493:– set up two reserve zones in 1996 to preserve the dove: the Perseverance and adjacent Woodford Estates, which are adjacent to a landfill and abandoned quarry site, in the west of the island and a sanctuary of c.150 acres (0.61 km) within the Mount Hartman Estate, a former government cattle farm and sugarcane plantation, in the south. Camera surveys of the Mount Hartman area failed to record the presence of Grenada doves there immediately following Hurricane Ivan in 2005 and only eighteen encounters with Grenada doves occurred during April–December 2005. According to some studies, the Mount Hartman Sanctuary was never considered adequate for the dove's survival and other understudied populations are located along the western coast in the Beausejour and Black Bay watersheds. Some of these populations have been recognised since the 1980s. Further populations may exist but there has never been a complete island-wide survey to verify this.
471:
David
Blockstein in 1991. Results of point count surveys conducted during research associated with the Grenada Dry Forest Ecosystem Protection Project indicate very low numbers of the dove immediately following Hurricane Ivan. Only five birds were documented calling simultaneously in the Mt. Hartman Watershed during April–June 2005 and only three birds were calling during August–December 2005 in the same areas. During the August–December time period five birds were documented in the Clarks Court Bay watershed and four were documented in the Beausejeur watershed using point count methods.
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considered as ecological complexes, and that there may be correlations between human influence and vegetative cover. The Rivera Lugo investigations suggest that
Grenada doves are using a mixture of three seasonal forest formations: semi-evergreen forest, deciduous seasonal forest, and thorn woodlands. These categories are based on work by Beard and are applied widely throughout the Caribbean.
357:
sanctuary. This area includes a designated travel corridor to link areas of habitat on the north and south sides of the new landfill. The old landfill is currently on fire and has been burning since
February 2004. An emergency landfill, which has been established to accommodate the large volume of debris created by
470:
Very little is known about this species. Population estimates by various researchers indicate that there may be fewer than 100 individuals remaining in the wild (Blockstein 1988), and declines in numbers may have occurred between 1987 and 1991. The last published population estimates were produced by
616:
There is very little information for this species that has been peer reviewed and very little research has taken place on the species. The most thorough scientific investigation to date is associated with the
Grenada Dry Forest Biodiversity Protection Project. Unfortunately most of the documents
405:
doves in captivity abandoned their nest when disturbed, but by using artificial nesting substrates, he successfully collected eggs and hand-reared young. Bright's doves produced two buff-coloured eggs per clutch. This is consistent with literature reports from other members of the genus (Goodwin
340:
Grenada doves have been documented in south-western
Grenada within the Mount Hartman, Clark's Court Bay, and Richmond Hill watersheds (Blockstein 1988, Blockstein and Hardy 1989). The Mount Hartman watershed has received the greatest amount of scientific investigation and is considered by other
305:
Results from the
Grenada Dry Forest Biodiversity Conservation Project indicate that Grenada doves are found most often in areas composed primarily of degraded mosaics of evergreen forest. The overall uniting factors in Grenada dove habitat issues are the degraded nature of the habitat and close
505:
indicated that one of the primary causes of rarity and extinction for avifauna in the West Indies was habitat destruction by human activities. Jackson and
Associates noted many factors that could affect Grenada dove populations, including land development, livestock grazing, and harvesting of
356:
The most recent distribution census included individuals from the
Beausejour, Perseverance, Woodford, and Black Bay watersheds. Part of the Perseverance watershed, adjacent to the island's new sanitary landfill and across the street from the old landfill, has been established as a Grenada dove
332:
Beard considered the thorn woodland seasonal formation to be a highly degraded habitat created by heavy grazing and intensive agricultural practices. Additionally, preliminary surveys and recent census data indicate
Grenada doves occur in both highly fragmented semi-urban areas and more rural
328:
Rivera Lugo has suggested that past disturbance may have created new artificial vegetative cover types that are difficult to classify as natural forest communities. Recent classification of land cover types through satellite imagery found that
Grenada's dry forest might be more appropriately
607:
The original development plan for the resort included 255 villas, a hotel, and an 18-hole golf course. Due to pressure from opponents of the development, the plan for the resort was reduced from 255 villas to 173, although the hotel and golf course were retained.
293:
communities in the west and southwest parts of the main island (Blockstein 1988, Blockstein and Hardy 1989, Bird Life International 2000). True dry forest ecosystems are remnants of a type of xeric scrub habitat that dominated the West Indies at the end of the
249:
The Grenada dove is characterised by a white throat; face and forehead pale pink shading to dull brown on crown and nape; upperparts olive brown; underwing chestnut; neck and upper breast pink-buff fading to white on lower breast, belly and undertail coverts.
