247:
1461:
642:
1173:
731:
Certain runic forms have been seen by scholars as characteristically
Greenlandic, including in particular an 'r' form with two parallel sloping branches which is found in 14 Greenlandic inscriptions. This form is sporadically found outside Greenland. It is, for example, found in a runic inscription
1160:
and Sigríður Björnsdóttir. The language of the document is clearly not
Icelandic and cannot without reservation be classified as Norwegian. It may have been produced by Norwegian-educated clergy who had been influenced by Greenlandic. The document contains orthographic traits which are consistent
653:
have been found in
Greenland. Many of them are difficult to date and not all of them were necessarily carved by Greenlanders. It is difficult to identify specifically Greenlandic linguistic features in the limited runic material. Nevertheless, there are inscriptions showing the use of
607:, but also the conservation of certain features that changed in other Norse languages. Some runic features are regarded as characteristically Greenlandic, and when they are sporadically found outside of Greenland, they may suggest travelling Greenlanders.
562:
754:. However, Marie Stoklund has called for reconsideration of the dating of the Greenlandic material and points out that some of the parallels to the Kingittorsuaq inscription elsewhere in the Nordic world have been dated to
1214:
commented that "There is a rawness about the language ... that could reflect the conditions of an isolated society distant from the courts of kings and such refinements of manners and speech as were associated with them."
610:
Non-runic evidence on the
Greenlandic language is scarce and uncertain. A document issued in Greenland in 1409 is preserved in an Icelandic copy and may be a witness to some Greenlandic linguistic traits. The poem
1072:⁓ el^likr · sikuaþs : so^n:r · ok · baan^ne : torta^r son : ¶ ⁓ ok : enriþi · os son : laukardak·in : fyrir · gakndag ¶ hloþu · ua^rda te · ok rydu : ??????
569:
1343:
is what the "old
Christians" called the Greenlanders and that they use the word only with foreigners and not when speaking among themselves. Other words which may be of Norse origin include
1210:. Many scholars have understood the reference to mean that the poem was composed by a Greenlander and various elements of the poem's text have been taken to support Greenlandic provenance.
625:, but the preserved text reflects Icelandic scribal conventions, and it is not certain that the poem was composed in Greenland. Finally, Greenlandic Norse is believed to have been in
1281:
as a source on the
Greenlandic language since its Greenlandic origin is not certain, it is difficult to date, and the preserved text reflects Icelandic scribal conventions.
2067:
Ita vocatus se dictitant à priscis
Christianis, terræ hujus qvondam incolis. Nostro ævo usurpatur duntaxat ab Advenis, Grœnlandiam invisentibus, ab indigenis non item.
1075:{} Erlingr {} Sighvats {} sonr {} ok {} Bjarni {} Þórðar sonr {} {} {} ok {} Eindriði {} Odds sonr {} laugardagin {} fyrir {} gagndag {} hlóðu {} varða þe {} ok … {} …
1157:
4312:
555:
2879:
1872:
1145:
1225:
composed in
Greenland, some other preserved Eddic poems were as well. He adduced various stylistic arguments in favor of Greenlandic provenance for
747:, far north of the Norse settlements. It was presumably carved by Norse explorers. Like most Greenlandic inscriptions, it is traditionally dated to
1783:
4307:
692:. On the other hand, Greenlandic appears to have retained some features which changed in other types of Scandinavian. This includes initial
3254:
2332:
228:
3052:
1807:
590:
1841:
17:
2239:
Liestøl, Aslak (1984). "Runes" in The
Northern and Western Isles in the Viking World. Survival, Continuity and Change, pp. 224–238.
