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1005:, in March 1849, recruited a Russian army, composed of about 8,000 soldiers, to assist Franz Joseph against the unrest in Hungary. In 1849 Zass returned to service and took part in the campaign in Hungary, commanding the Vanguard of the 3rd Corps. Russia invaded Transylvania on 8 April 1849. But as they crossed the Southern Carpathian mountain passes (along the border of Transylvania and Wallachia), they were met by a large Hungarian revolutionary army led by
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1122:, burning entire Circassian villages with the people in them and encouraging the rape of Circassian women and children. Zass' forces referred to all Circassian elderly, children, women and men as "bandits", "plunderers" or "thieves" and the Russian empire's forces were commanded by officers who commanded political dissidents and criminals.
936:
morale. In his reports, he frequently boasted about the destruction of villages and glorified the mass murder of civilians. The military successes of the regiments led by him were highly appreciated by the high command. He received as a reward several prestigious orders and a golden weapon with the inscription "For
Bravery".
1182:
Circassian heads on poles outside of his tent and witnesses saw the wind blowing the beards of the heads. In addition, Russian soldiers and
Cossacks were paid for sending Circassian heads to General Zass. He kept his personal collection of decapitated Circassian heads and body parts in a box under his bed.
902:
Zass spent a significant amount of money on espionage. During attacks on
Circassian land, he never forgot about reconnaissance tasks: his men thoroughly investigated all wooden beams that could serve as enemy shelter, demolished farms, and killed farmers so the enemy would not be able to get food. He
982:
Between 1840 and 1841, he burned his last villages and built
Russian villages on top of them. The punitive strategy of Zass and other Caucasian generals alienated the population and caused discontent in St. Petersburg. In 1842, Zass was removed from service in the Caucasus and because of the quarrel
1113:
said that Zass cleaned and boiled the flesh off the heads after storing them under his bed in his tent. He also had
Circassian heads outside of his tent impaled on lances on a hill. Circassian men's corpses were decapitated by Russian-Cossack women on the battlefield after the battles were over for
894:
In August, he led the first expedition into
Circassian territory, destroying as many villages and towns as possible. This was followed by a series of other expeditions. He attacked the Besleney region between November and December, destroying most villages, including the village of the double agent
1117:
Zass erected
Circassian heads on poles outside of his tent and witnesses report seeing wind blow their beards. Russian soldiers and Cossacks were paid for sending Circassian heads to Zass. Besides cutting Circassian heads off and collecting them, Zass employed a deliberate strategy of annihilating
959:
Zass loved spreading rumors about himself by exploiting
Circassian tribal superstitions. Using various tricks and cutting-edge technology, he was able to convince and deceive the Circassians into thinking that he had various magical abilities, including being bulletproof and able to turn gunpowder
974:
Boletoqo visited Zass at his residence. For his initial visit, Zass was not present. Zass wrote him a letter and instructed him to come on a specific date when he would undoubtedly be in his residency. At the said date, Boletoqo was killed on non-warzone territory while on his way to the
Prochnyi
955:
regions. In 1835, he was promoted. The entire Kuban line was entrusted to his command, in 1836 he was promoted to major general, and in 1840 – to lieutenant general and appointed chief of the right flank of the
Caucasian line. On his initiative, new fortifications began to be laid (one of them is
930:
The savages panicked and started fleeing from their homes, leaving their weapons behind attempting to escape to the forest but most of them were killed by the Cossacks ... with the soldiers lined up ready to fight, the cleansing continued with artillery shells, and I sent there two infantry
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In 1833, he was appointed commander of the Batalpashinsky section of the Kuban Line. Having studied the military traditions of Caucasian natives and having mastered the tactics of mountain warfare, he tried to seize the initiative and began to carry out regular preventive measures, based on data
935:
Zass' main strategy was to intercept and retain the initiative, terrorize the Circassians, and destroy Circassian settlements. After a victory, he would usually burn several villages and seize cattle and horses to show off, acts which he proudly admitted. He paid close attention to the enemy's
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Zass is said to have washed and cooked Circassian heads' flesh before putting them under his bed in his tent. He also had Circassian heads impaled on lances on a hill near his tent. After the battle, Circassian corpses were beheaded and the heads were sent to Zass for collection. Zass erected
960:
into gold. He was known as a magical man who could do anything he wanted to do. As a result, when he attacked, the Circassians believed they had no chance and suffered a significant loss of morale; knowing Zass's cruel methods, they mostly attempted to save their lives rather than fighting.
1098:
Zass believed that there was no need to try to negotiate with the Circassians. His reports regularly say the following – "the village was exterminated to the ground", "those who resisted together with the village were committed to fire and sword", "the inhabitants of the village perished."
