20:
1715:
2878:
2902:
2914:
2890:
1556:
1244:
1362:
902:
464:
577:
1091:
62:
done by the gravitational force to bring the mass from a chosen reference point (often an "infinite distance" from the mass generating the field) to some other point in the field, which is equal to the change in the
160:
1357:
1367:
1096:
277:
1048:, the gravitational field is nearly constant and so the expression for gravitational energy can be considerably simplified. The change in potential energy moving from the surface (a distance
953:
1551:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta U&\approx {\frac {GMm}{R}}\left\\\Delta U&\approx {\frac {GMmh}{R^{2}}}\\\Delta U&\approx m\left({\frac {GM}{R^{2}}}\right)h.\end{aligned}}}
795:
351:
71:
towards each other. Gravitational potential energy increases when two objects are brought further apart and is converted to kinetic energy as they are allowed to fall towards each other.
728:
635:, so that it is zero when the objects are infinitely far apart. The gravitational potential energy is the potential energy an object has because it is within a gravitational field.
1638:
1003:
489:
1600:
184:
1739:
1699:
1664:
1272:
208:
1292:
1086:
1066:
1046:
1026:
770:
750:
676:
656:
601:
484:
339:
319:
299:
97:
790:
1239:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta U&={\frac {GMm}{R}}-{\frac {GMm}{R+h}}\\&={\frac {GMm}{R}}\left(1-{\frac {1}{1+h/R}}\right).\end{aligned}}}
102:
1300:
348:
Close to the Earth's surface, the gravitational field is approximately constant, and the gravitational potential energy of an object reduces to
1738:
gravitational energy is extremely complex, and there is no single agreed upon definition of the concept. It is sometimes modelled via the
219:
1730:
and gravity is a natural consequence of Newton's First Law. Mass tells spacetime how to bend, and spacetime tells mass how to move.
679:
1991:
2955:
2611:
1785:
1762:
are inappropriate in general relativity, but the divergence of the combined matter plus gravitational energy pseudotensor is a
2655:
2330:
1908:
1874:
1750:
to the Landau–Lifshitz pseudotensor results in a combined matter plus gravitational energy pseudotensor that has a vanishing
685:
1605:
2797:
909:
1961:
1850:
2738:
2748:
1666:
at the surface (instead of at infinity), the familiar expression for gravitational potential energy emerges:
1669:
2918:
2278:
1949:
1775:
214:. Since the gravitational force is always parallel to the axis joining the particles, this simplifies to:
2837:
2096:
1984:
964:
897:{\displaystyle W=\int _{\infty }^{R}{\frac {GMm}{r^{2}}}dr=-\left.{\frac {GMm}{r}}\right|_{\infty }^{R}}
459:{\displaystyle U=m({\textbf {g}}\cdot {\textbf {r}})=m|{\textbf {g}}||{\textbf {r}}|=mh|{\textbf {g}}|,}
31:. Objects accelerate towards the Earth, thus losing their gravitational energy and transforming it into
2950:
1900:
1758:
in all frames—ensuring the conservation law. Some people object to this derivation on the grounds that
1709:
572:{\textstyle {\textbf {g}}={\frac {{GM_{\oplus }}{\hat {\textbf {r}}}}{|{\textbf {r}}_{\oplus }^{2}|}}}
2743:
2601:
2263:
2208:
2188:
2183:
2940:
2672:
2016:
1928:
1747:
2894:
2832:
2817:
2213:
2193:
1790:
1780:
624:
187:
19:
1561:
2345:
2241:
2168:
2158:
2039:
1977:
1295:
628:
342:
165:
1915:
2285:
2076:
1945:
1881:
2733:
2706:
2684:
2591:
2203:
2148:
8:
2960:
2812:
2755:
2677:
2650:
2335:
2198:
2173:
1743:
1643:
1249:
616:
55:
28:
193:
2792:
2770:
2760:
2596:
1813:
1735:
1723:
1277:
1071:
1051:
1031:
1011:
755:
735:
661:
641:
586:
469:
324:
304:
284:
82:
2901:
2694:
2519:
2380:
2340:
2310:
2295:
2268:
2178:
2081:
2021:
2011:
1957:
1904:
1870:
1846:
2945:
2853:
2827:
2822:
2802:
2787:
2628:
2618:
2398:
2325:
2061:
775:
580:
47:
2882:
2863:
2777:
2544:
2459:
2315:
2305:
2290:
2248:
2153:
2103:
2054:
1894:
1864:
632:
79:
For two pairwise interacting point particles, the gravitational potential energy
2858:
2807:
2782:
2586:
2551:
2484:
2474:
2390:
2370:
2365:
2350:
2320:
2300:
2258:
2236:
2218:
2118:
2108:
2044:
604:
64:
59:
32:
99:
is the work done by the gravitational force in bringing the masses together:
2934:
2906:
2765:
2725:
2689:
2645:
2571:
2534:
2452:
2375:
2143:
2138:
2091:
2071:
732:
To get the total work done by the gravitational force in bringing point mass
1714:
2662:
2606:
2556:
2539:
2360:
2133:
2066:
1869:(illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 10.
