299:, as in a real car. The gear shifting requires the player to shift between reverse, first, second, and third gears as needed, but the pedals are digital controls rather than analog, so the player cannot control his speed by applying differing levels of pressure. The steering wheel turns the car only while it is being turned, rather than having a neutral "straight" position. Braking does not stop the car instantly and turning while braking will cause the car to skid. The course is defined on the screen by walls of white dots representing pylons, which if hit stop the car and spin it. There is only a single track layout. The track contains one black path representing an oil slick, which prevents the player's car from turning. At the top of the screen are two numbers; the number on the right is the remaining time in the game, starting at 78 and counting down by 2s, while the number on the left is the number of checkpoints the player has passed, and counts up by 2s.
317:
415:, who cited a "hybrid" integrated circuit design by Emmons as non-standard, first refusing to sell them to Atari and then producing only small production runs. According to Alcorn, the non-standard design was a tactic to prevent competitors from copying the design, as other manufacturers would be unable to produce it at all.
34:
377:
controllers, were developed by Eigen
Systems, located in the same building as Cyan and founded by ex-coworkers of the Cyan founders Emmons and Steven Mayer. At one point, the game's design included a small printer that would print high scores when achieved, but this was removed prior to the final design.
410:
project running behind schedule and having several design problems. This was exacerbated by a new short-lived Atari management team and product development structure, which led to several communication problems and cost overruns. When Atari began production in early 1974, it had difficulties getting
302:
The time per game, though the counter always starts at 78, is by default 105 seconds and is adjustable by the game operator; changing the time adjusts both the speed of the counter and how long a player spends crashed after hitting a pylon. A switch on the internal circuit board can turn off crashes
249:
was developed during a time of several internal changes at Atari; as a result communication problems led Atari to not accurately track the expense of manufacturing the game. It was initially sold to distributors for a net loss of US$ 100 per cabinet; although this flaw was fixed it contributed to a
422:
systems was produced in March 1974 and revealed other design problems, such as the steering controls; in their prototype system, Eigen used a real car steering wheel and pedals, but the production run used different parts. Alcorn returned to Cyan that month and redesigned the game to fix the flaws
427:
integrated circuit. Alcorn later stated in an interview that neither Warman nor Emmons understood the challenges in converting a prototype design to a product that could be manufactured. The game entered production soon after, and Atari announced it was shipping a full production run in May 1974.
191:, and released by Atari in May 1974. In the game, a single player drives a car along a race track, viewed from above, avoiding walls of pylons and trying to pass as many checkpoints as possible before time runs out. The game is controlled with a steering wheel, accelerator and brake pedals, and a
376:
arrays that previous arcade games used. This is believed to be the first use of integrated circuit-based memory in an arcade game, and ROMs thereafter became the standard for arcade and console video games. The mechanical designs for the game, including the steering wheel, pedal, and gear shift
307:
rather than one. A placard on the front of the game gives suggested ratings for the score in a given game, from "License
Revoked" for 10 or fewer points to "Real Pro" for greater than 40; the operator's manual suggests changing or removing this card if the time per game is adjusted.
223:, in late 1973. It was initially designed by Larry Emmons of Cyan, with the mechanical design handled by Eigen Systems, though after several design and production problems were uncovered during an initial small production run in March 1974 the design was overhauled by
432:
game ended up costing US$ 1,095 to manufacture, while Atari was selling them to distributors for only $ 995, losing $ 100 per sale. Atari soon corrected the problem, but ended the fiscal year with a large loss due in part to the financial failure of the game.
