829:
the sandy bottom ("shielding") when they were receptive. This prevented males from approaching from underneath towards their cloaca. Often there is more than one male close by with the dominant one remaining close to the female, intimidating others with an aggressive display in which the dominant shark closely follows the tail of the subordinate, forcing the subordinate to accelerate and swim away. The dominant male snaps at smaller fish of other species. The male approaches the female and the two sharks protect the sandy bottom over which they interact. Strong interest of the male is indicated by superficial bites in the anal and pectoral fin areas of the female. The female responds with superficial biting of the male. This behaviour continues for several days during which the male patrols the area around the female. The male regularly approaches the female in "nosing" behaviour to "smell" the cloaca of the female. If she is ready, she swims off with the male, while both partners contort their bodies so that the right clasper of the male enters the cloaca of the female. The male bites the base of her right pectoral fin, leaving scars that are easily visible afterwards. After one or two minutes, mating is complete and the two separate. Females often mate with more than one male. Females mate only every second or third year. After mating, the females remain behind, while the males move off to seek other areas to feed, resulting in many observations of sand tiger populations comprising almost exclusively females.
820:, with larger individuals feeding on a higher number of benthic elasmobranchs than smaller individuals. Stomach content analysis indicates that smaller sand tigers mainly focus on the sea bottom and as they grow larger they start to take more pelagic prey. This perspective of the diet of sand tigers is consistent with similar observations in the north west Atlantic and in South Africa where large sand tigers capture a wider range of shark and skate species as prey, from the surf zone to the continental shelf, indicating the opportunistic nature of sand tiger feeding. Off South Africa, sand tigers less than 2 m (6.6 ft) in length prey on fish about a quarter of their own length; however, large sand tigers capture prey up to about half of their own length. The prey items are usually swallowed as three or four chunks.
900:
2005. In South Africa, the mortality of sand tiger sharks caused a significant decrease in the length of these animals and it was concluded that the shark nets pose a significant threat to this species with its very low reproductive rate Before 2000, these nets snagged about 200 sand tiger sharks per year in South Africa, of which only about 40% survived and were released alive. The efficiency of shark nets for the prevention of unprovoked shark attacks on bathers has been questioned, and since 2000 there has been a reduced use of these nets and alternative approaches are being developed.
944:
found to be highly susceptible to developing spinal deformities, with as many as one in every three captive sharks being affected, giving them a hunched appearance. These deformities have been hypothesized to be correlated to both the size and shape of their tank. If the tank is too small, the sharks have to spend more time actively swimming than they would in the wild, where they have space to glide. Also, sharks in small, circular tanks often spend most of their time circling along the edges in only one direction, causing asymmetrical stress on their bodies.
674:
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caves, often at a water depth ca. 20 m (66 ft), where they mate during and just after the winter. Mating normally takes place at night. After mating, they swim further north to even warmer water where gestation takes place. In autumn they return southwards to give birth in cooler water. This round trip may encompass as much as 3,000 km (1,900 mi). The young sharks do not take part in this migration, but they are absent from the normal birth grounds during winter: it is thought that they move deeper into the ocean. At
638:
766:
and hunt over the ocean bottom, often ranging far from their shelter. Sand tigers hunt by stealth. It is the only shark known to gulp air and store it in the stomach, allowing the shark to maintain near-neutral buoyancy which helps it to hunt motionlessly and quietly. Aquarium observations indicate that when it comes close enough to a prey item, it grabs with a quick sideways snap of the prey. The sand tiger shark has been observed to gather in hunting groups when preying upon large schools of fish.
97:
838:
904:
238:
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686:
72:
53:
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seven years and approximately 1.9 m (6.2 ft) in length. Females reach maturity when approximately 2.2 m (7.2 ft) long at about seven to ten years of age. They are normally not expected to reach lengths over 3 m and lengths around 2.2–2.5 is more common. In the informal media, such as YouTube, there have been several reports of sand tigers around 5 m long, but none of these have been verified scientifically.
935:
sand tiger behaviour than the distance within which they approached the sharks. Divers approaching to within 3 m of sharks affected their behaviour but after the divers had retreated, the sharks resumed normal behaviour. Other studies indicate sand tiger sharks can be indifferent to divers. Scuba divers are normally compliant with
Australian shark-diving regulations.
