Graphite oxide - Knowledge

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sites for chemical modification and immobilization of active species. This approach allows for the creation of hybrid architectures for electrode materials. Recent examples of this have been implemented in lithium-ion batteries, which are known for being rechargeable at the cost of low capacity limits. Graphene oxide-based composites functionalized with metal oxides and sulfides have been shown in recent research to induce enhanced battery performance. This has similarly been adapted into applications in supercapacitors, since the electronic properties of graphene oxide allow it to bypass some of the more prevalent restrictions of typical transition metal oxide electrodes. Research in this field is developing, with additional exploration into methods involving nitrogen doping and pH adjustment to improve capacitance. Additionally, research into reduced graphene oxide sheets, which display superior electronic properties akin to pure graphene, is currently being explored. Reduced graphene oxide greatly increases the conductivity and efficiency, while sacrificing some flexibility and structural integrity.

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The superior electron mobility and high surface area of graphene oxide sheets suggest it may be implemented as a catalyst that meets the requirements for this process. Specifically, graphene oxide's compositional functional groups of epoxide (-O-) and hydroxide (-OH) allow for more flexible control in the water splitting process. This flexibility can be used to tailor the band gap and band positions that are targeted in photocatalytic water splitting. Recent research experiments have demonstrated that the photocatalytic activity of graphene oxide containing a band gap within the required limits has produced effective splitting results, particularly when used with 40-50% coverage at a 2:1 hydroxide:epoxide ratio. When used in composite materials with

808:(DLW) method. As a result, the overall lens thickness can be potentially reduced by more than ten times. Also, the linear optical absorption of GO is found to increase as the reduction of GO deepens, which results in transmission contrast between GO and rGO and therefore provides an amplitude modulation mechanism. Moreover, both the refractive index and the optical absorption are found to be dispersionless over a broad wavelength range from visible to near infrared. Finally, GO film offers flexible patterning capability by using the maskless DLW method, which reduces the manufacturing complexity and requirements. 828:

500 nm to as far as 2 μm have been realized with the same planar lens, which is still a major challenge of focusing in infrared range due to limited availability of suitable materials and fabrication technology. Most importantly, the synthesized high quality GO thin films can be flexibly integrated on various substrates and easily manufactured by using the one-step DLW method over a large area at a comparable low cost and power (~nJ/pulse), which eventually makes the GO flat lenses promising for various practical applications.

344: 405: 670:, while the top layer contains cellulose and graphene oxide, which absorbs sunlight and produces heat. The system draws water from below into the material. The water diffuses into the higher layer, where it evaporates and leaves behind any contaminants. The evaporate condenses on top, where it can be captured. The film is produced by repeatedly adding a fluid coating that hardens. Bacteria produce nanocellulose fibers with interspersed graphene oxide flakes. The film is light and easily manufactured at scale. 4751: 797:

applications such as communications, sensors, data storage and a wide range of other technology-driven and consumer-driven industries. Specifically, ever smaller sizes, as well as thinner thicknesses of micro lenses, are highly needed for subwavelength optics or nano-optics with extremely small structures, particularly for visible and near-IR applications. Also, as the distance scale for optical communications shrinks, the required feature sizes of micro lenses are rapidly pushed down.

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sensors could result in very inexpensive rapid DNA analysis. Recently a group of researchers, from university of L'Aquila (Italy), discovered new wetting properties of graphene oxide thermally reduced in ultra-high vacuum up to 900 °C. They found a correlation between the surface chemical composition, the surface free energy and its polar and dispersive components, giving a rationale for the wetting properties of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide.

122:, the single-layer form of graphite. Graphene oxide sheets have been used to prepare strong paper-like materials, membranes, thin films, and composite materials. Initially, graphene oxide attracted substantial interest as a possible intermediate for the manufacture of graphene. The graphene obtained by reduction of graphene oxide still has many chemical and structural defects which is a problem for some applications but an advantage for some others. 824:(NA) objective during DLW process, 300 nm fabrication feature size on GO film has been realized, and therefore the minimum lens size has been shrunk down to 4.6 μm in diameter, which is the smallest planar micro lens and can only be realized with metasurface by FIB. Thereafter, the focal length can be reduced to as small as 0.8 μm, which would potentially increase the numerical aperture (NA) and the focusing resolution. 744: 31: 288: 545:. Due to the oxidation protocol, manifold defects already present in graphene oxide hamper the effectiveness of the reduction. Thus, the graphene quality obtained after reduction is limited by the precursor quality (graphene oxide) and the efficiency of the reducing agent. However, the conductivity of the graphene obtained by this route is below 10 S/cm, and the 966:

have toxic side effects in many biological applications, but more in-depth study of toxicity mechanisms is needed. According to the USA FDA, graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide elicit toxic effects both in vitro and in vivo. Graphene-family nanomaterials (GFN) are not approved by the

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Large amounts of graphene sheets may also be produced through thermal methods. For example, in 2006 a method was discovered that simultaneously exfoliates and reduces graphite oxide by rapid heating (>2000 °C/min) to 1050 °C. At this temperature, carbon dioxide is released as the oxygen

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It is also possible to modify the surface of graphene oxide to change its properties. Graphene oxide has unique surface properties which make it a very good surfactant material stabilizing various emulsion systems. Graphene oxide remains at the interface of the emulsions systems due to the difference

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Similar to water, graphite oxide easily incorporates other polar solvents, e.g. alcohols. However, intercalation of polar solvents occurs significantly different in Brodie and Hummers graphite oxides. Brodie graphite oxide is intercalated at ambient conditions by one monolayer of alcohols and several

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Graphite (graphene) oxide has also been prepared by using a "bottom-up" synthesis method (Tang-Lau method) in which the sole source is glucose, the process is safer, simpler, and more environmentally friendly compared to traditionally "top-down" method, in which strong oxidizers are involved. Another

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Photocatalytic water splitting is an artificial photosynthesis process in which water is dissociated into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2), using artificial or natural light. Methods such as photocatalytic water splitting are currently being investigated to produce hydrogen as a clean source of energy.

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Graphene oxide has been demonstrated as a flexible free-standing battery anode material for room temperature lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. It is also being studied as a high surface area conducting agent in lithium-sulfur battery cathodes. The functional groups on graphene oxide can serve as

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creates "reduced graphene oxide" (r-GO) films that are completely impermeable to gases, liquids or strong chemicals greater than 100 nanometers thick. Glassware or copper plates covered with such a graphene "paint" can be used as containers for corrosive acids. Graphene-coated plastic films could be

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small ferrimagnetic nanoparticles and partially reduced graphene oxide functionalized with nitrogen atoms was successfully used to remove Cr(III) ion from water. The advantage of this nanocomposite is that it can be separated from water magnetically. One project layered carbon atoms in a honeycomb

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graphene filter. Lockheed claims the filter reduces the energy costs of reverse osmosis desalination by 99%. Lockheed claimed that the filter was 500 times thinner than the best filter then on the market, one thousand times stronger and requires 1% of the pressure. The product was not expected to be

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bacteria. Coupling of graphene oxide with biomolecules such as peptide, proteins and enzymes enhances its biomedical applications. Currently, researchers are focussed on reducing graphene oxide using non-toxic substances; tea and coffee powder, lemon extract and various plants based antioxidants are

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when exposed to water vapor or immersed in liquid water, resulting in a distinct increase of the inter-planar distance (up to 1.2 nm in saturated state). Additional water is also incorporated into the interlayer space due to high pressure induced effects. The maximal hydration state of graphite

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on a GO thin film has been realized recently using the DLW method. The distinct advantage of the GO flat lens is that phase modulation and amplitude modulation can be achieved simultaneously, which are attributed to the giant refractive index modulation and the variable linear optical absorption of

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One of the most intriguing and unique properties of GO is that its electrical and optical properties can be tuned dynamically by manipulating the content of oxygen-containing groups through either chemical or physical reduction methods. The tuning of the optical nonlinearities has been demonstrated

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etc. are some common techniques used to characterize GO samples. Experimental results of graphite/graphene oxide have been analyzed by calculation in detail. Since the distribution of oxygen functionalities on GO sheets is polydisperse, fractionation methods can be used to characterize and separate

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O samples results in "pseudo-negative thermal expansion" and cooling below the freezing point of water results in de-insertion of one water monolayer and lattice contraction. Complete removal of water from the structure seems difficult since heating at 60–80 °C results in partial decomposition

