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clear record of the fines and compositions collected, including who paid them and for what crime. The calculations were made in
Holland pounds and stuivers, with 20 stuivers making up one pound. The grietmannen had to account for their income from their administration of justice within their grietenij to the rentmeester-generaal van Friesland (Steward General of Friesland), because the grietman kept half of the fines (boete) and then sent the other half on to the rentmeester-generaal.
134:
no longer had the power to try capital crimes, such as those involving manslaughter or homicide, at the local level. In these cases, they were only responsible for detaining and questioning suspects of capital crimes and providing relevant information to
Leeuwarden for the trial to be held at the Hof
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which was founded in 1504 by the Duke of Saxony, and was a central government for
Friesland. The Friese Landdag met in Leeuwarden. Each mayor and grietman had a vote ensuring that the rural population was fairly represented in Friesland. This method of proportional representation, which accounted for
192:
There were also significant percentages where the successive grietman appointments were related to the immediate predecessor (e.g., in a father–son relationship, or father–son-in law) which points to a significant amount of nepotism and something similar to a family dynasty in the grietenijen. These
178:
The role of grietman was officially an elected, democratic position. However it was a favoured position of
Frisian nobility (Friese adel, hoofdelingen), because of the power, influence and opportunity to make money that this position offered. Over time, power became increasingly concentrated in the
188:
For example, for a total of 28 grietmannnen across
Friesland in the year 1525, 13 grietmannen belonged to the Frisian nobility, 10 were from common Frisian origins and five were of foreign origin. In the year 1675, out of 28 grietmannen, 17 grietmannen belonged to the Frisian nobility, eight were
112:
The grietman needed to have sufficient influence and military power to conduct interviews, order detentions, and enforce penalties and fines when necessary. This required both political and actual military clout among the local population. For example, the "military potential" of local inhabitants
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When dealing with civil disputes or criminal cases (e.g. theft, property, adultery), the grietman would conduct interviews with the perpetrator, victim, and witnesses. After forming judgments, fines and costs related to the proceedings would be imposed. It was necessary for the grietman to keep a
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Once elected, in principle, a grietman was typically appointed for life. Officially, the position was democratically elected, but it did require certain amount of wealth due to the election and bribing process. The grietman was responsible for the costs of his campaign prior to his election. The
169:
The law required the voting residents of the villages to come up with nominations; the candidates with the most votes then made it onto a trio from which the
College of Deputies, together with the governor, was allowed to choose. But often a lot of wheeling, dealing and money exchanged hands to
72:
both the rural and city populations, was a distinctive and democratic system in
Friesland, when compared to the political and legal systems found in Europe during that time period.
401:"Hans Mol, De Friese volkslegers tussen 1480 en 1560 (met een editie van de Monsterlijsten van Friesland 1552 en Ameland 1558, door P.L.G. van der Meer en J.A. Mol)"
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130:), a higher court that dealt with government of lands, capital crimes and a court of appeal, which resulted in a shift of power away from the local level.
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85:. He worked together with a team of village judges and assessors (rechter, mederechter, assessor) who were elected from their midst by the
185:) over time, such as in the Aylva, Burmania, and Eysinga families, and this trend remained stable for over 100 years, from 1623 to 1795.
27:
to accuse, to indict) was a judge and administrator of a local district; this role was partly a forerunner of the current rural
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259:, Comparative Rural History of the North Sea Area, vol. 20, Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, pp. 263–288,
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province of
Friesland also required a tax upon the appointment of a grietman. called "the equivalent."
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a judicial district that comprised several church villages (similar to a modern-day municipality or
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was responsible for administration, justice and maintaining peace and order in the
Frisian
8:
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from common
Frisian origins and five were foreigners (two of whom were also nobility).
61:). In total, the region of Friesland had 30 such rural districts, outside the cities.
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was responsible for mustering local militia, gathering both armour and weapons (e.g.
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Drie eeuwen Friesland : Economische en sociale ontwikkelingen van 1500 tot 1800
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The Municipalities of Thorbecke law (promulgated in 1851) designated the Frisian
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percentages range from 30% to 50%, and are consistent over the years 1600-1795.
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militias, from the mid-1200's, well before the Saxon occupation in 1498 The
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De Grote Friese Oorlog. Partijstrijd in de Friese landen : 1413 - 1422
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III, Duke of Saxony made Leeuwarden the seat of the Court of Friesland (
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river these judges were often referred to as 'redjeva' and west of the
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309:"Systeem van elf steden en dertig grietenijen was uniek in Europa"
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hands of a small number of rich, noble families (Friese adel, or
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40:
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contributor., Brouwers, Ype, 1949- editor. Broersma, Rudolf J.
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Communities, Environment and Regulation in the Premodern World
36:
28:
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Each of the 30 grietmannen and 11 city mayors formed the
105:, supplies and abled-bodied men aged between 16 and 60.
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secure the votes from the vote-bearing inhabitants.
339:The Frisian Popular Militias between 1480 and 1560
119:were recorded in "Monsterlijsten" (muster lists).
274:20.500.11755/3ae68c70-bbca-497d-9c05-ac57c040b1ae
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253:"Personal Violence in the Frisian Countryside"
593:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
547:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
543:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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377:Geweld op het Friese platteland 1524-1530
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93:were also the traditional leaders of the
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174:Frisian Nobility in the role of grietman
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50:The area of jurisdiction was the rural
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405:BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review
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466:"Noordelijk Oostergo. Ferwerderadeel"
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399:Buylaert, Frederik (2019-06-24).
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103:speets, degen, harnas, bekkeneel)
35:, and partly the forerunner of a
440:Hendriks, Albert (2022-09-01).
210:Engelsma, Eise (21 June 2010).
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342:. Amsterdam University Press.
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265:10.1484/m.corn-eb.5.129381
251:Mol, Hans (January 2022),
161:preferred the position of
499:Genealogysk Jierboek 2015
446:Friesland Holland Travel
418:10.18352/bmgn-lchr.10719
16:Frisian political title
569:A., Faber, J. (1973).
374:Mol, Johannes (2020).
152:Election of a grietman
47:river as 'grietman'.
615:History of Friesland
31:in the province of
536:has generic name (
336:Mol, Hans (2022).
313:Leeuwarder Courant
23:(from Old Frisian
509:978-94-92176-16-5
349:978-94-6372-367-1
284:978-2-503-59446-0
128:Hof van Friesland
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575:. De Tille.
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442:"Leeuwarden"
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316:. Retrieved
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288:, retrieved
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221:. Retrieved
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182:hoofdelingen
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158:Hoofdelingen
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534:|last=
219:. p. 9
140:grietmannen
132:Grietmannen
91:grietmannen
518:1112368113
451:2023-03-28
386:1367139456
358:1366294100
290:2023-03-26
197:References
589:cite book
581:463181727
526:cite book
427:2211-2898
163:grietman.
122:In 1498,
116:greitenij
95:grietenij
82:grietenij
53:grietenij
33:Friesland
609:Category
124:Albrecht
99:grietman
87:grietman
77:grietman
59:gemeente
21:grietman
476:29 June
318:29 June
223:30 June
45:Lauwers
41:Lauwers
579:
516:
506:
425:
384:
356:
346:
281:
145:mayors
89:. The
411:(2).
217:(PDF)
37:judge
29:mayor
25:greta
595:link
577:OCLC
549:link
545:link
538:help
514:OCLC
504:ISBN
478:2020
423:ISSN
382:OCLC
354:OCLC
344:ISBN
320:2020
279:ISBN
225:2019
75:The
413:doi
409:134
269:hdl
261:doi
142:as
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