731:
765:
feeder. During the day, they take shelter near rocks, overhangs, caves and reefs often at relatively shallow depths (<20 m). This is the typical environment where divers encounter sand tigers, hovering just above the bottom in large sandy gutters and caves. However, at night they leave the shelter
919:
In
Argentina, the prey items of sand tigers largely coincided with important commercial fisheries targets. Humans affect sand tiger food availability and the sharks, in turn, compete with humans for food that, in turn, has already been heavily exploited by the fisheries industry. The same applies to
899:
In
Australia and South Africa, one of the common practices in beach holiday areas is to erect shark nets around the beaches frequently used by swimmers. These nets are erected some 400 m (1,300 ft) from the shore and act as gill nets that trap incoming sharks: this was the norm until about
726:
islands, along the coasts of
Senegal and Ghana, and from southern Nigeria to Cameroon. In the western Indian Ocean, the shark ranges from South Africa to southern Mozambique, but excluding Madagascar. The sand tiger shark has also been sighted in the Red Sea and may be found as far east as India. In
850:
The reproductive pattern is similar to that of many of the
Odontaspididae, the shark family to which sand tigers belong. Female sand tigers have two uterine horns that, during early embryonic development, may have as many as 50 embryos that obtain nutrients from their yolk sacs and possibly consume
966:
is a popular product in cosmetic products such as lipstick. It is sought by anglers in fishing competitions in South Africa and some other countries. In
Australia it has been reduced in numbers by spear fishers using poison and where it is now protected. It is also prized as an aquarium exhibit in
828:
Mating occurs around the months of August and
December in the northern hemisphere and during August–October in the southern hemisphere. The courtship and mating of sand tigers has been best documented from observations in large aquaria. In Oceanworld, Sydney, the females tended to hover just above
717:
The sand tiger shark can be found in the
Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, and in the Adriatic Seas. In the Western Atlantic Ocean, it is found in coastal waters around from the Gulf of Maine to Florida, in the northern Gulf of Mexico, around the Bahamas and Bermuda, and from southern Brazil to
323:
Despite its fearsome appearance and strong swimming ability, it is a relatively placid and slow-moving shark with no confirmed human fatalities. This species has a sharp, pointy head, and a bulky body. The sand tiger's length can reach 3.2 m (10.5 ft) but is normally 2.2–2.5 m in length.
1021:
A recent report from the Pew
Charitable Trusts suggests that a new management approach used for large mammals that have suffered population declines could hold promise for sharks. Because of the life-history characteristics of sharks, conventional fisheries management approaches, such as reaching
957:
There are several factors contributing to the decline in the population of the sand tigers. Sand tigers reproduce at an unusually low rate, due to the fact that they do not have more than two pups at a time and because they breed only every second or third year. This shark is a highly prized food
934:
A study near Sydney in
Australia found that the behaviour of the sharks is affected by the proximity of scuba divers. Diver activity affects the aggregation, swimming and respiratory behaviour of sharks, but only at short time scales. The group size of scuba divers was less important in affecting
943:
Its large and menacing appearance, combined with its relative placidity, has made the sand tiger shark among the most popular shark species to be displayed in public aquaria. However, as with all large sharks, keeping them in captivity is not without its difficulties. Sand tiger sharks have been
873:
In the north Atlantic, sand tiger sharks are born about 1 m in length. During the first year, they grow about 27 cm to reach 1.3 m. After that, the growth rate decreases by about 2.5 cm each year until it stabilises at about 7 cm/y. Males reach sexual maturity at an age of five to
743:
Sand tigers in South Africa and Australia undertake an annual migration that may cover more than 1,000 km (620 mi). They pup during the summer in relatively cold water (temperature ca. 16 °C ). After parturition, they swim northwards toward sites where there are suitable rocks or
614:
Adult sand tigers range from 2 m (6.6 ft) to 3.2 m (10.5 ft) in length with most specimens reaching a length of around 2.2–2.5 m and 91 kg (201 lb) to 159 kg (351 lb) in weight. The head is pointy, as opposed to round, while the snout is flattened with a
631:, Australia. The teeth of these sharks have no transverse serrations (as have many other sharks) but they have a large, smooth main cusp with a tiny cusplet on each side of the main cusp. The upper front teeth are separated from the teeth on the side of the mouth by small intermediate teeth.
1026:, may not be sufficient to rebuild depleted shark populations. Some of the more stringent approaches used to reverse declines in large mammals may be appropriate for sharks, including prohibitions on the retention of the most vulnerable species and regulation of international trade.
615:
conical shape. Its body is stout and bulky and its mouth extends beyond the eyes. The eyes of the sand tiger shark are small, lacking eyelids. A sand tiger usually swims with its mouth open displaying three rows of protruding, smooth-edged, sharp-pointed teeth. The males have grey
300:, from sandy shorelines (hence the name sand tiger shark) and submerged reefs to a depth of around 191 m (627 ft). They dwell in the waters of Japan, Australia, South Africa, and the east coasts of North and South America. The sand tiger shark also inhabited the
748:(USA), juveniles move away from coastal areas when water temperatures decreases below 16 °C and day length decreases to less than 12 h. Juveniles, however, return to their usual summer haunts and as they become mature they start larger migratory movements.
484:
Because the sand tiger shark is worldwide in distribution, it has many common names. The term "sand tiger shark" actually refers to four different sand tiger shark species in the family Odontaspididae. Furthermore, the name creates confusion with the unrelated
1018:. According to the National Marine Fisheries Service, any shark caught must be released immediately with minimal harm, and is considered a prohibited species, making it illegal to harvest any part of the sand tiger shark on the United States' Atlantic coast.
