842:
1616:
surveying its territory: it spirals tens of meters/yards high into the air, usually briefly does a fluttering hover at the top of the spiral, and then glides down. Group neighbours will respond by performing the same type of flight, and eventually about half the group's members will depart to the meeting location where they will spend several tens of minutes – sometimes more than an hour – chattering, calling, duetting, and excitedly moving about the meeting site (which typically is some small tree or shrubbery). In winter, birds will often assemble in small groups and roost together, particularly to keep warm during the night; this is apparently not initiated with a specific assembly display however.
1596:
tend to have their wintering grounds not far apart. As it seems, once an individual great grey shrike has found a wintering territory it likes, it will return there subsequently and perhaps even try to defend it against competitors just like a summer territory. Throughout the year, the birds regularly but briefly move through a range up to three times larger than their territory; this is tolerated by territory owners in winter more easily than in summer, and the parts of Europe where all-year residents and winter visitors co-occur typically have population densities around eight birds/km (about thirty per square mile) and occasionally more in winter.
1587:, but likes to breed in dispersed groups of a good half-dozen adults. It is not known to what extent the birds in such groups are related. In the temperate parts of its range, groups are perhaps 5 km (3.1 mi) apart, while individual territories within each group may be as small as 20 ha (49 acres) but more typically are about twice that size. In less hospitable climes, territories may be more than 350 ha (1.4 sq mi). Throughout the breeding season, in prime habitat, territories are held by mated pairs and single males looking for a partner. In less productive habitat, "floaters" hold territories more
2022:), usually starting about March and lasting to April/May. At first, the female rebuffs the male, only allowing him to feed her. Males give increasingly vocal displays and show off the white markings of the wings in flight and of the tail by fanning it and turning away from the female. He also occasionally turns to sit at a right angle to her. Eventually, the female will join in the male's displays, and the songs will become duets. To feed females and to show off their hunting prowess, males will make their food caches in conspicuous places during this time. When presenting nesting sites, males give the variety of calls described
2187:
831:
31:
2172:
1361:
1600:
1724:
102:
1576:
2060:, as neighbouring males will stray through each other's territory to snatch a quick fling with the resident females. In this, they have almost a one-in-three chance of success, and consequently the average grey shrike nest is very likely to contain offspring of more than one male. Females may deposit their eggs in neighbours' nests, but this seems to occur more rarely; in general, mated females are fairly reclusive after their eggs have started developing. A full
77:
2144:
238:
1010:
1672:
1248:
2030:
1712:. Small birds are sometimes caught in flight too, usually by approaching them from below and behind and seizing their feet with the beak. If no prey ventures out in the open, great grey shrikes will rummage through the undergrowth or sit near hiding places and flash their white wing and tail markings to scare small animals into coming out. As noted
1503:
range. Birds leave for winter quarters a more or less short time after breeding – July to
October, with most birds staying to September – and return to nest mainly in March/April, but some only arrive in May. In recent decades, the number of birds remaining on the breeding grounds all year has been noted to increase e.g. in
1942:. Thus secured, the food can be ripped into bite-sized pieces with the beak. Orthoptera that the birds have recognized as containing noxious chemicals are left impaled in the larder for several days, until the chemicals that usually deter predators have been degraded. Great grey shrikes have also been observed to impale
2351:). Wherever it occurs, its numbers are usually many hundreds or even thousands per country. Its stronghold is the region around Sweden, where at least almost 20,000, perhaps as many as 50,000 were believed to live in the late 20th century. However, in some countries it is not robustly established; in
1061:
Males and females are about the same size, and do not differ conspicuously in appearance except by direct comparison. In the female the underparts are greyer and are usually visibly barred greyish-brown, and the white wing and tail markings are characteristically less in extent (though this is rarely
2226:
after 2–3 weeks, typically in late June or early July; they become independent of their parents about 3–6 weeks later. Sometimes, a parent will single out particular fledglings (possibly the weakest ones) and focus their care and feeding on these during this time. Other adults have occasionally been
2204:
Laying usually takes place in May. The clutch numbers three to nine eggs, typically around seven, with North
American clutches tending to be larger on average than European ones. If a second clutch is produced in one breeding season, it is smaller than the first one. The eggs have a white background
2051:
is typically initiated by the male bringing an attractive prey item to the female. With both giving begging calls, they approach until they are side by side. The male then raises and swings his body left and right a few times, and passes the prey to the female, followed by the actual copulation. The
1595:
between regions, as "floaters" move between groups of territorial birds in search of a bountiful unclaimed territory to settle down and/or a partner to mate with. On the wintering grounds, pairs separate to account for the lower amount of food available at that time, but if both members migrate they
2268:
Usually more than half of all nests manage to hatch at least one young, and around three-quarters of all eggs laid hatch, suggesting that if eggs are lost before hatching, it usually is the entire clutch. Half to three-quarters of the hatched young successfully fledge under most circumstances. They
2009:
is strong during the breeding season and loosens over winter; birds often choose a different mate than the year before. To seek out potential mates, males will venture outside their breeding territories. If a female thus encountered finds a male to her liking, she will visit to see whether they get
1699:
or similar elevated spot in a characteristic upright stance some metres/yards (at least one and up to 18 m/20 yd) above ground. Alternatively, it may scan the grassland below from flight, essentially staying in one place during prolonged bouts of mainly hovering flight that may last up to
1623:
flights, which last briefly but may be repeated time after time because of the birds' considerable stamina. It will usually stay low above the ground in flight, approaching perches from below and landing in an upward swoop. In social interactions, birds signal an aggressive stance by a bold upright
1502:
to it. The populations of the
Central Asian mountains mostly migrate downslope rather than southwards. Females are more prone to migration than males; they do not appear to migrate, on average, longer or shorter distances than males, and consequently are the dominant sex in many parts of the winter
1654:
Fledgelings moult part of their juvenile plumage before their first winter, and the rest in spring. Adults moult on their breeding grounds before going on migration, or before the depth of winter if they are resident. Sometimes adults also seem to moult some feathers before attempting to breed. As
1615:
Before and after the nesting season, groups of breeding birds will sometimes initiate gatherings; these seem to occur at the boundary of the group's combined range or in the unclaimed land separating it from neighbouring groups. The initiation signal is a conspicuous display flight given by a bird
1374:
The
Iberian grey shrike is clearer and usually darker grey above, and not tinged grey but often decidedly pinkish on the belly and particular breast; the white "eyebrow" extends to over the beak, which has typically a larger pale base. The barring pattern is less developed at all ages, hardly ever
1929:
Prey is killed by hitting it with the hooked beak, aiming for the skull in vertebrates. If too large to swallow in one or a few chunks, it is transported to a feeding site by carrying it in the beak or (if too large) in the feet. The feet are not suited for tearing up prey, however. It is rather
1138:. These are frequently heard during courtship, interspersed with song phrases as the harsh whistles are in pre-courtship. The song becomes softer and more warbling as the male shows the female around his territory, and at potential nest sites the male gives a lively chatter containing fluting
1001:
adult weights between 48 and 81 g (1.7 and 2.9 oz) are recorded. The wings are around 11.4 cm (4.5 in) and the tail around 10.9 cm (4.3 in) long in the nominate subspecies, its bill measures about 23 mm (0.91 in) from tip to skull, and the
614:
killer", due to their use for luring carnivorous birds to hunters – but perhaps more likely "killer magpie", considering that the bird was believed to be a peculiar sort of magpie by Johann
Leonhard Frisch and others, and that another vernacular English name was "murdering pie".
2205:
colour, usually with a grey hue and sometimes with a blue one; they are patterned with blotches of yellowish- to reddish-brown and purplish-grey, often denser around the blunt end. They measure around 26 mm (1.0 in) in length and 19.5 mm (0.77 in) in width.