978:
In 1838, Zass spread false rumors about his serious illness, then staged his own death, weakening the Circassians' vigilance. On the same night, when the Circassians were celebrating their oppressor's death, the suddenly "resurrected" Zass launched a raid that destroyed two villages.
931:
brigades, but they could only capture 11 more people, and since the fire was in flames in many places, the rest were either killed or burned after attempting to escape by hiding on the roofs of their homes or by the manure. So like this, we destroyed and destructed the neighborhood.
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1032:
Emperor Alexander II, wishing to honor the military exploits of Zass, called him back into service and promoted him to general of cavalry, commanding him to be listed in the Caucasian Army with the right to live wherever he wanted. Zass died at the age of 86 in
1218:
By 1843, he founded the villages of Urupskaya, Voznesenskaya, Chemlykskaya and Labinskaya. Zass's plans, however, extended even further. He developed a plan to strengthen the left bank of the Belaya River, to create powerful strongholds for the Russian army.
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In addition, it was recorded that Zass dismembered Circassian corpses, hid them as ornaments and sent them abroad to be used as test subjects. Zass especially sent severed Circassian heads to professors in Berlin, who used them to study anatomy.
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Besides cutting Circassian heads off and collecting them, Zass used a premeditated policy of annihilating Circassians en masse, burning entire Circassian towns with their inhabitants and inciting the abuse of Circassian women and children.
882:
In 1830 Zass received command of the Mozdok Cossack Regiment as a result of his success in the Russo-Turkish War. With this regiment he undertook several successful expeditions against the Caucasian natives. In a 1832 battle against the
1076:
Zass advocated ruthless military methods predicated on this notion, including burning people alive, cutting off heads for enjoyment, burning populated villages to the ground, spreading epidemics on purpose, and mass rape of children.
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Okop fortress. The murderer was a Russian sniper employed by Zass, who was hiding in the forest on the Russian bank of the Kuban River, at the confluence with the Urup River. After this, in 1836, Zass was promoted again.
1202:
In 2003, a monument to General Zass, as the founder of the city, was unveiled in the city of Armavir, Krasnodar Territory. The installation of the monument caused a sharply negative reaction of the Circassian society.
891:
received from numerous scouts. Active defense was complemented by cruel punitive expeditions, which ended, as a rule, with the extermination of villages. He was appointed as chief commander and given full authority.
1094:
through ethnic cleansing, which included methods such as burning entire Circassian villages, and deliberately causing epidemics. It is estimated that 70% of the East Circassian population died in the process.
1024:
In recognition of his previous services, Emperor Alexander II ordered Zass to be enlisted in the service nominally in the Caucasian Army, and in 1877 he was promoted to the rank of general of cavalry.
679:
922:
I captured three Circassians from carriages that were on their way to fetch grass, other than the thirteen we already had, who did not wish to surrender to us voluntarily, so I ordered to kill them.
1962:
1073:. The only way to deal with the Circassians, in his opinion, was to scare them away "just like wild animals". He kept a box under his bed with his collection of severed Circassian body parts.
971:
made plans for a new campaign. General Zass sent Circassian commander Jembulat Boletoqo word in October 1836 that he wanted to make peace. Boletoqo considered the offer and decided to go.
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made a list of all the Circassians he personally killed. His fearlessness and incredible awareness of the affairs of the Caucasians brought him an otherworldly status among the
2429:
Mamedov, Mikail. “‘Going Native’ in the Caucasus: Problems of Russian Identity, 1801–64.” The Russian Review, vol. 67, no. 2, 2008, pp. 275–295. JSTOR, accessed 28 May 2021.
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Rajović, G. & Ezhevski, D. O. & Vazerova, A. G. & Trailovic, M.. (2018). "The Tactics and Strategy of General G.Kh. Zass in the Caucasus".
1343:
782:. He was brought up in a private educational institution. In 1813 at the age of fifteen, his father had him enter military service as a cadet in the
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during the genocide against the Circassians. Zass wrote letters to Rosen proudly admitting he ordered Cossacks to slaughter Circassian civilians.
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1600:[Russian general, participant in the Caucasian War. He is known for pursuing an extremely cruel policy of intimidating the Circassians.]
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called "Zassovsky") and new Orthodox Slavic villages were arranged, which was the beginning of the creation of the Labinskaya line.
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and took part in the famous parade near Vertus. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, he served in the Pskov Cuirassier Regiment.
150:
Russian general, participant in the Caucasian War. He is known for pursuing an extremely cruel policy in which he intimidated the
3338:
3288:
918:, a general in the Russian army, detailing his campaign into Circassia. He talks about how he killed three Circassian civilians:
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Grodno Hussar Regiment, Pskov Cuirassier Regiment, Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment, Mozdok Cossack Regiment, Caucasian Army
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He came from an ancient Westphalian baronial family. His ancestors in the fifteenth century moved to the Baltic States.