623:). They have two large, broad-based grey dorsal fins set back beyond the pectoral fins. The sand tiger shark has a grey-brown back and pale underside. Adults tend to have reddish-brown spots scattered, mostly on the hind part of the body. In August 2007, an
859:
sometimes excludes all but one of them from gaining offspring. These surviving embryos continue to feed on a steady supply of unfertilised eggs. After a lengthy labour, the female gives birth to 1 m (3.3 ft) long, fully independent offspring. The
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is a major contributor to the population decline. All indications show that the world population in sand tigers has been reduced significantly in size since 1980. Many sand tigers are caught in shark nets, and then either strangled or taken by fishermen.
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period is approximately eight to twelve months. These sharks give birth only every second or third year, resulting in an overall mean reproductive rate of less than one pup per year, one of the lowest reproductive rates for sharks.
890:
Over the weekend of 4 July 2023, there were four attacks attributed to sand tiger sharks in New York, USA. This followed a recent spike in shark attacks in New York state, with 13 incidents reported over a two-year period.
851:
uterine fluids. When one of the embryos reaches some 10 cm (4 in) in length, it eats all the smaller embryos so that only one large embryo remains in each uterine horn, a process called intrauterine
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that is harmful to the pups. In Eastern Australia, the breeding population was estimated to be fewer than 400 reproductively mature animals, a number believed to be too small to sustain a healthy population.
786:) form about 60% of sand tigers' food, the remaining prey comprising sharks, skates, other rays, lobsters, crabs and squid. In Argentina, the prey includes mostly demersal fishes, e.g. the striped weakfish (
782:
The majority of prey items of sand tigers are demersal (i.e. from the sea bottom), suggesting that they hunt extensively on the sea bottom as far out as the continental shelf. Bony fish (
2019:
Barker, S. M.; Peddemors, V. M.; Williamson, J. E. (2011). "A video and photographic study of aggregation, swimming and respiratory behaviour changes in the Grey Nurse Shark (
1949:
Dudley, S. F. J.; Simpfendorfer, C. A. (2006). "Population status of 14 shark species caught in the protective gillnets off KwaZulu–Natal beaches, South Africa, 1978–2003".
3260:
576:. Firstly, the sand tiger is usually spotted, especially on the hind half of the body. However, there are several other differences that are probably more reliable:
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item in the western northern Pacific, off Ghana and off India and Pakistan where they are caught by fishing trawlers, although they are more commonly caught with a
500:. However, there are unrelated nurse sharks in the family Ginglymostomatidae. The most unambiguous and descriptive English name is probably the South African one,
2099:
Smith, K.; Scarr, M.; Scarpaci, C. (2010). "Grey Nurse Shark (Carcharias taurus) Diving Tourism: Tourist Compliance and Shark Behaviour at Fish Rock, Australia".
1014:(NMFS), has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the U.S.
2251:
1183:
1546:
Lucifora, L. O.; GarcĂa, V. B.; Escalante, A. H. (2009). "How can the feeding habits of the sand tiger shark influence the success of conservation programs?".
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They are grey with reddish-brown spots on their backs. Shivers (groups) have been observed to hunt large schools of fish. Their diet consists of bony fish,
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3195:
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i.e. "embryophagy" or, more colorfully, adelphophagy—literally "eating one's brother." While multiple male sand tigers commonly fertilize a single female,
384:
means "bull shark". This taxonomic classification has been long disputed. Twenty-seven years after Rafinesque's original description the German biologists
1281:
637:
1758:"Reproductive periodicity, localised movements and behavioural segregation of pregnant Carcharias taurus at Wolf Rock, southeast Queensland, Australia"
2207:
1914:
Dudley, S. F. J. (1997). "A comparison of the shark control programs of New South Wales and Queensland (Australia) and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa)".
3220:
1212:
1310:
Dicken, M. L.; Booth, A. J.; Smale, M. J.; Cliff, G. (2007). "Spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of juvenile and adult raggedtooth sharks (
2150:
304:, however it was last seen there in 2003 and is presumed extinct in the region. Despite its common names, it is not closely related to either the
3011:
2366:
1976:
Brazier, W.; Nel, R.; Cliff, G.; Dudley, S. (2012). "Impact of protective shark nets on sea turtles in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 1981–2008".
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regions of the ocean, sandy coastal waters, estuaries, shallow bays, and rocky or tropical reefs, at depths of up to 190 m (623 ft).
3063:
425:
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along the United States of America's eastern Atlantic coast houses many of the young sand tiger sharks. These estuaries are susceptible to
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1116:
Vol.4. Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date; Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes
1889:
2985:
3024:
1830:
Branstetter, Steven; Musick, John A. (1994). "Age and Growth Estimates for the Sand Tiger in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean".
1380:"Seasonal residency, habitat use, and site fidelity of juvenile sand tiger sharks Carcharias taurus in a Massachusetts estuary"
1114:
227:
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As of 2023, the Florida Museum's International Shark Attack File lists 36 unprovoked, non-fatal attacks by sand tiger sharks.
526:. Very little is known about this species which, described before 1900, is probably the same as (a synonym of) the sand tiger
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2401:
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the western Pacific, it has been sighted in the waters around the coasts of Japan and Australia, but not around New Zealand.