1769:
460:
2166:
Norrœn fornkvæði. Islandsk samling af folkelige oldtidsdigte om nordens guder og heroer almindelig kaldet Sæmundar Edda hins fróða
4297:
4277:
1876:
1196:
It is possible that some other texts preserved in
Icelandic manuscripts might be of Greenlandic origins. In particular, the poem
4287:
2869:
1148:
and is considered reliable. The document is a marriage certificate issued by two priests based in Greenland, attesting the
246:
4292:
1826:
236:
3781:
1566:
1330:
2272:
2199:
Hagland, Jan Ragnar (2002). "Language loss and destandardization in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times". In
2158:
252:
2201:
The Nordic Languages : An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages : Volume 2
1144:
in Greenland in 1409 is preserved in an Icelandic transcription from 1625. The transcription was attested by bishop
2325:
1078:
Erlingr Sighvatrs son and Bjarni Þorðr's son and Eindriði Oddr's son, constructed these cairns the Saturday before
4302:
1800:
1093:
2286:
2244:
2233:
2219:
2208:
2180:
2140:
593:
until their demise in the late 15th century. The language is primarily attested by runic inscriptions found in
1608:
4148:
531:
4178:
3348:
3310:
3295:
1684:
1245:
2622:
1227:
388:
4158:
4018:
3368:
3327:
3317:
2318:
2133:
The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages: Volume 1
1948:
2534:
1793:
1666:
603:
1255:. One linguistic trait which Finnur regarded as specifically Greenlandic was initial 'hn' in the word
307:
3875:
2131:
Barnes, Michael (2002). "History and development of Old Nordic outside the Scandinavia of today". In
2089:
4153:
4107:
4102:
4026:
3636:
3620:
3499:
3358:
3249:
3244:
764:
The first line is the transcription verbatim; the second line is the normalized Old Norse version.
586:
439:
103:
61:
4092:
4036:
4031:
3951:
3624:
3574:
2874:
2692:
2448:
2376:
2364:
1691:
740:
88:
4214:
3934:
3332:
4097:
3579:
3545:
3163:
2979:
2839:
2679:
2574:
4255:
4219:
3487:
3480:
3432:
3202:
3173:
3142:
3105:
3030:
2787:
2700:
2561:
2523:
1538:
287:
3720:
2595:
1251:
1192:
enum grǫnlenzcom", – "Yet more fully is spoken (of this) in "The Greenlandish Lay of Atli.""
736:
in Orkney, which has been taken to imply that "the rune carver probably was a Greenlander".
403:
4224:
4204:
4173:
4046:
3906:
3652:
3470:
3062:
2889:
2851:
2846:
2720:
2667:
2425:
1714:
1696:
1585:
1294:
630:
432:
350:
3880:
1239:
1141:
597:. The limited inscriptional evidence shows some innovations, including the use of initial
393:
8:
4163:
3399:
3353:
3287:
3040:
2687:
2600:
2398:
1623:
541:
536:
526:
506:
398:
3710:
3555:
2802:
1861:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022).
4282:
4209:
4133:
4061:
4051:
4006:
3768:
3695:
3592:
3437:
3412:
3407:
3300:
3128:
3013:
2834:
2612:
2607:
2586:
2547:
2351:
2341:
1755:
1742:
1444:
1429:
1233:
701:
650:
516:
467:
413:
408:
383:
297:
292:
98:
93:
51:
47:
3363:
1862:
4183:
3982:
3898:
3891:
3846:
3550:
3540:
3523:
3518:
3422:
3305:
3184:
2984:
2945:
2925:
2763:
2655:
2637:
2489:
2282:
2268:
2240:
2229:
2215:
2204:
2176:
2154:
2136:
1505:
1149:
743:
has one of the longest Norse inscriptions found in Greenland. It was discovered near
302:
211:
1218:
4138:
3929:
3863:
3819:
3814:
3774:
3763:
3755:
3560:
3528:
3475:
3464:
3377:
3086:
3025:
2815:
2797:
2632:
2393:
2385:
2250:
Olsen, Magnus. "Kingigtórsoak-stenen og sproget i de grønlandske runeinnskrifter".
1760:
1724:
1602:
1481:
1290:
1153:
725:
689:
626:
521:
322:
68:
3975:
1432:; the Norse language most likely disappeared with the ethnic group that spoke it.
4168:
4128:
3961:
3868:
3851:
3836:
3831:
3824:
3533:
3442:
3427:
3382:
3234:
3197:
3189:
3168:
3155:
3135:
3121:
2884:
2861:
2792:
2782:
2774:
2554:
1719:
1551:
317:
257:
166:
80:
2305:
446:
345:
4249:
4143:
4123:
4075:
3967:
3841:
3511:
3278:
3217:
2996:
2953:
2910:
2827:
2822:
2711:
2661:
2512:
2463:
2418:
2411:
1630:
1578:
1556:
1498:
1474:
501:
496:
159:
147:
108:
4271:
4199:
4041:
3797:
3748:
3565:
3504:
3417:
3322:
3260:
3207:
3091:
3018:
2277:
Stoklund, Marie (1993). "Greenland runes. Isolation or cultural contact?" in
1747:
1573:
1486:
1211:
721:
641:
511:
312:
1172:
4068:
3492:
3456:
3389:
3212:
3035:
3008:
2991:
2935:
2894:
2476:
2455:
1831:
1207:
1079:
622:
378:
373:
3715:
3885:
3858:
3676:
3584:
3266:
3227:
2810:
2505:
2469:
2404:
2263:
von See, Klaus, Beatrice la Farge, Simone Horst and Katja Schulz (2012).
