39:
1806:
375:
1115:
497:. A study of North Atlantic seasonal temperature variability showed a significant decrease in maximum summer temperatures beginning in the late 13th century to early 14th century—as much as 6-8 °C lower than modern summer temperatures. The study also found that the lowest winter temperatures of the last 2000 years occurred in the late 14th century and early 15th century.
465:
in the
Eastern Settlement. After the death of Bishop Árni in 1347 or 1348, Greenland was without a bishop until Bishop Álfur was ordained in 1365 and arrived in 1368. Ivar Bardsson served as principal of the diocese during the interim period. In his voyage to the Western Settlement, he found only
449:
Much less is known about the
Western Settlement than the Eastern Settlement, as there is very little mention and no direct description of it in any of the medieval sources on Greenland. At its peak, the Western Settlement probably had about 1,000 inhabitants, about a quarter of the size of the
354:
361:
394:. The known farms (red dots) and churches are identified, as well as some probable geographical names. "The farm under the sand" is more commonly known as "GUS" from its Danish name "
543:
2300:
1551:
1540:
777:
347:
1290:
1568:
1323:
571:
1941:
1563:
1787:
20:
726:
1651:
770:
252:
2295:
1966:
1782:
1921:
1890:
1795:
763:
2239:
1863:
38:
2265:
1870:
1664:
28:
2310:
704:
690:
676:
1875:
718:
662:
44:
522:
2055:
1984:
420:
379:
2040:
2022:
1979:
1936:
1772:
1718:
1644:
1475:
506:
2173:
2079:
2035:
1885:
1848:
323:
2163:
2305:
2234:
2198:
1951:
1895:
1858:
1838:
1831:
669:
The Norse
Atlantic Saga: Being the Norse Voyages of Discovery and Settlement to Iceland, Greenland, America
461:), a Norwegian cleric who was sent to Greenland in 1341 to serve as superintendent of the bishop's seat at
1391:
180:
2208:
2133:
1989:
1880:
450:
Eastern
Settlement, owing to its shorter growing season. The largest of the Western Settlement farms was
387:
2116:
1971:
1826:
1376:
99:
2224:
2138:
2091:
1767:
1637:
1504:
1386:
1381:
568:
2315:
1956:
1931:
231:
2065:
1926:
1814:
1757:
1676:
1488:
2203:
2050:
2045:
1961:
1909:
1698:
79:
195:
2258:
2188:
2155:
2145:
2128:
2060:
2005:
1843:
1762:
1690:
1496:
224:
142:
1190:
462:
185:
8:
2168:
1853:
1777:
333:
328:
318:
298:
190:
2274:
2193:
1723:
1680:
1167:
1021:
795:
511:
432:
407:
308:
259:
205:
200:
175:
84:
2229:
2096:
2017:
1733:
1244:
1210:
1127:
998:
843:
714:
700:
686:
672:
658:
633:
William P. Patterson, Kristin A. Dietrich, Chris
Holmden, and John T. Andrews (2010)
431:. Despite its name, the Western Settlement was more north than west of its companion
270:
94:
1618:
1512:
1353:
1348:
1328:
1089:
1016:
711:
The Frozen Echo: Greenland and the
Exploration of North America, Ca. A.D. 1000-1500
632:
479:
467:
313:
114:
2183:
2121:
1414:
1401:
1358:
1338:
1333:
1300:
1295:
1260:
1233:
1180:
898:
848:
825:
575:
109:
49:
238:
137:
1752:
1708:
1343:
1318:
1285:
1280:
1073:
954:
755:
655:
Norse
Greenland: A Controlled Experiment in Collapse--A Selection from Collapse
635:
Two millennia of North
Atlantic seasonality and implications for Norse colonies
494:
475:
471:
436:
293:
288:
1590:
2289:
1544:
1463:
1099:
893:
741:
728:
650:
303:
104:
2178:
2027:
1946:
1713:
1703:
1610:
1483:
1431:
1409:
170:
165:
1200:
977:
888:
374:
147:
132:
1739:
589:
265:
245:
1747:
1442:
964:
928:
918:
903:
883:
868:
391:
1154:
451:
2106:
1805:
1660:
1629:
1600:
1527:
1517:
1114:
1063:
1055:
936:
858:
812:
428:
383:
74:
1185:
611:
2111:
2101:
1595:
1556:
1535:
1450:
1368:
1094:
1039:
1026:
985:
972:
878:
853:
820:
516:
415:
69:
485:
The demise of the
Western Settlement coincides with a decrease in
1195:
1068:
1047:
1011:
946:
908:
863:
424:
64:
1006:
990:
913:
490:
486:
470:
to describe conditions he observed. By 1360 he had returned to
1310:
1272:
830:
457:
The
Western Settlement was last mentioned by Ivar Bardarson (
439:
697:
Westviking: The Ancient Norse in Greenland and North America
873:
838:
443:
454:. Ruins of almost 95 farms have been found in the area.