250:
total loss of $ 500,000 for the company that fiscal year, placing Atari in financial difficulties. The game itself was successful, and led to several versions of the game being produced in 1974 by Atari and its subsidiary
350:(1969). He decided not to pursue the idea, however, due to the perceived complexity. In late 1973, Atari revisited the idea of a driving video game, unrelated to any prior arcade game. The design was instead created by
428:
Although the design flaws were fixed, the communication problems during development led to one final problem with the game: Atari was unclear on the actual cost of producing the game. As a result, a single
389:, took a leave of absence from the company beginning in September 1973, and around the same time Steve Bristow, who had previously worked with the founders of Atari on the first arcade video game
1140:
1031:
458:, released that November, was a commercial success, however, and is credited with buoying the finances of the newly merged Atari at a critical time for the company. The
1118:
880:
727:
295:
in which the player drives a race car along a race track, shown from above. The player controls the car with a steering wheel, accelerator and brake pedals, and
623:; while he did not enjoy the game due to its twisting tracks and complex controls, it inspired him to develop his own driving video game, by adapting two older
1177:
1270:
958:
1937:
423:
and use more standard parts; the copying protection scheme was changed to use a custom-designed integrated circuit that was named the same as a standard
360:. Larry Emmons developed the circuits to control the car itself in the game, creating the feel of braking, acceleration, and movement. Emmons also used
1492:
909:
470:
was released through Kee Games for different distributors around July 1974, and Atari produced a small cabinet version in late in the year titled
452:
s legacy being "the game that nearly put Atari out of business". In
September 1974, Atari merged with its subsidiary Kee Games; Kee's final game
354:, which had recently become a semi-independent research and development subsidiary of Atari and had previously handled the prototype design of
770:
1235:
406:
s development. Alcorn and Emmons have stated that they believed Warman was a good engineer but a poor project manager, which led to the
1199:
1057:
1893:
590:
and the first video game to use a steering wheel, for which it has been called the "grandfather" of car racing video games. Prior to
1027:
1485:
1136:
1442:
1419:
1396:
1373:
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1932:
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game itself, after its problems were resolved, was considered a success, and Atari released multiple versions of it: a
1478:
1113:
1163:
919:
980:
441:
Atari reported a loss of $ 500,000 for the 1974 fiscal year, roughly as much as the previous year's profits, with
1262:
1431:
They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and
Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971-1982
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1881:
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1309:
304:
1927:
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696:
341:
231:, with wider distribution beginning in May. The game's circuits include possibly the first instance of
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1722:
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372:(read-only memory)—in his circuit design to store graphical data such as the tracks, rather than the
1655:
624:
163:
780:
399:. This in turn left Lloyd Warman, new to the company, as the head of engineering for Atari during
1835:
1775:
1563:
1239:
876:
732:
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602:
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268:
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was the first arcade car driving video game, though Atari had released the spaceship racing game
207:
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considered creating a driving video game as one of the company's first games, inspired by
8:
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combined as the fifth highest-earning game in the prior year in the United States, below
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as one of the major causes. This led Atari into deep financial problems, leaving part of
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53:
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213:(1969) when he founded the company, but cancelled it in favor of a simpler game,
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was released in August, along with its own clone version from Kee Games titled
391:
333:
199:
1906:
1768:
1355:
1088:
997:
840:
701:
475:
126:
69:
720:"Nolan Bushnell: Transcript of an interview conducted by Christopher Weaver"
1470:
1028:"What Was The Best-Selling U.S. Arcade Video Game Prior to Space Invaders?"
572:
380:
337:
224:
203:
100:
505:
magazine published a survey of the top 20 arcade games in use, and listed
33:
1803:
1750:
1634:
1505:
1502:
1318:
329:
184:
177:
112:
49:
239:(ROM), which thereafter became the standard for arcade games, replacing
1789:
1669:
1351:
1209:
637:
554:
Atari produced numerous other racing arcade games in the same style as
547:
521:
296:
192:
1842:
1434:
1365:
1168:
953:
832:
527:
396:
316:
251:
219:(1972). Atari eventually began development on a driving video game,
1743:
1648:
566:
533:
369:
202:
had originally planned to develop a driving video game inspired by
1173:
914:
303:
entirely, while another allows for two games to be played for a
1641:
1411:
541:, and among the year's top seven racing video games (topped by
1588:
616:
542:
373:
240:
135:
83:
78:
1334:
Arcade TV Game List: Domestic • Overseas
Edition (1971-2005)
1538:
385:
215:
1204:
1137:"The (Pre) History of Night Driver - Part 1: Nurburgring"
728:
Lemelson Center for the Study of
Invention and Innovation
537:. In Japan, it was among the top ten highest-earning
1408:
Gamers at Work: Stories Behind the Games People Play
195:, and the car crashes and spins if it hits a pylon.