2150:
1957:(2020 ed.). Uppsala University: Department of Scandinavian Languages
1648:
1520:
1510:
1161:
with the runic linguistic evidence. This includes the prepositional form
355:
340:
3730:
1324:
473:
453:
3725:
3705:
3070:
2740:
2441:
1655:
1334:
2226:
Language Contact in the Arctic: Northern Pidgins and Contact Languages
1198:
613:
3911:
3659:
3222:
3003:
2958:
2930:
2756:
2310:
1867:
1836:
1452:
1298:
744:
594:
282:
198:
179:
142:
43:
27:
Extinct North Germanic language spoken by Norse settlers in Greenland
3735:
688:. This linguistic innovation has parallels in West Norwegian in the
3700:
3048:
1410:
1302:
277:
3741:
3337:
3239:
2257:
1953:
1821:
1737:
1257:
272:
3044:
1860:
733:
1277:
in Icelandic sources. Modern scholarship is doubtful of using
2962:
1544:
1640:
1615:
2279:
The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic
1428:
The available evidence does not establish the presence of
660:
2147:
A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture
1305:
in that language. In particular, the Greenlandic word
1169:
which demonstrates the merger of initial 'þ' and 't'.
2194:Den oldnorske og oldislandske litteraturs historie
1873:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
73:by the late 15th century or the early 16th century
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1338:
1312:
1306:
4269:
4313:15th-century disestablishments in North America
1420:
1414:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1322:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1097:
1087:
683:
677:
671:
665:
1289:Greenlandic Norse is believed to have been in
2326:
1801:
563:
2224:Jahr, Ernst Håkon and Ingvild Broch (1996).
1349:(female given name, probably from Old Norse
720:ligature) in Icelandic but was preserved in
2214:Hollander, Lee M. (1962). The Poetic Edda.
2065:
1284:
2333:
2319:
1842:List of extinct languages of North America
1808:
1794:
1321:, is believed to be derived from the word
570:
556:
2293:A Phonetical Study of the Eskimo Language
1898:
1896:
1894:
1333:. In the Greenlandic dictionary of 1750,
461:Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum
1171:
640:
2187:Dictionarium grönlandico-danico-latinum
14:
4270:
2340:
2145:Barnes, Michael (2005). "Language" in
1941:
1891:
1135:
4308:Languages extinct in the 15th century
4004:
3618:
2362:
2314:
1879:from the original on 13 November 2022
1784:WikiProject Norse history and culture
1329:, the Norse term for the people they
1273:. The word is otherwise preserved as
2895:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
2252:Norsk tidsskrift for sprogvidenskap
2090:"girls name Kuuna – Oqaasileriffik"
1827:Norse colonization of North America
24:
4254:Languages between parentheses are
3619:
633:and to have left loanwords in it.
25:
4324:
2299:
2265:Kommentar zu den Liedern der Edda
1128:) shows the retention of initial
636:
253:Leiv Eirikson Discovering America
2306:Runic inscription from Greenland
1954:Scandinavian Runic-text Database
1459:
1152:for two Icelanders who had been
245:
2112:
2103:
2082:
2073:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1202:is referred to as Greenlandic (
4298:Extinct languages of Greenland
4278:Norse settlements in Greenland
4258:of the language on their left.
2125:
1978:
1969:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1854:
700:, otherwise only preserved in
591:Norse settlements of Greenland
13:
1:
4149:Germanic substrate hypothesis
4005:
1847:
755:
748:
712:ligature), which merged with
4179:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
2870:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
2291:Thalbitzer, William (1904).
2038:von See et al., pp. 387–390.
1331:encountered in North America
1067:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1003:
995:
987:
979:
971:
963:
955:
947:
939:
931:
923:
915:
907:
899:
891:
883:
875:
867:
859:
851:
843:
835:
827:
819:
811:
803:
795:
787:
779:
771:
7:
4288:West Scandinavian languages
4159:High German consonant shift
2047:Barnes 2002, pp. 1054–1055.