419:) was a group of farms and communities established by
2301:Populated places established in the 10th century
2287:
785:
544:"The Lost Western Settlement Of Greenland, 1342"
1645:
771:
355:
466:vacant farms. He subsequently wrote to the
519:, the site of a smaller "Middle Settlement"
1652:
1638:
778:
764:
614:. Store norske leksikon. February 15, 2009
435:and was located at the bottom of the deep
362:
348:
253:Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum
373:
541:
446:, the modern-day Greenlandic capital).
2288:
1659:
587:
414:
1633:
759:
683:Climate, History and the Modern World
378:Map of the Western Settlement of the
493:temperatures commonly known as the
13:
671:(London: Oxford University Press)
14:
2327:
1677:an autonomous constituent country
45:Leiv Eirikson Discovering America
1804:
1113:
644:
523:Danish colonization of Greenland
37:
1980:Governor (1728–1730, 1925–1979)
2296:Norse settlements in Greenland
626:
604:
581:
561:
535:
507:Norse settlements in Greenland
1:
1990:Prime Minister (1979–current)
528:
786:Abandoned sites in Greenland
713:(Stanford University Press)
7:
592:. Norsk biografisk leksikon
500:
10:
2332:
709:Seaver, Kirsten A. (1996)
549:. University of California
542:Francis, Carol S. (2011).
2311:10th century in Greenland
2252:
2217:
2154:
2087:
2078:
2013:
2004:
1917:
1908:
1822:
1813:
1802:
1689:
1671:
1609:
1583:
1526:
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1459:
1427:
1400:
1367:
1309:
1271:
1256:
1229:
1209:
1166:
1140:
1123:
1110:
1082:
1038:
963:
945:
927:
811:
791:
590:"Ivar Bårdsson, Geistlig"
1922:Administrative divisions
1796:Cartographic expeditions
699:(Boston: Little, Brown)
232:Saga of the Greenlanders
2235:National (civic) anthem
427:around 985 in medieval
411:
1083:outside municipalities
681:Lamb, Hubert H.(1995)
416:[ˈwestreˌbyɣð]
399:
1985:Inspector (1782–1924)
1932:Independence movement
1218:Farm ruins discovered
695:Mowat, Farley (1965)
377:
1763:Fridtjof Nansen Land
685:(London: Routledge)
588:Stefansson, Magnus.
225:Saga of Erik the Red
181:Freydís Eiríksdóttir
143:Kensington Runestone
100:Gunnbjörn's skerries
2306:890s establishments
2129:Notable individuals
1778:County of Greenland
1758:Erik the Red's Land
1247:(Kangerluarsoruseq)
738: /
667:Jones, Gwyn (1964)
396:Gården under sandet
334:William W. Fitzhugh
319:Patricia Sutherland
299:Carl Christian Rafn
48:, 1893 painting by
2056:Telecommunications
1891:Towns and villages
1729:Western Settlement
1724:Eastern Settlement
1719:Norse Colonization
1681:Kingdom of Denmark
999:Kangerluarsoruseq
574:2012-05-07 at the
512:Eastern Settlement
433:Eastern Settlement
404:Western Settlement
400:
309:Anne Stine Ingstad
260:Book of Icelanders
206:Helgi and Finnbogi
201:Thorfinn Karlsefni
196:Bjarni Herjólfsson
176:Thorvald Eiriksson
90:Western Settlement
85:Eastern Settlement
80:L'Anse aux Meadows
29:Norse colonization
2283:
2282:
2248:
2247:
2074:
2073:
2000:
1999:
1976:Political leader
1967:Political parties
1942:High Commissioner
1937:Foreign relations
1904:
1903:
1627:
1626:
1584:Polar exploration
1579:
1578:
1423:
1422:
1225:
1224:
1211:Middle Settlement
1128:Greenlandic Norse
1108:
1107:
742:64.433°N 50.433°W
569:Greenland History
372:
371:
271:Greenlandic Norse
186:Gunnbjörn Ulfsson
127:Alleged artifacts
95:Middle Settlement
2323:
2268:
2261:
2085:
2084:
2036:Fishing industry
2031:
2011:
2010:
1915:
1914:
1820:
1819:
1808:
1791:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1619:Deltaterrasserne
1572:
1560:
1548:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1472:
1471:
1446:
1354:Bluie West Eight
1349:Bluie West Seven
1329:Bluie West Three
1291:Bluie East Three
1269:
1268:
1248:
1245:Føroyingahavnin
1173:
1172:
1158:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1131:Norsemen/Vikings
1118:
1117:
1090:Clavering Island
1059:
1051:
1030:
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994:
981:
834:
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480:Bergen Cathedral
468:Bishop of Bergen
418:
386:, in the modern
364:
357:
350:
314:Birgitta Wallace
41:
31:of North America
16:
15:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2316:History of Nuuk
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2244:
2213:
2199:Public holidays
2150:
2070:
2029:
1996:
1972:Ruling monarchs
1952:Law enforcement
