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742:, the paddle-steamer ran full-speed into rocks at the base of the lighthouse and quickly broke apart. Seventy-one lives were lost in the sinking – one of the greatest losses of human life in a single shipwreck in the state's history. Fifteen men (ten crew and five passengers) survived the shipwreck but only 24 bodies were ever recovered and buried in unmarked graves in a small cemetery a short distance from the lightstation. Flora MacKillop, the mother of
811:
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of their original features and layout. The Head
Keepers Quarters comprises four bedrooms with a parlour and living room, surrounded by a verandah on three sides. An adjoining annex houses storage rooms and an updated bathroom and kitchen. The Assistant Keepers Quarters are an identical duplex comprising two bedrooms, a living room, dining room, kitchen and bathroom (similarly updated). The duplexes are surrounded by
586:
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339:
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caretaker installed at the site. Since being replaced by a new and fully automatic lighthouse, the station has become a tourist destination and is being increasingly recognised for its heritage values. In 2009, Green Cape
Lightstation was designated an Engineering Heritage National Landmark – the first lighthouse to be accorded this level of recognition in Australia.
636:"Twofold Bay afforded the potential for raising stock on unoccupied Crown Land in the vicinity of a commodious harbour" and it quickly became a commercial and trading centre during the mid-nineteenth century. The Imlay brothers were the first settlers to permanently occupy the area from the late 1830s and established a pastoral and whaling company in the region.
699:, north along the coast from Green Cape, where he built his storeroom and jetty. He then spent five months building a 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) wooden tramway from Bittangabee Bay to the cape. Materials were transported to the site on wooden trolleys pulled by horses. This first phase was completed in June 1881, and Aspinall commenced the construction.
707:
demanding circumstances of the build led to the eventual financial collapse of
Aspinall's career. Ultimately, the Green Cape Lightstation was completed by his creditors and was fully operational, with a kerosene-powered light visible for 35 km, by 1883. The final cost for the lighthouse was 19,388 pounds, 8 shillings and 9 pence.
915:
colonial architect, James Barnet, Green Cape
Lightstation was an ambitious and unique development for its period. Although the 1880s was the most productive period for the construction of lighthouses in NSW, Green Cape was one of the earliest and most extensive concrete constructions ever attempted in Australia.
922:
The lightstation was also the site of the wrecking of the Ly-ee-Moon on the night of 30 May 1886. Considered to be one of NSW's worst maritime disasters, the loss of 71 lives that night was one of the greatest shipwreck tragedies in the state's history. Fifteen people survived the wreck and 24 bodies
838:
Immediately outside of the lightstation precinct, and 300m from the lighthouse, is the Ly-ee-Moon cemetery and, located off-shore, the shipwreck itself. The small cemetery is bound by a simple metal wire fence and contains 23 graves, each marked by a pair of white head and foot stones. The graves are
806:
At the eastern end of the main precinct, the Green Cape
Lighthouse stands 29m tall, 23m above sea level. An octagonal concrete tower on a square base, the lighthouse is built of locally quarried rock aggregate and was finished with a Chance Bros lantern house. A small domed building, formerly used as
818:
The complex of buildings that make up the lightstation include a number of simple painted rendered brick buildings typical of rural lightstations around
Australia. The residences of the Head Keeper and the two Assistant Keepers (and families) were built in the Victorian Regency style and retain much
765:
Throughout the twentieth century, the Green Cape
Lightstation underwent the same technical advancements as did all coastal lighthouses in Australia. With responsibility transferred to the Commonwealth in 1911, the lightstation was converted from kerosene to electricity in 1962. In 1962 the tower was
761:
In 1913 it was recommended to change the light characteristic to a white flash every 10 seconds. However, it took 16 years until this recommendation was accepted, in 1926. Previous to that, in 1923, the light source was upgraded to a Ford
Schmidt burner which increased the intensity of the light to
706:
Work began in 1881 but
Aspinall soon encountered significant difficulties that led to increasing delays and an extension of the budget to over 18,000 pounds. A 20-foot thick clay bed required extensive excavation and, with drifting sand continually covering the tramway and building foundations, the
650:
Although whaling had not been a sustainable industry in the region, the Green Cape area was a notable point in the shipping trade along the NSW coastline. A prominent natural headland projecting out into
Disaster Bay, Green Cape was a known obstacle for passing ships. Since shipping had accelerated
918:
The construction of the lightstation was possible because of the development of Bittangabee Bay as a trans-shipment point to receive materials, equipment and labour for the construction. These materials were then taken along a horse-drawn tramway, seven kilometres through the forest to the site of
647:". By the time Boyd had entered the whaling industry, the once thriving business was reaching the end of its boom period – the Imlay brothers had fallen victim to the economic depression in the late 1840s and, by 1849, Boyd too had abandoned his pastoral lands following the collapse of his empire.
