378:
39:
3751:
445:, and reported this find but did not land. If the islands are considered part of Greenland -- a debatable proposition -- this sighting would have been the first European connection with North America. The exact date of this event is not recorded in the sagas. Various sources cite dates ranging from 876 to 932. The first records of purposeful visits to Gunnbjörn's skerries were made by
354:
361:
3160:
460:
and an expert in atmospheric refraction and mirages, argued that the skerries Gunnbjörn saw could be explained as the sighting of
Greenland's coast via the refraction of a
429:). It is stated that his sons lived in Iceland's West fjords and a note is made that Gunnbjörnssker are named after him. Gunnbjörn was blown off course while sailing from
347:
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who also explored the main island of
Greenland, and soon established a settlement. The islands were later completely destroyed by volcanic eruption.
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407:. A number of modern place names in Greenland commemorate Gunnbjörn, most notably
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109:
49:
2238:
557:
Lehn, Waldemar (Jul 2000). "Skerrylike mirages and the discovery of greenland".
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468:. If so, this would have been the first European sighting of North America.
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538:. University of Victoria, Medieval Mapping Project. 31 January 2012
69:
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1209:
434:
400:
64:
1767:
464:. Such phenomena were not unknown to the Norse, who called them
1846:
1171:
430:
1232:
603:
The Last
Vikings: The Epic Story of the Great Norse Voyagers
3750:
2437:
456:
Waldemar Lehn (1911–2005), professor emeritus at the
3799:
403:. He was reportedly the first European to sight
3782:
639:
355:
516:. The History of Nothing. September 22, 2013
419:The only reference to Gunnbjörn is from the
488:. Vol. 10. Chicago. 1955. p. 858.
3789:
3775:
646:
632:
498:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
362:
348:
253:Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum
3704:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
536:"Gunnbjörn Ulf-Krakuson & Greenland"
376:
3818:Scandinavian explorers of North America
3279:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
606:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 16–17.
3800:
599:
2423:
665:
653:
627:
3757:This article about an explorer is a
3745:
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382:Summer in the Greenland coast c.1000
3065:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1262:Norse colonization of North America
437:. He and his crew sighted islands (
13:
2594:United States Exploring Expedition
14:
3844:
3668:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
3036:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
600:Seaver, Kirsten A. (2014-11-30).
45:Leiv Eirikson Discovering America
3749:
3562:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
2955:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
37:
374:10th-century Norwegian explorer
3813:Norse settlements in Greenland
593:
550:
528:
506:
478:
1:
2941:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
2876:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
2424:
471:
449:around 978 and soon after by
421:Book of Settlement of Iceland
399:, was a Norwegian settler of
3761:. You can help Knowledge by
3298:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
3114:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
2920:French Antarctic Expeditions
2850:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
2736:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
854:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
441:) lying between Iceland and
395:(fl. c. 10th century), also
7:
2383:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2062:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
927:Andrée's balloon expedition
10:
3849:
3744:
1584:Franklin's lost expedition
1284:Christian IV's expeditions
666:
514:"Greenland's Lost Islands"
414:
3401:
3132:
2719:
2459:
2436:
2432:
2419:
1938:Great Northern Expedition
1832:
1614:Rae–Richardson expedition
1363:
1208:
814:British Arctic Expedition
706:
678:
674:
661:
3222:British Antarctic Survey
3216:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2461:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
232:Saga of the Greenlanders
3698:Pole of inaccessibility
3361:Antarctic Treaty System
1702:2nd Grinnell expedition
486:Encyclopædia Britannica
3828:10th-century explorers
458:University of Manitoba
397:Gunnbjörn Ulf-Krakuson
389:
3368:Transglobe Expedition
3267:Operation Deep Freeze
2676:Challenger expedition
1542:Coppermine expedition
1063:Drifting ice stations
380:
579:10.1364/ao.39.003612
439:Gunnbjörn's skerries
225:Saga of Erik the Red
181:Freydís Eiríksdóttir
143:Kensington Runestone
100:Gunnbjörn's skerries
3808:Norwegian explorers
3538:South magnetic pole
2204:Brusilov expedition
1313:Danish colonization
751:North magnetic pole
571:2000ApOpt..39.3612L
334:William W. Fitzhugh
319:Patricia Sutherland
299:Carl Christian Rafn
48:, 1893 painting by
3229:Operation Windmill
3210:Operation Highjump
2185:Rusanov expedition
2090:A. E. Nordenskiöld
1834:North East Passage
1638:McClure expedition
390:
309:Anne Stine Ingstad
260:Book of Icelanders
206:Helgi and Finnbogi
201:Thorfinn Karlsefni
196:Bjarni Herjólfsson
176:Thorvald Eiriksson
90:Western Settlement
85:Eastern Settlement
80:L'Anse aux Meadows
29:Norse colonization
3770:
3769:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
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3733:
3196:Operation Tabarin
3058:Far Eastern Party
2904:Nimrod Expedition
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
1974:M. Pronchishcheva
1896:Siberian Cossacks
1365:Northwest Passage
698:Research stations
655:Polar exploration
393:Gunnbjörn Ulfsson
372:
371:
271:Greenlandic Norse
186:Gunnbjörn Ulfsson
127:Alleged artifacts
95:Middle Settlement
3840:
3791:
3784:
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3243:Ronne Expedition
2728:
2722:
2586:Dumont d'Urville
2434:
2433:
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1969:V. Pronchishchev
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314:Birgitta Wallace
41:
31:of North America
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3823:Germanic pagans
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3273:McMurdo Station
3142:Modern research
3140:
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2863:O. Nordenskjöld
2726:
2720:
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2631:Ross expedition
2455:
2428:
2407:
1836:
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1369:Northern Canada
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462:superior mirage
417:
409:Gunnbjørn Fjeld
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110:Tanfield Valley
60:
52:
50:Christian Krohg
30:
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3833:Explorer stubs
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3100:Ross Sea party
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2787:Southern Cross
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1838:Russian Arctic
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1273:Snæbjörn galti
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962:
957:
942:
937:
936:
935:
923:
922:
921:
909:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