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with white tips located on the underside of their body. The caudal fin is elongated with a long upper lobe (i.e. strongly
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and other sharks. Unlike other sharks, the sand tiger can gulp air from the surface, allowing it to be suspended in the
3146:
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The most likely problem when identifying the sand tiger shark is when in the presence of either of the two species of
1698:
Chapman, D. D.; Wintner, S. P.; Abercrombie, D. L.; Ashe, J.; Bernard, A. M.; Shivji, M. S.; Feldheim, K. A. (2013).
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962:. Sand tigers' fins are a popular trade item in Japan. Off North America, it is fished for its hide and fins.
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539:. This species has a worldwide distribution, is seldom seen but normally inhabits deeper water than does
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977:
96:
3133:
1010:, which are those species that the U.S. Government's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
496:, the name used in Australia, is the second-most used name for the shark, and in India it is known as
3159:
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2284:
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northern Argentina. It is also found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the Mediterranean Sea to the
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the United States, Europe, Australia and South Africa because of its docile and hardy nature. Thus,
685:
456:. Many taxonomists questioned his change, arguing that there was no significant difference between
345:
3055:
385:
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3200:
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801:
352:—literally "eating one's brother". The sand tiger is categorized as critically endangered on the
416:, W. Tucker, E. I. White, and N. B. Marshall, requested that the shark be returned to the genus
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3120:
3016:
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1015:
373:
3115:
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2351:
1343:"Sex- and maturity-based differences in movement and migration patterns of grey nurse shark,
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533:
211:
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Rigby, C.L.; Carlson, J.; Derrick, D.; Dicken, M.; Pacoureau, N.; Simpfendorfer, C. (2021).
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1985:
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1614:
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605:(i.e., the first dorsal fin is positioned further backwards in the case of the sand tiger).
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1521:
8:
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2599:
2334:
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Gelsleichter, J.; Musick, J. A.; Nichols, S. (1999). "Food habits of the smooth dogfish,
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1989:
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A bottom-living smooth-hound shark, one of the important prey items of sand tiger sharks
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based on examples of fossilized teeth. Agassiz's name was used until 1961 when three
301:
297:
2252:"Critically endangered grey nurse shark mapped for the first time in landmark study"
2208:"Correlations of Swimming Patterns with Spinal Deformities in the Sand Tiger Shark,
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2005:
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1993:
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1997:
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The first (i.e., front) dorsal fin of the sand tiger is relatively non-symmetric.
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2448:
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successfully advocated in establishing the shark's current scientific name as
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Snout and mouth of sand tiger shark, showing protruding teeth and small eyes
237:
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of the sand tiger is almost as large as the first (i.e., front) dorsal fin.
349:
337:
333:
3081:
1648:
Gordon, I. (1993). "Pre-copulatory behaviour of captive sandtiger sharks,
808:). Benthic (i.e. free-swimming) rays and skates are also taken, including
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that inhabits subtropical and temperate waters worldwide. It inhabits the
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on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, and as
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52:
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The first (i.e., front) dorsal fin of the sand tiger is closer to the
476:. The ICZN approved this name, and today it is used among biologists.
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762:
357:
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Species Description of Carcharias taurus at www.shark-references.com
1962:
1796:
1700:"The behavioural and genetic mating system of the sand tiger shark,
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1342:
1327:
734:
Annual movements of sand tiger sharks off South Africa and Australia
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2424:
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128:
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1799:"Reproduction and embryonic development of the sand tiger shark,
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783:
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1890:"Rash of shark attacks reported in New York over July 4 weekend"
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2590:
624:
553:, a deep water shark of the Americas, of which little is known.
377:
341:
118:
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800:). The most important elasmobranch prey is the bottom-living
329:
293:
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will feed on its siblings, a reproductive strategy known as
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10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0242:AAGEFT>2.3.CO;2
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with minimal effort. During pregnancy, the most developed
2312:
Parker, Steve; Parker, Jane (2002). "Design for Living".
2018:
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512:
There are four species referred to as sand tiger sharks:
841:
Growth curve for sand tiger sharks in the north Atlantic
1545:
354:
International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List
1797:
Gilmore, R.G.; Dodrill, J.W. & Linley, P. (1983).
1377:
2329:
The tangled taxonomic history of the sand tiger shark
1975:
1309:
926:), a fisheries resource off the South African coast.
1948:
914:
356:. It is the most widely kept large shark in public
2098:
1458:Rafinesque 1810 in the Eastern Cape, South Africa"
1378:Kneebone, J.; Chisholm, J.; Skomal, G. B. (2012).
947:
2409:
1829:
1007:. It is a U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service
3261:Critically endangered fauna of the United States
3187:
2023:) in response to the presence of SCUBA divers".
400:. The following year, Swiss-American naturalist
2811:
2219:International Journal of Comparative Psychology
1755:
1340:
894:
2025:Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology
1832:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
1314:) tagged off the east coast of South Africa".