842:
Located further afield, some 7 km north of the lightstation at Bittangabee Bay, there are remnants of the original port and jetty that was built prior to the construction of the lighthouse. A mass concrete store still stands (without windows, doors or a roof); concrete footings of the former
659:
Initially, consideration was only given to the north coast of NSW but, by 1872, the entire coastline was under review. Captain Francis Hixson, President of the Marine Board of NSW, famously proclaimed "that he wanted the NSW coast "illuminated like a street with lamps" " (NPWS "Lighthouse Keeping
786:
lens on a modern lattice skeletal steel tower was constructed right next to the historic tower, and the light was officially turned off on 17 March 1992. The new light operates a 36 W lamp with an intensity of 37,500 cd. With this conversion, the lightstation was effectively de-manned and a
702:
The construction of a lightstation at Green Cape was considered essential and the project was ambitious from its beginnings. Concrete construction was a bold initiative for the period and Green Cape Lightstation was one of the earliest and most extensive concrete constructions ever attempted in
914:
The Green Cape Maritime Precinct is of state heritage significance as a notable lightstation in the "highway of lights" that were erected along the NSW coastline during the late nineteenth century. Recommended by Captain Francis Hixson (President of the Marine Board of NSW) and designed by the
854:
Although the lightstation buildings have undergone some modifications to support the ongoing use of the site, the original detail and layout of the buildings remains evident today. The layout of each of the residential buildings remains largely unaltered but the facilities have been updated.
798:
The lightstation is a tightly knit complex of buildings that comprises the original lighthouse; the 1994 light tower; the Head Keepers Quarters; duplex quarters for the two Assistant Keepers; stables; telegraph station; ancillary buildings; communication tower; solar panels; and remnant
858:
Recent modifications to the site include the conversion of the Head Keepers and Assistant Keepers Quarters to residences for the site caretaker and for holiday accommodation. Today, the site also has had solar panel boards installed and new fencing, car park and walking trails created.
655:
of the 1850s, the entire NSW coastline, in fact, had been regarded as dangerous and increasingly treacherous. Despite the first lighthouse being constructed at South Head in 1818, it was some 40 years before the government systematically began installing lightstations along the coast.
676:. Green Cape was the first major projection they would encounter. Original tenders were for a stone lighthouse and rubble quarters. However, with the soft local sedimentary, no one tendered. In 1870 the specifications were changed to concrete and a budget of £17,000 AUD was set.
753:
is considered to be one of NSW's worst maritime disasters but the far south coast of NSW has been responsible for a number of shipwrecks since the nineteenth century. Often caused by heavy seas and rough weather, Disaster Bay has become "a veritable graveyard" of ships.
897:
The grounds are open to the public, and the tower is open to guided tours on some days of the week. Reservations for the guided tours are recommended. Accommodation is available in the two assistant keepers' cottages which sleep up to six people each.