1403:
The lesser grey shrike is a smaller and comparatively short-tailed bird. It can best be recognized by the rather large black area above the bill, almost reaching to the forehead and without a white stripe above it. In flight, the wide instead of pointed black tail end of
2217:
hatch naked, blind and pink-skinned, weighing c. 4 g (0.14 oz); their skin turns darker after a few days. The inside of their beak is pink and they probably lack spots or other prominent marks; the wattles at the corners of the mouth are yellow as in many
2127:
shrubs are used for nesting. The actual nesting site is chosen by the male; the courtship visits of the female are mainly to form and strengthen the pair bond. Also, though the partners build the nest together, the male collects most of the nesting material. The
2304:. Overall, its stocks seem to be declining in the European part of its range since the 1970s. The increase and decline seem to be reactions to changing land use, with an increase as the number of agricultural workers declined after World War II and land fell
2056:) cease when nesting is underway, and when the eggs are nearly ready to lay, the male guards his partner closely, perching higher than her to watch for threats and frequently feeding her. This apparently ensures her physical well-being rather than preventing
1954:
them – by ripping open the back skin and pulling it over the head – to avoid contamination of the meat by the toxic skin secretions. Large bones and similar inedible parts of prey animals are usually not ingested, but smaller ones such as tiny bones or the
1550:
habitat seem to be required. It avoids low grassland with no lookouts and nesting opportunities (trees or large shrubs), as well as dense forest with no hunting ground. Apart from grassland, the birds will utilize a variety of hunting habitats, including
449:
is Latin for a watchman or sentinel. This refers to the birds' two most conspicuous behaviours – storing food animals by impaling them on thorns, and using exposed tree-tops or poles to watch the surrounding area for possible prey. Use of the former by
1021:
The general colour of the upperparts is pearl grey, tinged brownish towards the east of its
Eurasian range. The cheeks and chin as well as a thin and often hard-to-see stripe above the eye are white, and a deep black mask extends from the
2070:
are built in April or May more than 1 m (3.3 ft) above ground in trees. This height varies according to habitat, but while nests have been found almost 40 m (44 yd) up, most are 2–16 m above ground. Presence of
746:
lineages) was probably somewhere between Asia Minor and central Asia. At the time of the Polgárdi fossil, it is rather likely that the grey shrikes were a distinct lineage already; given that they and the fiscals generally follow
2269:
will become sexually mature in their first spring and often attempt to breed right away. On average, great grey shrikes get a chance at four breeding attempts during their life, with most birds in the wild getting eaten by a
654:("shrieker"). But it seems to have become the dominant term only in rather recent times, for as late as the 18th century, the species was still widely known as "greater butcher-bird" in English, just like it was known as the
1046:. In particular the breast is usually darker and sometimes browner than the rest of the light underside, and may appear as an indistinct band between the lighter belly and white throat. In the subspecies around the
2209:
takes around 16 days but may be closer to three weeks for large clutches; it is generally done only by the female. While the male may briefly take over incubating, his task during this time is to provide food. The
1386:
are barely sympatric with the
Chinese grey shrike. The latter is larger and generally differs from the northern species as the southern does, and in addition has much larger white areas in wings and tail.
1990:" are typically around 1 m (3.3 ft) above ground and can be found anywhere within the birds' territory, but tend to be rather in the general vicinity of nest sites than far away from them.
2136:, though bits of fabric and rubbish may be added. The interior cup is 8–12 cm (3.1–4.7 in) in diameter and 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) deep; it is lined with fine twigs and roots,
1050:
in particular and in females elsewhere too, there may be faint brownish bars on the breast. The bill is large and hooked at the tip and coloured nearly black, but pale at the base of the under
377:), for which the description of the tail pattern is incorrect and which some authors already recognized as distinct – were considered separate species by Linnaeus, but that was to change soon.
2140:, hair and feathers. Building a nest from scratch takes a pair one to two weeks, but if nests of the previous year in good locations remain usable, they are repaired rather than discarded.
1498:. The migrations are triggered by scarcity of food and therefore, according to prey population levels, the winter range might little extend south beyond the breeding range, or be entirely
1986:, one or two additional vertebrate prey animals (including rodents), and up to a single vertebrate prey item's worth of invertebrates. Surplus food may be impaled for storage. These "
670:. A whimsical name – presumably from Scotland or nearby England – was "white wisky John" in reference to its wavy and somewhat unelegant flight, during which its large areas of light
822:
uncertainties surrounding this close-knit group in the absence of a good fossil record, some refrain from splitting them up into distinct species; most modern authors do so however.
1663:
load, moulting can make a bird more physically attractive and healthy, and may thus increase its chance of successful reproduction. The phenomenon is not well understood, however.
2280:
or dying of other causes before the end of their fifth winter. Raptorial birds are the main threat to shrikes after fledging, with regular predators including species as small as
1982:. An adult of this species needs about 50 g (1.8 oz) of prey a day, probably somewhat more in winter. Under most circumstances, this would thus translate to one or two
1353:
between
Eastern Europe and Central Asia; it may be more closely related to the small brown shrikes and resemble the bold, aggressive and hard-to-catch grey shrikes because of
1624:
posture, fanning and then flicking the tail and eventually the wings also as the bird gets more excited. It signals its readiness to strike at an intruder by shifting to a
1030:; the area immediately above the beak is grey. The scapulars (shoulder feathers) are white, and the wings are black with a white bar made up by the bases of the primary
2132:
is quite sizable, measuring 20–28 cm (7.9–11.0 in) in outer diameter. Its body is constructed of coarse vegetable material – mainly large twigs and chunks of
845:
738:
to the
African radiation of fiscal shrikes. These two seem to have originated in a west- or southwestward expansion from the genus' origin, which (considering the
1846:
are the second-most important prey by quantity, though not by biomass; in the latter respect they are only a bit more important than birds, except as food for
3171:
1082:
into a female-like plumage with the tertiary bars usually remaining in autumn. Across its range, the young acquire the adult plumage in their first spring.
369:– "a shrike with a wedge-shaped white-bordered tail, back grey, wings black with white spot". At that time, none of the other grey shrikes – including the
1802:) make up most of the remaining vertebrate prey. Birds are generally of little importance however, except in spring when male songbirds are engaged in
1998:
Great grey shrikes breed during the summer, typically once per year. In exceptionally good conditions, they raise two broods a year, and if the first
1530:
interspersed, and adjacent lookout points. These are normally trees – at forest edges in much of the habitat, but single trees or small stands at the
1619:
The flight of the great grey shrike is undulating and rather heavy, but its dash is straight and determined. It is, as noted above, also capable of
1416:; they lack white scapulars (grey-backed fiscal) or wingspots (Mackinnon's fiscal) and differ in some other details, particularly the tail pattern.
1122:. These whistles are also used in duets between mates in winter and neighbours in the breeding season. Various contact calls have been described as
3263:
2095:) nesting in the vicinity will also increase the desirability of nest sites to great grey shrikes, which moreover often refuse to prey upon these
4153:
2099:' nestlings though the opportunity is there. Apparently, the two species are more efficient in spotting potential nest predators – in particular
1034:, continuing slightly offset onto the bases of the secondary remiges in some regions. The tail is black, long, and pointed at the tip; the outer
1193:
calls are given by adults confronted with a potential threat to their young. To beg for food – young to adults or mates to each other – rows of
2330:(which will accumulate in adult carnivores and inhibit breeding success) around the 1960s probably had a detrimental influence on stocks too.
751:, the smallish fossil makes an unlikely ancestor to the large grey shrikes even when taking into account the somewhat warmer Miocene climate.
731:, Hungary. Its relationship to the modern species is unclear. However, all things considered, the grey shrike lineage probably represents the
4205:
993:, measuring from 22 to 26 cm (8.7 to 10.2 in) long. It typically weighs around 60 to 70 g (2.1 to 2.5 oz), although some
3376:
3128:
1006:
part of its "legs" (actually feet) is around 27.4 mm (1.08 in) long. Wingspan can range from 30 to 36 cm (12 to 14 in).
4321:
2367:
plentiful high-quality habitat is found; though the number of great grey shrikes in this tiny country is necessarily limited, the average
3344:
3290:
841:
1078:, the fledglings are tinged quite brown indeed on upperside and wings, and have sharp and dark underside bars. In Eurasia, fledglings
3272:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
2488:
1922:
are rarely if ever eaten; though it might occasionally plunder songbird nests this is not well documented and it is not known to eat
802:). The centre of this group's radiation is probably in the eastern Mediterranean region, and the southern grey shrike represents the
2458:
Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
4114:
806:
form. The other three only diverged during the expansion into temperate regions. This must have happened fairly recently, because
4166:
1301:
in winter quarters with each of its three close relatives at the north of their range. Their overall colouration is – apparently
2816:
2363:, respectively. The 10 birds or so in Denmark might disappear because of a few years of adverse circumstances. By contrast, in
3303:
Sangster, George; Knox, Alan G.; Helbig, Andreas J.; Parkin, David T. (2002). "Taxonomic recommendations for
European birds".