401:. Juveniles also have been found on the ground and photographed by Grenada's Forestry and National Parks Department (FNDP) staff; no nest was documented for this encounter. Additionally, there is a record of a dove flushing from a nest. Bright noted that
506:
firewood, the underlying cause being lack of land development regulation. Active charcoal pits were discovered adjacent to the Grenada dove visitor centre and charcoal damage was noted in all areas of known Grenada dove habitat during 2005 surveys.
383:
doves in England and documented a breeding pair killing other congeneric doves introduced to the aviary. Bright refers to these birds as Well's doves, although his physical descriptions of the birds indicate that they may have been
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for private homes, and are well outside the boundaries of the Mount Hartman Sanctuary as are most Grenada doves. Mount Hartman could be considered prime cattle habitat and has been developed as such until recent times.
579:
In late 2006, information was released stating that the Government intended to sell a portion of Mount Hartman Estate to a private promoter for development as a tourist resort under the probable management of
262:, it was established as a distinct species using sonographic analysis by Blockstein and Hardy (1988). Now officially known as the Grenada dove, it was designated as the national bird in 1991 and is one of the
374:
Grenada doves are assumed to be territorial, and current population estimates are based on this assumption. Grenada doves in the Mount Hartman area have been observed fighting (Blockstein 1988), and other
1179:
564:
Rats were the most abundant predator documented during the Grenada Dry Forest Biodiversity Conservation Project. This same project only documented one feral cat in the Mt. Hartman Watershed.
302:
are mosaics of degraded habitat, and do not represent natural ecosystems (Murphy and Lugo 1986, Vidal and Casado 2000). Beard noted the degraded nature of forested areas in Grenada in 1949.
306:
proximity to human habitation. This is readily apparent at the Mount Hartman sanctuary, which is an old government cattle farm with vegetation composed primarily of exotic species such as
592:" situation. BirdLife International and other organisations questioned whether a "win-win" situation could be achieved. BirdLife International, with other organisations (including the
442:(Papaya) during diet studies associated with Grenada Dry Forest Ecosystem Protection Project. Observations have been made of Grenada doves foraging on the ground (Blockstein 1998).
337:
are reported to use a variety of habitats, ranging from areas associated with human disturbance, deciduous woodlands, humid forests, thickets, and semi-arid areas (Goodwin 1993).
286:. Historically, it has been recorded from locations throughout Grenada, including offshore islands, and the type specimen was collected from Fontenoy, on the west coast.
1100:
1208:
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889:
Roth, L. C. (1999). "Anthropogenic change in subtropical dry forest during a century of settlement in Jaiqui Picado Santiago Province, Dominican Republic".
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and is the only official national park in Grenada. Grenada doves also have been recorded from western Grenada (Blockstein 1988, Blockstein and Hardy 1989).
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researchers to be the representative habitat for the species (Blockstein 1988, Blockstein and Hardy 1989). Part of this watershed has been designated as a
954:
Plume, D. 2005. Report on classification of Grenada IKONOS Satellite Imagery. Grenada Dry Forest Biodiversity Conservation Project, St. Georges, Grenada.
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430:(Boydston and DeYoung 1987, Hayslette et al. 2000), and nests are located in a wide variety of nesting substrates (Hayslette 1996, Hogan 1999).
1688:
290:
1560:
513:, predation may affect Grenada dove populations. There may have been two separate introductions of exotic species on Grenada. Of these, the
747:
Rosenburg, J.; F.L. Korsmo (2001). "Local participation, international politics, and the environment: the World Bank and the Grenada dove".
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584:. The Grenada Government issued a statement stating that any new project within the Mount Hartman Estate would have to respect the dove
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environments composed sometimes of highly contrasting levels of housing and economic development. Other members of the genus
1539:
1663:
1264:
1104:
852:
Pregill, G. K.; S. L. Olson (1981). "Zoogeography of West Indian vertebrates in relation to Plepistocene climatic cycles".
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Only one active Grenada dove nest has been documented. This nest was active during January and February and was found in a
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associated with this project are unavailable to the public and are not currently available through the GEF Website.
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Hunting may have affected the population in the past, and the Grenada dove has previously been regulated as a
458:(Goodwin 1983), and other members of the genus have been observed eating fruit from the forest floor (Estrada
54:
1578:
1422:
1287:
807:
Blockstein, D. E. (1991). "Population declines in the endangered endemic birds on Grenada, West Indies".