667:
The need for a lighthouse was approved in 1873 at the conference of the Principal Officers of Marine Departments of the Australian Colonies on a motion from Hixson, following a series of wrecks on the southern shore. After rounding
850:
Despite more recent alterations and modifications to kitchen and bathroom facilities to ensure the ongoing use of the site, the original detail and layout of the main buildings in the lightstation remains clearly evident today.
774:
with an intensity of 1,000,000 cd, visible over 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi). The light characteristic was changed to two flashes every ten seconds. At some later point, the power source was changed to the
703:
Australia and the tallest in NSW at the time. Prior to 1880, some small houses were built using concrete but no public buildings, and certainly none as substantial as the Green Cape, had been constructed using the material.
839:
positioned in two rows of ten and one smaller row of three but, with the passing of time, the graves are no longer identifiable. A bronze plaque was placed in the southern corner in 1986, on the centenary of the disaster.
846:
The ongoing use of the site as a lighthouse and as a tourist destination has ensured that the site is maintained to a very good standard. Permanent staff in residence at the site see to its day-to-day maintenance.
683:
in December 1880 to build a mass concrete tower for the lighthouse, three associated residential structures and a number of service buildings. Aspinall also received an additional 357 pounds for essential works at
826:
The original form of the other buildings in the lightstation complex (the stables, telegraph station etc.) are also evident despite later modifications that were made to support changes in use over time.
632:
or, as he called it then, "the Cape". Permanent European settlement of the region did not, however, begin until the 1830s and 1840s when the pastoralist and whaling industries developed at Twofold Bay.
843:
jetty are evident on the rocky shore and there are existing remnants of the beginning of the tramway that transported materials and equipment to Green Cape for the construction of the lightstation.
613:
in the north, to Green Cape in the south, and west to the Dividing Range and has traditionally been divided between two groups – the Katungal (coastal) and the Baianbal/Paienbara (forest) people.
1888:
882:
374:
869:
As a complex, the integrity of the lightstation and its ability to demonstrate its history remains strong. This ability is reflected in its contemporary use as a tourist destination.
660:(Part A)", p15). Hixson was ultimately successful in achieving his vision – by the early twentieth century, the "highway of lights" was complete with 25 coastal lighthouses and 12 in
1151:
823:
on three sides also. The original arrangement of the quarters remains identifiable but a door has been fitted between the two living rooms to enable its use as a single residence.
1517:
1264:
The West Coasts of North and South America (Excluding Continental U.S.A. and Hawaii), Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Islands of the North and South Pacific Oceans
639:
The developing industries around Twofold Bay soon revealed the potential of the region and began attracting competition for the Imlay brothers. The British entrepreneur
1572:
1328:
721:. Its light characteristic was one flash every 50 seconds and it was visible to 19 nautical miles (35 km; 22 mi). The light source was a four-wick
1544:
562:. At 29 metres (95 ft) it is also the tallest lighthouse in New South Wales. It marks Green Cape on the northerly shore-hugging sailing course.
1893:
1439:
795:
Green Cape is the location of the southernmost lightstation in NSW – some 400 km from Sydney and 27 km north of the Victorian border.
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In 2012, the National Parks and Wildlife Service undertook necessary maintenance works (including rust removal, reglazing the light tower
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electrified with diesel generators serving as the power source. The manual winding system was also replaced with an electric motor. The
1883:
1000:. "SeaSide Lights" list the height of the old light, 95 feet (29 m), with the focal height of the new one, 118 feet (36 m).
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The first contact between the European explorers and the Aboriginal people of the far southern region of NSW occurred in 1798 when
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In 1910 the light source was replaced with a Douglas vaporised kerosene burner and a glass chimney around a silk mantle, made by
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used provided a light intensity of 475,000 cd. In 1967 improved generators were installed together with a 1000 W
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1199:
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1026:
According to "Lighthouses of Australia". "DECCW – Ben Boyd National Park – Accommodation" says it is the tallest.