1900:
1809:
1800:
1789:
1685:
1667:
1658:
1628:
1623:
1605:
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1554:
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1522:
1506:
1505:Friedrichsthal
1498:
1490:
1468:
1455:
1444:
1436:
1419:
1415:Camp Fistclench
1402:Project Iceworm
1396:
1363:
1359:Bluie West Nine
1339:Bluie West Five
1334:Bluie West Four
1305:
1301:Bluie East Five
1296:Bluie East Four
1265:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1221:
1205:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1156:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1078:
1057:
1049:
1034:
1028:
1000:
992:
979:
959:
941:
923:
899:Qernertuarssuit
832:
826:Appaalissiorfik
805:
798:
787:
784:
747:64.433; -50.433
746:
744:
740:
737:
732:
729:
727:
725:
724:
647:
642:
641:
631:
627:
617:
615:
612:"Ivar Bårdsson"
610:
609:
605:
595:
593:
586:
582:
576:Wayback Machine
566:
562:
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368:
339:
338:
284:
276:
275:
219:
211:
210:
161:
153:
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128:
120:
119:
110:Tanfield Valley
60:
52:
50:Christian Krohg
30:
12:
11:
5:
2329:
2319:
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2313:
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2303:
2298:
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2250:
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2201:
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2143:
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2141:
2136:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
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2099:
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2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1964:
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1934:
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1841:
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1834:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1773:Thule accident
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1753:Treaty of Kiel
1750:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1711:
1709:Dorset culture
1706:
1701:
1695:
1693:
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1684:
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1672:
1669:
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1657:
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1603:
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1573:
1569:Lille Koldewey
1561:
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1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1344:Bluie West Six
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1324:Bluie West Two
1321:
1319:Bluie West One
1315:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1286:Bluie East Two
1283:
1281:Bluie East One
1277:
1275:
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1264:
1263:
1257:
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1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
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1177:
1175:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1157:(Kilaarsarfik)
1151:
1149:
1135:
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1132:
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1120:
1111:
1109:
1106:
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1103:
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1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
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988:
983:
975:
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955:Nipisat Island
951:
949:
943:
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844:Comer's Midden
841:
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792:
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722:
721:
707:
705:978-0771065798
693:
691:978-0415127356
679:
677:978-0192851604
665:
651:Diamond, Jared
646:
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580:
560:
533:
532:
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495:Little Ice Age
474:to serve as a
437:Nuup Kangerlua
370:
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359:
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294:Adam of Bremen
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289:Galvano Fiamma