2395:
1751:
1749:
1747:
426:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
376:came from a specimen caught off the coast of
2311:
2068:"Sand Tiger Sharks Are Curious About People"
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
3256:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
3196:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
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561:Diagram indicating the differences between
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2280:"Considering Shark Biology in Management"
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1727:
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452:, a somewhat unknown classification, for
3221:Nature Conservation Act endangered biota
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1823:
1756:Bansemer, C. S.; Bennett, M. B. (2009).
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1341:Bansemer, C. S.; Bennett, M. B. (2011).
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1112:
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902:
836:
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584:(tail fin) of the sand tiger is smaller.
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348:i.e. "embryophagy" or, more colorfully,
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1347:, along the eastern coast of Australia"
1176:
823:
14:
3188:
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2065:
1913:
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1605:, from the northwest Atlantic Ocean".
1259:NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service
1235:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
984:
368:The sand tiger shark's description as
360:owing to its tolerance for captivity.
2846:
2845:
2383:
1820:
1451:
1273:
1205:
701:
3173:11AE4813-8F8F-47EC-B5C2-7DD71C973251
3134:1B5D2279-087C-51B3-73F5-F751380BEE52
2205:
1454:"The diet of the ragged-tooth shark
1418:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1280:Williams, Samantha (8 August 2007).
1156:"Carcharias taurus: Sandtiger Shark"
1148:
995:This species is therefore listed as
882:
696:
428:(ICZN). When experts concluded that
2157:. 10 September 2010. Archived from
1522:"Carcharias taurus (Dogfish shark)"
1059:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1036:
738:
24:
2367:Scuba divers swim among the sharks
25:
3272:
2331:– Additional taxonomy information
2322:
1978:African Journal of Marine Science
1465:African Journal of Marine Science
1298:
1161:Florida Museum of Natural History
1121:Food and Agriculture Organization
1012:National Marine Fisheries Service
507:
2066:Viegas, Jennifer (9 July 2014).
1568:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00247.x
915:Competition for food with humans
684:
672:
660:
648:
636:
420:. This request was rejected and
95:
2304:
2272:
2244:
2199:
2173:
2143:
2092:
2059:
2012:
1969:
1942:
1907:
1870:International Shark Attack File
1866:"Species Implicated in Attacks"
1858:
1790:
1654:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1641:
1607:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1582:
1514:
1412:
1371:
1119:. FAO Species Catalogue. Rome:
948:Threats and conservation status
938:
920:the bottom-living sea catfish (
845:
479:
1951:Marine and Freshwater Research
1916:Ocean & Coastal Management
1762:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1384:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1351:Marine and Freshwater Research
1334:
1316:Marine and Freshwater Research
1282:"Rare albino shark rules deep"
627:specimen was photographed off
609:
534:small-toothed sand tiger shark
245:Range of the sand tiger shark
13:
1:
2316:. Firefly Books. p. 100.
1936:10.1016/S0964-5691(96)00061-0
1029:
991:Grey nurse shark conservation
802:narrownose smooth-hound shark
464:. After changing the name to
2045:10.1080/10236244.2011.569991
1998:10.2989/1814232X.2012.709967
1597:, Atlantic sharpnose shark,
1005:Nature Conservation Act 1992
895:Nets around swimming beaches
522:The Indian sand tiger shark
392:changed the genus name from
7:
2231:10.46867/ijcp.2013.26.01.03
1704:, an intrauterine cannibal"
1217:National Geographic Society
1113:Compagno, L. J. V. (1984).
751:
706:Sand tiger sharks roam the
402:Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz
363:
10:
3277:
3226:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
2314:The Encyclopedia of Sharks
1599:Rhizoprionodon terraenovae
988:
978:non-point source pollution
952:
793:) and whitemouth croaker (
761:The sand tiger shark is a
756:
502:spotted ragged-tooth shark
444:and Follet challenged the
436:, the name was changed to
404:reclassified the shark as
286:spotted ragged-tooth shark
29:
2854:
2802:
2765:
2741:
2732:
2695:
2658:
2621:
2588:
2564:
2555:
2518:
2463:
2419:
2285:The Pew Charitable Trusts
2121:10.1007/s00267-010-9561-8
1485:10.2989/18142320509504091
868:
548:Big-eyed sand tiger shark
256:
249:
244:
235:
217:
210:
92:Scientific classification
90:
68:
59:
50:
45:
2181:"A Mystery in Captivity"
2101:Environmental Management
1419:Bray, Dianne J. (2014).
1290:. Sydney. Archived from
907:Sand tiger shark in the
587:The second (i.e., hind)
524:Carcharias tricuspidatus
346:intrauterine cannibalism
259:Carcharias tricuspidatus
30:Not to be confused with
2777:Smalltooth sand tiger (
2347:Sand Tiger Shark School
1627:10.1023/A:1007527111292
930:Effects of scuba divers
878:Interaction with humans
833:Reproduction and growth
769:
580:The bottom part of the
3216:Fish described in 1810
2206:Tate, Erin E. (2013).