4231:
2496:
4171:
3153:
Shrikes & bush-shrikes: including wood-shrikes, helmet-shrikes, flycatcher-shrikes, philentomas, batises and wattle-eyes
1476:
and southern Germany small populations were found in the mid-20th century but have declined or even disappeared since then.
4341:
3278:
2482:
567:) and lingered on into modern times in Yorkshire. Along the upper Rhine, between Strasbourg and Heidelberg for example,
4127:
4062:
3442:
701:(crows and allies). Little reliable data exists on its evolution; certainly (even though the supposed ancestral shrike
4262:
3336:
3164:
3146:
932:– Eastern Morocco, northeastern Mauritania and northwestern Mali to northeastern Sudan, Egypt and southwestern Israel
3072:
Antczak, Marcin; Hromada, Martin; Tryjanowski, Piotr (2005). "Frogs and toads in the food of the Great Grey Shrike (
2087:) on side branches near the trunk (where nests are preferentially built) will make a tree markedly more attractive.
4336:
4210:
4093:
1094:
consists of short pleasant warbling strophes, interspersed with fluid whistles. The individual phrases may go like
3188:
4106:
4075:
216:
1830:
are eaten. Prey animals may exceptionally be almost as large as the birds themselves, for example chicks of the
1390:
The loggerhead shrike is hard to distinguish, but the proportion of the head to the beak (which seems stubby in
2997:
2471:
Aldrovandi (1646), Willughby (1676): p. 53, Ray (1713), Frisch (1720), Albin (1731–1738), Linnaeus (1746, 1758)
2249:
in the past; for reasons unknown this has ceased since the late 1970s or so. It may well be that the cuckoo's
4298:
4192:
4132:
4010:
3854:
3845:
3206:
Jønsson, Knud A.; Fjeldså, Jon (2006). "A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri)".
2945:
1636:
by head-turns away from them (if close by), or by imitating the crouching fluttering pose and calls given by
2758:
Clement & Worfolk (1995), Tenuvuo & Varrela (1998), Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 62–63, 150–151
3940:
3118:
In: Vorstellung der Vögel in Teutschland, und beyläuffig auch einiger fremden, mit ihren natürlichen Farben
2124:
1931:
1118:. To announce to females, it often mixes these whistles with a strophe of song. A softer whistle goes like
314:). Males and females are similar in plumage, pearly grey above with a black eye-mask and white underparts.
58:
2592:
Gessner (1555): p. 557, Aldrovandi (1646), Willughby (1676): pp. 52–53, Ray (1713), Swainson (2008): p. 47
3984:
2284:(which are close to the same size as the shrike). The maximum documented lifespan, however, is 12 years.
2107:
them off cooperatively than either is on its own. Otherwise, there is no clear preference for particular
1640:
3989:
2416:
3913:
3258:
3240:
3156:
2641:
2265:(Corvidae) – extremely close relatives of the shrikes (Laniidae) as it happens – are most significant.
3953:
3401:
2618:
Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 24–25, Mlíkovský (2003): pp. 233, 251, Jønsson & Fjeldså (2006)
2540:
1960:
536:
in various German dialects (e.g. around Frankfurt and Strasbourg) probably mean "choking angel" (cf.
3098:
Clement, Peter; Worfolk, Tim (1995). "Southern and eastern Great Grey Shrikes in northwest Europe".
1424:
Generally, its breeding range is found in Eurasia and northern Africa. In the high mountains of the
1169:, often repeated twice. The more excited the birds become, the higher and faster the calls get, via
1066:
young birds are heavily tinged greyish-brown all over, with barring on the upperside and indistinct
4331:
3406:
3078:
2606:
2222:. As the nestlings grow, the female broods them, and later on assists in providing food. The young
1850:
where they usually form a substantial part of the diet. Most important among invertebrate prey are
101:
3358:
3113:
3059:
2186:
1437:
1433:
410:, who in his splendid colour plate confused male and female. But most authors cited by Linnaeus –
318:
3137:
2680:
2545:
2523:
Gessner (1555): p. 557, Linnaeus (1758), Glare (1968–1982): pp. 637, 1000, Swainson (2008): p. 47
459:
431:
4249:
4184:
4158:
3971:
3875:
3435:
3302:
2156:
2048:
407:
380:
Linnaeus' binomial name replaced the cumbersome and confusing descriptive names of the earlier
2355:
only a few hundred are found, with less than 200 in Belgium and some more or less than 100 in
2231:
are offspring of previous years, or unrelated non-breeding "floaters" or breeding neighbours.
4272:
4244:
3633:
3414:
3326:
2567:
2553:
2057:
1322:
815:
694:
589:
and specifically means the red-backed shrike, but could in earlier times refer to any native
196:
3976:
4257:
3922:
3799:
3759:
2909:
2889:
2461:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 94.
1964:
942:
624:
430:
or similar, which is a near-literal equivalent of the common name "great grey shrike". The
249:, Resident in red, breeding in yellow, non-breeding in green, and passage migrant in blue.
3251:, etc. (1st ed.): 68–69 . Conrad & Georg Jacob Wishoff, Leiden ("Lugdunum Batavorum").
2393:
2322:
and similar elevated growth formerly common amidst the agricultural landscape. For such a
2176:
8:
3927:
3687:
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2343:
2228:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1584:
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1103:
998:
895:
Medium grey above, pale grey hue below; some white on primaries and sometimes secondaries
787:
771:
346:
299:
291:
66:
46:
38:
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830:
30:
3997:
3714:
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3012:
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2334:
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1701:
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1334:
1310:
1306:
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977:
779:
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509:
370:
96:
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4015:
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3561:
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3525:
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3372:
3332:
3318:
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3208:
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3142:
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2813:
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1807:
1803:
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1519:
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1222:
803:
795:
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560:
525:
501:
489:
423:
415:
307:
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1806:
and often rather oblivious of their surroundings, in late summer when inexperienced
705:
might not belong in the Laniidae, and probably does not belong in the same genus as
4028:
3588:
3314:
3217:
3086:
2411:
2250:
2206:
1831:
1629:
1625:
1491:
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1237:
686:
279:
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4002:
2534:
2002:
is destroyed before hatching they are usually able to produce a second one. Their
1620:
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are also buffy, with a black band in the latter. In the North American subspecies
4326:
4218:
3768:
3750:
3741:
3660:
3624:
3349:
3267:
3179:
2820:
2314:
1871:
1425:
1282:
1236:
in the southern grey shrike – and where the species' ranges overlap, they do not
1003:
807:
537:
471:
441:
The scientific name of the great grey shrike literally means "sentinel butcher":
355:
4197:
3071:
3046:
2333:
Altogether, the great grey shrike is common and widespread and not considered a
2227:
recorded assisting in feeding a pair's offspring; it is not clear whether these
697:. Among its superfamily, the closest relatives of the Laniidae are probably the
4101:
4088:
3579:
3305:
3123:
2242:
2120:
1971:
1732:
1608:
1495:
989:
An adult great grey shrike is a medium-sized passerine about as large as a big
875:
620:
544:
493:
451:
326:
2456:
2041:) and great grey shrikes apparently cooperate to protect their offspring from
1723:
1599:
639:
4315:
4179:
3898:
3821:
3777:
3732:
3420:
3254:
3236:
3100:
3090:
3042:
2681:"Northern Shrike, Life History, All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
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2061:
1999:
1923:
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and announces of songbirds" as he put it. This habit was also put to use in
411:
360:
350:
322:
212:
86:
81:
3114:
Der V.ten Hauptart II.te Abtheilung, Viererley Arten Aelstern – II.te Platte
1197:
calls are given. This species sometimes tries to attract small songbirds by
980:) – Central Asia and parts of northern China, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan
810:
is not complete in the grey shrikes, and most of the present-day habitat of
4067:
3836:
3723:
3543:
3516:
2270:
2148:
1696:
1692:
1564:
1504:
1350:
1182:
1071:
819:
755:
739:
735:
721:
551:("choking bird") might, however, do so. The English version, having become
283:
4140:
3907:
2998:"Effects of Little Owl Predation on Northern Shrike Postfledging Success"
2301:
2274:
1943:
1935:
1911:
1879:
1867:
1863:
1743:
1633:
1473:
1330:
1302:
970:– Pakistan through central India and southern Nepal to western Bangladesh
661:
475:
3963:
728:
4280:
4119:
3016:
2364:
2281:
2080:
1823:
1763:
1688:
1647:
gesture to prevent an imminent attack by a conspecific is pointing the
1644:
1543:
1499:
1480:
1409:
1262:
1218:
1102:.... To announce that it has become aware of someone straying into its
1043:
1027:
994:
946:– east-central Sudan to northwestern Somalia northwest to Iraq and Iran
860:
763:
572:
381:
287:
4223:
4145:
2143:
595:. It literally means "killer of nine " and refers to the food caches.