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1598:Русский генерал, участник Кавказской войны. Известен тем, что проводил крайне жестокую политику устрашения черкесов.
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In 1820 he transferred to the Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment, which fought in the Caucasus. He took part in the
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830:, was awarded the insignia of the Military Order and promoted to cornet, then participated in the battles in the
2777:
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648:
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789:. He rose through the ranks of the Russian army, particularly during his first taste of battle at the 1813
489:
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887:, he was severely wounded while attempting to burn a village and consequentially promoted to colonel.
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1851:"ZASS Grigory Khristoforovich fon (1797–1883), baron, general ot kavalerii, geroy Kavkazskoy voyny"
1612:"ZASS Grigory Khristoforovich fon (1797–1883), baron, general ot kavalerii, geroy Kavkazskoy voyny"
1548:"ZASS Grigory Khristoforovich fon (2797–1883), baron, general ot kavalerii, geroy Kavkazskoy voyny"
1520:"ZASS Grigory Khristoforovich fon (2797–1883), baron, general ot kavalerii, geroy Kavkazskoy voyny"
843:
386:
2192:"ЗАСС Григорий Христофорович фон (1797–1883), барон, генерал от кавалерии, герой Кавказской войны"
2151:"ЗАСС Григорий Христофорович фон (1797–1883), барон, генерал от кавалерии, герой Кавказской войны"
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He continued to exterminate the Circassian population between 1834 and 1835, particularly in the
915:
815:
637:
627:
474:
344:
2136:
1853:ЗАСС Григорий Христофорович фон (1797–1883), барон, генерал от кавалерии, герой Кавказской войны
1614:ЗАСС Григорий Христофорович фон (1797–1883), барон, генерал от кавалерии, герой Кавказской войны
1550:ЗАСС Григорий Христофорович фон (1797–1883), барон, генерал от кавалерии, герой Кавказской войны
1522:ЗАСС Григорий Христофорович фон (1797–1883), барон, генерал от кавалерии, герой Кавказской войны
1222:
On August 26, 1904, the 1st Labinsky Regiment of the Kuban Cossack Army began to bear his name.
963:
On 18 August, the Russian army burned the residency of Hajji Tlam, a Circassian elder from the
855:
839:
730:
396:
381:
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who in the 15th century moved to the Baltic region, repeatedly fought under the banner of the
3048:
427:
260:
2316:"THE REPORTS AND THE TESTIMONIES ABOUT RUSSIAN – CIRCASSIAN WAR AND THE CIRCASSIAN GENOCIDE"
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1279:
1038:
1002:
847:
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598:
439:
371:
91:
2816:"The Reports and the Testimonies About Russian–Circassian War and the Circassian Genocide"
911:" (Satan). Circassian mothers reportedly frightened their children with the name of Zass.
8:
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722:
479:
469:
155:
151:
1034:
858:. In 1815 he was part of the Russian troops during the second campaign in France in the
87:
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2999:
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The Circassian Miracle: the Nation Neither Tsars, nor Commissars, nor Russia Could Stop
1455:
The Circassian Miracle: the Nation Neither Tsars, nor Commissars, nor Russia Could Stop
1359:
767:
653:
290:
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1685:История Армавира и черкесо-горцев. — Екатеринодар: Электро-тип. т-во «Печатник», 1916.
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after swearing allegiance to the Tsar, being of Germanic-Baltic descent. He fought at
54:
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968:
835:
827:
819:
790:
431:
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359:
349:
2851:. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. p. 55.
2581:. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. p. 56.
2351:. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. p. 55.
2258:
1327:. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. p. 56.
3020:
2126:
1995:
1418:"Genotsid cherkesov – istoriya problemy, khronika sobyty, nauchnoye zaklyucheniye"
771:
683:
3216:
Bitter Choices: Loyalty and Betrayal in the Russian Conquest of the North Caucasus
2551:
Bitter Choices: Loyalty and Betrayal in the Russian Conquest of the North Caucasus
2399:
2089:
1887:
1776:"Bianet :: Çerkeslerden Rusya'ya: Kolonyalist politikalarınız nefret ekiyor"
1212:
1062:
987:, he was forced to leave the Caucasus forever, and ultimately to resign in 1848.
786:
779:
707:
695:
644:
615:
334:
240:
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An oral Circassian tradition describes the cultural memory of Zass as follows:
1042:
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691:
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173:
132:
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2428:
1810:
1642:
1578:
1402:
706:, whom he reportedly saw as a "lowly race". He was the founder of the city of
3252:
2045:"New Monuments of Russian Heroes of Russian-Circassian War Anger Circassians"
896:
603:
508:
422:
114:
1999:
770:, and in 1710, was among the 52 so-called chivalric families, including the
2076:
Colonel Grigory Zass. Letter to Baron Rosen. 25 February 1834. P. Boutkov,
984:
859:
405:
3180:. Routledge Critical Studies in Sport. Taylor & Francis. p. 124.