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peaks, their number and relative intensity depending on the particular oxidation method used. Assignment of these peaks to certain carbon functionalization types is somewhat uncertain and still under debate. For example, one interpretation goes as follows: non-oxygenated ring contexts (284.8 eV),

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Graphene oxide is also being explored for its applications in hydrogen storage. Hydrogen molecules can be stored among the oxygen-based functional groups found throughout the sheet. This hydrogen storage capability can be further manipulated by modulating the interlayer distance between sheets, as

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The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 320 nm at the minimum focal spot using a 650 nm input beam has been demonstrated experimentally, which corresponding to the effective NA of 1.24 (n=1.5), the largest NA of current micro lenses. Furthermore, ultra-broadband focusing capability from

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Graphene oxide has been used in DNA analysis applications. The large planar surface of graphene oxide allows simultaneous quenching of multiple DNA probes labeled with different dyes, providing the detection of multiple DNA targets in the same solution. Further advances in graphene oxide based DNA

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Nonlinear optical materials are of great importance for ultrafast photonics and optoelectronics. Recently, the giant optical nonlinearities of graphene oxide (GO) has proven useful for a number of applications. For example, the optical limiting of GO is indispensable in the protection of sensitive

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The structure and properties of graphite oxide depend on the particular synthesis method and degree of oxidation. It typically preserves the layer structure of the parent graphite, but the layers are buckled and the interlayer spacing is about two times larger (~0.7 nm) than that of graphite.

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The optical lens has been playing a critical role in almost all areas of science and technology since its invention about 3000 years ago. With the advances in micro- and nanofabrication techniques, continued miniaturization of the conventional optical lenses has always been requested for various

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Graphite oxides demonstrate considerable variation of properties depending on the degree of oxidation and the synthesis method. For example, the temperature point of explosive exfoliation is generally higher for graphite oxide prepared by the Brodie method compared to Hummers graphite oxide, the

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is between 0.1 and 10 cm/Vs. These values are much greater than the oxide's, but still a few orders of magnitude lower than those of pristine graphene. Recently, the synthetic protocol for graphite oxide was optimized and almost intact graphene oxide with a preserved carbon framework was

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Membranes prepared from graphite oxides (recently more often called "graphene oxide" membranes) are vacuum tight and impermeable to nitrogen and oxygen, but are permeable to water vapors. The membranes are also impermeable to "substances of lower molecular weight". Permeation of graphite and

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ions, which disrupt carbon bonds. Etching the result with an oxidizing solution produces a hole at each spot struck by a gallium ion. The length of time spent in the oxidizing solution determined average pore size. Pore density reached 5 trillion pores per square centimeter, while retaining

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Hummers graphite oxide is intercalated with two methanol or ethanol monolayers at ambient temperature. The interlayer distance of Hummers graphite oxide in an excess of liquid alcohols increases gradually upon temperature decrease, reaching 19.4 and 20.6 Å at 140 K for methanol and ethanol,

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calculation, goes as follows: C=C with defects such as functional groups and pentagons (283.6 eV), C=C (non-oxygenated ring contexts) (284.3 eV), spC-H in the basal plane and C=C with functional groups (285.0 eV), C=O and C=C with functional groups, C-O (286.5 eV), and O-C=O (288.3 eV).

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and for graphite oxides prepared using sulphuric acid (e.g. Hummers method) some impurity of sulphur is often found, for example in a form of organosulfate groups. The detailed structure is still not understood due to the strong disorder and irregular packing of the layers.

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during the laser-induced reduction process through the continuous increase of the laser irradiance, and four stages of different nonlinear activities have been discovered, which may serve as promising solid state materials for novel nonlinear functional devices. And metal

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Francesco Perrozzi; Stefano Prezioso; Maurizio Donarelli; Federico Bisti; Patrizia De Marco; Sandro Santucci; Michele Nardone; Emanuele Treossi; Vincenzo Palermo; Luca Ottaviano (2013). "Use of Optical Contrast To Estimate the Degree of Reduction of Graphene Oxide".

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cannot pass through the membranes in humidity free conditions, but penetrates easily when exposed to humidity, whereas water vapor passes with no resistance. Dry laminates are vacuum-tight, but immersed in water, they act as molecular sieves, blocking some solutes.

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GO sheets on the basis of oxidation. Different synthesis methods give rise to different types of graphene oxide. Even different batches from similar oxidation methods can have differences in their properties due to variations in purification or quenching processes.

320:(DSC) is reversible; de-insertion of solvent monolayer is observed when sample is heated back from low temperatures. An additional methanol and ethanol monolayer is reversibly inserted into the structure of Brodie graphite oxide under high pressure conditions. 1858:

Szabó,†,‡, Tamás; Berkesi,§, Ottó; Forgó,‖, Péter; Josepovits,⊥, Katalin; Sanakis,✗, Yiannis; and, Dimitris Petridis,✗; Dékány*,†,○, Imre (2006-05-04). "Evolution of Surface Functional Groups in a Series of Progressively Oxidized Graphite Oxides".

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Several typical mechanisms underlying graphene (oxide) nanomaterial's toxicity have been revealed, for instance, physical destruction, oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammatory response, apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. In these mechanisms,

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Kazemi, E (2016-01-15). "Iron oxide functionalized graphene oxide as an efficient sorbent for dispersive micro-solid phase extraction of sulfadiazine followed by spectrophotometric and mode-mismatched thermal lens spectrometric determination".

178:, which is still widely used, often with some modifications. Largest monolayer GO with highly intact carbon framework and minimal residual impurity concentrations can be synthesized in inert containers using highly pure reactants and solvents. 1260:

Kovtyukhova, N.I.; Ollivier, P.J.; Martin, B.J.; Mallouk, T.E.; Chizhik, S.A.; Buzaneva, E.V.; Gorchinskiy, A.D. (January 1999). "Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Ultrathin Composite Films from Micron-Size Graphite Oxide Sheets and Polycations".

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Stankovich, S.; Piner, R. D.; Chen, X.; Wu, N.; Nguyen, S. T.; Ruoff, R. S. (2006). "Stable aqueous dispersions of graphitic nanoplatelets via the reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide in the presence of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)".

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functionalities are removed and it explosively separates the sheets as it comes out. The temperature of reduction is important for the oxygen content of the final product, with higher degree of reduction for higher reduction temperatures.

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The interlayer distance of dried graphite oxides was reported as ~6–7 Å but in liquid water it increases up to 11–13 Å at room temperature. The lattice expansion becomes stronger at lower temperatures. The inter-layer distance in diluted

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Schniepp, H. C.; Li, J. L.; McAllister, M. J.; Sai, H.; Herrera-Alonso, M.; Adamson, D. H.; Prud'Homme, R. K.; Car, R.; Saville, D. A.; Aksay, I. A. (2006). "Functionalized Single Graphene Sheets Derived from Splitting Graphite Oxide".

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Another study showed that graphite oxide could be engineered to allow water to pass, but retain some larger ions. Narrow capillaries allow rapid permeation by mono- or bilayer water. Multilayer laminates have a structure similar to

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Eigler, S.; Enzelberger-Heim, M.; Grimm, S.; Hofmann, P.; Kroener, W.; Geworski, A.; Dotzer, C.; Röckert, M.; Xiao, J.; Papp, C.; Lytken, O.; Steinrück, H. P.; Müller, P.; Hirsch, A. (2013). "Wet Chemical Synthesis of Graphene".

804:(as large as 10^-1), which is one order of magnitude larger than the current materials, between graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have been demonstrated by dynamically manipulating its oxygen content using the 4507:

Di Santo, Riccardo; Digiacomo, Luca; Quagliarini, Erica; Capriotti, Anna Laura; Laganà, Aldo; Zenezini Chiozzi, Riccardo; Caputo, Damiano; Cascone, Chiara; Coppola, Roberto; Pozzi, Daniela; Caracciolo, Giulio (2020-05-25).

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Marcano, Daniela C.; Kosynkin, Dmitry V.; Berlin, Jacob M.; Sinitskii, Alexander; Sun, Zhengzong; Slesarev, Alexander; Alemany, Lawrence B.; Lu, Wei; Tour, James M. (2010-08-24). "Improved Synthesis of Graphene Oxide".

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Graphite oxides absorb moisture in proportion to humidity and swell in liquid water. The amount of water absorbed by graphite oxides depends on the particular synthesis method and shows a strong temperature dependence.