366:
L cauda cuneiformi lateribus alba, dorso cano, alis nigris macula alba
4049:
3488:
3482:
2360:
2327:
2219:
2211:
2088:
2072:
2067:
2034:
2006:
1979:
1975:
1883:
1843:
1811:
1727:
1656:
1655:
moult requires a considerable investment of energy, some significant
1588:
1523:
1429:
1394:
by comparison and is all-dark) is usually reliable. Indeed, the word
1346:
1298:
1278:
1241:
1233:
1035:
887:
732:
690:
330:
266:
153:
113:
4041:
3869:
2602:
1375:
present even in females, and slighter in the otherwise very similar
938:– central and southern Mauritania to southern Chad and central Sudan
237:
4054:
3892:
3470:
3286:
2323:
2319:
2258:
2214:
2129:
2042:
1951:
1899:
1895:
1875:
1847:
1660:
1091:
1051:
724:
698:
619:, meanwhile, is of Germanic origin also and dates back at least to
599:
543:). These names are unlikely to significantly pre-date the times of
521:
497:
467:
419:
269:
133:
3387:
European Breeding Bird Atlas 2: Distribution, Abundance and Change
2572:
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway Bird Collection
1579:
Perching sites are important features of great grey shrike habitat
1009:
4293:
4236:
3948:
2352:
2297:
2254:
2253:
laying eggs similar to those of the great grey shrike has become
2112:
1919:
1915:
1799:
1775:
1771:
1755:
1671:
1547:
1457:
1445:
1342:
1031:
710:
671:
395:
272:
3076:): larders and skinning as two ways to consume dangerous prey".
1247:
912:
above, dull white below; more white on primaries and secondaries
627:
547:(c. 700 AD) because of their Christian connotation; the related
3935:
3499:
3464:
3451:
3068:(3rd ed., Vol. 1): 389 . Nicolò Tebaldini, Bologna ("Bononia").
2356:
2305:
2277:
2262:
2223:
2137:
2100:
1987:
1983:
1956:
1939:
1903:
1891:
1855:
1851:
1787:
1759:
1747:
1709:
1539:
1535:
1461:
1107:
1063:
1055:
717:
611:
591:
403:
334:
276:
173:
163:
123:
3389:. Barcelona: European Bird Census Council & Lynx Editions.
2029:
1695:. To hunt, this bird perches on the topmost branch of a tree,
1659:
benefits to offset this are likely. Reducing feather wear and
1400:
refers to the relatively larger head of the southern species.
1042:. The underparts are white, slightly tinged with grey in most
4036:
3274:(10th ed., Vol. 1): 94 . Lars Salvius, Stockholm ("Holmius").
3120:, etc. (Vol. 5): plate 55 . F.H.Frisch, Berlin ("Berolinum").
1907:
1839:
1783:
1676:
1531:
1527:
1490:
in the temperate European parts of its range with their mild
1468:. There do not appear to be breeding records from the entire
1465:
1318:
1079:
3342:
3205:
2123:
is used just as well. Far more rarely, large and especially
3476:
3345:"Identification of the Great Grey Shrike complex in Europe"
3051:. Vol. 2. London: William Innys. p. 13, plate 13.
2338:
2198:
2180:
2133:
2108:
2076:
2010:
along well and inspect the nesting sites he can offer. The
1887:
1827:
1819:
1795:
1791:
1767:
1720:
songbirds to entice them to come within striking distance.
1705:
1648:
1512:
1230:
1023:
463:
143:
54:
3097:
1628:
pose and fluffing its feathers, raising them into a small
1345:
to Central Asia) seems to be quite distinct indeed and is
1070:-white markings. The tips of the tertiary remiges and the
2064:
of eggs can be produced by a female in about 10–15 days.
1815:
1779:
1552:
1542:, it will utilize any isolated perch, be it fence posts,
1154:
677:
The "grey shrike" is also sometimes named "gray shrike."
632:. This is related to such words as Norwegian and Swedish
3172:"A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio"
2111:
of nesting trees, provided they are sufficiently dense.
1201:
their calls, so it may attempt to catch them for food.
3297:
Synopsis methodica avium & piscium: opus posthumum
2512:
Accipitres adventantes observat & aviculis indicat
2391:
1408:
is characteristic. The African species are completely
3132:(Vol. 3) . Christoph Froschauer, Zürich ("Tigurium").
3384:
2736:
Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 150–151, Sangster
1217:) was formerly included in the great grey shrike as
333:
regions. The great grey shrike is carnivorous, with
2785:
Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 58–59, 66–67, 151
2417:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103718932A200213300.en
1700:20 minutes. It will drop down in a light glide for
1546:or rocks. In general, some 5–15 perching sites per
1486:which is largely all-year resident, and subspecies
1106:– be it a female or male of its species or a large
2627:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 24–25, Sangster
2533:
1978:, or somewhat more than 11 milliwatts per gram of
1297:) from North America. The northern grey shrike is
997:are noticeably smaller or larger, and even in the
903:– breeds in southeast Europe and southwest Siberia
3243:Ampelis caerulescens, alis caudaque nigricantibus
1511:seems to be as rare a winter visitor in northern
1240:at present (though they may have done so in past
391:ampelis caerulescens, alis caudaque nigricantibus
4313:
2959:
2957:
2845:
2843:
2709:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 60–61, 151–152
2700:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 60–61, 150–151
2532:
474:later. The common English name "shrike" is from
398:, wings and tail blackish"), while it is called
3328:Provincial Names and Folk Lore of British Birds
3169:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2115:seem to have become more popular with European
727:age, c. 6 million years ago, has been found at
665:
649:
3450:
2296:, the great grey shrike has apparently become
1810:abound, and in winter when most small mammals
1229:– lightly wooded grassland in the great, more
693:, the most ancient of the four large songbird
680:
664:. In Norway a vernacular name for the bird is
3436:
2995:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2954:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2840:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2712:
2293:
633:
610:from the western Alps. These terms may mean "
3141:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford.
2749:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 24–25, 151
2484:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
2431:
1993:
1890:. Invertebrate prey of minor importance are
1778:(Eurasian mice and sometimes young Eurasian
1683:) are killed and eaten by great grey shrikes
655:
643:
585:were also used; this has today evolved into
3249:Fauna Svecica Sistens Animalia Sveciæ Regni
2776:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 64–65,151
2640:
2371:there is 25 times as high as in Lithuania.
1419:
1110:– it gives long shrill raspy whistles like
559:, was eventually transferred to the native
389:
364:
340:
3443:
3429:
3061:De alio laniorum genera majore Ornithologi
2966:
2922:
2920:
2874:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 150, 153
2852:
2826:
2670:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 150, 155
2300:as a breeding bird in Switzerland and the
1675:Occasionally, animals as large as a young
1563:. Breeding birds appear to have different
1452:, the Mediterranean region (excluding the
1432:region, it ranges south perhaps as far as
1153:When disturbed, its alarm note is a harsh
770:, the other members of this group are the
524:of England (where the bird was noted as a
481:, "shriek", referring to the shrill call.
462:because the species "observes approaching
384:books he gives as his sources: in his own
236:
75:
29:
3151:Harris, Tony & Franklin, Kim (2000):
2963:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 154–155
2849:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 153–154
2767:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 58, 151
2718:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 153–155
2442:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 152–153
2415:
1632:along the top of the head. Birds appease
1567:desires, but little detail is known yet.
3299:, etc. (Vol. 1) . William Innys, London.
2940:
2938:
2936:
2451:
2185:
2170:
2142:
2028:
1722:
1670:
1598:
1574:
1359:
1246:
1008:
890:continental Europe and northwest Siberia
840:
829:
317:Breeding takes place generally north of
3343:Tenuvuo, Jorma; Varrella, Juha (1998).