866:, treating rising damp in the residences, roof works, new paint, timber replacement and an electricity upgrade).
643:
arrived and went about establishing his own commercial empire during the 1840s – the ambitious but short-lived "
1765:
679:
With an approved design by the colonial architect James Barnet in 1880, a tender of £12,936 was accepted from
664:. The late nineteenth century had proven to be the most productive period for lighthouse construction in NSW.
1770:
728:
The newly completed Green Cape Lightstation was in this functional state on 30 May 1886 – the night of the
629:
70:
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1302:
1628:
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1485:
Lighthouse Keeping – A Partnership: A Report on the NPWS Lighthouses of NSW Oral History Project (Part A)
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57:
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were recovered and buried in unmarked graves in a small cemetery a short distance from the lightstation.
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Ben Boyd National Park Bicentennial Project: Davidson Whaling Station, Boyd's Tower, Bittangabee Ruins
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According to "SeaSide Lights" and Steve Merson. 34 km according to "Lighthouses of America".
673:
558:. It is the southernmost lighthouse in New South Wales and Australia's first lighthouse built in
1826:
1806:
953:
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published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under
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1648:
1633:
1396:
771:
692:
625:
1426:
SHR Nomination of 'Green Cape Lightstation and associated infrastructure at Bittangabee Bay'
1424:
Douglas Boleyn, Sydney Division Engineering Heritage Committee, Engineers Australia (2011).
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Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under
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29:
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Nomination of Green Cape Lightstation for recognition as a National Heritage Landmark
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NPWS Draft Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan – Green Cape Lighthouse
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Australian Maritime Safety Authority, Department of Transport (1977).
779:. The lighthouse was then gradually de-manned over the next 30 years.
1678:
810:
735:
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610:
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830:
1516:
1180:
According to Steve Merson. 60 seconds according to "SeaSide Lights"
722:
718:
593:
585:
559:
547:
511:
343:
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on 1 February 2013 with the following statement of significance:
1390:
Conservation Management Plan – Green Cape Lighthouse (superseded)
1221:
According to all sources except "SeaSide Lights" which says 1998.
820:
1387:
739:
1889:
Recipients of Engineers Australia engineering heritage markers
1408:
Ly-ee-Moon Shipwreck Cemetery: Ground penetrating radar survey
338:
1117:
606:
691:
Aspinall first had to find a way to move the materials from
609:
people. The land occupied by the Thaua group stretches from
863:
710:
The original apparatus, still mounted in the lantern, is a
602:
550:
forming the northern boundary of Disaster Bay, in southern
1405:
628:. On this exploratory journey, Flinders made reference to
1449:
Who Lied? The Ly-ee-Moon Disaster and a Question of Truth
1301:
1476:
The Whimsicality of Fate or the Long Arm of Coincidence
1379:
Anne Bickford, Sandy Blair & Peter Freeman (1988).
1494:
Green Cape Light Station: Conservation Management Plan
1232:"Green Cape Lightstation, Highway of Light, 1883–1992"
1278:
United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
1287:"Lighthouses of Australia: Southern New South Wales"
943:
725:-burning lamp with an intensity of 100,000 cd.
165:
square base octagonal tower with balcony and lantern
1491:
883:
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water
672:, northerly ships would hug the shore to avoid the
1503:The Fatal Lights: Two strange tragedies of the sea
1464:
1865:
1353:"DECCW – Ben Boyd National Park – Accommodation"
1206:
1482:
1456:Graham Brooks & Associates Pty Ltd (1999).
1131:
906:Green Cape Maritime Precinct was listed on the
734:disaster. On a clear, calm night en route from
695:to the site. The nearest safe anchorage was in
1520:This Knowledge article contains material from
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1438:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1326:
221:Heritage Act — State Heritage Register
1295:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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1329:"Light the coast like a street with lamps"
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494:17 nmi (31 km; 20 mi)
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320:22 nmi (41 km; 25 mi)
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1388:Australian Construction Services (1993).
450:NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service
1104:Department of Planning & Environment
829:
809:
601:Green Cape is traditionally part of the
592:
584:
16:Lighthouse in New South Wales, Australia
1894:New South Wales State Heritage Register
1526:New South Wales State Heritage Register
1099:New South Wales State Heritage Register
930:New South Wales State Heritage Register
908:New South Wales State Heritage Register
575:New South Wales State Heritage Register
1866:
1446:
1414:
1092:
807:an oil store, adjoins the lighthouse.
1554:
1547:, Australian Geographic, 26 July 2010
1333:Lighthouses of Australia Inc Bulletin
877:The current light is operated by the
1500:
879:Australian Maritime Safety Authority
204:Australian Maritime Safety Authority
173:white (tower), black (balcony)
1406:Cosmos Archaeology Pty Ltd (2011).
1284:
1017:, which is a unit conversion error.
901:
13:
1313:
14:
1905:
1538:
1327:Steve Merson (July–August 2004).
872:
834:Ly-ee-Moon Cemetery at Green Cape
597:Original plans of the lighthouse.
1884:1883 establishments in Australia
1853:List of lighthouses in Australia
1677:
1515:
1116:
978:List of lighthouses in Australia
960:
946:
373:
365:Green Cape Light (current)
337:
28:
25:Green Cape Lighthouse (original)
1372:
1309:. Lighthouses of Australia Inc.
1224:
1215:
1013:. "39 m (118 ft)" according to
569:and built from 1881 to 1883 by
565:The lighthouse was designed by
1879:Lighthouses in New South Wales
1545:Australia’s iconic lighthouses
1510:
1467:"Green Cape Maritime Precinct"
1320:Lighthouses of New South Wales
1307:Lighthouses of New South Wales
1192:
1183:
1174:
1144:
1094:"Green Cape Maritime Precinct"
1020:
1003:
990:
790:
605:nation and is the land of the
290:first order Fresnel lens
1:
1874:Lighthouses completed in 1883
1250:
881:. The site is managed by the
275:44 m (144 ft)
1535:, accessed on 2 June 2018.
1524:, entry number 01897 in the
1522:Green Cape Maritime Precinct
1492:Riddel Architecture (2010).
150:29 m (95 ft)
7:
1303:"The Green Cape Lighthouse"
937:
928:Statement of significance,
892:
58:Green Cape, New South Wales
10:
1910:
1465:Heritage Division (2013).
1141:Bicentennial Project", p75
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746:, died in that accident.
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1483:Kijas Histories (2011).
1415:Boleyn, Douglas (2009).
1291:The Lighthouse Directory
1015:Directory of Lighthouses
998:Directory of Lighthouses
983:
93:37.261392°S 150.049328°E
1447:Barrow, Graeme (2010).
1399:Green Cape Lightstation
1156:recordsearch.naa.gov.au
803:of various structures.
674:East Australian Current
305:1,000,000 candela
188:mains electricity
1357:environment.nsw.gov.au
1139:Ben Boyd National Park
954:New South Wales portal
935:
835:
815:
598:
590:
573:. It was added to the
542:located at the tip of
426:square pyramidal tower
135:concrete (tower)
98:-37.261392; 150.049328
1797:Wollongong Breakwater
1629:South Solitary Island
1624:North Solitary Island
1234:. Engineers Australia
912:
833:
813:
772:Tungsten-halogen lamp
596:
588:
538:is a heritage-listed
536:Green Cape Lighthouse
44:Green Cape Lighthouse
1766:Vaucluse Bay – Front
1590:Jervis Bay Territory
1474:John Francis Scott.
1280:. 2009. p. 134.
714:1st order revolving
577:on 1 February 2013.