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191:Snæbjörn galti
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2:
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2046:National Bank
2044:
2042:
2039:
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2034:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2003:
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1911:
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1876:National park
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719:9780804731614
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442:(inland from
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324:Robert McGhee
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304:Helge Ingstad
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27:
26:
22:
18:
17:
2240:Royal anthem
2225:Coat of arms
2092:Demographics
1768:World War II
1738:
1728:
1714:Thule people
1704:Paleo-Eskimo
1611:Paleo-Eskimo
1564:Edelweiss II
1489:Lichtenfels
1484:Neu-Herrnhut
1410:Camp Century
1141:
978:Itterajivit
833:(Ritenbenck)
723:
710:
696:
682:
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654:
634:
628:
616:. Retrieved
606:
594:. Retrieved
583:
563:
551:. Retrieved
537:
484:
458:
456:
448:
403:
401:
395:
388:municipality
382:in medieval
258:
251:
244:
239:Flateyjarbók
237:
230:
223:
171:Leif Erikson
166:Erik the Red
138:Skálholt Map
89:
43:
1957:LGBT rights
1790:(self-rule)
1591:Brønlundhus
1499:(Alluitsoq)
1443:Ritenbench
1201:Herjolfsnes
1058:(Lichtenau)
1029:(Kap Tobin)
889:Nuugaatsiaq
796:Greenlandic
745: /
618:October 17,
596:October 17,
553:October 17,
283:Researchers
148:Vinland Map
133:Maine penny
115:Straumfjörð
2290:Categories
2030:(currency)
1947:Parliament
1748:Hans Egede
1497:Lichtenau
1311:Bluie West
1273:Bluie East
1181:Brattahlíð
1056:Alluitsoq
993:(Håbets Ø)
980:(Kap Hope)
965:Sermersooq
929:Qeqertalik
919:Sermermiut
904:Qilakitsoq
884:Narsaarsuk
869:Itissaalik
657:(Penguin)
529:References
412:Vestribygð
392:Sermersooq
329:Gwyn Jones
218:Literature
2184:Mythology
2179:Jante Law
2107:Kalaallit
2066:Transport
2023:Companies
1927:Elections
1871:Mountains
1854:Ice sheet
1815:Geography
1788:Autonomy
1783:Home rule
1661:Greenland
1601:North Ice
1552:Edelweiss
1541:Hansa Bay
1528:Wehrmacht
1518:Idlorpait
1491:(Akunnat)
1074:Østprøven
1064:Idlorpait
1027:Uunarteq
937:Qullissat
859:Illorsuit
813:Avannaata
429:Greenland
408:Old Norse
384:Greenland
160:Explorers
75:Helluland
2275:Category
2204:Religion
2189:Language
2112:Tunumiit
2102:Inughuit
2051:Taxation
1962:Military
1910:Politics
1896:Wildlife
1849:Glaciers
1740:Skræling
1734:Language
1699:Timeline
1665:articles
1596:Eismitte
1557:Dove Bay
1536:Holzauge
1476:Moravian
1451:Rodebaai
1369:DEW line
1261:American
1168:Eastern
1155:Sandnæs
1142:Western
1095:Pituffik
1048:Akunnat
1040:Kujalleq
986:Ivittuut
973:Ikkatteq
879:Moriusaq
854:Ikermiut
821:Annoatok
572:Archived
517:Ivittuut
501:See also
421:Norsemen
266:Skræling
246:Hauksbók
70:Markland
21:a series
19:Part of
2259:Outline
2218:Symbols
2174:Hunting
2169:Cuisine
2156:Culture
2146:Suicide
2134:artists
2080:Society
2061:Tourism
2006:Economy
1886:Straits
1864:by area
1859:Islands
1844:Geology
1827:Climate
1691:History
1679:of the
1445:(Appat)
1234:Faroese
1196:Hvalsey
1069:Ikigait
1012:Qoornoq
991:Kangeq
947:Qeqqata
909:Saattoq
864:Illulik
733:50°26′W
730:64°26′N
653:(2012)
452:Sandnæs
425:Iceland
65:Vinland
2209:Sports
2122:Danish
2041:Mining
2028:Krone
1881:Rivers
1839:Fjords
1832:change
1663:
1513:Umanak
1464:German
1191:Garðar
1186:Dyrnæs
1022:Umivik
1017:Umanak
1007:Nualik
914:Sarfaq
831:Appat
802:Danish
717:
703:
689:
675:
661:
491:winter
487:summer
472:Bergen
463:Gardar
59:Places
23:on the
2266:Index
2194:Music
2139:Inuit
2117:Danes
2097:Inuit
1432:Dutch
1392:DYE-4
1387:DYE-3
1382:DYE-2
1377:DYE-1
799:Inuit
547:(PDF)
476:Canon
440:fjord
423:from
380:Norse
2230:Flag
2018:Bank
874:Kuuk
849:Etah
839:Ataa
715:ISBN
701:ISBN
687:ISBN
673:ISBN
659:ISBN
620:2015
598:2015
555:2015
489:and
444:Nuuk
402:The
2164:Art
478:of
390:of
2292::
1543:,
578:".
482:.
410::
398:".
1653:e
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1571:)
1567:(
1559:)
1555:(
1547:)
1539:(
779:e
772:t
765:v
622:.
600:.
567:"
557:.
406:(
363:e
356:t
349:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