2917:
2646:"Shrikes, vireos & shrike-babblers"
2480:
2318:) had seriously depleted the number of
2155:), the great grey shrike seems to have
2014:period is generally longer than in the
1974:of the great grey shrike is around 800
1309:by the somewhat more distantly related
445:is the Latin term for a butcher, while
4314:
3283:(Part 1: Europe). Ninox Press, Prague.
2905:"Lanius excubitor (Great grey shrike)"
2885:"Lanius excubitor (Great grey shrike)"
2387:
2385:
2383:
2287:
2119:in recent decades, but a diversity of
952:– southern Lebanon and northern Israel
602:'s name for the great grey shrike was
454:established the quasi-scientific term
3874:
3873:
3424:
3041:
2933:
2727:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 154
2652:. International Ornithologists' Union
2487:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
2026:and jerk their head and fanned tail.
1221:. It occurs in south western Europe (
814:was uninhabitable during much of the
4299:27C01D6A-19A5-4397-9B4A-7F79142C9DE1
4107:a8dd428f-31e5-4eb8-aa4d-f19a27d9e281
3029:Harris & Franklin (2000): p. 154
2977:Harris & Franklin (2000): p. 155
2865:Harris & Franklin (2000): p. 153
2837:Harris & Franklin (2000): p. 152
2812:Ohio Ornithological Society (2004):
2595:
2554:participating institution membership
2052:gatherings of neighbour groups (see
767:
571:is attested; its origin is unclear.
458:for the shrikes. Linnaeus chose his
4322:IUCN Red List least concern species
2634:
2403:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2380:
1938:– or wedged firmly between forking
1666:
1062:clearly visible except in flight).
1058:). The legs and feet are blackish.
484:
13:
4133:great-grey-shrike-lanius-excubitor
3292:Lanius seu Collurio cinereus major
2526:
2474:
2023:
1754:Typically, at least half the prey
1713:
1494:, the species is a short-distance
1472:; in Switzerland, the present day
1436:. Its northern limit is generally
1225:and France). It prefers different
1204:
14:
4353:
3394:
3385:Keller; Herrado; Voříšek (2020).
3135:Glare, P.G.W. (ed.) (1968–1982):
1687:The great grey shrike eats small
766:southern relatives. As mentioned
3319:10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x
3222:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x
3112:Frisch, Johann Leonhard (1720):
2326:bird, the indiscriminate use of
1085:
100:
3855:Southern white-crowned shrike (
3846:Northern white-crowned shrike (
3023:
2989:
2980:
2897:
2877:
2868:
2806:
2797:
2794:Keller, Herrado, Voříšek et al.
2788:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2730:
2721:
2703:
2694:
2673:
2664:
2644:; Donsker, David, eds. (2017).
2621:
2612:
2586:
2392:BirdLife International (2021).
1959:of beetles are eaten and later
1786:, songbirds, other passerines,
1643:(if sitting father apart). The
974:Lanius excubitor pallidirostris
920:– endemic to the Canary Islands
434:of Linnaeus is simply given as
3058:(Ulyssis Aldrovandus) (1646):
2814:Annotated Ohio state checklist
2560:
2517:
2505:
2465:
2445:
1185:alert is given with a whistle
984:
689:(Laniidae) is a member of the
400:pica cinerea sive lanius major
337:making up over half its diet.
1:
3289:(Joannis Raii) (1713): A. 3.
3035:
2241:) have been noted as regular
1930:impaled upon a sharp point –
926:– coastal northwestern Africa
825:
2986:Jønsson & Fjeldså (2006)
2374:
2053:
1570:
1017:with fledging young (bottom)
1013:Adult male (top) and female
924:Lanius excubitor algeriensis
470:, as fancifully recorded by
7:
4342:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3280:Cenozoic Birds of the World
2650:World Bird List Version 7.3
2341:(though they still include
1559:or non-industrially farmed
936:Lanius excubitor leucopygos
886:) – breeds in temperate to
681:Relationships and evolution
10:
4358:
3417:Great grey shrike pictures
3325:Swainson, Charles (2008):
3187:(2): 47–60. Archived from
3048:A Natural History of Birds
2410:: e.T103718932A200213300.
1746:in a great grey shrike's "
1591:. This leads to shifts in
1317:) which is found from the
1054:(though the extent varies
962:Lanius excubitor uncinatus
868:Lanius excubitor excubitor
709:) the genus dates back to
42:Lanius excubitor excubitor
3882:
3834:
3812:
3790:
3497:
3459:
3402:"Great grey shrike media"
3357:(1): 2–11. Archived from
2541:Oxford English Dictionary
2481:Jobling, James A (2010).
1994:Breeding and life history
1515:as it was a century ago.
950:Lanius excubitor theresae
901:Lanius excubitor homeyeri
244:
235:
228:
223:
202:
195:
97:Scientific classification
95:
73:
64:
37:
28:
23:
3407:Internet Bird Collection
3378:Ornithologiae libri tres
3277:Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002):
3170:Henninger, W.F. (1906).
3091:10.1163/1570756054472836
2951:. Retrieved 2009-SEP-19.
1440:. It is only found as a
1420:Distribution and habitat
968:Lanius excubitor lahtora
943:Lanius excubitor aucheri
930:Lanius excubitor elegans
918:Lanius excubitor koenigi
846:Indian great grey shrike
648:("scream") or Icelandic
347:scientifically described
341:Taxonomy and systematics
290:southern relatives, the
4337:Birds described in 1758
3138:Oxford Latin Dictionary
2574:. Naturhistorisk museum
2546:Oxford University Press
2308:, declining again when
2261:of eggs and nestlings,
2191:Cuculus canorus canorus
1026:through the eye to the
628:
406:or greater shrike") by
353:in his 1758 edition of
321:in northern Europe and
282:(Laniidae). It forms a
3800:Yellow-billed shrike (
3381:. John Martyn, London.
2996:Yosef, Reuven (1993).
2609:(accessed 2022-05-05).
2201:
2183:
2168:
2058:extra-pair copulations
2045:
1758:is made up from small
1751:
1684:
1612:
1607:perching on a wire in
1580:
1507:, whereas for example
1371:
1258:
1018:
956:Lanius excubitor buryi
859:There are a number of
856:
838:
666:
656:
650:
644:
634:
606:, which is related to
408:Johann Leonhard Frisch
390:
365:
345:The species was first
4245:Paleobiology Database
3688:Chinese grey shrike (
3679:Iberian grey shrike (
2189:
2174:
2146:
2032:
1726:
1674:
1602:
1578:
1438:70° northern latitude
1434:42° northern latitude
1363:
1349:with the grey shrike
1250:
1012:
844:
833:
816:Quaternary glaciation
428:lanius cinereus major
363:. His description is
319:50° northern latitude
4102:Fauna Europaea (new)
3715:Long-tailed fiscal (
3706:Grey-backed fiscal (
3643:Lesser grey shrike (
3634:Mackinnon's shrike (
3616:Grey-backed shrike (
3607:Long-tailed shrike (
3535:Bull-headed shrike (
2910:Animal Diversity Web
2890:Animal Diversity Web
2167:) for the time being
1716:, it will sometimes
964:– endemic to Socotra
835:L. e. "melanopterus"
625:Early Modern English
530:Warkangel, Werkengel
3697:Giant grey shrike (
3670:Great grey shrike (
3652:Loggerhead shrike (
3598:Bay-backed shrike (
3571:Red-tailed shrike (
3562:Isabelline shrike (
3553:Red-backed shrike (
3129:Historiae animalium
2683:. Allaboutbirds.org
2607:birdsoftheworld.org
2544:(Online ed.).