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Exfoliation of graphite oxide at high temperature, screenshots from a video. Exfoliation results in tenfold increase of sample volume and formation of carbon powder with grains of few graphene layers thickness.

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Butz, Benjamin; Dolle, Christian; Halbig, Christian E.; Spiecker, Erdmann; Eigler, Siegfried (2016-12-19). "Highly Intact and Pure Oxo-Functionalized Graphene: Synthesis and Electron-Beam-Induced Reduction".

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Talyzin, A. V.; Solozhenko, V. L.; Kurakevych, O. O.; Szabó, T. S.; Dékány, I.; Kurnosov, A.; Dmitriev, V. (2008). "Colossal Pressure-Induced Lattice Expansion of Graphite Oxide in the Presence of Water".

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structure, forming a hexagon-shaped crystal that measured about 0.1 millimeters in width and length, with subnanometer holes. Later work increased the membrane size to on the order of several millimeters.

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GO during its reduction process, respectively. Due to the enhanced wavefront shaping capability, the lens thickness is pushed down to subwavelength scale (~200 nm), which is thinner than all current

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are impermeable under dry conditions. Exposed to water (or water vapor), they allow passage of molecules below a certain size. The films consist of millions of randomly stacked flakes, leaving nano-sized

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Joshi, R. K.; Carbone, P.; Wang, F. C.; Kravets, V. G.; Su, Y.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Wu, H. A.; Geim, A. K.; Nair, R. R. (2014). "Precise and Ultrafast Molecular Sieving Through Graphene Oxide Membranes".

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obtained. Reduction of this almost intact graphene oxide performs much better and the mobility values of charge carriers exceeds 1000 cm/Vs for the best quality of flakes. Inspection with the

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Kudin, Konstantin N.; Ozbas, Bulent; Schniepp, Hannes C.; Prud'homme, Robert K.; Aksay, Ilhan A.; Car, Roberto (2008-01-01). "Raman Spectra of Graphite Oxide and Functionalized Graphene Sheets".

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Graphene attached to a polycarbonate support structure was initially effective at removing salt. However, defects formed in the graphene. Filling larger defects with nylon and small defects with

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Gómez-Navarro, C.; Weitz, R. T.; Bittner, A. M.; Scolari, M.; Mews, A.; Burghard, M.; Kern, K. (2007). "Electronic Transport Properties of Individual Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets".

304:) when liquid solvent is available in excess. Separation of graphite oxide layers is proportional to the size of alcohol molecule. Cooling of Brodie graphite oxide immersed in excess of liquid 4076:

Francesco Perrozzi; Salvatore Croce; Emanuele Treossi; Vincenzo Palermo; Sandro Santucci; Giulia Fioravanti; Luca Ottaviano (2014). "Reduction dependent wetting properties of graphene oxide".

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Schniepp, H. C.; Li, J.-L.; McAllister, M. J.; Sai, H.; Herrera-Alonso, M.; Adamson, D. H.; Aksay, I. A. (2006). "Functionalized single graphene sheets derived from splitting graphite oxide".

436:, resulting in dispersion of graphite oxide into single-layered graphene oxide sheets in solution. Graphite oxide can be used as a cation exchange membrane for materials such as KCl, HCl, CaCl 2777:

Liu, Zhibo; Wang, Yan; Zhang, Xiaoliang; Xu, Yanfei; Chen, Yongsheng; Tian, Jianguo (January 12, 2009). "Nonlinear optical properties of graphene oxide in nanosecond and picosecond regimes".

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Talyzin, A. V.; Szabó, T. S.; DéKáNy, I.; Langenhorst, F.; Sokolov, P. S.; Solozhenko, V. L. (2009). "Nanocarbons by High-Temperature Decomposition of Graphite Oxide at Various Pressures".

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Kosynkin, D. V.; Higginbotham, A. L.; Sinitskii, A.; Lomeda, J. R.; Dimiev, A.; Price, B. K.; Tour, J. M. (2009). "Longitudinal unzipping of carbon nanotubes to form graphene nanoribbons".

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Gao, W.; Majumder, M.; Alemany, L. B.; Narayanan, T. N.; Ibarra, M. A.; Pradhan, B. K.; Ajayan, P. M. (2011). "Engineered Graphite Oxide Materials for Application in Water Purification".

962:(TNF-α) dependent-pathways are involved in the signalling pathway network, and oxidative stress plays a crucial role in these pathways. Many experiments have shown that graphene (oxide) 1780:

Feicht, Patrick; Kunz, Daniel A.; Lerf, Anton; Breu, Josef (December 2014). "Facile and scalable one-step production of organically modified graphene oxide by a two-phase extraction".

820:(~ μm scale). The focusing intensities and the focal length can be controlled effectively by varying the laser powers and the lens sizes, respectively. By using an oil immersion high 3196:

Eda, G.; Ball, J.; Mattevi, C.; Acik, M.; Artiglia, L.; Granozzi, G.; Chabal, Y.; Anthopoulos, T. D.; Chhowalla, M. (2011). "Partially oxidized graphene as a precursor to graphene".

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Maleki, Masomeh; Zarezadeh, Reza; Nouri, Mohammad; Sadigh, Aydin Raei; Pouremamali, Farhad; Asemi, Zatollah; Kafil, Hossein Samadi; Alemi, Forough; Yousefi, Bahman (2020-12-31).

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shows that the oxygen bonds distort the carbon layer, creating a pronounced intrinsic roughness in the oxide layers which persists after reduction. These defects also show up in

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Feicht, Patrick; Siegel, Renée; Thurn, Herbert; Neubauer, Jens W.; Seuss, Maximilian; Szabó, Tamás; Talyzin, Alexandr V.; Halbig, Christian E.; Eigler, Siegfried (April 2017).

2816:; Chen, Xi; Gu, Min (May 7, 2014). "In Situ Third-Order Non-linear Responses During Laser Reduction of Graphene Oxide Thin Films Towards On-Chip Non-linear Photonic Devices". 1900:

Mkhoyan, K. A.; Contryman, A. W.; Silcox, J.; Stewart, D. A.; Eda, G.; Mattevi, C.; Miller, S.; Chhowalla, M. (2009). "Atomic and Electronic Structure of Graphene-Oxide".

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Structural, functional and magnetic ordering modifications in graphene oxide and graphite by 100 MeV gold ion irradiation, Vacuum, Volume 182, December 2020, 109700, DOI:

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Recently, the excellent properties of newly discovered graphene oxide provide novel solutions to overcome the challenges of current planar focusing devices. Specifically,

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Marcano, D. C.; Kosynkin, D. V.; Berlin, J. M.; Sinitskii, A.; Sun, Z.; Slesarev, A.; Alemany, L. B.; Lu, W.; Tour, J. M. (2010). "Improved Synthesis of Graphene Oxide".

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graphene oxide membranes by polar solvents is possible due to swelling of the graphite oxide structure. The membranes in swelled state are also permeable by gases, e.g.

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difference is up to 100 degrees with the same heating rates. Hydration and solvation properties of Brodie and Hummers graphite oxides are also remarkably different.

146:. He reported synthesis of "paper-like foils" with 0.05 mm thickness. In 1957 Hummers and Offeman developed a safer, quicker, and more efficient process called 854:

well as making changes to the pore sizes. Research in transition metal decoration on carbon sorbents to enhance hydrogen binding energy has led to experiments with

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In 2016 engineers developed graphene-based films powered by the sun that can filter dirty/salty water. Bacteria were used to produce a material consisting of two

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Yamada, Y.; Yasuda, H.; Murota, K.; Nakamura, M.; Sodesawa, T.; Sato, S. (2013). "Analysis of heat-treated graphite oxide by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy".

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Yamada, Y.; Yasuda, H.; Murota, K.; Nakamura, M.; Sodesawa, T.; Sato, S. (2013). "Analysis of heat-treated graphite oxide by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy".

933:. In September 2020, researchers at the Shanghai National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology in China filed a patent for use of graphene oxide in a 324:

respectively. The gradual expansion of the Hummers graphite oxide lattice upon cooling corresponds to insertion of at least two additional solvent monolayers.