1435:
645:The Kingittorsuaq Runestone
10:
4329:
4293:Extinct Germanic languages
2697:Westlauwers–Terschellings
2350:According to contemporary
1667:First Grammatical Treatise
1124:
1118:
1112:
1088:
678:
666:
18:Greenlandic Norse language
4241:
4192:
4116:
4085:
4017:
4013:
4000:
3949:
3922:
3876:Southern Schleswig Danish
3807:
3688:
3644:
3635:
3631:
3614:
3455:
3398:
3286:
3277:
3182:
3154:
3113:
3104:
3079:
3061:
2972:
2944:
2918:
2909:
2860:
2773:
2748:
2739:
2678:
2573:
2522:
2497:
2488:
2384:
2375:
2371:
2358:
2348:
2020:Finnur Jónsson, p. 66–72.
1975:Olsen, pp. 236–237.
1267:Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
1249:and, more speculatively,
1228:Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
1221:argued that not only was
210:
196:
177:
172:
156:
135:
77:
67:
57:
39:
34:
4154:West Germanic gemination
4108:Ancient Belgian language
4103:Germanic parent language
4047:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
3169:Austrian Standard German
2363:
1949:"Runic inscription GR 1"
1285:Contact with Kalaallisut
1102:) shows the change from
440:Saga of the Greenlanders
62:Greenlandic Norse people
2192:Finnur Jónsson (1894).
2171:Dronke, Ursula (1969).
1421:
1415:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1373:("porpoise", Old Norse
1363:
1351:
1323:
1246:Sigurðarkviða in skamma
1180:in the Codex Regius: "E
1098:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
984:
976:
968:
960:
952:
944:
936:
928:
920:
912:
904:
896:
888:
880:
872:
864:
856:
848:
840:
832:
824:
816:
808:
800:
792:
784:
776:
768:
741:Kingittorsuaq Runestone
684:
672:
589:that was spoken in the
587:North Germanic language
4303:Languages of Greenland
4215:Preterite-present verb
4098:Proto-Germanic grammar
4052:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
3164:German Standard German
2840:East Frisian Low Saxon
2164:Bugge, Sophus (1867).
2118:Thalbitzer, pp. 35-36.
2066:
2029:Finnur Jónsson, p. 71.
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1339:
1313:
1307:
1297:, the language of the
1193:
1140:A document written at
1094:standardized Old Norse
646:
4220:Grammatischer Wechsel
3203:Namibian Black German
3174:Swiss Standard German
3143:Early New High German
2701:Mainland West Frisian
2562:Harlingerland Frisian
1397:("carrot", Old Norse
1204:Atlamál in grœnlenzku
1175:
704:, and the long vowel
644:
4225:Indo-European ablaut
4205:Germanic strong verb
4174:Germanic spirant law
3311:Southeast Limburgish
2807:Gelders-Overijssels
2436:Irish Middle English
2426:Early Modern English
2185:Egede, Hans (1750).
1911:Barnes 2005, p. 185.
1361:("sheep", Old Norse
1176:The introduction of
690:late medieval period
433:Saga of Erik the Red
389:Freydís Eiríksdóttir
351:Kensington Runestone
308:Gunnbjörn's skerries
113:Insular Scandinavian
4193:Synchronic features
4164:Germanic a-mutation
4117:Diachronic features
3467:in the broad sense
3400:East Central German
3354:Lorraine Franconian
3328:Transylvanian Saxon
3288:West Central German
3063:East Low Franconian
2973:West Low Franconian
1685:Proto-Indo-European
1301:, and to have left
1136:Manuscript evidence
542:William W. Fitzhugh
527:Patricia Sutherland
507:Carl Christian Rafn
256:, 1893 painting by
4210:Germanic weak verb
4019:Language subgroups
3369:Pennsylvania Dutch
3318:Moselle Franconian
3296:Central Franconian
3129:Middle High German
2880:Central Pomeranian
2835:Northern Low Saxon
2548:Wangerooge Frisian
2342:Germanic languages
2254:1932, pp. 189–257.
2079:Thalbitzer, p. 36.
2070:Egede 1750, p. 68.
2002:Hollander, p. 293.