2527:. Routledge Critical Studies in Sport. Taylor & Francis. p. 124.
2191:
2150:
1850:
1611:
1547:
1519:
1006:
1009:, a Polish-born General. Zass participated in the battles of Weitzen and
904:
726:
703:
453:
3032:
3003:
2994:'Going Native' in the Caucasus: Problems of Russian Identity, 1801–64".
2887:
Let Our Fame Be Great: Journeys Among the Defiant People of the Caucasus
2375:
Let Our Fame Be Great: Journeys Among the Defiant People of the Caucasus
1955:"Kafkasya'nın istenmeyen Rus anıtları: Kolonyal geçmişi hatırlatıyorlar"
1420:Геноцид черкесов – история проблемы, хроника событий, научное заключение
1383:
3177:
The Sexual and Gender Politics of Sport Mega-Events: Roving Colonialism
3009:""Going Native" in the Caucasus: Problems of Russian Identity, 1801-64"
2524:
The Sexual and Gender Politics of Sport Mega-Events: Roving Colonialism
2179:
2016:[Circassians to Russia: Your colonialist policies sow hatred].
1107:
952:
763:
2135:(in German). Vol. 9. 8 April 1849 pages 242, 262. Archived from
2122:
1251:
718:
702:, initially gaining prominence for his genocidal actions against the
1662:
1864, G. H. von Sass was again called up for service by Alexander II
1070:
948:
944:
884:
794:
778:, which took a solemn oath of allegiance to the Russian sovereign,
2929:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 455.
2722:(2 ed.). S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. p. 88.
2408:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 455.
2014:"Çerkeslerden Rusya'ya: Kolonyalist politikalarınız nefret ekiyor"
1125:
Zass worked with another German officer in the Russian army named
1066:
964:
940:
908:
2174:
Eugene Horváth, "Russia and the Hungarian Revolution (1848–9)".
967:
region, and killed his family. As revenge, Circassian commander
3071:"Moscow's Favoritism Towards Cossacks Mocks Circassian History"
2705:. The definitive visual guide. George Biggs. 1859. p. 287.
2442:"Moscow's Favoritism Towards Cossacks Mocks Circassian History"
1199:
Zass is depicted as the Devil or Satan in Circassian folklore.
1103:
1050:
783:
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540:
1245:
1061:
Zass considered Circassians to be subhumans inferior to the "
25:
1346:. BU News Service. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021
1257:
1176:
2090:"Jembulat Bolotoko: Prensleri̇n Prensi̇ (Pşixem 'Ari̇pş*)"
1706:"General Zass'ın Kızının Adigeler Tarafından Kaçırılışı"
1106:
who were professors and used them to study anatomy. The
2926:
The Return: Russia's Journey from Gorbachev to Medvedev
2405:
The Return: Russia's Journey from Gorbachev to Medvedev
2078:
Materials for the New History of the Caucasus – Part I
3106:"Jembulat Bolotoko: The Prince of Princes (Part Two)"
2465:"Jembulat Bolotoko: The Prince of Princes (Part Two)"
1743:"Jembulat Bolotoko: The Prince of Princes (Part One)"
1102:
Zass sent severed Circassian heads to his friends in
1085:
926:
He then talks about how he destroyed a neighborhood:
1921:"Velyaminov, Zass ve insan kafası biriktirme hobisi"
694:
general who commanded Russian cavalry troops in the
317:
Chief of the right flank of the Caucasian line, 1840
1080:
3334:People from the Russian Empire of German descent
3250:
3053:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1630:Emperor Alexander II ordered Sass to be enlisted
1364:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1206:
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3329:Russian military personnel of the Caucasian War
1344:"Special Report: The Plight Of The Circassians"
1159:Children's bodies taken from the mother's womb,
990:
1019:
538:
311:Batalpashinsky section of the Kuban line, 1833
2735:"Blood on the Shore: The Circassian Genocide"
1114:the heads to be sent to Zass for collection.
1090:Colonel Grigory Zass was a key figure in the
762:noble family. His ancestors were nobles from
717:controversially erected his statue on former
524:
37:
3212:
2547:
2259:"Son Haber | 21 Mayıs 1864 Çerkes Soykırımı"
1211:On April 21, 1839, Zass founded the city of
1165:Our new born generations should not forget.
854:, and ended the fighting under the walls of
753:
747:
202:Kreiss Marshal Georg Christoph Sass (father)
43:
16:Russian Imperial cavalry general (1797–1883)
3035:. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
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1153:Is hanging the skulls of our men on sticks.
