:
2016:'HAVE dən ate'
2009:Resultant State
1951:'DO be eating'
1891:
1702:Present perfect
1656:auxiliary verbs
1632:
1627:
1622:
1585:("I knew") vs.
1408:al-fiʿl al-māḍī
1390:literary Arabic
1368:morphologically
1340:
1288:inner vs. outer
1272:
1266:
1193:
1127:longer terms).
1000:
989:
983:
980:
965:
949:
938:
921:constructions.
915:auxiliary verbs
911:morphologically
907:past participle
805:temporally when
793:
764:
754:
749:
683:Standard German
669:habitual aspect
622:
593:
592:
551:
543:
542:
489:
481:
480:
419:
411:
410:
380:(verbal number)
378:Pluractionality
353:
345:
344:
268:
260:
259:
239:
180:Collective noun
162:Construct state
103:
82:
71:
65:
62:
52:Please help to
51:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6431:
6421:
6420:
6403:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6387:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6356:
6354:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6260:
6249:
6248:
6241:
6234:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6203:
6197:
6184:
6179:
6171:
6170:External links
6168:
6167:
6166:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6138:
6135:
6125:(3): 317–401.
6114:
6104:
6097:
6087:(2): 199–271.
6069:
6062:
6052:
6045:
6020:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5995:(9–1): 97–122.
5984:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5934:
5921:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5877:10.2307/408755
5871:(2): 127–131.
5855:
5842:
5820:1959.13/803129
5805:(2): 499–519.
5789:
5774:
5756:
5738:
5725:
5712:
5696:
5670:
5655:
5648:
5630:
5613:
5606:
5578:
5565:
5529:
5486:
5451:(4): 284–301.
5426:
5413:
5400:
5386:
5356:
5343:
5328:
5283:
5270:
5257:
5238:
5224:
5204:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5128:
5122:
5116:
5110:
5104:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5079:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5049:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5016:Gnomic/generic
5013:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5003:
4991:
4979:
4973:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4950:Recent perfect
4941:
4935:
4924:
4921:
4894:
4891:
4879:Haitian Creole
4818:
4815:
4787:Main article:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4768:
4762:
4752:
4742:
4736:
4716:Malay language
4704:Main article:
4701:
4698:
4636:
4618:
4610:
4609:
4569:
4551:
4543:
4542:
4512:
4509:
4485:Main article:
4482:
4479:
4461:
4453:
4445:
4437:
4429:
4419:
4411:
4401:
4393:
4385:
4377:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4304:
4296:
4288:
4280:
4269:
4261:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4209:=not.yet-move-
4201:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4121:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4091:Main article:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4077:
4067:
4057:
4045:
4042:
4017:
4003:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3953:
3943:
3933:
3925:
3915:
3901:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3836:Main article:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3801:
3800:
3790:
3773:
3772:
3766:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3717:mar rahā rêhnā
3710:
3700:
3690:
3680:
3670:
3660:
3650:
3640:
3630:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3610:kar rahā rêhnā
3603:
3593:
3583:
3573:
3563:
3553:
3543:
3533:
3523:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3496:
3486:
3476:
3466:
3456:
3446:
3436:
3426:
3416:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3389:
3379:
3369:
3302:Main article:
3299:
3296:
3290:"I'm eating",
3261:passato remoto
3249:passato remoto
3235:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:"I shall eat"
3210:
3207:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:"I had eaten"
3192:
3189:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3167:Passato remoto
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:"I had eaten"
3156:
3153:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3116:(Recent past)
3109:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3048:
3045:
3035:Latin language
3030:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3010:
3000:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2975:
2965:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2824:
2814:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2789:
2779:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2754:
2744:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2719:
2709:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2655:
2645:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2620:
2610:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2529:+ determinate
2472:
2471:
2460:
2453:
2442:
2414:lexical aspect
2398:Main article:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2340:
2333:Ik zit te eten
2298:
2297:
2287:
2277:
2235:
2232:
2182:
2181:
2132:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:'BIN dən ate'
2056:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:'HAD dən ate'
2028:
2027:'had dən ate'
2025:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:'HAD BIN ate'
1998:
1997:'had BIN ate'
1995:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:'HAD BIN ate'
1982:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1890:
1887:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1811:Future perfect
1808:
1798:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1690:Present simple
1648:present-future
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1542:
1530:
1519:
1339:
1336:
1276:lexical aspect
1270:Lexical aspect
1268:Main article:
1265:
1262:
1192:
1189:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1002:
1001:
952:
950:
943:
937:
934:
926:lexical aspect
901:with the verb
889:with the verb
837:property of a
809:temporally how
792:
789:
753:
750:
748:
745:
676:perfect aspect
624:
623:
621:
620:
613:
606:
598:
595:
594:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
573:Empty category
570:
565:
564:
563:
552:
549:
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
535:
530:
529:
528:
518:
517:
516:
511:
501:
496:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
477:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
448:
443:
438:
437:
436:
431:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
407:
406:
404:Reflexive verb
401:
391:
386:
381:
375:
370:
365:
360:
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
337:
336:
335:
330:
325:
320:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
252:
247:
246:
245:
240:
238:
237:
232:
227:
223:
216:
211:
210:
209:
204:
194:
189:
184:
183:
182:
177:
172:
164:
159:
158:
157:
147:
146:
145:
140:
135:
130:
128:Quirky subject
125:
120:
110:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:
84:
83:
38:
36:
29:
21:Lexical aspect