1720:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0003
1601:, and the sand tiger,
1219:. 2009. Archived from
1016:Endangered Species Act
911:
842:
779:
735:
569:
374:Constantine Rafinesque
318:Ginglymostoma cirratum
3246:Fish of North America
3241:Fish of South America
3116:Paleobiology Database
2600:Shortfin mako shark (
2376:on Sealife Collection
2369:Fayetteville Observer
2240:on 27 September 2013.
1595:Carcharhinus obscurus
1452:Smale, M. J. (2005).
997:Critically Endangered
906:
840:
777:
733:
560:
516:The sand tiger shark
498:blue-nurse sand tiger
448:name and substituted
290:blue-nurse sand tiger
282:grey/gray nurse shark
77:Critically Endangered
3251:Fish of South Africa
2609:Longfin mako shark (
2257:Macquarie University
1527:Animal Diversity Web
923:Galeichthys feliceps
824:Courtship and mating
424:was approved by the
406:Odontaspis cuspidata
2786:Bigeye sand tiger (
2576:Great white shark (
2161:on January 22, 2010
2155:National Geographic
2113:2010EnMan..46..699S
2080:on 16 November 2016
2037:2011MFBP...44...75B
1990:2012AfJMS..34..249B
1928:1997OCM....34....1D
1844:1994TrAFS.123..242B
1774:2009MEPS..374..215B
1666:1993EnvBF..38..159G
1619:1999EnvBF..54..205G
1560:2009AnCon..12..291L
1548:Animal Conservation
1477:2005AfJMS..27..331S
1425:Fishes of Australia
1421:"Carcharias taurus"
1396:2012MEPS..471..165K
1294:on 7 February 2009.
1287:The Daily Telegraph
1054:"Carcharias taurus"
1003:under Queensland's
985:Conservation status
818:angular angel shark
551:Odontaspis noronhai
62:Conservation status
3211:Ovoviviparous fish
2804:Pseudocarchariidae
2753:Sand tiger shark (
2484:Pelagic thresher (
2338:, Sand tiger shark
2151:"Sand Tiger Shark"
1674:10.1007/BF00842912
1252:"Sand tiger shark"
1213:"Sand Tiger Shark"
912:
843:
806:Mustelus schmitti.
780:
736:
702:Geographical range
570:
466:Eugomphodus taurus
292:, is a species of
3231:Fish of Australia
3183:
3182:
3103:Open Tree of Life
2926:carcharias-taurus
2913:Carcharias_taurus
2900:Carcharias_taurus
2886:Carcharias taurus
2856:Carcharias taurus
2848:Taxon identifiers
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2823:Crocodile shark (
2798:
2797:
2728:
2727:
2691:
2690:
2679:Megamouth shark (
2654:
2653:
2551:
2550:
2514:
2513:
2502:Common thresher (
2493:Bigeye thresher (
2357:Sand Tiger Sharks
2336:Carcharias taurus
2260:. 5 February 2019
2210:Carcharias taurus
2187:. 26 October 2012
2073:Discovery Channel
2021:Carcharias taurus
1801:Odontaspis taurus
1783:10.3354/meps07741
1702:Carcharias taurus
1650:Carcharias taurus
1603:Carcharias taurus
1456:Carcharias taurus
1405:10.3354/meps09989
1345:Carcharias taurus
1312:Carcharias taurus
1186:Carcharias taurus
1184:"Common names of
1164:. 18 October 2018
1024:sustainable yield
883:Attacks on humans
697:Habitat and range
518:Carcharias taurus
490:Galeocerdo cuvier
474:Carcharias taurus
446:Odontaspis taurus
438:Odontaspis taurus
398:Triglochis taurus
382:Carcharias taurus
370:Carcharias taurus
310:Galeocerdo cuvier
298:continental shelf
277:Carcharias taurus
268:
267:
263:
221:Carcharias taurus
85:
46:Sand tiger shark
16:(Redirected from
3268:
3176:
3175:
3163:
3162:
3150:
3149:
3137:
3136:
3124:
3123:
3111:
3110:
3098:
3097:
3085:
3084:
3072:
3071:
3059:
3058:
3046:
3045:
3033:
3032:
3020:
3019:
3007:
3006:
2994:
2993:
2981:
2980:
2968:
2967:
2955:
2954:
2942:
2941:
2929:
2928:
2916:
2915:
2903:
2902:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2843:
2842:
2814:Pseudocarcharias
2809:
2808:
2739:
2738:
2702:
2701:
2665:
2664:
2562:
2561:
2525:
2524:
2495:A. superciliosus
2470:
2469:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2374:Sand tiger shark
2317:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2233:. Archived from
2216:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2076:. Archived from
2063:
2057:
2056:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1827:
1818:
1817:
1810:Fishery Bulletin
1807:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1660:(1–3): 159–164.