2732:
1382:. Rutgers University Press. Archived from
1016:Zass then again left the service in 1864.
531:
517:
3219:. Cornell University Press. p. 134.
3103:
2719:On Horseback Through Asia Minor, Volume 2
2659:The Circassian Chief: A Romance of Russia
2554:. Cornell University Press. p. 134.
2462:
1476:The Circassian Chief: A Romance of Russia
1298:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1177:Hobby of collecting heads and body parts
3138:
3006:
2733:Capobianco, Michael (13 October 2012).
2715:
2485:
2117:
2115:
1132:
877:
814:with the Russian army in 1813–1814, in
3251:
2656:Kingston, William Henry Giles (2020).
2121:
1965:from the original on 17 September 2020
1881:
1879:
1703:
1473:Kingston, William Henry Giles (2020).
1163:The atrocities committed by the enemy,
1141:
3314:Recipients of the Order of St. George
3233:from the original on 30 November 2021
3194:from the original on 30 November 2021
3173:
3120:from the original on 30 November 2021
3104:Zhemukhov, Sufian (9 November 2011).
2998:, vol. 67, no. 2, 2008, pp. 275–295.
2943:from the original on 30 November 2021
2904:from the original on 30 November 2021
2865:from the original on 30 November 2021
2796:from the original on 30 November 2021
2520:
2463:Zhemukhov, Sufian (9 November 2011).
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2072:
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1984:
1982:
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1952:
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1864:from the original on 11 December 2018
1845:
1843:
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1801:
1737:
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1733:
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1699:
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1312:
1155:Our children in the wombs of mothers,
611:Russian colonization of North America
512:
3068:
2439:
2112:
2043:Dzutsati, Valery (8 November 2016).
2024:from the original on 14 January 2021
1931:from the original on 13 October 2020
1786:from the original on 14 January 2021
1770:
1768:
1753:from the original on 25 October 2020
1716:from the original on 14 January 2021
1269:, as they are easily broken. Please
1229:
589:Caucasus/northern Persia (1722–1723)
2683:Kingston, William Henry G. (1854).
2495:. Trubner, & Co. Archived from
2100:from the original on 5 October 2013
2082:
2055:from the original on 13 August 2021
2036:
2005:
1953:Duvar, Gazete (14 September 2020).
1876:
1494:Kingston, William Henry G. (1854).
320:The vanguard of the 3rd Corps, 1849
13:
3155:from the original on 10 April 2021
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2209:
2067:
2011:
1977:
1943:
1836:
1798:
1728:
1688:
1342:Tahabsem, Natascha (22 May 2021).
1171:A Circassian elegy describing Zass
1086:Methods of massacre of Circassians
983:in 1842 with superiors, including
832:1814 campaign in north-east France
805:
800:
279:1864–1883 (Caucasian Reserve Army)
14:
3350:
3269:Anti-Caucasus sentiment in Russia
2972:from the original on 23 July 2016
2269:from the original on 15 June 2020
2196:Encyclopedia of Germans of Russia
2176:Slavonic and East European Review
2155:Encyclopedia of Germans of Russia
1886:Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013).
1824:from the original on 23 July 2016
1765:
1619:Encyclopedia of Germans of Russia
1555:Encyclopedia of Germans of Russia
1527:Encyclopedia of Germans of Russia
205:Countess Annette Kettler (mother)
45:Georg Otto Ewald Freiherr von Saß
3274:Circassian genocide perpetrators
3085:from the original on 3 June 2021
3025:10.1111/j.1467-9434.2008.00484.x
2968:. Кавказский Узел. 20 May 2014.
2826:from the original on 3 June 2021
2741:from the original on 3 June 2021
2686:The Circassian chief, Volume 101
2236:from the original on 30 May 2020
1927:(in Turkish). 2 September 2013.
1234:
1081:War crimes and genocidal actions
675:Grigory Khristoforovich von Zass
563:Siberia (1580–late 17th century)
418:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
253:
234:
125:
53:
3206:
3167:
3132:
3097:
3062:
2984:
2963:"Zass Grigory Khristoforovich"
2955:
2916:
2877:
2838:
2808:
2769:
2753:
2726:
2709:
2693:
2676:
2649:
2622:
2595:
2568:
2541:
2514:
2479:
2456:
2433:
2422:
2392:
2365:
2338:
2308:
2281:
2184:
2168:
2143:
1811:"Zass Grigory Khristoforovich"
1643:"Zass Grigory Khristoforovich"
1579:"Zass Grigory Khristoforovich"
1157:He stabs them out with a sword.
1056:
914:In 1834, Zass sent a report to
3339:Soldiers of the Russian Empire
3289:Imperial Russian Army generals
3213:Khodarkovsky, Michael (2011).