1759:
2667:
2633:
2507:
2497:
2440:
2423:
2408:
2355:
2253:
1751:
211:
1866:
Newton's
Gravity: An Introductory Guide to the Mechanics of the Universe
2701:
2623:
2561:
2529:
2469:
2163:
1843:
The
Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins
1755:
2711:
2638:
2512:
2492:
2464:
2403:
1838:
1727:
1719:
68:
2447:
2428:
2413:
2113:
1837:
For a demonstration of the negativity of gravitational energy, see
1742:
that allows retention for the energy–momentum conservation laws of
2581:
2123:
2128:
2049:
2000:
1763:
1294:
is constant, then this expression can be simplified using the
1028:
is moving near the surface of a much larger object with mass
155:{\displaystyle U=W_{g}={\textbf {F}}_{g}\cdot {\textbf {r}},}
24:
2502:
2435:
2418:
2086:
859:
620:
51:
1352:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1+h/R}}\approx 1-{\frac {h}{R}}}
1969:
792:, the force is integrated with respect to displacement:
631:
requires that this gravitational field energy is always
955:, the total work done on the object can be written as:
912:
778:
492:
196:
168:
1672:
1646:
1608:
1564:
1365:
1303:
1280:
1252:
1094:
1074:
1054:
1034:
1014:
967:
798:
758:
738:
688:
664:
644:
589:
472:
354:
327:
307:
287:
222:
105:
85:
1274:is small, as it must be close to the surface where
772:(for example, the radius of Earth) from point mass
1693:
1658:
1632:
1594:
1550:
1351:
1286:
1266:
1238:
1080:
1060:
1040:
1020:
1008:In the common situation where a much smaller mass
997:
947:
896:
784:
764:
744:
722:
670:
650:
595:
571:
478:
458:
333:
313:
293:
272:{\displaystyle U=-{\frac {GMm}{|{\textbf {r}}|}},}
271:
202:
178:
154:
91:
948:{\textstyle \lim _{r\to \infty }{\frac {1}{r}}=0}
638:The magnitude of the force between a point mass,
2932:
914:
1985:
1926:
1992:
1978:
1862:
1713:
321:are the masses of the two particles and
18:
2933:
2612:Integrated gasification combined cycle
1896:Physics for the IB Diploma Full Colour
1892:
1786:Gravitational potential energy storage
723:{\displaystyle F={\frac {GMm}{r^{2}}}}
610:
2656:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
2331:Quantum chromodynamics binding energy
1973:
1808:
1806:
1703:
2889:
1935:. The University of Texas at Austin.
1718:A 2 dimensional depiction of curved
1633:{\displaystyle \Delta U\approx mgh.}
54:object has due to its position in a
2913:
2798:World energy supply and consumption
1927:Fitzpatrick, Richard (2006-02-02).
998:{\displaystyle U=-{\frac {GMm}{R}}}
545:
525:
495:
443:
417:
400:
379:
369:
253:
171:
144:
128:
13:
1853:, Appendix A—Gravitational Energy.
1803:
1609:
1492:
1447:
1370:
1099:
924:
884:
810:
14:
2972:
2912:
2900:
2888:
2877:
2876:
1929:"Gravitational potential energy"
1814:"Gravitational Potential Energy"
752:from infinity to final distance
607:above a chosen reference level.
1954:The Classical Theory of Fields
1939:
1920:
1886:
1863:MacDougal, Douglas W. (2012).