571:Albert Wood Aspinall
479:37,500 candela
471:118 feet (36 m)
410:metal skeletal tower
1812:Point Perpendicular
1771:Vaucluse Bay – Rear
1335:(4). Archived from
1162:on 26 February 2012
887:Beowa National Park
418:49 feet (15 m)
89: /
34:
1501:Mead, Tom (1993).
1202:. 30 January 2011.
968:Engineering portal
919:the lightstation.
836:
816:
814:Green Cape cottage
599:
591:
24:
1861:
1860:
1322:. SeaSide Lights.
1212:Francis Scott, p2
1200:"Flora Mackillop"
777:mains electricity
762:327,000 cd.
749:The wreck of the
532:
531:
512:Fl(2) W 15s
344:Fl(2) W 10s
1901:
1827:Burrewarra Point
1807:Crookhaven Heads
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1339:on 25 March 2015
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1269:
1260:List of Lights,
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1204:
1203:
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1167:
1158:. Archived from
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1129:
1120:
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1111:
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1027:
1024:
1018:
1007:
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994:
970:
965:
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950:
949:
933:
902:Heritage listing
618:Matthew Flinders
589:Green Cape, 1902
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42:
35:
33:
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23:
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1898:
1864:
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1857:
1841:
1832:Montague Island
1792:Wollongong Head
1780:
1761:Western Channel
1756:Eastern Channel
1746:Robertson Point
1716:
1682:
1673:
1649:Sugarloaf Point
1592:
1586:New South Wales
1579:
1541:
1513:
1431:
1430:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1342:
1340:
1314:Searle, Garry.
1285:Rowlett, Russ.
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1776:Shark Island
1751:Parriwi Head
1741:Fort Denison
1731:Grotto Point
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1360:. Retrieved
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1341:. Retrieved
1337:the original
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1316:"Green Cape"
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468:Focal height
407:Construction
272:Focal height
185:Power source
132:Construction
18:
1822:Warden Head
1785:South Coast
1664:Nobbys Head
1654:Nelson Head
1644:Crowdy Head
1604:Fingal Head
1597:North Coast
1582:Lighthouses
1511:Attribution
801:foundations
791:Description
630:Green Point
624:, south of
622:Twofold Bay
434:white
392:Constructed
257:Deactivated
96: /
84:150°02′58″E
71:Coordinates
1868:Categories
1837:Green Cape
1712:Cape Baily
1697:Barrenjoey
1669:Norah Head
1634:Smoky Cape
1609:Cape Byron
1343:23 October
1251:References
782:In 1992 a
768:lightglove
751:Ly-ee-Moon
731:Ly-ee-Moon
544:Green Cape
540:lighthouse
395:1992
260:1992
245:1883
81:37°15′41″S
21:Lighthouse
1707:Macquarie
1530:CC-BY 4.0
1434:cite book
1362:31 August
1262:Pub. 111:
1166:31 August
1123:CC-BY 4.0
821:verandahs
736:Melbourne
670:Cape Howe
653:gold rush
645:Boyd Town
611:Merimbula
556:Australia
476:Intensity
302:Intensity
242:First lit
1849:See also
1687:Outside
1238:29 April
1106:. H01897
938:See also
926:—
893:Visiting
723:kerosene
719:dioptric
641:Ben Boyd
620:visited
560:concrete
548:headland
446:Operator
431:Markings
218:Heritage
200:Operator
170:Markings
114:Built by
54:Location
1721:Inside
1533:licence
1137:NPWS, "
1126:licence
581:History
1702:Hornby
1110:2 June
740:Sydney
452:
415:Height
206:
147:Height
120:
1802:Kiama
1268:(PDF)
984:Notes
607:Thaua
491:Range
423:Shape
372:
342:
317:Range
237:Light
162:Shape
109:Tower
27:
1588:and
1440:link
1364:2010
1345:2017
1240:2020
1168:2010
1112:2018
864:dome
693:Eden
626:Eden
603:Yuin
546:, a
534:The
287:Lens
1584:of
738:to
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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