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in 1962. In this early work the existence of monolayer reduced graphene oxide flakes was demonstrated. The contribution of Boehm was recently acknowledged by

347:(A) Image of fractionated GO, (B) XRD, (C) Raman, and (D) FTIR spectra of GO (black), more oxidized GOw fraction (blue), and less oxidized GOe fraction (red). 103:

bulk product is a yellow solid with C:O ratio between 2.1 and 2.9, that retains the layer structure of graphite but with a much larger and irregular spacing.

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Talyzin, A. V.; Sundqvist, B.; Szabó, T. S.; DéKáNy, I.; Dmitriev, V. (2009). "Pressure-Induced Insertion of Liquid Alcohols into Graphite Oxide Structure".

312:, acetone and dimethylformamide results in step-like insertion of an additional solvent monolayer and lattice expansion. The phase transition detected by 3424:

El-Kady, M. F.; Strong, V.; Dubin, S.; Kaner, R. B. (2012). "Laser Scribing of High-Performance and Flexible Graphene-Based Electrochemical Capacitors".

1062:"Experimental study on thermo-physical and rheological properties of stable and green reduced graphene oxide nanofluids: Hydrothermal assisted technique" 643:

In 2015 a team created a graphene oxide tea that over the course of a day removed 95% of heavy metals in a water solution. A composite consisting of NiFe

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Wu, Cheng-Ken; Wang, Guo-Jian; Dai, Jin-Feng (2013-05-01). "Controlled functionalization of graphene oxide through surface modification with acetone".

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David, Lamuel; Singh, Gurpreet (2014-12-11). "Reduced Graphene Oxide Paper Electrode: Opposing Effect of Thermal Annealing on Li and Na Cyclability".

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Tang, L.; Li, X.; Ji, R.; Teng, K. S.; Tai, G.; Ye, J.; Wei, C.; Lau, S. P. (2012). "Bottom-up synthesis of large-scale graphene oxide nanosheets".

3527:"Synthetic peptide (DP1) functionalized graphene oxide: A biocompatible nanoformulation with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antibiofilm activity" 2763: 1886: 327:

Graphite oxide exfoliates and decomposes when rapidly heated at moderately high temperatures (~280–300 °C) with formation of finely dispersed

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Pei, Songfeng (December 2010). "Direct reduction of graphene oxide films into highly conductive and flexible graphene films by hydrohalic acids".

4677: 3022: 2339:"Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of Graphene Materials: Effect of Particle Size of Graphene, Graphene Oxide and Graphite on Thermal Parameters" 3822: 2587:

Kim, Jaemyung; Cote, Laura J.; Kim, Franklin; Yuan, Wa; Shull, Kenneth R.; Huang, Jiaxing (2010-06-16). "Graphene Oxide Sheets at Interfaces".

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important advantage of the Tang-Lau method is the control of thickness, ranging from monolayer to multilayers, by adjusting growth parameters.

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You, S.; Luzan, S. M.; Szabó, T. S.; Talyzin, A. V. (2013). "Effect of synthesis method on solvation and exfoliation of graphite oxide".

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Jung, Inhwa (November 1, 2008). "Tunable Electrical Conductivity of Individual Graphene Oxide Sheets Reduced at "Low" Temperatures".

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Khan, Junaid; Jaafar, Mariatti (November 2021). "Reduction efficiencies of natural substances for reduced graphene oxide synthesis".

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Exposing a film of graphite oxide to the laser of a LightScribe DVD has also revealed to produce quality graphene at a low cost.

355: 841:(a typical catalyst used in photocatalytic water splitting), graphene oxide nanocomposites have been shown to exhibit increased 3751:

Joshi, R. K.; Carbone, P.; Wang, F. C.; Kravets, V. G.; Su, Y.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Wu, H. A.; Geim, A. K.; Nair, R. R. (2014).

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Brodie graphite oxide selectively absorbs methanol from water/methanol mixtures in a certain range of methanol concentrations.

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Cote, L. J.; Cruz-Silva, R.; Huang, J. (2009). "Flash Reduction and Patterning of Graphite Oxide and Its Polymer Composite".

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Fakhri, P (2016). "Nonlocal nonlinear optical response of graphene oxide- Au nanoparticles dispersed in different solvents".

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Pandey, D.; Reifenberger, R.; Piner, R. (2008). "Scanning probe microscopy study of exfoliated oxidized graphene sheets".

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solutions. The membranes were permeable by large alkali ions as they are able to penetrate between graphene oxide layers.

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A third project produced graphene sheets with subnanoscale (0.40 ± 0.24 nm) pores. The graphene was bombarded with

783: 470:) is crucial for applications including all-optical switching, signal regeneration, and fast optical communications. 317: 4372:"Highly efficient and ultra-broadband graphene oxide ultrathin lenses with three-dimensional subwavelength focusing" 5273: 5117: 4698:

Ou, Lingling; Song, Bin; Liang, Huimin; Liu, Jia; Feng, Xiaoli; Deng, Bin; Sun, Ting; Shao, Longquan (2016-10-31).

4569:"Functionalized graphene oxide serves as a novel vaccine nano-adjuvant for robust stimulation of cellular immunity" 1823:

Lerf, Anton; He, Heyong; Forster, Michael; Klinowski, Jacek (June 1998). "Structure of Graphite Oxide Revisited‖".

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Sengupta, Iman; Chakraborty, Samarshi; Talukdar, Monikangkana; Pal, Surjya K.; Chakraborty, Sudipto (2018-12-14).

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Graphite oxide has attracted much interest as a possible route for the large-scale production and manipulation of

424:. Graphene oxide sheets are chemically reactive in liquid water, leading them to acquire a small negative charge. 2922:"Metal-enhanced fluorescence of graphene oxide by palladium nanoparticles in the blue-green part of the spectrum" 910:. Due to its unique behaviour in biological environments, GO has also been proposed as a novel material in early 761: 3836:

O'Hern, S. C.; Boutilier, M. S. H.; Idrobo, J. C.; Song, Y.; Kong, J.; Laoui, T.; Atieh, M.; Karnik, R. (2014).

955: 5187: 4803: 1440:"Systematic evaluation of different types of graphene oxide in respect to variations in their in-plane modulus" 1439: 765: 640:

at pore edges. After longer oxidation periods, sheets were permeable to salt but not larger organic molecules.

17: 239: 1142:

Wei, X.-D.; Mao, L.; Soler-Crespo, R. A.; Paci, J. T.; Huang, J.-X.; Nguyen, S. T.; Espinoza, H. D. (2015).

4371: 1144:"Plasticity and ductility in graphene oxide through a mechanochemically induced damage tolerance mechanism" 375: 2708:

You, S.; Yu, J.; Sundqvist, B.; Belyaeva, L. A.; Avramenko, N. V.; Korobov, M. V.; Talyzin, A. V. (2013).

510:, graphite oxide disperses readily in water, breaking up into macroscopic flakes, mostly one layer thick. 1396:"Fractionation and Characterization of Graphene Oxide by Oxidation Extent Through Emulsion Stabilization" 959: 4567:

Xu, Ligeng; Xiang, Jian; Liu, Ye; Xu, Jun; Luo, Yinchan; Feng, Liangzhu; Liu, Zhuang; Peng, Rui (2016).

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GóMez-Navarro, C.; Weitz, R. T.; Bittner, A. M.; Scolari, M.; Mews, A.; Burghard, M.; Kern, K. (2009).

494:, a material with extraordinary electronic properties. Graphite oxide itself is an insulator, almost a 383: 4669: 3030: 4796: 3328:

Lavin-Lopez, M.P.; Paton-Carrero, A.; Sanchez-Silva, L.; Valverde, J.L.; Romero, A. (December 2017).

267: 4453: 3985: 3297: 3083: 2403: 1922: 1674: 1302: 1061: 279:

oxide in liquid water corresponds to insertion of 2-3 water monolayers. Cooling the graphite oxide/H

1745:

Eigler, S.; Dotzer, C.; Hof, F.; Bauer, W.; Hirsch, A. (2013). "Sulfur Species in Graphene Oxide".

1099:

Dreyer, D. R.; Park, S.; Bielawski, C. W.; Ruoff, R. S. (2010). "The chemistry of graphene oxide".

4110: 4035:

He, S.; Song, B.; Li, D.; Zhu, C.; Qi, W.; Wen, Y.; Wang, L.; Song, S.; Fang, H.; Fan, C. (2010).

995:

He, H.; Klinowski, J.; Forster, M.; Lerf, A. (1998). "A new structural model for graphite oxide".