1730:Greenlandic Norse
1609:alliterative verse
1430:language attrition
1385:("pig", Old Norse
1355:"woman", "wife"),
1252:Helreið Brynhildar
1194:
1158:Þorsteinn Ólafsson
651:runic inscriptions
647:
517:Anne Stine Ingstad
468:Book of Icelanders
414:Helgi and Finnbogi
409:Thorfinn Karlsefni
404:Bjarni Herjólfsson
384:Thorvald Eiriksson
298:Western Settlement
293:Eastern Settlement
288:L'Anse aux Meadows
237:Norse colonization
99:Northwest Germanic
52:Eastern Settlement
48:Western Settlement
4265:
4264:
4250:extinct languages
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4184:Great Vowel Shift
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3945:
3944:
3791:Greenlandic Norse
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3541:Southern Bavarian
3524:Northern Bavarian
3500:Highest Alemannic
3451:
3450:
3185:standard variants
3100:
3099:
2946:Standard variants
2905:
2904:
2764:Middle Low German
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2535:Saterland Frisian
2203:, pp. 1233–1237.
1938:Stoklund, p. 534.
1920:Stoklund, p. 535.
1902:Hagland, p. 1234.
1818:
1817:
1493:Greenlandic Norse
1150:banns of marriage
664:in words such as
583:Greenlandic Norse
580:
579:
479:Greenlandic Norse
394:Gunnbjörn Ulfsson
335:Alleged artifacts
303:Middle Settlement
222:
221:
117:Greenlandic Norse
109:West Scandinavian
35:Greenlandic Norse
16:(Redirected from
4320:
4042:Elbe (Irminonic)
4015:
4014:
4002:
4001:
3930:Mainland Gutnish
3820:Swedish dialects
3782:Middle Icelandic
3756:Middle Norwegian
3645:Historical forms
3642:
3641:
3633:
3632:
3616:
3615:
3575:South Franconian
3561:Hutterite German
3529:Central Bavarian
3349:Rhine Franconian
3284:
3283:
3114:Historical forms
3111:
3110:
3026:Surinamese Dutch
2919:Historical forms
2916:
2915:
2749:Historical forms
2746:
2745:
2498:Historical forms
2495:
2494:
2382:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2360:
2359:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1929:Liestøl, p. 236.
1927:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1858:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1772:Old Norse origin
1770:English words of
1751:
1733:
1612:
1463:
1462:
1440:
1439:
1424:
1418:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1328:
1316:
1310:
1291:language contact
1154:blown off course
1127:
1122:, Old Norwegian
1121:
1115:
1101:
1091:
760:
757:
753:
750:
687:
681:
675:
669:
627:language contact
572:
565:
558:
522:Birgitta Wallace
249:
239:of North America
224:
223:
218:
191:
182:
162:
83:
32:
31:
21:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4229:
4188:
4169:Germanic umlaut
4134:Holtzmann's law
4112:
4081:
4009:
3988:
3941:
3918:
3852:South Jutlandic
3837:Danish dialects
3803:
3684:
3627:
3598:
3580:East Franconian
3534:Viennese German
3447:
3428:Silesian German
3394:
3383:Central Hessian
3273:
3198:Namibian German
3187:
3178:
3156:Standard German
3150:
3136:New High German
3122:Old High German
3096:
3075:
3057:
2968:
2940:
2901:
2885:East Pomeranian
2875:Brandenburgisch
2862:East Low German
2856:
2783:Dutch Low Saxon
2775:West Low German
2769:
2727:
2693:Schiermonnikoog
2674:
2569:
2555:Wursten Frisian
2518:
2484:
2367:
2354:
2344:
2339:
2302:
2281:, pp. 528–543.
2173:The Poetic Edda
2128:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:Dronke, p. 108.
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1814:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1749:
1731:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1638:
1637:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1563:
1562:
1552:Younger Futhark
1534:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1496:
1491:
1471:
1460:
1438:
1287:
1146:Oddur Einarsson
1138:
1116:(Old Icelandic
1110:while the word
1086:The patronymic
1084:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1006:
998:
990:
982:
974:
966:
958:
950:
942:
934:
926:
918:
910:
902:
894:
886:
878:
870:
862:
854:
846:
838:
830:
822:
814:
806:
798:
790:
782:
774:
758:
751:
658:for historical
639:
617:is credited as
576:
547:
546:
492:
484:
483:
427:
419:
418:
369:
361:
360:
336:
328:
327:
318:Tanfield Valley
268:
260:
258:Christian Krohg
238:
216:
189:
178:
167:Younger Futhark
163:
158:
152:
138:
131:
84:
81:Language family
79:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4326:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4252:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4093:Proto-Germanic
4089:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4011:
4010:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3968:Crimean Gothic
3957:
3955:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3842:Insular Danish
3839:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3825:Rinkebysvenska
3822:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3673:
3671:Old East Norse
3668:
3666:Old West Norse
3656:
3648:
3646:
3639:
3629:
3628:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3546:South Tyrolean
3538:
3537:
3536:
3526:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3488:High Alemannic
3485:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3356:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3325:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3292:
3290:
3281:
3279:Central German
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3220:
3218:Barossa German
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3115:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2997:French Flemish
2989:
2988:
2987:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2913:
2911:Low Franconian
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2750:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2712:Westereendersk
2706:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2590:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2513:Middle Frisian
2509:
2501:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2419:Modern English
2415:
2412:Middle English
2408:
2401:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2300:External links
2298:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2275:
2261:
2255:
2248:
2237:
2222:
2212:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2169:
2162:
2143:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2081:
2072:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1993:Bugge, p. 291.