874:
873:
872:
867:
862:
850:
849:
848:
843:
838:
830:
825:
810:
809:
808:
803:
798:
781:
780:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
716:
714:
708:Farthest North
704:
703:
701:
700:
695:
690:
685:
672:
671:
659:
658:
651:
650:
643:
636:
628:
620:
619:
612:
592:
565:(21): 3612–9.
559:Applied Optics
549:
527:
505:
476:
475:
473:
470:
447:Snæbjörn Galti
416:
413:
387:Carl Rasmussen
373:
370:
369:
367:
366:
359:
352:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
294:Adam of Bremen
291:
289:Galvano Fiamma
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
268:
263:
256:
249:
242:
235:
228:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
191:Snæbjörn galti
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
135:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
61:
58:
57:
54:
53:
42:
34:
33:
25:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3845:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2821:Discovery Hut
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2351:A. Sibiryakov
2348:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2323:Glavsevmorput
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:J. Richardson
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:M. Corte-Real
1385:
1383:
1382:G. Corte-Real
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:C. Richardson
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:Georgiy Sedov
1110:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1001:Riiser-Larsen
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
982:
981:
980:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
951:
950:
949:
943:
941:
938:
934:
931:
930:
929:
928:
924:
920:
917:
916:
915:
914:
910:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
890:
886:
885:
884:
883:
881:
875:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
856:
855:
851:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
836:
831:
829:
826:
824:
823:
818:
817:
816:
815:
811:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
796:
792:
791:
790:
789:
787:
782:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
752:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
677:
673:
669:
664:
660:
656:
649:
644:
642:
637:
635:
630:
629:
626:
615:
613:9781784530570
609:
605:
604:
596:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:
537:
531:
515:
509:
501:
495:
487:
481:
477:
469:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:
422:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
388:
383:
379:
365:
360:
358:
353:
351:
346:
345:
343:
342:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
324:Robert McGhee
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
304:Helge Ingstad
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
280:
279:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
261:
257:
255:
254:
250:
248:
247:
243:
241:
240:
236:
234:
233:
229:
227:
226:
222:
221:
215:
214:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
157:
156:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
124:
123:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
105:Great Ireland
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
40:
36:
35:
32:
27:
26:
22:
18:
17:
3763:expanding it
3756:
3696:
3684:Pole of Cold
3682:
3608:
3599:
3567:
3560:
3536:
3507:
3493:
3487:Borchgrevink
3479:
3466:
3451:
3431:
3416:
3385:
3366:
3359:
3343:
3329:
3320:
3303:
3296:
3277:
3265:
3241:
3227:
3220:
3208:
3194:
3180:
3166:
3159:
3120:
3112:
3098:
3091:
3089:
3071:
3063:
3056:
3043:
3034:
2996:
2988:
2979:
2972:
2960:
2953:
2939:
2927:Pourquoi-Pas
2926:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2897:Orcadas Base
2895:
2887:
2874:
2868:C. A. Larsen
2856:
2848:
2834:
2827:
2814:
2806:
2800:Borchgrevink
2793:
2785:
2742:
2734:
2709:C. A. Larsen
2702:
2683:
2674:
2656:
2638:
2629:
2616:
2601:
2592:
2579:
2540:
2526:
2519:
2500:
2485:
2395:
2388:
2371:
2364:
2350:
2335:
2321:
2308:
2283:
2269:
2267:
2253:
2251:
2245:
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2209:
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2183:
2149:
2147:
2133:
2131:
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2101:
2081:
2079:
2060:
1936:
1894:
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1809:
1807:
1787:
1786:
1766:
1765:
1751:
1738:
1723:
1709:
1700:
1687:
1658:
1646:Investigator
1645:
1636:
1612:
1599:
1591:
1582:
1569:
1540:
1517:
1502:
1487:
1457:
1442:
1412:
1331:
1311:
1282:
1278:Erik the Red
1267:
1260:
1238:
1231:
1188:submersibles
1185:
1179:Arktika 2007
1177:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1144:
1135:
1132:
1113:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1068:
1061:
1037:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1012:
978:
976:
947:
944:
933:S. A. Andrée
925:
912:
887:
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852:
834:
821:
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794:
785:
783:
749:
602:
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562:
558:
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540:. Retrieved
530:
518:. Retrieved
508:
485:
480:
465:
455:
451:Erik the Red
424:
420:
418:
396:
392:
391:
381:
258:
251:
244:
239:Flateyjarbók
237:
230:
223:
185:
171:Leif Erikson
166:Erik the Red
138:Skálholt Map
43:
3387:Lake Vostok
3337:Tryoshnikov
3259:Schlossbach
3150:Christensen
3092:James Caird
3013:E. R. Evans
2779:Dobrowolski
2749:de Gerlache
2451:Expeditions
2337:Aviaarktika
2291:Samoylovich
2162:Kolomeitsev
2056:Middendorff
2016:Gedenshtrom
1436:I. Fyodorov
1198:Chilingarov
1086:E. Fyodorov
693:Expeditions
542:January 20,
520:January 20,
426:Landnámabók
283:Researchers
148:Vinland Map
133:Maine penny
115:Straumfjörð
3802:Categories
3610:Terra Nova
3515:Shackleton
3458:J. C. Ross
3417:Resolution
3407:South Pole
3182:New Swabia
3106:Mackintosh
3078:Shackleton
2997:Terra Nova
2990:Terra Nova
2724:Heroic Age
2684:Challenger
2644:J. C. Ross
2554:Bransfield
2486:Resolution
2401:icebreaker
2365:Chelyuskin
2106:expedition
2084:Expedition
2026:Matyushkin
1984:Kh. Laptev
1979:Chelyuskin
1873:Heemskerck
1863:Chancellor
1858:Willoughby
1853:Koch boats
1796:Stefansson
1730:McClintock
1694:Inglefield
1536:J. C. Ross
1443:Resolution
1295:Cunningham
1193:Sagalevich
882:expedition
841:Stephenson
801:C. F. Hall
788:expedition
762:J. C. Ross
725:Heemskerck
712:North Pole
472:References
329:Gwyn Jones
218:Literature
3709:Tolstikov
3495:Discovery
3465:HMS
3450:HMS
3432:Adventure
3430:HMS
3415:HMS
3351:Tolstikov
3072:Endurance
2857:Antarctic
2842:Drygalski
2815:Discovery
2808:Discovery
2769:Arctowski
2682:HMS
2655:HMS
2649:Abernethy
2637:HMS
2615:USS
2602:Vincennes
2600:USS
2580:Astrolabe
2520:San Telmo
2501:Adventure
2499:HMS
2484:HMS
2479:Kerguelen
2441:Continent
2426:Antarctic
2303:Urvantsev
2261:Vilkitsky
2114:Jeannette
2112:USS
2104:Jeannette
2068:Weyprecht
2046:Pakhtusov
1996:Chichagov
1989:D. Laptev
1932:Permyakov
1907:Stadukhin
1902:Perfilyev
1879:Mangazeya
1817:H. Larsen
1782:Rasmussen
1737:HMS
1708:USS
1657:HMS
1644:HMS
1608:Collinson
1598:HMS
1590:HMS
1568:HMS
1516:HMS
1501:HMS
1486:HMS
1471:Mackenzie
1458:Discovery
1456:HMS
1441:HMS
1413:Discovery
1392:Frobisher
1355:Rasmussen
1268:Gunnbjörn
1214:Greenland
1143:USS
1134:USS
1006:Ellsworth
948:Roosevelt
878:Nansen's
835:Discovery
833:HMS
820:HMS
767:Abernethy
735:Marmaduke
494:cite book
466:hillingar
443:Greenland
405:Greenland
160:Explorers
75:Helluland
3721:A. Fuchs
3678:V. Fuchs
3658:McKinley
3621:E. Evans
3580:Bjaaland
3575:Amundsen
3525:Marshall
3438:Furneaux
3290:V. Fuchs
3254:E. Ronne