242:

shows the presence of local regions where oxygen atoms are arranged in a rectangular pattern with

4623: 4075: 3838:"Selective Ionic Transport through Tunable Subnanometer Pores in Single-Layer Graphene Membranes" 3526: 3329: 754: 633: 551: 499: 466:

can be used for pulse compression, mode-locking and Q-switching. Also, the nonlinear refraction (

367: 3292: 3078: 2398: 1917: 1669: 1297: 700: 515: 171: 4510:"Personalized Graphene Oxide-Protein Corona in the Human Plasma of Pancreatic Cancer Patients" 2337:

Farivar, Farzaneh; Lay Yap, Pei; Karunagaran, Ramesh Udayashankar; Losic, Dusan (2021-04-27).

4140: 3481: 3044: 2757: 1880: 4998: 4700:"Toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles: a general review of the origins and mechanisms" 4622:

Cao, Wanjun; He, Lin; Cao, Weidong; Huang, Xiaobing; Jia, Kun; Dai, Jingying (2020-07-11).

4580: 4345: 4302: 4240: 4085: 3852: 3774: 3686: 3565: 3433: 3382: 3241: 3168: 2987: 2933: 2886: 2825: 2786: 2656: 2545: 2494: 2451: 2301: 2004: 1909: 1789: 1719: 1562: 1527: 1454: 1407: 1224: 1155: 1004: 930: 926: 805: 708: 463: 205:, a few atoms wide, with the edges "capped" by oxygen atoms (=O) or hydroxyl groups (-OH). 202: 4755: 4750: 3599:

E.S.Bober (1970). "Final report on reverse osmosis membranes containing graphitic oxide".

8: 5308: 5068: 5054: 5040: 5012: 4269: 2945: 2288:

Kumar, Harish V.; Huang, Kevin Y. -S.; Ward, Shawn P.; Adamson, Douglas H. (2017-05-01).

934: 842: 4584: 4349: 4306: 4244: 4089: 3856: 3778: 3690: 3569: 3525:

Joshi, Shubhi; Chadha, Jatin; Harjai, Kusum; Verma, Gaurav; Saini, Avneet (March 2024).

3437: 3386: 3245: 3172: 3157:"Electronic Transport Properties of Individual Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets" 2991: 2937: 2921: 2898: 2890: 2829: 2790: 2660: 2549: 2498: 2455: 2305: 2008: 1913: 1793: 1723: 1566: 1531: 1458: 1411: 1228: 1159: 1008: 5173: 5026: 4984: 4959: 4953: 4949: 4734: 4699: 4651: 4544: 4509: 4489: 4454:"Graphene Oxide: A Promising Material for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering" 4429: 4398: 4058: 3886: 3798: 3764: 3710: 3676: 3581: 3502: 3476: 3457: 3406: 3265: 3213: 2949: 2902: 2859: 2685: 2646: 2634: 2569: 2467: 2020: 1943: 1596: 1242: 1176: 1143: 1124: 1081: 951: 875: 821: 555: 511: 359: 275: 147: 139: 135: 3753:"New multilayer graphene structure allows 'ultraprecise,' 'ultrafast' water filtering" 2744:

H.P.Boehm, A.Clauss, U Hoffmann (1960). "Graphite oxide and its membrane properties".

2206:"Enormous Lattice Expansion of Hummers Graphite Oxide in Alcohols at Low Temperatures" 1016: 862:

anchored to hydroxyl groups, allowing for the binding of multiple hydrogen molecules.

5313: 5287: 5093: 4899: 4739: 4721: 4655: 4643: 4604: 4596: 4549: 4531: 4493: 4481: 4473: 4434: 4416: 4318: 4200:"Research aims to improve rechargeable batteries by focusing on graphene oxide paper" 4181: 4062: 3878: 3790: 3702: 3631: 3585: 3507: 3449: 3410: 3398: 3310: 3257: 3137: 3096: 3003: 2953: 2906: 2863: 2851: 2690: 2672: 2612: 2604: 2561: 2518: 2510: 2424: 2416: 2370: 2319: 2263: 2227: 2186: 2145: 2056: 1935: 1840: 1805: 1762: 1687: 1588: 1470: 1359: 1351: 1315: 1181: 1116: 546: 523: 351: 313: 297: 218:

Strictly speaking "oxide" is an incorrect but historically established name. Besides

4229:"Graphene oxide: A promising nanomaterial for energy and environmental applications" 4037:"A Graphene Nanoprobe for Rapid, Sensitive, and Multicolor Fluorescent DNA Analysis" 3823:"Selective nanopores in graphene dramatically improve desalination and purification" 3802: 3714: 3461: 3269: 3217: 2573: 2471: 2024: 1128: 1085: 266:

C-O (286.2 eV), C=O (287.8 eV) and O-C=O (289.0 eV). Another interpretation, using

4924: 4879: 4869: 4729: 4711: 4670:"CN112220919 Nano coronavirus recombinant vaccine taking graphene oxide as carrier" 4635: 4588: 4539: 4521: 4465: 4424: 4406: 4353: 4310: 4248: 4173: 4121: 4093: 4048: 4010:"A new impermeable form of graphene oxide could be the ultimate protective coating" 3936: 3890: 3868: 3860: 3782: 3694: 3623: 3573: 3538: 3497: 3489: 3441: 3390: 3349: 3341: 3302: 3249: 3205: 3176: 3127: 3088: 2995: 2941: 2894: 2841: 2833: 2794: 2721: 2680: 2664: 2596: 2553: 2502: 2459: 2408: 2360: 2350: 2309: 2255: 2217: 2176: 2137: 2107: 2048: 2012: 1974: 1947: 1927: 1868: 1832: 1797: 1754: 1727: 1679: 1634: 1626: 1600: 1578: 1570: 1535: 1497: 1462: 1415: 1343: 1307: 1270: 1232: 1171: 1163: 1108: 1073: 1042: 1012: 911: 890:. Its physiochemical properties allow for a structure to regulate the behaviour of 879: 637: 538: 429: 332: 328: 243: 198: 107: 3475:

Lehner, Benjamin A. E.; Schmieden, Dominik T.; Meyer, Anne S. (22 February 2017).

2710:"Selective Intercalation of Graphite Oxide by Methanol in Water/Methanol Mixtures" 2259: 1077: 222:

groups (bridging oxygen atoms), other functional groups found experimentally are:

4970: 4889: 4859: 4833: 4639: 4357: 4253: 4228: 4097: 2635:"Structure and chemistry of graphene oxide in liquid water from first principles" 1801: 1539: 1466: 1420: 1395: 883: 838: 817: 688: 596: 404: 4214:"Flexible paper electrodes with ultra-high loading for lithium-sulfur batteries" 3542: 3370: 3330:"Influence of the reduction strategy in the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide" 1212: 541:

for a few seconds, or by exposure to a strong pulse of light, such as that of a

533:

Partial reduction can be achieved by treating the suspended graphene oxide with

5253: 4910: 4838: 4624:"Recent progress of graphene oxide as a potential vaccine carrier and adjuvant" 3923:

Ortiz- Quiñonez, Jose Luis; Cancino- Gordillo, Francisco; Pal, Umapada (2023).

3577: 2668: 2314: 2289: 1731: 1199: 163: 53: 45: 4716: 3493: 3345: 2557: 2463: 2074: 2016: 5302: 5258: 4725: 4600: 4535: 4526: 4477: 4420: 4185: 3402: 3327: 2676: 2608: 2565: 2514: 2420: 2374: 1844: 1809: 1501: 1488:

Boehm, H. -P.; Scholz, W. (1965). "Der "Verpuffungspunkt" des Graphitoxids".

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hydrate at 100 °C for 24 hours, by exposing graphene oxide to hydrogen

518:

of graphene flakes. It was argued that the first experimental observation of

495: 151: 3786: 3698: 3445: 3114:

Eigler, S.; Grimm, S.; Enzelberger-Heim, M.; Müller, P.; Hirsch, A. (2013).

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Mouhat, Félix; Coudert, François-Xavier; Bocquet, Marie-Laure (2020-03-26).