1986:
1984:Olsen, p. 245.
1977:
1968:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1890:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1692:Proto-Germanic
1688:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1618:
1614:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:Latin alphabet
1561:
1560:
1554:
1547:
1545:Runic alphabet
1543:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1499:Old East Norse
1497:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1475:Old West Norse
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1437:
1434:
1286:
1283:
1219:Finnur Jónsson
1165:for the older
1156:to Greenland,
1137:
1134:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1007:
999:
991:
983:
975:
967:
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
919:
911:
903:
895:
887:
879:
871:
863:
855:
847:
839:
831:
823:
815:
807:
799:
791:
783:
775:
767:
766:
732:discovered in
638:
637:Runic evidence
635:
585:is an extinct
578:
577:
575:
574:
567:
560:
552:
549:
548:
545:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
502:Adam of Bremen
499:
497:Galvano Fiamma
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:
476:
471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
428:
425:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
399:Snæbjörn galti
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
370:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
353:
348:
343:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
250:
242:
241:
233:
232:
220:
219:
214:
208:
207:
202:
194:
193:
183:
175:
174:
173:Language codes
170:
169:
164:
160:Writing system
157:
154:
153:
151:
150:
148:Old West Norse
141:
139:
136:
133:
132:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
104:North Germanic
87:
85:
78:
75:
74:
71:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
41:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4325:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4257:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4200:Germanic verb
4198:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4139:Sievers's law
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:Reconstructed
4084:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3899:Middle Danish
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3775:Old Icelandic
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3749:Old Norwegian
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3567:
3566:Gottscheerish
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3505:Walser German
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3471:Low Alemannic
3469:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:High Prussian
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:Erzgebirgisch
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:Luxembourgish
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3261:Klezmer-loshn
3258:
3256:
3255:Scots Yiddish
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3092:Meuse-Rhenish
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:Kleverlandish
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2980:Central Dutch
2978:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:Stellingwarfs
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:Wood Frisian
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2575:North Frisian
2572:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:Anglo-Frisian
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2273:9783825359973
2270:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:0-631-23502-7
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2115:
2109:Jahr, p. 231.
2106:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2056:Jahr, p. 233.
2053:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1863:"Older Runic"
1857:
1853:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1624:of Icelanders
1620:
1619:
1617:
1610:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1487:Old Norwegian
1485:
1483:
1482:Old Icelandic
1479:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1413:", Old Norse
1412:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1234:Oddrúnargrátr
1230:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1212:Ursula Dronke
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1191:
1188:ra í Atlamalo
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1002:
997:
994:
989:
986:
981:
978:
973:
970:
965:
962:
957:
954:
949:
946:
941:
938:
933:
930:
925:
922:
917:
914:
909:
906:
901:
898:
893:
890:
885:
882:
877:
874:
869:
866:
861:
858:
853:
850:
845:
842:
837:
834:
829:
826:
821:
818:
813:
810:
805:
802:
797:
794:
789:
786:
781:
778:
773:
770:
765:
762:
746:
742:
737:
735:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
680:
674:
668:
663:
662:
657:
652:
643:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:
608:
606:
605:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
573:
568:
566:
561:
559:
554:
553:
551:
550:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
532:Robert McGhee
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
512:Helge Ingstad
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
488:
487:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
469:
465:
463:
462:
458:
456:
455:
451:
449:
448:
444:
442:
441:
437:
435:
434:
430:
429:
423:
422:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
365:
364:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
332:
331:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
313:Great Ireland
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
264:
263:
259:
255:
254:
248:
244:
243:
240:
235:
234:
230:
226:
225:
215:
213:
209:
206:
203:
201:
200:
195:
187:
184:
181:
176:
171:
168:
165:
161:
155:
149:
146:
145:
144:
140:
134:
118:
115:
114:
112:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
90:
89:Indo-European
86:
82:
76:
72:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4245:
4129:Verner's law
4074:
4069:Gotho-Nordic
4067:
4060:
3981:
3974:
3966:
3960:
3950:
3935:Fårö Gutnish
3897:
3890:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3780:
3773:
3754:
3747:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3591:
3493:Swiss German
3457:Upper German
3390:Amana German
3364:Volga German
3333:Hunsrückisch
3259:
3213:Unserdeutsch
3208:Berlinerisch
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3080:Cover groups
3036:Mohawk Dutch
3031:Jersey Dutch
3009:East Flemish
2992:West Flemish
2936:Middle Dutch
2890:Low Prussian
2762:
2755:
2721:Terschelling
2705:Clay Frisian
2680:West Frisian
2668:Wiedingharde
2660:
2648:
2608:Heligolandic
2585:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2524:East Frisian
2511:
2504:
2477:Middle Scots
2475:
2468:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2292:
2278:
2264:
2251:
2225:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2172:
2165:
2146:
2132:
2114:
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2084:
2075:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1881:. Retrieved
1866:
1856:
1832:Narsaq stick
1729:
1654:
1647:
1629:
1622:
1492:
1427:
1337:states that
1318:
1288:
1278:
1274:
1271:Guðrúnarhvöt
1270:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1240:Guðrúnarhvöt
1238:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1208:Codex Regius
1203:
1197:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1166:
1162:
1139:
1129:
1107:
1103:
1085:
1080:Rogation Day
1077:
1074:
1071:
953:laukardak·in
763:
738:
730:
717:
713:
709:
705:
697:
693:
682:rather than
670:rather than
659:
655:
648:
623:Codex Regius
618:
612:
609:
602:
598:
582:
581:
478:
466:
459:
452:
447:Flateyjarbók
445:
438:
431:
379:Leif Erikson
374:Erik the Red
346:Skálholt Map
251:
204:
197:
185:
116:
29:
4144:Kluge's law
4124:Grimm's law
3907:Dalecarlian
3886:Perkerdansk
3859:East Danish
3677:Old Gutnish
3653:Proto-Norse
3593:Langobardic
3585:Vogtlandian
3413:Upper Saxon
3267:Lachoudisch
3228:Lotegorisch
3106:High German
2852:Westphalian
2847:Eastphalian
2811:Achterhooks
2688:Hindeloopen
2623:Bökingharde
2592:Föhr–Amrum
2506:Old Frisian
2470:Early Scots
2405:Old English
2151:Rory McTurk
2126:Works cited
1961:23 February
1883:13 November
1715:Dalecarlian
1709:Descendants
1697:Proto-Norse
1649:Poetic Edda
1539:Orthography
1521:Old Gutnish
1511:Old Swedish
1319:Greenlander
1317:), meaning
1295:Kalaallisut
956:laugardagin
759: 1200
752: 1300
631:Greenlandic
619:Greenlandic
491:Researchers
356:Vinland Map
341:Maine penny
323:Straumfjörð
137:Early forms
4272:Categories
3976:Burgundian
3892:Old Danish
3881:Gøtudanskt
3864:Bornholmsk
3726:Vestlandsk
3706:Kebabnorsk
3443:Halcnovian
3408:Thuringian
3071:Limburgish
3041:Stadsfries
3014:Brabantian
2741:Low German
2587:Eiderstedt
2442:Fingallian
2287:0748606327
2245:0859761010
2234:3110143356
2220:0292764995
2209:311017149X
2181:0198114974
2141:3110148765
1848:References
1656:Prose Edda
1598:Literature
1586:Morphology
1506:Old Danish
1335:Hans Egede
1261:, found in
537:Gwyn Jones
426:Literature
4283:Old Norse
4256:varieties
4248:indicate
4062:Northwest
4007:Philology
3912:Elfdalian
3847:Jutlandic
3769:Icelandic
3744:(written)
3738:(written)
3716:Trøndersk
3696:Norwegian
3660:Old Norse
3481:Coloniero
3465:Alemannic
3438:Wymysorys
3306:Colognian
3301:Ripuarian
3223:Rotwelsch
3053:Midslands
3004:Zeelandic
2985:Hollandic
2959:Afrikaans
2931:Old Dutch
2757:Old Saxon
2656:Karrharde
2638:Goesharde
2619:Mainland
2352:philology
2260:database.