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6430:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6397:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:Relative time
6376:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6322:
6321:frequentative
6318:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6291:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6247:
6242:
6240:
6235:
6233:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6189:
6186:Anna Kibort,
6185:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6115:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6075:
6070:
6067:
6063:
6060:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5985:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5910:0-415-20319-8
5907:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5846:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5793:
5785:
5778:
5770:
5763:
5761:
5752:
5745:
5743:
5735:
5729:
5722:
5716:
5709:
5705:
5700:
5692:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5666:
5659:
5651:
5649:81-208-0475-9
5645:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5609:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5582:
5575:
5569:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5533:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5490:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5423:
5417:
5410:
5404:
5389:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5347:
5339:
5332:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5287:
5280:
5274:
5267:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5227:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5208:
5201:
5195:
5191:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5121:: 'It glared'
5120:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5094:Frequentative
5092:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4954:after perfect
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4920:
4919:for details.
4918:
4917:Syntax in ASL
4912:
4908:
4906:
4901:
4899:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4706:Malay grammar
4697:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4621:
4616:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4586:
4576:
4574:
4567:
4554:
4549:
4546:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4508:
4506:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4459:
4456:
4451:
4448:
4443:
4440:
4435:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4396:
4391:
4388:
4383:
4380:
4375:
4357:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4321:
4317:
4307:
4302:
4299:
4294:
4291:
4286:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4267:
4264:
4259:
4246:
4238:
4235:: The marker
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4217:
4213:
4204:
4196:
4193:: The marker
4192:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4151:
4146:
4128:
4126:
4119:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4040:
4038:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4023:
4020:
4015:
4006:
4001:
3992:
3991:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3904:
3899:
3890:
3889:
3880:
3876:
3875:Past negative
3873:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3844:Rapa language
3839:
3838:Rapa language
3824:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3805:frequentative
3798:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3770:
3769:Ammuin karhua
3767:
3764:
3763:Ammuin karhun
3761:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3754:is telic and
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3707:mar rahā honā
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3600:kar rahā honā
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3503:ho rahā rêhnā
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3337:contrafactual
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3021:
3019:
3011:
3009:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2976:
2974:
2966:
2964:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2823:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2790:
2788:
2780:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2708:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2656:
2654:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2565:Indeterminate
2564:
2563:
2554:Imperfective
2552:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2312:("to hang"),
2311:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2178:
2175:
2167:
2164:December 2023
2157:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2133:This section
2131:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:'BIN eating'
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1925:Prototypical
1924:
1922:Aspect/Tense
1921:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1791:Simple future
1789:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1674:(also called
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1524:
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1520:
1517:
1513:
1512:
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1508:
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1498:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1329:semelfactives
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
998:
995:
987:
977:
973:
969:
963:
962:
958:
953:This section
951:
947:
942:
941:
933:
931:
927:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
905:coupled with
904:
900:
896:
893:coupled with
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:present tense
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
788:
786:
782:
776:
774:
770:
759:
747:Basic concept
744:
742:
739:
735:
731:
730:verbal aspect
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
619:
614:
612:
607:
605:
600:
599:
597:
596:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
578:Incorporation
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
562:
559:
558:
557:
554:
553:
547:
546:
539:
536:
534:
531:
527:
524:
523:
522:
519:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
485:
484:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
425:
422:
421:
415:
414:
405:
402:
400:
397:
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395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
349:
348:
341:
338:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
288:Evidentiality
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
264:
263:
256:
253:
251:
248:
244:
241:
236:
233:
231:
228:
225:
224:
222:
221:
220:
217:
215:
212:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
166:Countability
165:
163:
160:
156:
153:
152:
151:
148:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
99:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
6317:distributive
6303:Delimitative
6293:Imperfective
6286:Semelfactive
6252:
6212:Greek tenses
6162:
6155:
6148:
6141:
6122:
6118:
6110:
6100:
6084:
6080:
6065:
6055:
6048:
6032:
6028:
6015:
6007:
6000:
5992:
5988:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5945:(1): 57–72.