870:

Graphene oxide has been studied for its promising uses in a wide variety of

5281: 5229: 4743: 4647: 4608: 4553: 4485: 4438: 4322: 4053: 4036: 3941: 3924: 3882: 3794: 3706: 3635: 3511: 3453: 3314: 3261: 3253: 3141: 3100: 3007: 2855: 2837: 2694: 2616: 2522: 2428: 2323: 2267: 2231: 2190: 2165:"Phase Transitions in Graphite Oxide Solvates at Temperatures Near Ambient" 2149: 2060: 2052: 1939: 1766: 1758: 1691: 1592: 1394:

Kumar, Harish V.; Woltornist, Steven J.; Adamson, Douglas H. (March 2016).

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between them. Closing these nanocapillaries using chemical reduction with

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Hummers, W. S.; Offeman, R. E. (1958). "Preparation of Graphitic Oxide".

704: 684: 542: 467: 246:

0.27 nm × 0.41 nm. The edges of each layer are terminated with

143: 3873: 3371:"Thermal reduction of graphene oxide: How temperature influences purity" 2290:"Altering and investigating the surfactant properties of graphene oxide" 1574: 1046: 4592: 4568: 4411: 3354: 3209: 3132: 3115: 2813: 2365: 1639: 1630: 1167: 938: 768: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 527: 507: 111: 4314: 4177: 4125: 3864: 3627: 3306: 3181: 3156: 3092: 2999: 2798: 2726: 2709: 2600: 2506: 2412: 2222: 2205: 2181: 2164: 2141: 2111: 1931: 1836: 1683: 1311: 1274: 1246: 703:

graphene oxide flakes can also be sifted out of the dispersion (as in

5268: 4819: 4506: 4141:"Graphene paper anodes pave way for faster charging Li-ion batteries" 3986:"Graphene-based sheets make dirty water drinkable simply and cheaply" 2355: 2338: 1978: 1872: 1857: 1112: 976: 891: 859: 667: 603: 534: 100: 3730:"Lockheed testing nanotech filters for U.S. oil industry wastewater" 743: 3922: 3653:"Can Graphene Oxide Filters Unlock Our Most Abundant Water Source?" 2651: 1552: 855: 659:

metal followed by a layer of oxide restored the filtration effect.

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You, S.; Luzan, S.; Yu, J.; Sundqvist, B.; Talyzin, A. V. (2012).

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beginning in the 1960s. In 2011 additional research was released.

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in surface energy of the two phases separated by the interface.

2743: 616: 615:, which provides mechanical strength in water free conditions. 421: 131: 76: 72: 3368: 2387: 2336: 1287: 4788: 3835: 2097: 2075:"Graphite oxide exfoliation by heating: exlplosion with fire" 1899: 612: 96: 3613: 2127: 92: 4451: 2441: 1994: 718: 114:

in polar solvents to yield monomolecular sheets, known as

4754: This article incorporates text available under the 4270:"Reduced Graphene Oxide - What Is It? How Is It Created?" 1437: 1217:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

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transport after short oxidation periods, consistent with

238:

Graphene oxide layers are about 1.1 ± 0.2 nm thick.

4399:"Current applications of graphene oxide in nanomedicine" 1098: 3750: 3665: 3423: 3282: 1709: 1658: 1332: 4397:

An, Seong Soo; Wu, Si-Ying; Hulme, John (2015-08-26).

3524: 3477:"A Straightforward Approach for 3D Bacterial Printing" 2707: 1822: 1393: 1141: 994: 2287: 1963: 3474: 2632: 1744: 1517: 906:

that could allow for the repair and regeneration of

3068: 2203: 2162: 34:Structure proposed in 1998 with functional groups. 3195: 2093: 2091: 1779: 1490:Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie 678:Optically transparent, multilayer films made from 1433: 1431: 692:used in medical packaging to improve shelf life. 568:Graphene oxide has also been reduced to graphene 478:can greatly enhance the optical nonlinearity and 5300: 530:, the Nobel Prize winner for graphene research. 3148: 3116:"Graphene oxide: Efficiency of reducing agents" 2204:You, S.; Sundqvist, B.; Talyzin, A. V. (2013). 2088: 462:instruments from laser-induced damage. And the 138:in 1859 by treating graphite with a mixture of 4697: 3906:"Chá de grafeno extrai metais pesados da água" 2811: 2776: 2586: 2197: 1428: 1032: 4804: 4621: 4514:Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 1959: 1957: 106:The bulk material spontaneously disperses in 4566: 4267: 2762:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2739: 2737: 1885:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1616: 1200:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109700 1066:Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 707:) and pressed to make an exceedingly strong 4034: 3647: 3645: 3592: 3107: 2123: 2121: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1513: 1511: 1487: 4811: 4797: 4163: 3555: 3224: 1954: 917:It has also been explored for its uses in 666:layers. The lower layer contains pristine 628:structural integrity. The pores permitted 201:lengthwise, resulting in microscopic flat 125: 4733: 4715: 4543: 4525: 4428: 4410: 4396: 4252: 4052: 3940: 3872: 3768: 3727: 3680: 3598: 3501: 3353: 3296: 3180: 3131: 3082: 2845: 2734: 2725: 2684: 2650: 2535: 2402: 2364: 2354: 2313: 2221: 2180: 2169:The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 1990: 1988: 1921: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1673: 1638: 1582: 1419: 1301: 1236: 1175: 784:Learn how and when to remove this message 274:Graphite oxide is hydrophilic and easily 83:in variable ratios, obtained by treating 4674:World Intellectual Property Organization 4138: 3744: 3642: 3071:Journal of the American Chemical Society 3064: 3062: 3020: 3014: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2589:Journal of the American Chemical Society 2294:Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2156: 2130:Journal of the American Chemical Society 2118: 1738: 1647: 1546: 1508: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1035:Journal of the American Chemical Society 602:In 2013 Lockheed Martin announced their 403: 342: 286: 29: 27:Compound of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen 3983: 3958: 3903: 3189: 2919: 2435: 2041:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2031: 1893: 1336:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 719:Flexible rechargeable battery electrode 485: 456: 14: 5301: 4770:"Scientific Publications by FDA Staff" 4268:De La Fuente, Jesus (September 2018). 3728:Alexander, David (February 20, 2015). 3616:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2876: 2244: 1985: 1698: 1210: 1204: 1135: 1028: 1026: 727: 4792: 4403:International Journal of Nanomedicine 3954: 3952: 3059: 2960: 2628: 2626: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 1612: 1610: 1481: 1370: 1092: 1059: 865: 586: 390: 130:Graphite oxide was first prepared by 4292: 3023:"Boehm's 1961 isolation of graphene" 831: 766:adding citations to reliable sources 737: 695: 399: 5098:Ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride 4335: 4166:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 4114:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 4104: 3285:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2714:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2100:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 1825:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 1662:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 1281: 1023: 848: 802:giant refractive index modification 338: 24: 4226: 4028: 3959:Majcher, Kristin (June 18, 2015). 3949: 2746:J. Chim. Phys. Rev. Gén. Colloïdes 2623: 2274: 1607: 1213:"On the Atomic Weight of Graphite" 110:solutions or can be dispersed by 25: 5325: 4139:Coxworth, Ben (August 27, 2012). 591:Graphite oxides were studied for 318:differential scanning calorimetry 284:and degradation of the material. 4749: 4405:. 10 Spec Iss (Spec Iss): 9–24. 3984:Jeffrey, Colin (July 27, 2016). 742: 256:X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 4762: 4691: 4680:from the original on 2022-05-09 4662: 4615: 4560: 4500: 4445: 4390: 4364: 4329: 4286: 4261: 4220: 4206: 4192: 4157: 4132: 4002: 3977: 3916: 3897: 3815: 3721: 3607: 3549: 3518: 3468: 3417: 3362: 3321: 3276: 3037: 2913: 2870: 2805: 2770: 2701: 2580: 2529: 2478: 2381: 2330: 2238: 2067: 1851: 1816: 1773: 1326: 967:USA FDA for human consumption. 956:transforming growth factor-beta 811:As a result, a novel ultrathin 753:needs additional citations for 451: 408:Graphene oxide in liquid water. 258:shows the presence of several C 4818: 3961:"Graphene Desalination Update" 3198:Journal of Materials Chemistry 2946:10.1088/1674-1056/25/11/118102 1967:Journal of Materials Chemistry 1619:Journal of Materials Chemistry 1253: 1192: 1053: 988: 514:of these flakes would yield a 13: 1: 5247:Compounds derived from oxides 4704:Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4041:Advanced Functional Materials 3655:. Singularity Hub. 2014-03-11 3375:Journal of Materials Research 3021:Sprinkle, Mike (2009-12-07). 2899:10.1088/2040-8978/18/1/015502 2260:10.1016/j.talanta.2015.10.033 1747:Chemistry: A European Journal 1078:10.1080/01932691.2016.1234387 1017:10.1016/S0009-2614(98)00144-4 982: 506:of 10 V. However, being 502:between 1 and 5×10 S/cm at a 240:Scanning tunneling microscopy 4640:10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.009 4358:10.1016/j.carbon.2010.08.006 4254:10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.07.014 4098:10.1016/j.carbon.2014.05.052 3558:Journal of Materials Science 2538:Journal of Materials Science 2444:Journal of Materials Science 1997:Journal of Materials Science 1802:10.1016/j.carbon.2014.08.061 1540:10.1016/j.carbon.2012.09.018 1467:10.1016/j.carbon.2016.12.065 1421:10.1016/j.carbon.2015.10.083 212: 7: 3543:10.1016/j.flatc.2024.100626 970: 960:tumor necrosis factor-alpha 944: 10: 5330: 4227:Li, Fen (September 2015). 3601:U.S. Dept. of the Interior 3578:10.1007/s10853-021-06492-y 3334:Advanced Powder Technology 2669:10.1038/s41467-020-15381-y 2315:10.1016/j.jcis.2017.01.043 1732:10.1016/j.susc.2008.02.025 937:under development against 925:, including as a dual-use 731: 673: 384:Thermogravimetric analysis 197:has been used to cut open 5246: 5205: 4852: 4826: 4717:10.1186/s12989-016-0168-y 3929:ACS Applied Nanomaterials 3494:10.1021/acssynbio.6b00395 3346:10.1016/j.apt.2017.09.032 2558:10.1007/s10853-012-7131-6 2464:10.1007/s10853-013-7630-0 2017:10.1007/s10853-013-7630-0 268:density functional theory 4527:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00491 3904:PÚBLICO (15 July 2015). 1502:10.1002/zaac.19653350107 1101:Chemical Society Reviews 997:Chemical Physics Letters 845:and quantum efficiency. 636:from negatively charged 3787:10.1126/science.1245711 3699:10.1126/science.1245711 3446:10.1126/science.1216744 3120:Chemical Communications 3045:"Letters to the Editor" 2779:Applied Physics Letters 874:applications including 634:electrostatic repulsion 552:atomic force microscope 185:Recently a mixture of H 126:History and preparation 95:for resolving of extra 4774:www.accessdata.fda.gov 4054:10.1002/adfm.200901639 3942:10.1021/acsanm.3c03618 3254:10.1002/adma.201300155 2838:10.1002/adma.201304681 2053:10.1002/anie.200802860 1861:Chemistry of Materials 1759:10.1002/chem.201300387 1348:10.1002/anie.201608377 1263:Chemistry of Materials 1238:10.1098/rstl.1859.0013 1211:Brodie, B. C. (1859). 576:pattern of engineered 409: 348: 331:, somewhat similar to 292: 172:potassium permanganate 63:(GO), formerly called 57: 4470:10.1515/bmc-2020-0017 4458:Biomolecular Concepts 2639:Nature Communications 2077:. YouTube. 2011-02-03 1148:Nature Communications 607:released until 2020. 407: 346: 296:other solvents (e.g. 290: 150:, using a mixture of 33: 4378:. September 22, 2015 4016:. September 19, 2014 3395:10.1557/jmr.2018.338 931:biomedical materials 806:direct laser writing 762:improve this article 709:graphene oxide paper 498:, with differential 486:Graphene manufacture 464:saturable absorption 457:Optical nonlinearity 4585:2016Nanos...8.3785X 4350:2010Carbo..48.4466P 4307:2008NanoL...8.4283J 4245:2015NEne...16..488L 4216:. October 20, 2014. 4172:(49): 28401–28408. 4090:2014Carbo..77..473P 3857:2014NanoL..14.1234O 3779:2014Sci...343..752J 3691:2014Sci...343..752J 3570:2021JMatS..5618477K 3564:(33): 18477–18492. 3438:2012Sci...335.1326E 3432:(6074): 1326–1330. 3387:2018JMatR..33.4113S 3246:2013AdM....25.3583E 3173:2009NanoL...9.2206G 3077:(31): 11027–11032. 2992:2007NanoL...7.3499G 2938:2016ChPhB..25k8102O 2920:Omidvar, A (2016). 2891:2016JOpt...18a5502F 2830:2014AdM....26.2699Z 2791:2009ApPhL..94b1902L 2661:2020NatCo..11.1566M 2550:2013JMatS..48.3436W 2499:2008NanoL...8...36K 2456:2013JMatS..48.8171Y 2306:2017JCIS..493..365K 2136:(51): 18445–18449. 2009:2013JMatS..48.8171Y 1914:2009NanoL...9.1058M 1794:2014Carbo..80..229F 1724:2008SurSc.602.1607P 1575:10.1038/nature07872 1567:2009Natur.458..872K 1532:2013Carbo..52..171Y 1459:2017Carbo.114..700F 1412:2016Carbo..98..491K 1342:(51): 15771–15774. 1229:1859RSPT..149..249B 1160:2015NatCo...6.8029W 1060:Sadri, Rad (2017). 1047:10.1021/ja01539a017 1009:1998CPL...287...53H 952:toll-like receptors 935:recombinant vaccine 843:hydrogen production 728:Graphene oxide lens 558:of graphene oxide. 482:of graphene oxide. 203:ribbons of graphene 71:, is a compound of 5288:Peroxydicarbonates 4954:1,3-Dioxetanedione 4950:1,2-Dioxetanedione 4628:Acta Biomaterialia 4593:10.1039/C5NR09208F 4412:10.2147/IJN.S88285 3234:Advanced Materials 3210:10.1039/C1JM11266J 3133:10.1039/C3CC43612H 3055:(1). January 2010. 2818:Advanced Materials 1631:10.1039/C2JM15944A 1168:10.1038/ncomms9029 876:tissue engineering 866:Precision medicine 822:numerical aperture 587:Water purification 512:Chemical reduction 410: 391:Surface properties 349: 293: 140:potassium chlorate 136:Benjamin C. Brodie 58: 5296: 5295: 5094:Cyclohexanehexone 4344:(15): 4466–4474. 4315:10.1021/nl8019938 4301:(12): 4283–4287. 4274:www.graphenea.com 4178:10.1021/jp5080847 4126:10.1021/jp3069738 3965:Technology Review 3865:10.1021/nl404118f 3763:(6172): 752–754. 3628:10.1021/am200300u 3381:(23): 4113–4122. 3340:(12): 3195–3203. 3307:10.1021/jp060936f 3240:(26): 3583–3587. 3182:10.1021/nl901209z 3126:(67): 7391–7393. 3093:10.1021/ja902348k 3000:10.1021/nl072090c 2986:(11): 3499–3503. 2926:Chinese Physics B 2879:Journal of Optics 2824:(17): 2699–2703. 2799:10.1063/1.3068498 2727:10.1021/jp312756w 2601:10.1021/ja102777p 2595:(23): 8180–8186. 