1383:Goldberg, Marty; Vendel, Curt (November 25, 2012).
1384:
1130:
1128:
1904:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
1125:
714:
482:sold 6,000 units. A two-player version titled
1486:
1311:Gran Trak 10 Operating and Maintenance Manual
1155:
787:
254:, including a smaller cabinet version titled
1500:
1336:] (in Japanese). Amusement News Agency.
759:
1072:
1021:
1019:
1004:
825:"Atari: From Boom to Bust and Back Again".
718:; Weaver, Christopher (November 17, 2017).
411:enough circuits to build the cabinets from
1938:Video games developed in the United States
1493:
1479:
903:
901:
708:
262:, as well as numerous later racing games.
1192:
864:
862:
765:
1285:
1164:"Game Design Essentials: 20 Atari Games"
1016:
973:
674:
672:
315:
898:
656:
654:
436:
1905:
1429:Smith, Alexander (November 19, 2019).
1325:
1261:Smith, Alexander (November 16, 2015).
1254:
1161:
1046:
943:
941:
859:
660:
611:, had been released by Atari in 1973.
1894:List of Atari, Inc. games (1972–1984)
1474:
1382:
1273:from the original on February 2, 2016
1260:
1180:from the original on October 21, 2016
1134:
1025:
1010:
812:
684:
669:
1095:
1034:from the original on October 6, 2016
907:
651:
605:and a spaceship racing arcade game,
598:, had been released in 1972 for the
1406:Ramsay, Morgan (January 30, 2012).
1308:
1238:. old-computers.com. Archived from
1228:
1143:from the original on April 13, 2016
1139:. The Golden Age Arcade Historian.
1030:. The Golden Age Arcade Historian.
938:
870:"Oral History of Allan (Al) Alcorn"
678:
490:and its own small cabinet version,
320:Time has run out at 8 points, in a
272:in 1973, and a simple racing game,
13:
1428:
1326:Akagi, Masumi (October 13, 2006).
1291:
1121:. February 15, 1978. pp. 2–3.
1060:from the original on June 15, 2017
961:from the original on March 5, 2016
886:from the original on March 3, 2016
847:
747:
704:. November 1996. pp. 211–229.
14:
1954:
1453:
1350:
1079:"The Nation's Top Arcade Games".
949:"The Grandfather of Racing Games"
853:
818:
1405:
1026:Smith, Keith (August 30, 2012).
957:. Gamer Network. July 24, 2015.
910:"A Complete History of Breakout"
753:
258:and a two-player version titled
32:
1056:. International Arcade Museum.
1329:アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005)
879:. September 2012. p. 21.
692:"The Great Videogame Swindle?"
311:
38:Advertising flyer for the game
1:
1200:"The History of Racing Games"
1162:Harris, Josh (May 30, 2008).
1135:Smith, Keith (June 2, 2014).
771:"The adventures of King Pong"
644:
276:, was included with the 1972
1263:"1TL200: A Magnavox Odyssey"
1117:(in Japanese). No. 90.
635:(1970), into the video game
7:
1933:Top-down racing video games
1387:Atari Inc.: Business Is Fun
283:
10:
1959:
1301:
835:. April 1995. p. 37.
539:arcade video games of 1977
1943:Single-player video games
1891:
1859:
1813:
1760:
1686:
1612:
1573:
1548:
1530:
1513:Syzygy Engineering (1971)
1512:
1466:Killer List of Videogames
1107:[Best 3 Results]
586:was the first arcade car
159:
147:
118:
106:
92:
59:
43:
31:
26:
1328:
1103:
625:electro-mechanical games
594:, a simple racing game,
877:Computer History Museum
733:Smithsonian Institution
603:home video game console
345:electro-mechanical game
208:electro-mechanical game
187:through its subsidiary
1212:. 2015. Archived from
494:. Baer estimates that
413:National Semiconductor
325:
319:
615:had an influence on
437:Reception and legacy
992:: 43. May 4, 1974.