1856:
1831:
1722:("world lines"). According to
1558:As the gravitational field is
959:Gravitational Potential Energy
921:
603:is the height of the object's
562:
538:
529:
449:
437:
423:
411:
406:
394:
384:
364:
259:
247:
190:between the two particles and
74:
44:gravitational potential energy
1:
2956:Tensors in general relativity
1818:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
1796:
1068:from the center) to a height
1950:Evgeny Mikhailovich Lifshitz
1776:Gravitational binding energy
1740:Landau–Lifshitz pseudotensor
7:
1769:
680:Newton's law of gravitation
10:
2977:
1999:
1956:, (1951), Pergamon Press,
1901:Cambridge University Press
1710:Mass in general relativity
1707:
1595:{\displaystyle g=GM/R^{2}}
658:, and another point mass,
179:{\textstyle {\textbf {r}}}
2872:
2846:
2722:
2602:Fossil fuel power station
2570:
2483:
2389:
2264:Electric potential energy
2229:
2209:Thermodynamic temperature
2189:Thermodynamic free energy
2184:Thermodynamic equilibrium
2030:
2007:
1746:. Addition of the matter
2673:Concentrated solar power
16:Type of potential energy
2214:Volume (thermodynamics)
2194:Thermodynamic potential
2097:Mass–energy equivalence
1791:Positive energy theorem
1781:Gravitational potential
625:gravitational potential
67:of the objects as they
2169:Quantum thermodynamics
2159:Laws of thermodynamics
2040:Conservation of energy
1893:Tsokos, K. A. (2010).
1845:(Random House, 1997),
1731:
1695:
1694:{\displaystyle U=mgh.}
1660:
1634:
1596:
1552:
1353:
1296:binomial approximation
1288:
1268:
1240:
1082:
1062:
1042:
1022:
999:
949:
898:
786:
766:
746:
724:
672:
652:
629:Conservation of energy
597:
573:
486:is the object's mass,
480:
460:
343:gravitational constant
335:
315:
295:
273:
204:
180:
156:
93:
36:
2286:Interatomic potential
2077:Energy transformation
1946:Lev Davidovich Landau
1933:farside.ph.utexas.edu
1717:
1696:
1661:
1635:
1597:
1553:
1354:
1289:
1269:
1241:
1088:above the surface is
1083:
1063:
1043:
1023:
1000:
950:
899:
787:
767:
747:
725:
673:
653:
598:
574:
481:
461:
336:
316:
296:
274:
205:
181:
157:
94:
22:
2734:Efficient energy use
2707:Airborne wind energy
2685:Solar thermal energy
2592:Electricity delivery
2204:Thermodynamic system
2149:Irreversible process
1899:(revised ed.).
1748:stress–energy tensor
1670:
1644:
1606:
1562:
1363:
1301:
1278:
1250:
1092:
1072:
1052:
1032:
1012:
965:
910:
796:
776:
756:
736:
686:
662:
642:
587:
490:
470:
352:
325:
305:
285:
220:
194:
166:
103:
83:
40:Gravitational energy
2756:Energy conservation
2678:Photovoltaic system
2651:Nuclear power plant
2336:Quantum fluctuation
2199:Thermodynamic state
2174:Thermal equilibrium
1916:Extract of page 143
1744:classical mechanics
1659:{\displaystyle U=0}
1267:{\displaystyle h/R}
893:
819:
617:classical mechanics
611:Newtonian mechanics
560:
203:{\textstyle \cdot }
188:displacement vector
56:gravitational field
29:gravitational field
2793:Sustainable energy
2771:Energy development
2761:Energy consumption
2597:Energy engineering
1882:Extract of page 10
1736:general relativity
1732:
1724:general relativity
1704:General relativity
1691:
1656:
1630:
1602:, this reduces to
1592:
1548:
1546:
1349:
1284:
1264:
1236:
1234:
1078:
1058:
1038:
1018:
995:
945:
928:
894:
857:
805:
782:
762:
742:
720:
668:
648:
593:
569:
542:
476:
456:
331:
311:
291:
269:
200:
176:
152:
89:
37:
2951:Conservation laws
2928:
2927:
2695:Solar power tower
2341:Quantum potential
2179:Thermal reservoir
2082:Energy transition
1910:978-0-521-13821-5
1876:978-1-4614-5444-1
1532:
1486:
1431:
1399:
1347:
1328:
1287:{\displaystyle g}
1222:
1185:
1157:
1128:
1081:{\displaystyle h}
1061:{\displaystyle R}
1041:{\displaystyle M}
1021:{\displaystyle m}
993:
937:
913:
877:
843:
765:{\displaystyle R}
745:{\displaystyle m}
718:
671:{\displaystyle m}
651:{\displaystyle M}
596:{\displaystyle h}
567:
547:
532:
527:
497:
479:{\displaystyle m}
445:
419:
402:
381:
371:
334:{\displaystyle G}
314:{\displaystyle m}
294:{\displaystyle M}
264:
255:
173:
146:
130:
92:{\displaystyle U}
2968:
2916:
2915:
2904:
2892:
2891:
2880:
2879:
2854:Carbon footprint
2788:Renewable energy
2629:Hydroelectricity
2619:Geothermal power
2062:Energy condition
1994:
1987:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1860:
1854:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1810:
1726:, mass distorts
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1581:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1513:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1475:
1461:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1400:
1395:
1384:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1305:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1199:
1186:
1181:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1145:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1113:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
994:
989:
978:
954:
952:
951:
946:
938:
930:
927:
903:
901:
900:
895:
892:
887:
882:
878:
873:
862:
844:
842:
841:
832:
821:
818:
813:
791:
789:
788:
783:
771:
769:
768:
763:
751:
749:
748:
743:
729:
727:
726:
721:
719:
717:
716:
707:
696:
677:
675:
674:
669:
657:
655:
654:
649:
602:
600:
599:
594:
581:gravity of Earth
578:
576:
575:
570:
568:
566:
565:
559:
554:
549:
548:
541:
535:
534:
533:
528:
523:
520:
519:
518:
504:
499:
498:
485:
483:
482:
477:
465:
463:
462:
457:
452:
447:
446:
440:
426:
421:
420:
414:
409:
404:
403:
397:
383:
382:
373:
372:
340:
338:
337:
332:
320:
318:
317:
312:
300:
298:
297:
292:
278:
276:
275:
270:
265:
263:
262:
257:
256:
250:
244:
233:
209:
207:
206:
201:
185:
183:
182:
177:
175:
174:
161:
159:
158:
153:
148:
147:
138:
137:
132:
131:
121:
120:
98:
96:
95:
90:
65:kinetic energies
48:potential energy
23:Image depicting
2976:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2941:Forms of energy
2931:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2868:
2864:Waste-to-energy
2842:
2778:Energy security
2724:
2718:
2574:
2566:
2545:Natural uranium
2479:
2460:Mechanical wave
2391:Energy carriers
2385:
2225:
2154:Isolated system
2032:
2026:
2003:
1998:
1968:
1967:
1944:
1940:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1903:. p. 143.
1891:
1887:
1877:
1861:
1857:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1772:
1712:
1706:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1545:
1544:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1462:
1460:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1339:
1319:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1233:
1232:
1213:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1171:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1146:
1135:
1133:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
979:
977:
966:
963:
962:
929:
917:
911:
908:
907:
888:
883:
863:
861:
858:
837:
833:
822:
820:
814:
809:
797:
794:
793:
777:
774:
773:
757:
754:
753:
737:
734:
733:
712:
708:
697:
695:
687:
684:
683:
663:
660:
659:
643:
640:
639:
613:
588:
585:
584:
561:
555:
550:
544:
543:
537:
536:
524:
522:
521:
514:
510:
506:
505:
503:
494:
493:
491:
488:
487:
471:
468:
467:
448:
442:
441:
436:
422:
416:
415:
410:
405:
399:
398:
393:
378:
377:
368:
367:
353:
350:
349:
326:
323:
322:
306:
303:
302:
286:
283:
282:
258:
252:
251:
246:
245:
234:
232:
221:
218:
217:
195:
192:
191:
170:
169:
167:
164:
163:
143:
142:
133:
127:
126:
125:
116:
112:
104:
101:
100:
84:
81:
80:
77:
60:mechanical work
17:
12:
11:
5:
2974:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2859:Jevons paradox
2856:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2783:Energy storage
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2715:
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2641:
2636:
2631:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2587:Electric power
2584:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
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2547:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2485:Primary energy
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
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2444:
2443:
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2222:
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2186:
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2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2119:Entropic force
2116:
2109:Thermodynamics
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1938:
1919:
1909:
1885:
1875:
1855:
1830:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1708:Main article:
1705:
1702:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1655:
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1629:
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1507:
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1501:
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1494:
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1471:
1468:
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1446:
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1441:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1398:
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1369:
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1346:
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1308:
1283:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1231:
1227:
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1209:
1206:
1202:
1197:
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1177:
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1163:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1077:
1057:
1037:
1017:
992:
988:
985:
982:
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973:
970:
957:
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933:
926:
923:
920:
916:
891:
886:
881:
876:
872:
869:
866:
860:
856:
853:
850:
847:
840:
836:
831:
828:
825:
817:
812:
808:
804:
801:
785:{\textstyle M}
781:
761:
741:
715:
711:
706:
703:
700:
694:
691:
678:, is given by
667:
647:
623:always have a
619:, two or more
612:
609:
605:center of mass
592:
564:
558:
553:
540:
531:
517:
513:
509:
502:
475:
455:
451:
439:
435:
432:
429:
425:
413:
408:
396:
392:
389:
386:
376:
366:
363:
360:
357:
330:
310:
290:
268:
261:
249:
243:
240:
237:
231:
228:
225:
212:scalar product
199:
151:
141:
136:
124:
119:
115:
111:
108:
88:
76:
73:
33:kinetic energy
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2973:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2921:
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2911:
2909:
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2899:
2897:
2896:
2887:
2885:
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2875:
2874:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2838:United States