3069:Tlis, Fatima (1 August 2008).
2548:Khodarkovsky, Michael (2011).
2440:Tlis, Fatima (1 August 2008).
1704:Dönmez, Yılmaz (31 May 2018).
1635:
1604:
1571:
1540:
1512:
1194:
1161:They play with them on sticks.
872:Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829
273:1813–1848 (initial enlistment)
191:Baroness Wilhelmina Manteuffel
106:Monument to General G. H. Sass
1:
2129:. "Neue Rheinsche Zeitung ".
1500:. Vol. 101. p. 192.
1283:), or an abbreviated title.
1207:Establishments founded by him
1151:Zass with his thick mustache,
1027:
866:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
741:
654:Manchuria and Korea (1904–05)
367:Campaign in north-east France
3319:Russian conspiracy theorists
2051:. The Jamestown Foundation.
1892:. Rutgers University Press.
997:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
991:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
793:. He was transferred to the
736:
7:
3294:People of the Caucasian War
2965:Засс Григорий Христофорович
2890:. Basic Books. p. 60.
2378:. Basic Books. p. 60.
2265:(in Turkish). 20 May 2020.
2232:(in Turkish). 21 May 2020.
1813:Засс Григорий Христофорович
1645:Засс Григорий Христофорович
1581:Засс Григорий Христофорович
1020:Reservist in Caucasian Army
758:in German) was born into a
688:Григорий Христофорович Засс
10:
3355:
2779:Circassia: Born to Be Free
2605:Circassia: Born to Be Free
2291:Circassia: Born to Be Free
1434:Circassia: Born to Be Free
1225:
994:
812:War of the Sixth Coalition
733:establishments worldwide.
392:Battle of Fère-Champenoise
340:War of the Sixth Coalition
276:1849–1864 (2nd enlistment)
2923:Treisman, Daniel (2011).
2884:Bullough, Oliver (2010).
2845:Richmond, Walter (2013).
2762:Richmond 2013, back cover
2662:. Library of Alexandria.
2575:Richmond, Walter (2013).
2372:Bullough, Oliver (2010).
2345:Richmond, Walter (2013).
1479:. Library of Alexandria.
1373:Richmond, Walter (2013).
1321:Richmond, Walter (2013).
1189:
749:Georg Otto Ewald von Sass
687:
549:
503:
485:Order of Saint Stanislaus
462:
327:
304:
296:
286:
266:
246:
229:
224:
220:
212:
195:
187:
179:
162:
146:
138:
120:
110:
102:
76:
61:
52:
44:
38:
35:
23:
3007:Mamedov, Mikail (2008).
2964:
2702:Family Herald, Volume 17
1852:
1812:
1644:
1613:
1580:
1549:
1521:
1419:
1404:
387:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
3284:Human trophy collecting
3174:Sykes, Heather (2016).
3059:. Accessed 28 May 2021.
2848:The Circassian Genocide
2782:. Xlibris Corporation.
2776:Bashqawi, Adel (2017).
2635:. Xlibris Corporation.
2629:Bashqawi, Adel (2019).
2608:. Xlibris Corporation.
2602:Bashqawi, Adel (2017).
2578:The Circassian Genocide
2521:Sykes, Heather (2016).
2348:The Circassian Genocide
2294:. Xlibris Corporation.
2288:Bashqawi, Adel (2017).
2178:12.36 (1934): 628–645.
2000:10.13187/bg.2018.4.1492
1889:The Circassian Genocide
1458:. Xlibris Corporation.
1452:Bashqawi, Adel (2019).
1437:. Xlibris Corporation.
1431:Bashqawi, Adel (2017).
1376:The Circassian Genocide
1324:The Circassian Genocide
1273:by replacing them with
1265:Knowledge's style guide
1127:Georg Andreas von Rosen
1111:Nikolai Ivanovich Lorer
916:Georg Andreas von Rosen
816:German campaign of 1813
638:Khivan campaign of 1873
628:Khivan campaign of 1839
584:Khivan campaign of 1717
475:Order of Saint Vladimir
314:Entire Kuban line, 1835
3324:Russian mass murderers
3139:Golovin, Ivan (1954).
2716:Burnaby, Fred (1877).
2486:Golovin, Ivan (1954).
1174:
933:
924:
810:Zass took part in the
754:
748:
731:Circassian nationalist
725:occurred, infuriating
721:territories where the
382:Battle of Bar-sur-Aube
3148:. Trubner, & Co.