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Composition and structure of Grenada's forest in relation to the Grenada Dove (Leptotila wellsi) habitat
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species show varying degrees of territorial behaviour (Goodwin 1983). Herbert Bright maintained captive
1395:
663:
502:
74:
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The primary threat to the Grenada dove is considered to be habitat fragmentation. As early as 1947,
833:
Wunderle, J. (1985). "An ecological comparison of the avifaunas of Grenada and Tobago West Indies".
1573:
1301:
531:
spp.) are potential nest predators. Exotic mammals introduced with European colonisation include
1316:
942:. Grenada, W.I., Grenada Dry forest Biodiversity Conservation Project: 1-109. Unpublished report.
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1064:. Grenada, W.I., Grenada Dry Forest Biodiversity Conservation Project: 1-71. Unpublished report.
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525:, is a potential predator of all life stages of the Grenada dove, and other manicou species (
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of Grenada. It is considered to be one of the most critically endangered doves in the world.
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1984, Coates-Estrada and Estrada 1986), as well as directly from plants (Goodwin 1983).
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69:
1000:. Unpublished report. Project Implementation Unit Government of Grenada, Grenada, W.I.
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The majority of information on the nesting ecology for the genus is associated with
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below Jean Anglais, in the Richmond Hill Watershed, are under heavy pressure from
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The Grenada dove is a little-known species endemic to the main island of Grenada,
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Promoting love for the Grenada dove: Grenada’s conservation education campaign
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primarily nests on edges and interiors of brushlands and forest dominated by
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982:. Grenada Dry Forest Biodiversity Ecosystem Project, St. George’s, Grenada.
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species have been observed eating fruits, seeds, and agricultural grain.
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283:
273:
Grenada dove. Concord River Watershed. Black Bay Delta, Grenada W.I. 2004
1625:
1500:
1220:"Government of Grenada sells off National Park for Four Seasons resort"
765:
Raffaele H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith., and J. Raffaele. (1998).
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in early September 2004, is encroaching on the Perseverance sanctuary.
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and that any project would have to meet the criteria of providing a "
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1019:
Skutch, A. F. (1964). "Life histories of Central American pigeons".
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Plan for the Mount Hartman national park and Perseverance sanctuary
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106:
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Dry Forest Biodiversity Conservation (GEF-MSP) Project ID: P057021
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1103:(Press release). Grenada Government. 2007-02-28. Archived from
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1241:(Press release). Birdlife International. 2007. Archived from
1222:(Press release). Birdlife International. 2006. Archived from
734:. RARE Center for Tropical Conservation. St. Georges, Grenada
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in captivity have been documented consuming mealworms. Other
258:
First described in 1884 by Lawrence as a member of the genus
237:. Originally known as the pea dove or Well's dove, it is the
1239:"Grenada Government defiant as dove sanctuary protest grows"
782:. Caribbean Conservation Association, St. Michael, Barbados.
627:
317:
222:
116:
877:
The natural vegetation of the Windward and Leeward Islands
289:
Some surveys imply that Grenada doves are associated with
851:
769:. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
746:
690:
Lawrence, G. N. (1884). "Characters of a new species of
571:. Currently, hunting is not considered a major threat.
638:
489:
The Grenada Government – in cooperation with the
923:
Grenada Dove ecology in a post hurricane environment
1056:
1054:
925:(M.S. thesis). Tennessee Technological University.
664:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22690874A178391475.en
612:Grenada Dry Forest Biodiversity Protection Project
1043:Bright, H. (1926). "Nesting of the Well's dove".
806:
730:Butler, P., A. Joseph, and B. A Lazarus. (1992).
298:, and most areas classified as dry forest in the
1645:
521:, which was originally introduced to Grenada by
1286:
1051:
689:
604:) campaigned against the proposed development.
316:. Populations of doves associated with the old
1196:Reference to the plan of the island of Grenada
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1272:
1090:. The Advocate Company, Bridgetown, Barbados.
1018:
596:) and private individuals (including authors
352:Perseverance Landfill Fire Grenada, W.I. 2005
1198:. Government of Grenada, St Georges, Grenada
920:
832:
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800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
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778:Caribbean Conservation Association. (1991).
694:, from the island of Grenada, West Indies".
1654:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
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720:. London: British Museum (Natural History).
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854:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
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978:Clouse, L. J., and B. L. Rusk. (2004).