2288:Conservation status
2229:helpers at the nest
2016:Iberian grey shrike
1470:Kamchatka Peninsula
1271:Chinese grey shrike
1256:Lanius ludovicianus
1211:Iberian grey shrike
1100:trr-turit trr-turit
1096:tu-tu-krr-pree-pree
999:nominate subspecies
837:wintering in Poland
788:Chinese grey shrike
772:Iberian grey shrike
660:("butcher") in the
329:south in winter to
325:. Most populations
306:) and the American
300:Chinese grey shrike
292:Iberian grey shrike
67:Conservation status
47:striped field mouse
39:Nominate subspecies
3454:(family: Laniidae)
3373:Willughby, Francis
3266:2017-06-13 at the
3056:Aldrovandi, Ulisse
2819:2004-07-18 at the
2568:"Lanius excubitor"
2369:population density
2335:threatened species
2310:land consolidation
2202:
2184:
2169:
2046:
1752:
1708:-like on a flying
1685:
1613:
1593:population density
1581:
1522:is generally open
1372:
1365:Lesser grey shrike
1335:lesser grey shrike
1323:Mackinnon's fiscal
1311:grey-backed fiscal
1307:sub-Saharan Africa
1259:
1019:
978:Steppe grey shrike
958:– endemic to Yemen
908:Lighter grey than
857:
839:
780:steppe grey shrike
703:"Lanius" miocaenus
510:Germanic languages
504:also reported old
371:lesser grey shrike
359:under the current
24:Great grey shrike
4309:
4308:
3876:Taxon identifiers
3867:
3866:
3769:Woodchat shrike (
3760:São Tomé fiscal (
3751:Southern fiscal (
3742:Northern fiscal (
3708:L. excubitoroides
3661:Northern shrike (
3625:Mountain shrike (
3573:L. phoenicuroides
3510:
3507:(Typical shrikes)
3209:Zoologica Scripta
2949:life history data
2601:For instance: at
2552:(Subscription or
2514:: Linnaeus (1758)
2498:978-1-4081-2501-4
2177:Ménil-en-Xaintois
1804:courtship display
1454:Iberian Peninsula
1315:L. excubitoroides
1303:plesiomorphically
1291:loggerhead shrike
1265:relatives of the
1252:Loggerhead shrike
1223:Iberian Peninsula
1038:have white outer
818:. Because of the
796:loggerhead shrike
784:L. pallidirostris
674:are conspicuous.
561:red-backed shrike
502:Francis Willughby
490:Ulisse Aldrovandi
424:Francis Willughby
416:Ulisse Aldrovandi
308:loggerhead shrike
265:) is a large and
257:great grey shrike
253:
252:
188:L. excubitor
90:
51:Apodemus agrarius
4349:
4302:
4301:
4289:
4288:
4286:Lanius-excubitor
4276:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4253:
4252:
4240:
4239:
4227:
4226:
4214:
4213:
4201:
4200:
4198:NHMSYS0000530425
4188:
4187:
4175:
4174:
4162:
4161:
4149:
4148:
4136:
4135:
4123:
4122:
4110:
4109:
4097:
4096:
4084:
4083:
4071:
4070:
4058:
4057:
4045:
4044:
4032:
4031:
4019:
4018:
4006:
4005:
3993:
3992:
3980:
3979:
3967:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3954:B215F75A482EBDE1
3944:
3943:
3941:lanius-excubitor
3931:
3930:
3928:Lanius_excubitor
3918:
3917:
3916:
3914:Lanius excubitor
3903:
3902:
3901:
3884:Lanius excubitor
3871:
3870:
3627:L. validirostris
3580:Burmese shrike (
3526:Souza's shrike (
3509:
3508:
3504:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3422:
3421:
3411:
3390:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3322:
3260:Lanius excubitor
3233:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3176:
3157:Christopher Helm
3109:
3094:
3074:Lanius excubitor
3066:In: Ornithologia
3052:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3002:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2964:
2961:
2952:
2947:Lanius excubitor
2942:
2931:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2850:
2847:
2838:
2835:
2824:
2810:
2804:
2803:Henninger (1906)
2801:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2741:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2638:
2632:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2537:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2396:Lanius excubitor
2389:
2195:Lanius excubitor
1934:or the barbs of
1872:darkling beetles
1832:willow ptarmigan
1667:Food and feeding
1641:begging for food
1583:This species is
1492:maritime climate
1355:Batesian mimicry
1177:or an explosive
850:Lanius excubitor
754:The grey shrike
669:
659:
653:
647:
637:
631:
485:Vernacular names
393:
368:
262:Lanius excubitor
245:Native range of
240:
208:
206:Lanius excubitor
105:
104:
84:
79:
78:
57:propped up on a
33:
21:
20:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4332:Holarctic birds
4312:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4297:
4292:
4284:
4279:
4271:
4269:
4261:
4256:
4248:
4243:
4235:
4230:
4222:
4219:Observation.org
4217:
4209:
4204:
4196:
4191:
4183:
4178:
4170:
4165:
4157:
4152:
4144:
4139:
4131:
4126:
4118:
4113:
4105:
4100:
4092:
4087:
4079:
4074:
4066:
4061:
4053:
4048:
4040:
4035:
4027:
4022:
4014:
4009:
4001:
3996:
3988:
3983:
3975:
3970:
3962:
3960:
3952:
3947:
3939:
3934:
3926:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3878:
3868:
3863:
3830:
3824:U. melanoleucus
3822:Magpie shrike (
3808:
3786:
3778:Masked shrike (
3733:Somali fiscal (
3690:L. sphenocercus
3681:L. meridionalis
3654:L. ludovicianus
3589:Emin's shrike (
3582:L. collurioides
3506:
3505:
3503:
3493:
3455:
3449:
3400:
3397:
3364:
3362:
3268:Wayback Machine
3197:
3195:
3191:
3180:Wilson Bulletin
3174:
3124:Gessner, Conrad
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2918:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2853:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2827:
2821:Wayback Machine
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2639:
2635:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2344:L. meridionalis
2315:Flurbereinigung
2290:
2247:L. e. excubitor
2243:brood parasites
2239:Cuculus canorus
2165:Cuculus canorus
2121:deciduous trees
2103:– early on and
2020:L. meridionalis
1996:
1836:Lagopus lagopus
1814:. Occasionally
1681:Mustela erminea
1669:
1605:L. e. excubitor
1573:
1526:, perhaps with
1479:Except for the
1422:
1392:L. ludovicianus
1367:
1321:eastwards, and
1295:L. ludovicianus
1283:northern shrike
1261:Elsewhere, the
1254:
1215:L. meridionalis
1207:
1205:Similar species
1088:
1015:L. e. excubitor
1004:tarsometatarsus
987:
848:
828:
808:lineage sorting
800:L. ludovicianus
776:L. meridionalis
749:Bergmann's Rule
683:
538:Standard German
487:
472:William Yarrell
356:Systema Naturae
343:
312:L. ludovicianus
296:L. meridionalis
219:
210:
204:
191:
99:
91:
80:
76:
69:
44:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
4355:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4290:
4277:
4267:
4254:
4241:
4228:
4215:
4202:
4189:
4176:
4163:
4150:
4137:
4124:
4111:
4098:
4089:Fauna Europaea
4085:
4072:
4059:
4046:
4033:
4020:
4007:
3994:
3981:
3968:
3958:
3945:
3932:
3919:
3904:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3857:E. anguitimens
3852:
3842:
3840:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3775:
3766:
3757:
3748:
3739:
3730:
3724:Taita fiscal (
3721:
3712:
3703:
3694:
3685:
3676:
3667:
3658:
3649:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3618:L. tephronotus
3613:
3604:
3595:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3564:L. isabellinus
3559:
3550:
3544:Brown shrike (
3541:
3532:
3523:
3517:Tiger shrike (
3513:
3511:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3396:
3395:External links
3393:
3392:
3391:
3382:
3370:
3340:
3331:. BiblioLife.
3323:
3313:(1): 153–159.
3300:
3284:
3275:
3257:(1758): 43.2.
3255:Linnaeus, Carl
3252:
3237:Linnaeus, Carl
3234:
3216:(2): 149–186.
3203:
3167:
3149:
3133:
3121:
3110:
3095:
3085:(3): 227–233.
3069:
3053:
3043:Albin, Eleazar
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3022:
3011:(2): 396–398.