3110:Eurasia Daily Monitor
3075:North Caucasus Weekly
2469:Eurasia Daily Monitor
2446:North Caucasus Weekly
2049:Eurasia Daily Monitor
1148:
995:Further information:
928:
920:
649:Manchuria (1899–1901)
623:Turkestan (1839–1895)
568:Manchuria (1652–1689)
428:Assault on Germenchuk
267:Years of service
261:Imperial Russian Army
1497:The Circassian chief
1403:"Kavkazskaya voyna"
1271:improve this article
1133:Dismembering corpses
1039:Courland Governorate
1003:Nicholas I of Russia
878:Russo-Circassian War
700:Russo-Circassian War
690:; 1797–1883) was an
594:Caucasus (1800–1864)
440:Russo-Circassian War
168:Founded the city of
92:Courland Governorate
2226:"'Benim Adım 1864'"
2139:on 9 February 2005.
1243:Constructs such as
1142:A Circassian Lament
1092:Circassian genocide
1047:Saldus Municipality
907:, who called Zass "
723:Circassian genocide
495:Golden Weapon Award
480:Order of Saint Anna
470:Order of St. George
156:Circassian genocide
3299:Racial segregation
3013:The Russian Review
2996:The Russian Review
1389:on 1 December 2020
797:division in 1820.
768:Order of the Sword
715:Russian Federation
543:colonial campaigns
490:St. George's Cross
449:Hungarian Campaign
291:General of Cavalry
2990:Mamedov, Mikail.
2127:Engels, Friedrich
1994:. 50. 1492–1498.
1899:978-0-8135-6069-4
1858:enc.rusdeutsch.ru
1308:
1307:
1300:
969:Jembulat Boletoqo
791:Battle of Leipzig
772:Ungern-Sternbergs
671:
670:
666:
665:
576:18th-20th century
507:
506:
413:Russo-Turkish War
377:Battle of Brienne
360:Battle of Leipzig
350:Battle of Dresden
39:Григорий фон Засс
3346:
3309:Racism in Russia
3304:Racism in Europe
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3147:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3044:
3042:
3040:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2820:Circassian World
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2502:on 10 April 2021
2501:
2494:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2437:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2400:Treisman, Daniel
2396:
2390:
2389:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2322:. Archived from
2320:Circassian World
2312:
2306:
2305:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2188:
2182:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2009:
2003:
1986:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1917:
1904:
1903:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1847:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1739:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1701:
1686:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1516:
1504:
1501:
1490:
1469:
1448:
1427:
1425:
1413:
1405:Кавказская война
1398:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1369:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1338:
1316:
1303:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1275:named references
1238:
1237:
1230:
1172:
1065:", particularly
852:Fère-Champenoise
757:
751:
692:Imperial Russian
689:
682:
659:Persia (1908–11)
555:pre-18th century
552:
551:
544:
533:
526:
519:
510:
509:
434:
259:
257:
256:
248:
239:
238:
237:
165:
142:Military officer
131:
129:
128:
83:
71:
69:
57:
48:
47:
46:
41:
40:
30:Grigory von Zass
21:
20:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3227:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3188:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3067:
3063:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3036:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2937:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2898:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2790:
2774:
2770:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2742:
2731:
2727:
2714:
2710:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2461:
2457:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2132:Collected Works
2120:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2010:
2006:
1987:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1951:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1925:Jıneps Gazetesi
1919:
1918:
1907:
1900:
1884:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1818:Кавказский Узел
1814:
1809:
1808:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1741:
1740:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1702:
1689:
1679:
1668:
1655:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1591:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1487:
1466:
1445:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1410:Кавказский узел
1406:
1401:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1335:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1263:discouraged by
1239:
1235:
1228:
1209:
1197:
1192:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1144:
1135:
1088:
1083:
1059:
1030:
1022:
999:
993:
880:
868:
808:
806:Napoleonic Wars
803:
801:Military career
787:Hussar Regiment
780:Peter the Great
744:
739:
696:Napoleonic Wars
678:
672:
667:
616:Battle of Sitka
545:
539:
537:
499:
458:
397:Battle of Paris
345:German campaign
335:Napoleonic Wars
323:
282:
254:
252:
235:
233:
225:Military career
208:
163:
154:as part of the
126:
124:
98:
85:
81:
80:4 December 1883
67:
65:
42:
36:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3352:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3279:Genocidal rape
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3245:
3244:
3226:978-0801462900
3225:
3205:
3187:978-1317690016
3186:
3166:
3131:
3096:
3061:
3019:(2): 275–295.
2983:
2954:
2936:978-1416560722
2935:
2915:
2897:978-0465022571
2896:
2876:
2858:978-0813560694
2857:
2837:
2807:
2789:978-1543447651
2788:
2768:
2752:
2725:
2708:
2692:
2689:. p. 192.