5942:
5938:
5913:
5901:
5868:
5864:
5858:
5850:
5849:Holm, John,
5845:
5802:
5798:
5792:
5783:
5777:
5768:
5750:
5733:
5728:
5720:
5715:
5707:
5699:
5690:
5664:
5658:
5639:
5633:
5621:
5616:
5588:
5581:
5573:
5568:
5543:
5539:
5532:
5515:
5511:
5502:
5498:
5489:
5448:
5444:
5421:
5416:
5408:
5403:
5391:. Retrieved
5369:
5359:
5351:
5346:
5337:
5331:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5278:
5273:
5265:
5260:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5229:. Retrieved
5214:
5207:
5199:
5194:
5131:Segmentative
4982:Imperfective
4953:
4926:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4896:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4830:
4820:
4792:
4775:semelfactive
4770:
4764:
4754:
4749:imperfective
4744:
4738:
4728:
4709:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4675:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4622:
4619:
4614:
4611:
4598:
4595:
4590:
4588:
4577:
4572:
4570:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4544:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4454:
4449:
4446:
4441:
4438:
4433:
4430:
4423:
4420:
4415:
4412:
4405:
4402:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4378:
4358:
4355:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4322:
4319:
4308:
4305:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4289:
4284:
4281:
4273:
4270:
4265:
4262:
4247:
4244:
4236:
4233:Simultaneous
4232:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4216:ʔi=ta-no-mai
4215:
4205:
4203:ʔi=ta-no-mai
4202:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4174:
4173:maʔua ʔi=na-
4172:
4168:
4165:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4149:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4059:
4047:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4007:
4004:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3947:
3944:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3926:
3919:
3916:
3905:
3902:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3863:
3841:
3821:transitivity
3802:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3734:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3493:ho rahā honā
3492:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3349:
3345:Periphrastic
3307:
3291:
3287:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3220:
3202:
3184:
3166:
3148:
3137:io mangiavo
3134:(Imperfect)
3130:
3112:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:(indicative)
3063:
3061:
3055:("to eat"):
3052:
3050:
3038:
3032:
3014:
3004:
2994:
2979:
2969:
2959:
2947:
2940:
2930:
2918:
2911:
2901:
2889:
2882:
2872:
2860:
2853:
2843:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2793:
2783:
2773:
2758:
2748:
2738:
2723:
2713:
2703:
2691:
2684:
2674:
2659:
2649:
2639:
2624:
2614:
2604:
2592:
2585:
2575:
2568:Determinate
2560:Translation
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2489:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2462:Past tense:
2457:będzie pisać
2456:
2449:
2448:("writes");
2445:
2438:
2434:
2410:
2403:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2332:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:("to sit"),
2305:
2304:("to lie"),
2301:
2299:
2293:
2283:
2273:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2237:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2192:Upper German
2185:
2170:
2161:
2146:Please help
2134:
1965:
1942:
1941:'be eating'
1892:
1881:+ VERB is a
1875:
1865:
1863:
1845:
1830:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1749:
1738:Past perfect
1720:
1715:
1713:
1684:
1675:
1651:
1647:
1633:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1516:conceived of
1515:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1480:
1475:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1444:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1387:
1383:Periphrastic
1376:
1361:
1341:
1333:
1324:
1318:
1303:
1299:
1296:semelfactive
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1255:
1214:
1210:
1194:
1172:kennenlernen
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1094:Passé simple
1036:passé simple
1016:
1012:imperfective
1011:
1007:
1005:
990:
984:January 2024
981:
966:Please help
954:
929:
923:
902:
890:
878:
874:
870:
866:
858:
854:
834:
832:
827:
823:
819:
813:
808:
804:
794:
791:Modern usage
777:
772:
768:
755:
740:
729:
727:
680:
673:
658:
633:
627:
538:Veridicality
429:Transitivity
373:Egophoricity
317:
187:Definiteness
155:Measure word
143:Instrumental
123:Dative shift
87:
72:
63:
44:
6390:Prospective
6253:Grammatical
6217:Verb Aspect
5294:NeuroReport
5174:Nominal TAM
5125:Attenuative
5107:Intentional
5082:Protractive
5072:: 'I slept'
5000:Progressive
4976:Prospective
4829:often uses
4759:progressive
4662:Pita ma-to
4029:tā-koe puta
3713:मर रहा रहना
3703:मर रहा होना
3677:martā rêhnā
3606:कर रहा रहना
3596:कर रहा होना
3570:kartā rêhnā
3499:हो रहा रहना
3489:हो रहा होना
3402:Translation
3392:Progressive
3353:Hindi verbs
3333:subjunctive
3329:presumptive
3284:progressive
3268:prospective
3209:io mangerò
3173:io mangiai
3170:(Far past)
3088:Explanation
2557:Perfective
2085:Conditional
1960:Remote Past
1945:Habitual be
1899:habitual be
1883:prospective
1768:modal verbs
1726:Past simple
1620:By language
1497:Mi ekmanĝas
1372:auxiliaries
1113:Portuguese
1031:simple past
1010:aspect and
913:or through
630:linguistics
474:Predicative
394:Reciprocity
363:Boundedness
283:Conjugation
250:Specificity
58:introducing
6271:Perfective
5704:Östen Dahl
5144:Aktionsart
5113:Accidental
5064:Resumptive
5040:Inchoative
4994:Continuous
4932:Perfective
4793:Like many
4733:perfective
4710:Like many
4103:Perfective
3817:inchoative
3797:ammuskella
3752:accusative
3697:martā jānā
3667:martā honā
3647:marā rêhnā
3590:kartā jānā
3560:kartā honā
3540:kiyā rêhnā
3463:hotā rêhnā
3372:Perfective
3341:imperative
3325:indicative
3280:continuous
3257:imperfetto
3241:imperfetto
3131:Imperfetto
3101:io mangio
3098:(Present)
3064:indicativo
2980:potashchít
2514:приходи́ть
2418:Suppletion
2013:'dən ate'
1981:'BIN ate'
1901:), and of
1756:infinitive
1752:non-finite
1676:continuous
1395:الْفُصْحَى
1305:Aktionsart
1292:Aktionsart
1072:Imperfect
1008:perfective
930:Aktionsart
877:- 在, and -
843:inflection
741:verb forms
719:imperfects
715:preterites
711:past tense
588:Markedness
583:Inflection
568:Declension
499:Mirativity
308:Mirativity
214:Noun class
202:Possession
170:Count noun
150:Classifier
138:Comitative
133:Nominative
66:March 2013
41:references
6369:Cessative
6313:Iterative
6308:Imperfect
6281:Momentane
5959:144397004
5918:Stuttgart
5837:145227019
5481:161530848
5465:0019-7246
5393:14 August
5231:12 August
5119:Intensive
5088:Iterative
5058:Pausative
5052:Defective
4938:Momentane
4887:Tok Pisin
4651:≈be.dead=
4481:Tokelauan
4306:ʔi=fi-unu
4072:+ verb +
4062:+ verb +
3881:/kiʔere/
3813:causative
3809:momentane
3787:huudahtaa
3756:partitive
3693:मरता जाना
3687:martā ānā
3673:मरता रहना
3663:मरता होना
3657:marā jānā
3637:marā honā
3586:करता जाना
3580:kartā ānā
3566:करता रहना
3556:करता होना
3550:kiyā jānā
3546:किया जाना
3536:किया रहना
3530:kiyā honā
3526:किया होना
3509:to happen
3483:hotā jānā
3479:होता जाना
3459:होता रहना
3453:hotā honā
3449:होता होना
3433:huā rêhnā
3012:покати́ть
2977:потащи́ть
2865:to crawl
2858:поползти́
2791:полете́ть
2766:to climb
2689:побрести́
2657:побежа́ть
2517:prikhodít
2186:Although
2135:does not
1931:Negative
1607:no quería
1579:ēkousamen
1487:Esperanto
1476:bi-yiktib
1282:include:
1221:preterite
1160:connaître
1082:Preterite
1051:Language
1042:perfectus
955:does not
919:syntactic
738:imperfect
556:Agreement
550:Phenomena
488:Semantics
454:Predicate
441:Branching
278:Clusivity
175:Mass noun
6412:Category
6344:Habitual
6109:(1991).