3249:F. Ronne
3188:Ritscher
3042:SY
3030:Filchner
2974:Framheim
2968:Amundsen
2774:Racoviță
2759:Amundsen
2754:Lecointe
2623:Ringgold
2617:Porpoise
2507:Furneaux
2343:Shevelev
2298:Begichev
2277:Amundsen
2239:Nagórski
2217:Brusilov
2211:Sv. Anna
2125:Melville
2095:Palander
2051:Tsivolko
2011:Sannikov
2006:Billings
1949:Chirikov
1868:Barentsz
1810:St. Roch
1801:Bartlett
1775:Amundsen
1759:Sverdrup
1659:Resolute
1548:Franklin
1476:Kotzebue
1343:Sverdrup
1326:Scoresby
1300:Lindenov
1151:Plaisted
1136:Nautilus
1081:Shirshov
1055:Belyakov
1050:Baydukov
1024:Nautilus
986:Amundsen
946:SS
905:Sverdrup
900:Johansen
870:Brainard
865:Lockwood
720:Barentsz
587:18349932
266:Skræling
246:Hauksbók
70:Markland
21:a series
19:Part of
3726:Messner
3673:Hillary
3653:Balchen
3601:Polheim
3595:Wisting
3473:Crozier
3445:Weddell
3423:J. Cook
3393:Kapitsa
3374:Fiennes
3316:Klenova
3285:Hillary
3235:Ketchum
3161:BANZARE
3136:·
2981:Polheim
2947:Shirase
2933:Charcot
2743:Belgica
2662:Crozier
2574:Morrell
2569:Weddell
2547:Lazarev
2492:J. Cook
2446:History
2396:Arktika
2372:Krassin
2357:Voronin
2329:Schmidt
2315:Ushakov
2254:Vaygach
2222:Albanov
2191:Rusanov
2172:Kolchak
2167:Matisen
2141:Makarov
2120:De Long
2021:Wrangel
2001:Lyakhov
1954:Malygin
1912:Dezhnev
1739:Pandora
1710:Advance
1677:Kennedy
1672:Belcher
1665:Kellett
1652:McClure
1576:Beechey
1570:Blossom
1563:Simpson
1531:Crozier
1524:Hoppner
1481:J. Ross
1449:J. Cook
1397:Gilbert
1290:J. Hall
1256:Ingólfr
1246:Naddodd
1240:Vikings
1227:Brendan
1222:Pytheas
1210:Iceland
1164:Arktika
1156:Herbert
1121:Badygin
1091:Krenkel
1076:Papanin
1045:Chkalov
1031:Wilkins
996:Wisting
940:F. Cook
846:Markham
806:Bessels
795:Polaris
786:Polaris
757:J. Ross
740:Carolus
688:History
567:Bibcode
435:Iceland
415:Sources
401:Iceland
65:Vinland
3636:Bowers
3631:Wilson
3590:Hassel
3585:Helmer
3554:Mackay
3544:Mawson
3509:Nimrod
3467:Terror
3452:Erebus
3379:Burton
3174:Rymill
3050:Mawson
3044:Aurora
3023:Lashly
3008:Wilson
2911:Nimrod
2888:Scotia
2695:Murray
2670:Cooper
2657:Terror
2639:Erebus
2608:Wilkes
2559:Palmer
2527:Vostok
2474:Bouvet
2398:-class
2378:Gakkel
2246:Taymyr
2227:Konrad
2196:Kuchin
2134:Yermak
2041:Lavrov
1959:Ovtsyn
1944:Bering
1922:Ivanov
1885:Hudson
1847:Pomors
1824:Cowper
1789:Karluk
1688:Isabel
1682:Bellot
1632:Austin
1600:Terror
1592:Erebus
1488:Griper
1464:Clerke
1424:Baffin
1407:Hudson
1338:Nansen
1251:Garðar
1172:Barneo
1039:ANT-25
1015:Italia
991:Nobile
960:Henson
919:Amedeo
895:Nansen
860:Greely
730:Hudson
668:Arctic
610:
585:
431:Norway
59:Places
23:on the
3716:Crary
3663:Dufek
3626:Oates
3616:Scott
3549:David
3530:Adams
3501:Barne
3322:Mirny
3311:Somov
3121:Quest
3018:Crean
3003:Scott
2882:Bruce
2836:Gauss
2829:Gauss
2703:Jason
2690:Nares
2564:Davis
2541:Mirny
2514:Smith
2469:Roché
2389:Lenin
2309:Sadko
2234:Wiese
2179:Sedov
2150:Zarya
2073:Payer
2036:Litke
2031:Anjou
1964:Minin
1927:Vagin
1917:Popov
1890:Poole
1745:Young
1558:Dease
1503:Hecla
1494:Parry
1419:Bylot
1402:Davis
1377:Cabot
1350:Peary
1332:Jason
1319:Egede
1233:Papar
1145:Skate
1126:Wiese
1106:NP-37
1099:NP-36
979:Norge
967:Sedov
955:Peary
913:Jason
828:Nares
822:Alert
777:Hayes
745:Parry
683:Ocean
3759:stub
3648:Byrd
3569:Fram
3520:Wild
3202:Marr
3168:BGLE
3155:Byrd
3083:Wild
2962:Fram
2764:Cook
2285:AARI
2270:Maud
2157:Toll
2082:Vega
1768:Gjøa
1753:Fram
1716:Kane
1553:Back
1518:Fury
1509:Lyon
1431:Munk
1070:NP-1
972:Byrd
889:Fram
880:Fram
772:Kane
608:ISBN
583:PMID
544:2016
522:2016
500:link
3345:3rd
3331:2nd
3305:1st
3138:IGY
3134:IPY
1724:Fox
1620:Rae
1186:Mir
1162:NS
575:doi
433:to
385:by
3804::
2250:/
581:.
573:.
563:39
561:.
496:}}
492:{{
411:.
3790:e
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569::
546:.
524:.
502:)
423:(
363:e
356:t
349:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