2988:
2979:
2965:
2953:
2932:
2916:
2896:
2876:
2867:
2851:
2839:
2825:
2805:
2796:
2787:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2672:
2663:
2633:
2620:
2611:
2594:
2585:
2559:
2525:
2516:
2504:
2497:
2473:
2464:
2453:Linnaeus, Carl
2444:
2430:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2289:
2286:
2235:Common cuckoos
2193:in a spawn of
2093:Turdus pilaris
2039:Turdus pilaris
1995:
1992:
1972:metabolic rate
1860:ground beetles
1798:(typically as
1733:Bombus lucorum
1704:prey or swoop
1668:
1665:
1609:Lasy Janowskie
1572:
1569:
1518:The preferred
1460:but including
1421:
1418:
1275:L. sphenocerus
1206:
1203:
1171:chek-chek-chek
1087:
1084:
986:
983:
982:
981:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
939:
933:
927:
921:
914:
913:
905:
904:
897:
896:
892:
891:
827:
824:
792:L. sphenocerus
682:
679:
604:mattages(s)(e)
545:Saint Boniface
508:, mainly from
494:Conrad Gessner
486:
483:
452:Conrad Gessner
342:
339:
304:L. sphenocerus
251:
250:
242:
241:
233:
232:
226:
225:
221:
220:
211:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
183:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
93:
92:
74:
71:
70:
65:
62:
61:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4354:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3860:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3636:L. mackinnoni
3632:
3630:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3591:L. gubernator
3587:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3537:L. bucephalus
3533:
3531:
3529:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3487:Superfamily:
3486:
3484:
3483:Passeriformes
3480:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3361:on 2010-12-16
3360:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3337:0-559-53114-1
3334:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3239:(1746): 181.
3238:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3194:on 2018-08-19
3190:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3165:0-7136-3861-3
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3147:0-19-864224-5
3144:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3108:(8): 300–309.
3107:
3103:
3102:
3101:Birding World
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2950:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2739:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2682:
2676:
2667:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2630:
2624:
2615:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2589:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2529:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2161:common cuckoo
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:reed-warblers
2145:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:, especially
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:) or a young
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1739:B. terrestris
1735:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1693:invertebrates
1690:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1651:straight up.
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:British Isles
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:L. mackinnoni
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:Vocalizations
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:North Pacific
1045:
1041:
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1029:
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893:
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777:
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769:
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752:
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745:
741:
737:
734:
730:
726:
723:
719:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:superfamilies
692:
688:
678:
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673:
668:
663:
658:
652:
646:
641:
636:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
593:
588:
584:
581:
580:Middle German
577:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
539:
535:
531:
528:) as well as
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
482:
480:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:specific name
457:
453:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
432:type locality
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:Eleazar Albin
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:("light-blue
392:
387:
386:Fauna Svecica
383:
378:
376:
372:
367:
362:
361:binomial name
358:
357:
352:
351:Carl Linnaeus
348:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:
274:
271:
268:
264:
263:
258:
248:
243:
239:
234:
231:
227:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
201:
198:
197:Binomial name
194:
190:
189:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:Passeriformes
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
103:
98:
94:
88:
83:
82:Least Concern
72:
68:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3883:
3856:
3847:
3837:Eurocephalus
3835:
3823:
3813:
3801:
3791:
3779:
3770:
3761:
3752:
3744:L. humeralis
3743:
3735:L. somalicus
3734:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3699:L. giganteus
3698:
3689:
3680:
3672:L. excubitor
3671:
3669:
3662:
3653:
3644:
3635:
3626:
3617:
3608:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3554:
3546:L. cristatus
3545:
3536:
3527:
3518:
3498:
3405:
3386:
3377:
3363:. Retrieved
3359:the original
3354:
3348:
3327:
3310:
3304:
3296:
3291:
3279:
3271:
3259:
3248:
3242:
3213:
3207:
3196:. Retrieved
3189:the original
3184:
3178:
3152:
3136:
3127:
3117:
3105:
3099:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3047:
3025:
3008:
3004:
2991:
2982:
2946:
2927:
2908:
2899:
2888:
2879:
2870:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2754:
2745:
2737:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2685:. Retrieved
2675:
2666:
2654:. Retrieved
2649:
2636:
2628:
2623:
2614:
2597:
2588:
2576:. Retrieved
2571:
2562:
2539:
2528:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2483:
2476:
2467:
2457:
2447:
2421:. Retrieved
2407:
2401:
2395:
2349:L. excubitor
2348:
2342:
2332:
2313:
2292:As remarked
2291:
2271:bird of prey
2267:
2246:
2238:
2233:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2179:(France) at
2164:
2153:Acrocephalus
2152:
2117:L. excubitor
2116:
2092:
2085:Hedera helix
2084:
2066:
2047:
2038:
2019:
1997:
1969:
1961:regurgitated
1947:
1944:common toads
1928:
1880:grasshoppers
1868:rove beetles
1864:dung beetles
1835:
1753:
1737:
1731:
1697:utility pole
1686:
1680:
1657:evolutionary
1653:
1634:conspecifics
1618:
1614:
1604:
1582:
1565:microhabitat
1517:
1508:
1505:Fennoscandia
1487:
1483:
1478:
1456:and perhaps
1423:
1414:L. excubitor
1413:
1405:
1402:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1384:L. excubitor
1383:
1381:
1373:
1369:Lanius minor
1368:
1351:superspecies
1338:
1333:region. The
1326:
1314:
1305:– shared in
1294:
1286:
1274:
1267:L. excubitor
1266:
1260:
1255:
1214:
1208:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:bird of prey
1178:
1174:
1173:to a rattle
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1075:
1072:wing coverts
1060:
1020:
1014:
988:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
909:
900:
883:
879:
874:– which may
872:melanopterus
871:
867:
858:
853:
849:
834:
820:phylogenetic
812:L. excubitor
811:
799:
791:
783:
775:
760:L. excubitor
759:
758:consists of
756:superspecies
753:
743:
740:biogeography
722:Late Miocene
714:
707:L. excubitor
706:
702:
684:
676:
616:
607:
603:
597:
590:
586:
582:
575:
568:
564:
556:
552:
548:
540:
533:
529:
517:
513:
488:
478:
455:
446:
442:
440:
438:("Europe").
435:
427:
426:– called it
399:
388:he named it
385:
379:
374:
354:
344:
316:
311:
303:
295:
284:superspecies
261:
260:
256:
254:
247:L. excubitor
246:
229:
205:
203:
187:
186:
174:
50:
41:
18:
4141:iNaturalist
3908:Wikispecies
3848:E. ruppelli
3753:L. collaris
3726:L. dorsalis
3717:L. cabanisi
3663:L. borealis
3600:L. vittatus
3555:L. collurio
3519:L. tigrinus
3415:Oiseaux.net
3079:Anim. Biol.
2642:Gill, Frank
2578:18 February
2423:21 February
2302:Netherlands
2282:little owls
2275:carnivorous
2157:out-evolved
1936:barbed wire
1912:oligochaete
1826:, and even
1824:salamanders
1744:barbed wire
1742:) stuck on
1702:terrestrial
1689:vertebrates
1589:ephemerally
1585:territorial
1544:power lines
1538:border. In
1474:Netherlands
1382:East Asian
1331:Congo Basin
1287:L. borealis
1179:aak-aak-aak
1175:trr-trr-trr
1146:trills and
1090:The male's
1028:ear coverts
985:Description
870:(including
685:The shrike
662:French Jura
642:"), German
576:Neghen-doer
565:L. collurio
549:Werkenvogel
476:Old English
402:("ash-grey
224:Subspecies
4316:Categories
4281:Xeno-canto
3802:C. corvina
3792:Corvinella
3780:L. nubicus
3771:L. senator
3762:L. newtoni
3365:2009-09-19
3198:2013-03-10
3159:, London.
3036:References
2687:2013-03-10
2656:28 October
2556:required.)
2365:Luxembourg
2328:pesticides
2312:(see e.g.