2836:
2834:
2833:South America
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2766:Energy policy
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
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2727:
2721:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
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2691:
2690:Solar furnace
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:Nuclear power
2644:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
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2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
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2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:Energy system
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:Gravitational
2523:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2494:
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2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2453:Hydrogen fuel
2451:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
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2297:
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2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:Gravitational
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
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2232:
2228:
2220:
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2195:
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2187:
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2167:
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2162:
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2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:Heat transfer
2142:
2140:
2139:Heat capacity
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2105:
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2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:Negative mass
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Energy system
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2056:
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2052:
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2041:
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2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1975:
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1962:7-5062-4256-7
1959:
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1789:
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1777:
1774:
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1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:pseudotensors
1757:
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1749:
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1741:
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1729:
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41:
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26:
21:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2881:
2663:Oil refinery
2607:Cogeneration
2540:Nuclear fuel
2524:
2346:Quintessence
2273:
2134:Free entropy
2067:Energy level
2031:Fundamental
1953:
1941:
1932:
1922:
1895:
1888:
1865:
1858:
1842:
1833:
1821:. Retrieved
1817:
1733:
1007:
961:
958:
905:
731:
637:
614:
347:
280:
216:
210:denotes the
78:
58:. It is the
43:
39:
38:
2919:WikiProject
2739:Agriculture
2668:Solar power
2634:Tidal power
2508:Natural gas
2498:Fossil fuel
2441:Latent heat
2409:Electricity
75:Formulation
2961:Potentials
2935:Categories
2702:Wind power
2624:Hydropower
2575:components
2530:Hydropower
2520:Geothermal
2470:Sound wave
2381:Zero-point
2311:Mechanical
2296:Ionization
2269:Electrical
2164:Negentropy
2045:Energetics
1823:10 January
1797:References
1756:divergence
2813:Australia
2749:Transport
2744:Computing
2712:Wind farm
2639:Wave farm
2513:Petroleum
2493:Bioenergy
2465:Radiation
2404:Capacitor
2326:Potential
1839:Alan Guth
1728:spacetime
1720:geodesics
1616:≈
1610:Δ
1503:≈
1493:Δ
1458:≈
1448:Δ
1421:−
1410:−
1381:≈
1371:Δ
1337:−
1331:≈
1196:−
1131:−
1100:Δ
975:−
925:∞
922:→
885:∞
855:−
811:∞
807:∫
552:⊕
530:^
516:⊕
375:⋅
230:−
198:⋅
140:⋅
2883:Category
2448:Hydrogen
2414:Enthalpy
2316:Negative
2306:Magnetic
2291:Internal
2249:Chemical
2114:Enthalpy
2033:concepts
1770:See also
906:Because
633:negative
2946:Gravity
2895:Commons
2723:Use and
2582:Biomass
2552:Radiant
2399:Battery
2371:Thermal
2366:Surface
2351:Radiant
2321:Phantom
2301:Kinetic
2279:Binding
2259:Elastic
2242:Nuclear
2237:Binding
2124:Entropy
2022:Outline
2012:History
1640:Taking
579:is the
341:is the
186:is the
52:massive
46:is the
2907:Portal
2828:Mexico
2823:Europe
2818:Canada
2803:Africa
2726:supply
2535:Marine
2424:Fossil
2376:Vacuum
2129:Exergy
2050:Energy
2001:Energy
1960:
1948:&
1907:
1873:
1849:
1764:tensor
621:masses
583:, and
466:where
281:where
162:where
2847:Misc.
2557:Solar
2361:Sound
2230:Types
2104:Power
2055:Units
2017:Index
25:Earth
2808:Asia
2562:Wind
2503:Coal
2475:Work
2436:Heat
2419:Fuel
2356:Rest
2254:Dark
2219:Work
2087:Mass
1958:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1825:2017
301:and
69:fall
2429:Oil
1734:In
1359:to
1246:If
915:lim
615:In
42:or
27:'s
2937::
1952:,
1931:.
1816:.
1805:^
1766:.
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627:.
345:.
50:a
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35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