2507:10.1021/nl071822y 2413:10.1021/nn1006368 2223:10.1021/nn3051105 2182:10.1021/jz300162u 2142:10.1021/ja907492s 2112:10.1021/jp9016272 1932:10.1021/nl8034256 1867:(11): 2740–2749. 1837:10.1021/jp9731821 1831:(23): 4477–4482. 1684:10.1021/jp060936f 1668:(17): 8535–8539. 1561:(7240): 872–876. 1312:10.1021/nn1006368 1275:10.1021/cm981085u 832:Energy conversion 818:dielectric lenses 794: 793: 786: 705:paper manufacture 696:Related materials 638:functional groups 524:Hanns-Peter Boehm 400:Relation to water 314:X-ray diffraction 298:dimethylformamide 16:(Redirected from 5321: 5197: 5183: 5169: 5155: 5141: 5127: 5113: 5091: 5078: 5064: 5050: 5036: 5022: 5008: 4994: 4980: 4966: 4947: 4934: 4920: 4906: 4895: 4885: 4875: 4865: 4844: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4766: 4760: 4753: 4747: 4737: 4719: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4579:(6): 3785–3795. 4564: 4558: 4557: 4547: 4529: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4432: 4414: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4056: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3876: 3842: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3772: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3684: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3649: 3640: 3639: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3505: 3488:(7): 1124–1130. 3482:ACS Synth. Biol. 3472: 3466: 3465: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3300: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3135: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3086: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3029:. Archived from 3018: 3012: 3011: 2975: 2958: 2957: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2849: 2812:Zheng, Xiaorui; 2809: 2803: 2802: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2761: 2753: 2741: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2688: 2654: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2544:(9): 3436–3442. 2533: 2527: 2526: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2406: 2397:(8): 4806–4814. 2385: 2379: 2378: 2368: 2358: 2356:10.3390/c7020041 2334: 2328: 2327: 2317: 2285: 2272: 2271: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2225: 2216:(2): 1395–1399. 2201: 2195: 2194: 2184: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2125: 2116: 2115: 2095: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2035: 2029: 2028: 1992: 1983: 1982: 1979:10.1039/b512799h 1961: 1952: 1951: 1925: 1908:(3): 1058–1063. 1897: 1891: 1890: 1884: 1876: 1873:10.1021/cm060258 1855: 1849: 1848: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1707: 1696: 1695: 1677: 1656: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1614: 1605: 1604: 1586: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1515: 1506: 1505: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1444: 1435: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1391: 1368: 1367: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1305: 1296:(8): 4806–4814. 1285: 1279: 1278: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1240: 1208: 1202: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1179: 1139: 1133: 1132: 1113:10.1039/b917103g 1096: 1090: 1089: 1072:(9): 1302–1310. 1057: 1051: 1050: 1030: 1021: 1020: 992: 912:cancer diagnosis 902:, and synthetic 880:cancer treatment 849:Hydrogen storage 789: 782: 778: 775: 769: 746: 738: 522:was reported by 339:Characterization 333:activated carbon 329:amorphous carbon 244:lattice constant 199:carbon nanotubes 99:. The maximally 21: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5254:Metal carbonyls 5242: 5238: 5225: 5221: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4960: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4822: 4817: 4787: 4778: 4776: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4696: 4692: 4683: 4681: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4620: 4616: 4565: 4561: 4505: 4501: 4450: 4446: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4334: 4330: 4291: 4287: 4278: 4276: 4266: 4262: 4225: 4221: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4162: 4158: 4149: 4147: 4137: 4133: 4109: 4105: 4074: 4070: 4033: 4029: 4019: 4017: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3994: 3992: 3982: 3978: 3969: 3967: 3957: 3950: 3921: 3917: 3902: 3898: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3805: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3726: 3722: 3675:(6172): 752–4. 3664: 3658: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3643: 3612: 3608: 3597: 3593: 3554: 3550: 3523: 3519: 3473: 3469: 3422: 3418: 3367: 3363: 3326: 3322: 3298:10.1.1.504.4994 3281: 3277: 3229: 3225: 3194: 3190: 3153: 3149: 3112: 3108: 3084:10.1.1.621.9038 3067: 3060: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3019: 3015: 2976: 2961: 2918: 2914: 2875: 2871: 2810: 2806: 2775: 2771: 2755: 2754: 2742: 2735: 2706: 2702: 2631: 2624: 2585: 2581: 2534: 2530: 2483: 2479: 2440: 2436: 2404:10.1.1.456.3422 2386: 2382: 2335: 2331: 2286: 2275: 2243: 2239: 2202: 2198: 2161: 2157: 2126: 2119: 2096: 2089: 2080: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2047:(43): 8268–71. 2036: 2032: 1993: 1986: 1962: 1955: 1923:10.1.1.455.5865 1898: 1894: 1878: 1877: 1856: 1852: 1821: 1817: 1778: 1774: 1743: 1739: 1712:Surface Science 1708: 1699: 1675:10.1.1.504.4994 1657: 1648: 1615: 1608: 1551: 1547: 1516: 1509: 1486: 1482: 1442: 1436: 1429: 1392: 1371: 1331: 1327: 1303:10.1.1.456.3422 1286: 1282: 1258: 1254: 1209: 1205: 1197: 1193: 1140: 1136: 1097: 1093: 1058: 1054: 1031: 1024: 993: 989: 985: 973: 947: 929:and carrier of 884:medical imaging 868: 851: 834: 790: 779: 773: 770: 759: 747: 736: 730: 721: 698: 689:hydroiodic acid 680:graphene oxide 676: 650: 646: 597:reverse osmosis 595:of water using 589: 547:charge mobility 488: 459: 454: 447: 443: 439: 402: 393: 341: 282: 264: 215: 196: 192: 188: 177: 169: 161: 157: 148:Hummers' method 128: 65:graphitic oxide 54:carboxyl groups 46:Hydroxyl groups 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5327: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5274:Polycarbonates 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5213:Graphite oxide 5209: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4962: 4957: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4815: 4808: 4801: 4793: 4786: 4785: 4761: 4690: 4676:. 2021-01-15. 4661: 4614: 4559: 4499: 4464:(1): 182–200. 4444: 4389: 4363: 4328: 4285: 4260: 4219: 4205: 4191: 4156: 4145:www.gizmag.com 4131: 4120:(1): 620–625. 4103: 4068: 4027: 4001: 3976: 3948: 3915: 3896: 3851:(3): 1234–41. 3814: 3743: 3720: 3641: 3606: 3591: 3548: 3517: 3467: 3416: 3361: 3320: 3291:(17): 8535–9. 3275: 3223: 3188: 3147: 3106: 3058: 3036: 3033:on 2010-10-08. 3027:Graphene Times 3013: 2959: 2932:(11): 118102. 2912: 2869: 2804: 2769: 2752:(12): 110–117. 2733: 2700: 2622: 2579: 2528: 2477: 2434: 2380: 2329: 2273: 2237: 2196: 2155: 2117: 2087: 2066: 2030: 1984: 1953: 1892: 1850: 1815: 1772: 1753:(29): 9490–6. 1737: 1697: 1646: 1606: 1545: 1507: 1496:(1–2): 74–79. 1480: 1427: 1369: 1325: 1280: 1269:(3): 771–778. 1252: 1203: 1191: 1134: 1107:(1): 228–240. 1091: 1052: 1022: 986: 984: 981: 980: 979: 972: 969: 946: 943: 900:growth factors 867: 864: 850: 847: 833: 830: 792: 791: 750: 748: 741: 732:Main article: 729: 726: 720: 717: 697: 694: 675: 672: 648: 644: 588: 585: 487: 484: 458: 455: 453: 450: 445: 441: 437: 401: 398: 392: 389: 340: 337: 280: 259: 214: 211: 194: 190: 186: 175: 167: 164:sodium nitrate 159: 155: 127: 124: 118:by analogy to 116:graphene oxide 69:graphitic acid 61:Graphite oxide 26: 18:Graphene oxide 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5326: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5282:Tricarbonates 5279: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5259:Carbonic acid 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5198: 5186: 5184: 5172: 5170: 5158: 5156: 5144: 5142: 5130: 5128: 5116: 5114: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5081: 5079: 5067: 5065: 5053: 5051: 5039: 5037: 5025: 5023: 5011: 5009: 4997: 4995: 4983: 4981: 4969: 4967: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4937: 4935: 4923: 4921: 4909: 4907: 4898: 4896: 4888: 4886: 4878: 4876: 4868: 4866: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853:Exotic oxides 4851: 4845: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827:Common oxides 4825: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4807: 4802: 4800: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4757: 4752: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4694: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4377: 4376:Xiaorui Zheng 4373: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4215: 4209: 4201: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4015: 4011: 4005: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3953: 3943: 3938: 3935:(19): 18491. 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3824: 3818: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3731: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3654: 3648: 3646: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3622:(6): 1821–6. 3621: 3617: 3610: 3602: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3478: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3204:(30): 11217. 3203: 3199: 3192: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3063: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2885:(1): 015502. 2884: 2880: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2847:1959.3/375725 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2785:(2): 021902. 2784: 2780: 2773: 2765: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2738: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2627: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2122: 2113: 2109: 2106:(26): 11279. 2105: 2101: 2094: 2092: 2076: 2070: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1991: 1989: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1958: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1896: 1888: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1819: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1613: 1611: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1549: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1514: 1512: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1484: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1441: 1434: 1432: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1329: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1284: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1256: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1207: 1201: 1195: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1138: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1095: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1056: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1029: 1027: 1018: 1014: 1010: 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