1645:
1639:
1638:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1543:
1532:
1531:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1495:. Archived from
1462:
1449:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1307:
1296:
1295:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1248:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1133:. Archived from
1110:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1049:
909:Newport Aquarium
739:Annual migration
691:Individual teeth
688:
676:
664:
652:
640:
629:South West Rocks
537:Odontaspis ferox
494:grey nurse shark
410:palaeontologists
272:sand tiger shark
261:
240:
223:
100:
99:
79:
74:
73:
55:
43:
42:
27:Species of shark
21:
18:Grey nurse shark
3276:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3132:
3127:
3119:
3114:
3106:
3101:
3093:
3088:
3080:
3077:Observation.org
3075:
3067:
3062:
3054:
3049:
3041:
3036:
3028:
3023:
3015:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2989:
2984:
2976:
2971:
2963:
2958:
2950:
2945:
2937:
2932:
2924:
2919:
2911:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2850:
2840:
2831:
2794:
2761:
2724:
2687:
2650:
2617:
2584:
2547:
2539:Basking shark (
2510:
2459:
2415:
2408:
2325:
2320:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2214:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2064:
2060:
2017:
2013:
1974:
1970:
1963:10.1071/MF05156
1947:
1943:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1828:
1821:
1805:
1795:
1791:
1754:
1745:
1714:(3): 20130003.
1708:Biology Letters
1696:
1689:
1646:
1642:
1593:, dusky shark,
1587:
1583:
1544:
1535:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1502:on 2 April 2012
1499:
1460:
1450:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1417:
1413:
1376:
1372:
1364:10.1071/MF10152
1339:
1335:
1328:10.1071/MF06018
1308:
1299:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1223:on July 7, 2007
1211:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1131:
1111:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1050:
1037:
1032:
993:
987:
964:Shark liver oil
955:
950:
941:
932:
917:
897:
885:
880:
871:
848:
835:
826:
772:
759:
754:
741:
704:
699:
692:
689:
680:
677:
668:
665:
656:
653:
644:
641:
612:
510:
482:
366:
231:
225:
219:
206:
94:
86:
75:
71:
64:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3274:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3206:Fish of Israel
3203:
3201:Odontaspididae
3198:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3164:
3151:
3138:
3125:
3112:
3099:
3086:
3073:
3060:
3047:
3034:
3021:
3008:
2995:
2982:
2969:
2956:
2943:
2930:
2917:
2904:
2891:
2876:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2736:
2734:Odontaspididae
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2716:Goblin shark (
2712:
2710:
2699:
2697:Mitsukurinidae
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2639:
2633:Salmon shark (
2629:
2627:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2449:Elasmobranchii
2445:
2443:Chondrichthyes
2439:
2433:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:mackerel shark
2407:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2332:
2324:
2323:External links
2321:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2271:
2243:
2198:
2172:
2142:
2107:(5): 699–710.
2091:
2058:
2011:
1968:
1941:
1906:
1881:
1857:
1819:
1789:
1743:
1687:
1640:
1591:Mustelus canis
1581:
1533:
1513:
1471:(1): 331–335.
1437:
1411:
1370:
1333:
1297:
1272:
1234:
1204:
1175:
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1129:
1076:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1028:
989:Main article:
986:
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750:
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737:
720:Canary Islands
703:
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555:
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544:
530:
520:
509:
508:Identification
506:
481:
478:
432:belongs after
414:ichthyologists
365:
362:
266:
265:
254:
253:
247:
246:
242:
241:
233:
232:
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215:
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203:C. taurus
200:
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182:
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179:Odontaspididae
176:
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149:Elasmobranchii
146:
142:
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139:Chondrichthyes
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3273:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Fish of Japan
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3174:
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3156:
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3117:
3113:
3109:
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3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2828:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:Megachasmidae
2657:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2602:I. oxyrinchus
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2578:C. carcharias
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
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37:
33:
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2825:P. kamoharai
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2787:
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2520:Cetorhinidae
2503:
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2486:A. pelagicus
2485:
2473:
2453:Subdivision
2335:
2313:
2305:Bibliography
2290:. Retrieved
2283:
2274:
2262:. Retrieved
2255:
2246:
2235:the original
2222:
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2209:
2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2184:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2159:the original
2154:
2145:
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2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2078:the original
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2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1954:
1950:
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1919:
1915:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
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1884:
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1506:10 September
1504:. Retrieved
1497:the original
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1428:. Retrieved
1424:
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1373:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1336:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1292:the original
1285:
1275:
1265:November 28,
1263:. Retrieved
1258:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:the original
1216:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1191:
1185:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1159:
1150:
1139:. Retrieved
1135:the original
1115:
1069:26 September
1067:. Retrieved
1063:
1057:
1020:
1008:
1000:
994:
960:fishing line
956:
942:
939:In captivity
933:
921:
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898:
889:
886:
872:
857:adelphophagy
849:
846:Reproduction
827:
805:
794:
787:
781:
760:
742:
716:
705:
621:heterocercal
613:
603:pectoral fin
601:than to the
573:
571:
566:
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536:
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523:
517:
511:
501:
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480:Common names
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397:
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381:
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350:adelphophagy
338:water column
322:
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275:
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269:
258:
257:
220:
218:
202:
201:
189:
40:
3051:NatureServe
2999:iNaturalist
2880:Wikispecies
2788:O. noronhai
2707:Mitsukurina
2681:M. pelagios
2642:Porbeagle (
2635:L. ditropis
2567:Carcharodon
2504:A. vulpinus
1768:: 215–227.