631:(1958) and Taito's
395:, left to co-found
291:is a single-player
1928:Namco arcade games
1923:Atari arcade games
1918:Arcade video games
1358:(March 31, 2009).
1267:They Create Worlds
1216:on August 18, 2016
621:Tomohiro Nishikado
498:sold 4,500 units.
383:, the designer of
362:integrated circuit
326:
243:-stored graphics.
233:integrated circuit
227:, the designer of
181:driving video game
1900:
1899:
1444:978-0-429-75261-2
1421:978-1-4302-3352-7
1398:978-0-9855974-0-5
1375:978-0-262-01257-7
1343:978-4-9902512-1-5
1242:on August 4, 2016
908:Goldberg, Marty.
783:on March 7, 2008.
769:(June 12, 1999).
588:racing video game
425:Texas Instruments
293:racing video game
169:
168:
1950:
1913:1974 video games
1850:Tournament Table
1495:
1488:
1481:
1472:
1471:
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1391:. Syzygy Press.
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1043:
1041:
1039:
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1014:
1011:Goldberg, Vendel
1008:
1002:
1001:
985:
981:"Atari Shipping"
977:
971:
970:
968:
966:
945:
936:
935:
933:
931:
926:on June 23, 2014
922:. Archived from
920:News Corporation
905:
896:
895:
893:
891:
885:
874:
866:
857:
854:Bogost, Montfort
851:
845:
844:
822:
816:
813:Goldberg, Vendel
810:
785:
784:
779:. Archived from
767:Pescovitz, David
763:
757:
751:
745:
744:
742:
740:
724:
712:
706:
705:
688:
682:
676:
667:
658:
600:Magnavox Odyssey
451:
405:
352:Cyan Engineering
278:Magnavox Odyssey
237:read-only memory
189:Cyan Engineering
139:
130:
82:
73:
54:Cyan Engineering
36:
24:
23:
18:1974 arcade game
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1361:Racing the Beam
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1119:Amusement Press
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828:Next Generation
824:
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748:
738:
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722:
716:Bushnell, Nolan
713:
709:
700:. No. 23.
697:Next Generation
690:
689:
685:
677:
670:
659:
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647:
501:In March 1976,
474:. According to
466:version titled
449:
439:
418:A short run of
403:
368:—specifically,
314:
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143:
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125:
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88:
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21:1974 video game
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1822:Atari Football
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1628:Crash 'N Score
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1521:Computer Space
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1454:External links
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1356:Montfort, Nick
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1083:. March 1976.
1071:
1054:"Gran Trak 20"
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831:. No. 4.
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619:game designer
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392:Computer Space
334:Nolan Bushnell
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200:Nolan Bushnell
198:Atari founder
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1506:arcade games
1461:Gran Trak 10
1460:
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1333:
1321:. June 1974.