2149:, ed. by
1868:Glottolog
1837:Old Norse
1756:Norwegian
1750:(extinct)
1743:Icelandic
1732:(extinct)
1679:Ancestors
1631:Legendary
1579:Phonology
1453:Old Norse
1419:, plural
1325:Skrælingr
1303:loanwords
1299:Kalaallit
1258:Hniflungr
1206:) in the
1184:segir gle
1099:Þórðarson
1089:Tortarson
745:Upernavik
722:Norwegian
702:Icelandic
595:Greenland
368:Explorers
283:Helluland
199:Glottolog
180:ISO 639-3
143:Old Norse
58:Ethnicity
44:Greenland
3983:Vandalic
3926:Gutnish
3731:Vikværsk
3711:Sognamål
3701:Bergensk
3551:Cimbrian
3519:Bavarian
3476:Alsatian
3423:Lusatian
3359:Palatine
3049:Amelands
2926:Frankish
2816:Sallaans
2798:Gronings
2649:Southern
2642:Northern
2633:Halligen
2582:Insular
2399:dialects
1877:Archived
1557:Medieval
1470:Dialects
1445:a series
1443:Part of
1436:See also
1411:angelica
1391:"sow"),
1314:Karaaleq
1308:Kalaaleq
1275:Niflungr
1082:, and …
916:Eindriði
796:Sighvats
649:Some 80
474:Skræling
454:Hauksbók
278:Markland
229:a series
227:Part of
94:Germanic
4246:Italics
3869:Scanian
3815:Swedish
3764:Faroese
3742:Nynorsk
3721:Valdris
3556:Mòcheno
3512:Swabian
3378:Hessian
3338:Hunsrik
3250:Western
3245:Eastern
3240:Yiddish
3190:creoles
3087:Bergish
2803:Drèents
2793:Tweants
2645:Central
2627:Mooring
2490:Frisian
2449:Kildare
2394:English
2258:Rundata
2095:7 March
1822:Hvalsey
1761:Swedish
1738:Gutnish
1725:Faroese
1574:Grammar
1422:hvannir
1382:puuluki
1340:Karálek
1311:(older
1279:Atlamál
1263:Atlamál
1223:Atlamál
1199:Atlamál
1178:Atlamál
988:gagndag
985:gakndag
857:torta^r
841:baan^ne
793:sikuaþs
780:Erlingr
777:el^likr
726:Faroese
621:in the
614:Atlamál
273:Vinland
69:Extinct
3962:Gothic
3832:Danish
3736:Bokmål
3235:Yenish
3045:Bildts
2828:Veluws
2823:Urkers
2662:Strand
2386:Anglic
2285:
2271:
2243:
2232:
2218:
2207:
2179:
2157:
2139:
1720:Danish
1603:Poetry
1406:kuaneq
1403:) and
1142:Garðar
1065:??????
1060:
1036:
1017:ua^rda
1012:
996:
980:
964:
948:
924:
913:enriþi
908:
892:
884:
876:
860:Þórðar
852:
844:Bjarni
836:
820:
809:so^n:r
804:
788:
772:
734:Orphir
267:Places
231:on the
217:non-GL
40:Region
4076:South
4027:North
3637:North
3621:North
2963:Kaaps
2954:Dutch
2601:Amrum
2542:Weser
2464:Scots
1748:Norn
1616:Sagas
1416:hvönn
1394:musaq
1388:purka
1376:hnísa
1364:sauðr
1346:Kuuna
1293:with
1119:hlóðu
1113:hloþu
1020:varða
1004:hlóðu
1001:hloþu
972:fyrir
969:fyrir
673:þorir
667:torir
629:with
4037:West
4032:East
3952:East
3808:East
3798:Norn
3689:West
3625:East
3623:and
3188:and
3183:Non-
2613:Sylt
2596:Föhr
2531:Ems
2456:Yola
2365:West
2283:ISBN
2269:ISBN
2241:ISBN
2230:ISBN
2216:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2097:2021
1963:2024
1885:2022
1641:Edda
1400:mura
1370:nisa
1358:sava
1352:kona
1269:and
1125:lóðu
1049:rydu
940:sonr
932:Odds
868:sonr
812:sonr
739:The
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