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767:A guide to the birds of the West Indies
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438:Grenada dove were documented consuming
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780:Grenada: country environmental profile
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1689:Taxa named by George Newbold Lawrence
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1060:Twyman, W. and Hayslette, S. (2007).
945:
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266:for conservation efforts in Grenada.
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749:Journal of Environmental Management
650:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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1088:The Grenada handbook and directory
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996:Jackson and Associates. (1998).
639:BirdLife International. (2021).
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809:Bird Conservation International
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1674:Endemic birds of the Caribbean
1155:"Mount Hartman Estate Grenada"
938:Rivera Lugo, P. J. R. (2005).
772:
759:
724:
718:Pigeons and Doves of the World
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1:
1157:. Cinnamon 88. Archived from
1101:"Mount Hartman National Park"
980:Grenada dove census 2003/2004
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364:
7:
1664:National symbols of Grenada
1209:Four Seasons Project Report
474:This dove is classified as
369:
10:
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1214:BirdLife Species Factsheet
879:. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
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657:: e.T22690874A178391475.
594:American Bird Conservancy
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70:Scientific classification
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1679:Endemic fauna of Grenada
1130:"Tourism Takes the Bird"
1075:Birds of the West Indies
413:. Studies indicate that
278:Distribution and habitat
1684:Birds described in 1884
891:Journal of Biogeography
716:Goodwin, Derek (1970).
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1086:Knight, E. G. (1946).
480:BirdLife International
353:
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921:Twyman, W.D. (2008).
875:Beard, J. S. (1949).
543:Hepestes aropunctatus
519:Didelphis marsupialis
476:critically endangered
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309:Leucaena leucocephala
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55:Critically Endangered
1062:Grenada Dove Biology
1045:Avicultural Magazine
575:Mount Hartman Estate
215:) is a medium-sized
582:Four Seasons Hotels
511:habitat destruction
411:Leptotila verreauxi
40:Conservation status
1194:Smith, G. (1824).
551:Cercopithicus mona
454:is known to visit
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1600:Open Tree of Life
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1128:Wallace, George.
1073:Bond, J. (1960).
229:to the island of
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1669:Birds of Grenada
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24:Grenada dove
22:
19:
1365:
1331:
1317:Coat of Arms
1247:. Retrieved
1243:the original
1228:. Retrieved
1224:the original
1195:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:the original
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1137:. Retrieved
1133:
1109:. Retrieved
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1574:Neotropical
1509:iNaturalist
1390:Wikispecies
1165:18 February
1139:18 February
1134:Terrian.org
670:12 November
586:sanctuaries
523:Amerindians
452:L. verrauxi
322:development
318:golf course
296:Pleistocene
284:West Indies
245:Description
1648:Categories
1626:Xeno-canto
1249:2007-02-20
1230:2007-01-08
1111:2009-06-01
1027:: 211–247.
897:: 739–759.
755:: 288–300.
621:References
555:feral cats
491:World Bank
291:dry forest
137:Columbidae
1659:Leptotila
1077:. London.
692:Engyptila
569:game bird
537:species,
448:Leptotila
444:Leptotila
403:Leptotila
381:Leptotila
377:Leptotila
365:Behaviour
335:Leptotila
300:Caribbean
260:Engyptila
217:New World
155:Species:
148:Leptotila
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1613:Species+
1553:22690874
1527:10940161
1449:22690874
1444:BirdLife
1375:Wikidata
860:: 75–98.
815:: 83–91.
370:Breeding
225:. It is
220:tropical
187:Lawrence
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1605:3596607
1579:gredov1
1566:2953411
1501:2496079
1488:gredov1
1462:gredov1
1431:Avibase
1381:Q905437
1292:Grenada
590:win-win
528:Marmosa
497:Threats
482:on the
406:1983).
233:in the
231:Grenada
227:endemic
189:, 1884)
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1540:177177
1418:ARKive
702:: 180.
553:) and
534:Rattus
460:et al.
392:Tobago
254:Origin
1618:10785
1592:72516
1522:IRMNG
1483:eBird
1475:3TYGP
422:ebano
1561:NCBI
1548:IUCN
1535:ITIS
1514:3300
1496:GBIF
1167:2014
1141:2014
672:2021
655:2021
600:and
503:Bond
434:Diet
424:and
399:palm
312:and
223:dove
205:The
117:Aves
1470:CoL
1457:BOW
1405:ADW
1290:of
696:Auk
659:doi
561:).
545:),
478:by
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