1310:
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1266:
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1240:the original
1236:"Space Race"
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1214:the original
1203:
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1167:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1114:Game Machine
1112:
1097:
1080:
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1006:
987:
975:
963:. Retrieved
952:
928:. Retrieved
924:the original
913:
888:. Retrieved
849:
826:
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781:the original
774:
761:
749:
737:. Retrieved
735:. p. 33
726:
710:
695:
686:
636:
633:Super Road 7
632:
628:
613:Gran Trak 10
612:
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592:Gran Trak 10
591:
584:Gran Trak 10
583:
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576:(1986), and
573:Super Sprint
571:
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558:, including
555:
553:
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520:
514:
510:
507:Gran Trek 10
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502:
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381:Allan Alcorn
379:
355:
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342:first-person
338:Chicago Coin
327:
322:Gran Trak 10
321:
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273:
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264:Gran Trak 10
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260:Gran Trak 20
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247:Gran Trak 10
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225:Allan Alcorn
221:Gran Trak 10
220:
214:
210:
204:Chicago Coin
197:
173:Gran Trak 10
172:
171:
170:
101:Allan Alcorn
98:Larry Emmons
61:Publisher(s)
45:Developer(s)
27:Gran Trak 10
15:
1804:Triple Hunt
1751:Stunt Cycle
1656:Jet Fighter
1635:Doctor Pong
1352:Bogost, Ian
1038:December 6,
890:October 12,
856:, pp. 19–21
312:Development
108:Platform(s)
94:Designer(s)
1907:Categories
1875:Basketball
1836:Fire Truck
1790:Starship 1
1670:Shark Jaws
1564:Space Race
1246:October 8,
1210:Ziff Davis
645:References
638:Speed Race
629:Mini Drive
627:, Kasco's
608:Space Race
488:Twin Racer
297:gear stick
269:Space Race
206:'s arcade
193:gear stick
1868:Asteroids
1843:Sky Diver
1829:Avalanche
1797:Super Bug
1776:Destroyer
1737:Quiz Show
1435:CRC Press
1366:MIT Press
1277:April 25,
1220:March 17,
1184:March 24,
1169:Gamasutra
1089:1534-2328
1064:March 17,
998:0008-7289
965:March 17,
930:March 17,
841:1078-9693
681:, pp. 1–2
556:Gran Trak
528:Gun Fight
480:Formula K
468:Formula K
447:Gran Trak
443:Gran Trak
430:Gran Trak
420:Gran Trak
408:Gran Trak
401:Gran Trak
397:Kee Games
328:In 1972,
280:console.
252:Kee Games
1744:Sprint 2
1695:Breakout
1649:Indy 800
1294:, p. 194
1271:Archived
1178:Archived
1147:March 7,
1141:Archived
1058:Archived
1032:Archived
1013:, p. 131
989:Cash Box
959:Archived
881:Archived
641:(1974).
582:(1989).
579:Badlands
570:(1976),
567:Sprint 2
564:(1976),
534:Indy 800
370:mask ROM
348:Speedway
332:founder
324:cabinet.
284:Gameplay
211:Speedway
149:Genre(s)
131:May 1974
1783:Dominos
1663:Pursuit
1596:Rebound
1464:at the
1302:Sources
954:USGamer
915:GameSpy
756:, p. 24
739:May 20,
596:Wipeout
492:Trak 20
472:Trak 10
364:-based
305:quarter
274:Wipeout
256:Trak 10
235:-based
160:Mode(s)
119:Release
1730:Outlaw
1716:LeMans
1709:Indy 4
1642:Hi-way
1557:Gotcha
1501:1970s
1441:
1418:
1412:Apress
1395:
1372:
1340:
1104:結果ベスト3
1087:
1081:RePlay
996:
839:
754:Ramsey
561:LeMans
522:Wheels
503:RePlay
366:memory
357:Gotcha
178:arcade
176:is an
154:Racing
113:Arcade
1589:Qwak!
1503:Atari
1332:[
1319:Atari
1315:(PDF)
1292:Smith
1109:(PDF)
984:(PDF)
884:(PDF)
873:(PDF)
776:Salon
723:(PDF)
679:Atari
663:, p.
661:Akagi
617:Taito
543:Taito
464:clone
450:'
404:'
374:diode
330:Atari
241:diode
185:Atari
84:Namco
74:Atari
50:Atari
1860:1979
1814:1978
1761:1977
1687:1976
1613:1975
1603:Tank
1574:1974
1549:1973
1539:Pong
1531:1972
1439:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1279:2016
1248:2016
1222:2017
1186:2017
1149:2017
1085:ISSN
1066:2017
1040:2016
994:ISSN
967:2017
932:2017
892:2016
837:ISSN
741:2021
531:and
516:Tank
509:and
455:Tank
386:Pong
229:Pong
216:Pong
1702:F-1
1205:IGN
1174:UBM
551:).
545:'s
340:'s
1909::
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511:20
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136:JP
127:NA
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70:NA
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138::
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