2220:passerines
2207:Incubation
2175:Eggs from
2089:Fieldfares
2081:common ivy
2073:mistletoes
2049:Copulation
2035:fieldfares
2004:monogamous
1976:milliwatts
1970:The basic
1884:bumblebees
1844:arthropods
1808:fledglings
1764:Cricetidae
1691:and large
1645:submission
1638:fledglings
1626:horizontal
1500:parapatric
1481:subspecies
1410:allopatric
1397:loggerhead
1377:fledglings
1263:parapatric
1219:subspecies
1148:kwiw...püh
1116:(t')kwiiet
1056:seasonally
1044:subspecies
995:subspecies
876:intergrade
861:subspecies
826:Subspecies
794:) and the
764:parapatric
742:of living
638:("shriek,
608:mat'agasse
573:Low German
541:Würgeengel
534:Wurchangel
506:folk names
382:naturalist
288:parapatric
4185:103718932
3977:103718932
3814:Urolestes
3609:L. schach
3528:L. souzae
3489:Corvoidea
3463:Kingdom:
3287:Ray, John
2603:ebird.org
2375:Footnotes
2361:Lithuania
2324:predatory
2320:hedgerows
2259:predators
2215:nestlings
2212:altricial
2043:predators
2012:courtship
2007:pair bond
1980:body mass
1948:Bufo bufo
1896:scorpions
1848:nestlings
1812:hibernate
1762:from the
1728:Bumblebee
1603:An alert
1571:Behaviour
1557:clearings
1524:grassland
1488:excubitor
1430:Tian Shan
1347:sympatric
1329:) of the
1299:sympatric
1279:East Asia
1242:millennia
1238:hybridize
1234:shrubland
1199:mimicking
1104:territory
1036:rectrices
910:excubitor
888:subarctic
880:sibiricus
804:basalmost
733:Holarctic
720:from the
713:times. A
691:Corvoidea
587:Neuntöter
583:Nünmörder
557:weirangle
553:wariangle
520:from the
518:Wierangel
514:Wereangel
447:excubitor
331:temperate
286:with its
267:predatory
230:See text
182:Species:
120:Kingdom:
114:Eukaryota
45:Note the
4159:10188463
4016:bob15201
3972:BirdLife
3961:BioLib:
3893:Wikidata
3645:L. minor
3471:Chordata
3469:Phylum:
3465:Animalia
3375:(1676):
3264:Archived
3230:85317440
3126:(1555):
3045:(1734).
2944:AnAge :
2926:Antczak
2817:Archived
2535:"Shrike"
2455:(1758).
2257:. Among
2130:cup nest
2113:Conifers
2097:thrushes
2033:Nesting
1940:branches
1900:crayfish
1876:crickets
1842:. Large
1800:tadpoles
1772:lemmings
1661:parasite
1621:hovering
1611:, Poland
1509:borealis
1484:bianchii
1406:L. minor
1339:L. minor
1281:and the
1269:are the
1187:breezeek
1124:chlie(p)
1112:trrii(u)
1076:borealis
1052:mandible
762:and its
729:Polgárdi
725:Turolian
699:Corvidae
629:schricum
600:falconer
569:Linkenom
522:Pennines
498:John Ray
468:falconry
420:John Ray
375:L. minor
270:songbird
213:Linnaeus
164:Laniidae
160:Family:
134:Chordata
130:Phylum:
124:Animalia
110:Domain:
87:IUCN 3.1
4294:ZooBank
4273:2328344
4237:1484468
4120:2492858
4042:norshr1
4003:norshr1
3949:Avibase
3899:Q184508
3481:Order:
3475:Class:
3452:Shrikes
3017:4088571
2491:, 219.
2353:Estonia
2337:by the
2298:extinct
2263:corvids
2255:extinct
2147:Unlike
2105:mobbing
2101:corvids
1988:larders
1984:rodents
1965:pellets
1920:berries
1916:Carrion
1914:worms.
1904:isopods
1892:spiders
1856:beetles
1852:insects
1788:lizards
1776:Murinae
1760:rodents
1756:biomass
1548:hectare
1520:habitat
1496:migrant
1464:), and
1458:Romania
1446:Iceland
1442:vagrant
1343:Balkans
1277:) from
1227:habitat
1159:k(w)eee
1150:calls.
1140:tli-tli
1120:trüü(t)
1064:Fledged
1032:remiges
884:galliae
854:lahtora
786:), the
778:), the
711:Miocene
672:plumage
667:varsler
657:boucher
651:shrikja
526:vagrant
396:waxwing
335:rodents
327:migrate
298:), the
275:in the
273:species
170:Genus:
150:Order:
140:Class:
85: (
4327:Lanius
4270:uBio:
4250:211583
4211:158049
4172:178511
4146:204532
4076:EURING
4055:LANIEX
3936:ARKive
3500:Lanius
3335:
3295:. In:
3270:. In:
3247:. In:
3228:
3163:
3145:
3015:
2930:(2005)
2928:et al.
2740:(2002)
2738:et al.
2631:(2002)
2629:et al.
2495:
2357:Latvia
2306:fallow
2278:mammal
2224:fledge
2138:lichen
2125:thorny
2062:clutch
2000:clutch
1957:elytra
1950:) and
1932:thorns
1910:, and
1908:snails
1882:, and
1870:, and
1858:(e.g.
1790:, and
1784:Shrews
1774:) and
1748:larder
1710:insect
1561:fields
1540:steppe
1536:tundra
1528:shrubs
1462:Cyprus
1448:, the
1289:) and
1157:-like
1128:gihrrr
1108:mammal
991:thrush
882:– and
744:Lanius
736:sister
718:fossil
715:Lanius
687:family
645:Schrei
640:skrike
635:skrika
621:Middle
617:Shrike
612:magpie
592:Lanius
456:lanius
443:Lanius
436:Europa
404:magpie
280:family
277:shrike
175:Lanius
4154:IRMNG
4094:97119
4081:15200
4063:EUNIS
4037:eBird
4029:3S7BN
3990:11381
3350:Alula
3226:S2CID
3192:(PDF)
3175:(PDF)
3013:JSTOR
3001:(PDF)
2550:
2294:above
2079:like
2077:vines
2068:Nests
2054:above
2024:above
1888:wasps
1840:stoat
1820:newts
1796:toads
1792:frogs
1768:voles
1718:mimic
1714:above
1677:stoat
1630:crest
1532:taiga
1466:Korea
1426:Altai
1412:with
1319:Sahel
1163:greee
1080:moult
1068:buffy
1040:vanes
878:with
852:ssp.
768:above
479:scríc
464:hawks
59:thorn
4263:9006
4232:OBIS
4206:NCBI
4180:IUCN
4167:ITIS
4115:GBIF
4068:1099
4050:EPPO
3985:BOLD
3964:8971
3477:Aves
3333:ISBN
3306:Ibis
3161:ISBN
3143:ISBN
2658:2017
2605:and
2580:2018
2493:ISBN
2425:2022
2408:2021
2359:and
2339:IUCN
2251:gens
2199:MHNT
2181:MHNT
2159:the
2134:moss
2109:taxa
1952:skin
1924:eggs
1918:and
1902:and
1894:and
1886:and
1878:and
1828:fish
1822:and
1816:bats
1794:and
1780:rats
1706:hawk
1649:beak
1553:bogs
1513:Ohio
1231:arid
1209:The
1195:waik
1191:Knuk
1181:. A
1167:jaaa
1144:prrr
1136:wuut
1092:song
1024:beak
578:and
500:and
422:and
323:Asia
255:The
217:1758
144:Aves
55:prey
4258:TSA
4193:NBN
4128:IBC
4024:CoL
4011:BTO
3998:BOW
3923:ADW
3315:doi
3311:144
3218:doi
3087:doi
3009:110
3005:Auk
2489:155
2412:doi
2347:in
2273:or
2245:of
2075:or
1963:as
1874:),
1782:).
1736:or
1444:in
1244:).
1165:or
1155:jay
1134:or
1132:kwä
1114:or
1098:or
623:or
555:or
532:or
516:or
349:by
4318::
4296::
4283::
4260::
4247::
4234::
4224:52
4221::
4208::
4195::
4182::
4169::
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4130::
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4091::
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4065::
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4000::
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3353:.
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3224:.
3214:35
3212:.
3185:18
3183:.
3177:.
3155:.
3116:.
3104:.
3083:55
3064:.
3007:.
3003:.
2968:^
2956:^
2935:^
2919:^
2907:.
2887:.
2854:^
2842:^
2828:^
2648:.
2570:.
2538:.
2433:^
2406:.
2400:.
2382:^
2197:-
1967:.
1926:.
1906:,
1898:,
1866:,
1862:,
1818:,
1770:,
1555:,
1379:.
1357:.
1341:,
1189:.
1161:,
1142:,
1130:,
1126:,
863::
598:A
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496:,
492:,
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414:,
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3859:)
3850:)
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3773:)
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3737:)
3728:)
3719:)
3710:)
3701:)
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3674:)
3665:)
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3611:)
3602:)
3593:)
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3575:)
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3521:)
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3321:.
3317::
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3232:.
3220::
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3093:.
3089::
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