1390:: 165–181.
969:overfishing
853:cannibalism
712:mesopelagic
610:Description
487:tiger shark
450:Eugomphodus
440:. In 1977,
326:crustaceans
314:nurse shark
306:tiger shark
169:Lamniformes
36:nurse shark
32:tiger shark
3190:Categories
2768:Odontaspis
2744:Carcharias
2718:M. owstoni
2670:Megachasma
2541:C. maximus
2530:Cetorhinus
2437:Vertebrata
2435:Subphylum
2372:Photos of
2362:Shark Info
2185:The Campus
1984:(2): 249.
1957:(2): 225.
1922:(1): 1–9.
1875:2023-06-24
1838:(2): 242.
1613:(2): 205.
1554:(4): 291.
1357:(6): 596.
1227:26 October
1197:4 December
1141:2013-08-23
1030:References
1001:endangered
814:eagle rays
724:Cape Verde
708:epipelagic
599:pelvic fin
589:dorsal fin
582:caudal fin
574:Odontaspis
462:Carcharias
458:Odontaspis
454:Odontaspis
434:Odontaspis
422:Odontaspis
418:Carcharias
228:Rafinesque
190:Carcharias
145:Subclass:
2755:C. taurus
2611:I. paucus
2465:Alopiidae
2447:Subclass
2225:: 75–82.
2031:(2): 75.
1430:26 August
974:Estuaries
862:gestation
810:fanskates
791:guatucupa
789:Cynoscion
763:nocturnal
722:, at the
563:C. taurus
541:C. taurus
528:C. taurus
394:C. taurus
358:aquariums
312:) or the
262:Day, 1878
197:Species:
115:Kingdom:
109:Eukaryota
3056:2.105115
3017:10580371
2973:FishBase
2865:Wikidata
2779:O. ferox
2644:L. nasus
2557:Lamnidae
2455:Selachii
2431:Chordata
2425:Animalia
2423:Kingdom
2342:FishBase
2137:26245645
2129:20872140
2053:54763603
2006:84770491
1738:23637391
1682:25874513
1635:21850377
1576:52239125
1493:84782633
1192:FishBase
1022:maximum
816:and the
798:furnieri
784:teleosts
752:Behavior
746:Cape Cod
617:claspers
567:O. ferox
470:Compagno
442:Compagno
364:Taxonomy
251:Synonyms
175:Family:
129:Chordata
125:Phylum:
119:Animalia
105:Domain:
82:IUCN 3.1
3168:ZooBank
2991:2420766
2871:Q625161
2475:Alopias
2429:Phylum
2414:species
2410:Extant
2109:Bibcode
2084:17 June
2033:Bibcode
1986:Bibcode
1924:Bibcode
1894:Reuters
1840:Bibcode
1770:Bibcode
1729:3645029
1662:Bibcode
1615:Bibcode
1556:Bibcode
1473:Bibcode
1392:Bibcode
1322:: 127.
953:Threats
757:Hunting
185:Genus:
165:Order:
135:Class:
80: (
3160:105843
3108:331725
3095:105843
3082:790885
3030:159888
2965:KRCHTA
2921:ARKive
2591:Isurus
2441:Class
2292:5 July
2135:
2127:
2051:
2004:
1899:7 July
1736:
1726:
1680:
1633:
1574:
1491:
1261:. 2011
1127:
869:Growth
625:albino
492:. The
430:taurus
386:MĂĽller
378:Sicily
342:embryo
334:skates
230:, 1810
3155:WoRMS
3147:68752
3142:SPRAT
3129:Plazi
3121:83130
3069:30501
3012:IRMNG
3004:96768
2952:5WZK9
2939:64251
2624:Lamna
2340:from
2264:6 May
2238:(PDF)
2215:(PDF)
2191:6 May
2165:6 May
2133:S2CID
2049:S2CID
2002:S2CID
1806:(PDF)
1678:S2CID
1631:S2CID
1572:S2CID
1500:(PDF)
1489:S2CID
1461:(PDF)
1255:(PDF)
1168:6 May
390:Henle
330:squid
294:shark
3090:OBIS
3064:NCBI
3043:3854
3038:IUCN
3025:ITIS
2986:GBIF
2960:EPPO
2934:BOLD
2294:2015
2266:2019
2193:2019
2167:2019
2125:PMID
2086:2015
1901:2023
1734:PMID
1508:2011
1432:2014
1267:2011
1229:2011
1199:2011
1170:2019
1125:ISBN
1071:2021
1064:2021
770:Diet
710:and
667:Jaws
565:and
546:The
532:The
460:and
412:and
388:and
270:The
2978:747
2947:CoL
2908:AFD
2895:ADW
2227:doi
2117:doi
2041:doi
1994:doi
1959:doi
1932:doi
1848:doi
1836:123
1778:doi
1766:374
1724:PMC
1716:doi
1670:doi
1652:".
1623:doi
1564:doi
1481:doi
1400:doi
1388:471
1359:doi
1324:doi
655:Eye
396:to
372:by
320:).
288:or
280:),
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