6035:: 9–30.
5927:Archived
5865:Language
5829:20172325
5576:, 37-68.
5499:swimming
5473:24651488
5323:35873020
5315:18580575
5138:See also
5070:Punctual
5022:Episodic
4988:Habitual
4970:Chichewa
4807:Filipino
4578:be.dead=
4413:ʔaleʔena
4398:Faninilo
4395:Faninilo
4348:Habitual
4044:Hawaiian
3983:/kaːre/
3856:Tahitian
3852:Rapa Iti
3848:Tahitian
3832:Reo Rapa
3744:telicity
3740:Estonian
3683:मरता आना
3653:मरा जाना
3643:मरा रहना
3633:मरा होना
3576:करता आना
3473:hotā ānā
3469:होता आना
3443:huā jānā
3439:हुआ जाना
3429:हुआ रहना
3423:huā honā
3419:हुआ होना
3382:Habitual
3319:and the
3255:in that
3176:"I ate"
3095:Presente
3053:mangiare
3022:to roll
2970:tashchít
2957:таска́ть
2945:повести́
2916:понести́
2887:повезти́
2861:popolztí
2841:по́лзать
2826:поплы́ть
2806:пла́вать
2756:поле́зть
2721:погна́ть
2692:pobrestí
2672:броди́ть
2660:pobezhát
2625:pojékhat
2622:пое́хать
2492:prefixes
2261:and the
2204:Ich esse
2194:and all
1937:Habitual
1911:stressed
1877:going to
1872:habitual
1644:non-past
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1575:ēkouomen
1440:يَضْرِبُ
1399:al-fuṣḥā
1351:(except
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3736:Finnish
3083:English
3078:Italian
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2736:ла́зить
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2682:брести́
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5479:
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358:Affect
298:Person
235:Plural
219:Number
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6077:(PDF)
6058:'
5955:S2CID
5920:1990.
5881:JSTOR
5833:S2CID
5825:JSTOR
5786:: 93.
5771:: 92.
5753:: 91.
5556:JSTOR
5518:: 1.
5508:(PDF)
5503:dying
5497:"Why
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3298:Hindi
3073:Tense
3017:'
3007:'
3005:katít
2997:'
2995:katát
2982:'
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2962:'
2941:vestí
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2931:vodít
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2831:'
2821:'
2816:плыть
2811:'
2796:'
2786:'
2784:letét
2776:'
2774:letát
2761:'
2751:'
2746:лезть
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2726:'
2716:'
2711:гнать
2706:'
2677:'
2662:'
2652:'
2642:'
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2607:'
2593:pojtí
2583:идти́
2578:'
2531:идти́
2519:'
2509:'
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4027:kāre
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1388:In
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628:In
6414::
6121:.
6083:.
6079:.
6031:.
6027:.
5993:58
5991:.
5953:.
5943:18
5941:.
5879:.
5869:12
5867:.
5831:.
5823:.
5813:.
5803:46
5801:.
5759:^
5741:^
5706:,
5673:^
5600:.
5554:.
5544:70
5542:.
5516:29
5514:.
5510:.
5475:.
5467:.
5459:.
5449:16
5447:.
5443:.
5429:^
5380:.
5372:.
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5317:.
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5299:19
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5252:26
5250:.
4883:ap
4867:de
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4773::
4757::
4747::
4731::
4722::
4689:to
4682:);
4624:RL
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3911:SG
3877::
3870:.
3868:do
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3807:,
3335:,
3331:,
3327:,
3315:,
3043:.
2536:=
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2487:.
2359::
2345::
2331::
2322:te
2292::
2282::
2272::
2222:(=
2220:am
1947:)
1823:,
1813:,
1803:,
1793:,
1565:,
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822:,
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632:,
6362:/
6319:/
6315:/
6245:e
6238:t
6231:v
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6129::
6123:6
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6091::
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4670:.
4655:-
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4366:-
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4251:=
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3270:(
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