2675:
2669:978-1465593184
2668:
2648:
2642:978-1796076851
2641:
2621:
2615:978-1543447651
2614:
2594:
2588:978-0813560694
2587:
2567:
2561:978-0801462900
2560:
2540:
2534:978-1317690016
2533:
2513:
2478:
2455:
2432:
2421:
2415:978-1416560722
2414:
2391:
2385:978-0465022571
2384:
2364:
2358:978-0813560694
2357:
2337:
2326:on 3 June 2021
2307:
2301:978-1543447651
2300:
2280:
2247:
2230:Sivil Sayfalar
2217:
2215:Ibid., p. 420.
2208:
2183:
2167:
2142:
2111:
2094:cherkessia.net
2081:
2066:
2035:
2020:(in Turkish).
2004:
1976:
1961:(in Turkish).
1942:
1905:
1898:
1875:
1835:
1797:
1764:
1727:
1712:(in Turkish).
1687:
1666:
1650:Caucasian Knot
1634:
1603:
1586:Caucasian Knot
1570:
1539:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1491:
1486:978-1465593184
1485:
1470:
1465:978-1796076851
1464:
1449:
1444:978-1543447651
1443:
1428:
1414:
1412:. 21 May 2021.
1399:
1370:
1339:
1334:978-0813560694
1333:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1242:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1208:
1205:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1178:
1175:
1168:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1058:
1055:
1043:Russian Empire
1029:
1026:
1021:
1018:
992:
989:
879:
876:
867:
864:
844:Arcis-sur-Aube
807:
804:
802:
799:
776:Wrangel family
743:
740:
738:
735:
669:
668:
664:
663:
662:
661:
656:
651:
642:
641:
640:
635:
630:
620:
619:
618:
608:
607:
606:
604:North Caucasus
601:
591:
586:
578:
577:
573:
572:
571:
570:
565:
557:
556:
550:
547:
546:
536:
535:
528:
521:
513:
505:
504:
501:
500:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
466:
464:
460:
459:
457:
456:
451:
446:
445:
444:
443:
442:
437:
415:
410:
409:
408:
403:
402:
401:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
364:
363:
362:
357:
355:Battle of Kulm
352:
331:
329:
325:
324:
322:
321:
318:
315:
312:
308:
306:
302:
301:
298:
294:
293:
288:
284:
283:
281:
280:
277:
274:
270:
268:
264:
263:
250:
244:
243:
241:Tsar of Russia
231:
227:
226:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
210:
209:
207:
206:
203:
199:
197:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
174:Krasnodar Krai
166:
160:
159:
148:
147:Known for
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
133:Russian Empire
122:
118:
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1857:
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1817:
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1057:Racist views
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985:Pavel Grabbe
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869:
860:Hundred Days
840:Bar-sur-Aube
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745:
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674:
673:
406:Hundred Days
164:Notable work
82:(1883-12-04)
18:
3264:1883 deaths
3259:1797 births
2012:PT (2020).
1959:Gazeteduvar
1280:quick guide
1195:Controversy
1118:Circassian
1035:Šķēde Manor
905:Circassians
727:Circassians
704:Circassians
454:Crimean War
152:Circassians
121:Citizenship
111:Nationality
88:Šķēde Manor
3253:Categories
2976:13 January
2273:13 January
2240:13 January
2201:20 January
2160:20 January
2123:Marx, Karl
2028:13 January
1991:Bylye Gody
1969:13 January
1868:13 January
1828:13 January
1790:13 January
1710:ÇERKES-FED
1656:20 January
1624:20 January
1592:20 January
1560:20 January
1532:20 January
1108:Decembrist
1028:Retirement
764:Westphalia
742:Early life
719:Circassian
710:, Russia.
230:Allegiance
139:Occupation
68:1797-04-29
2263:Son Haber
2104:5 January
2059:13 August
1757:5 January
1747:Jamestown
1720:13 August
1360:cite news
1252:loc. cit.
1007:Józef Bem
953:Kabardian
737:Biography
680:‹See Tfd›
599:Circassia
216:Zassovsky
213:Call sign
103:Monuments
3231:Archived
3192:Archived
3150:Archived
3118:Archived
3083:Archived
3033:20620748
3004:20620748
2970:Archived
2941:Archived
2902:Archived
2863:Archived
2824:Archived
2794:Archived
2739:Archived
2402:(2011).
2267:Archived
2234:Archived
2098:Archived
2096:. 2013.
2053:Archived
2022:Archived
1963:Archived
1929:Archived
1862:Archived
1822:Archived
1784:Archived
1751:Archived
1714:Archived
1169:—
1120:en masse
1071:Russians
1011:Debrecen
945:Besleney
885:Chechens
795:Novgorod
328:Conflict
305:Commands
247:Service/
3116:(207).
1226:Sources
1213:Armavir
1067:Germans
965:Abdzakh
949:Shapsug
941:Abdzakh
909:Shaytan
836:Brienne
828:Leipzig
820:Dresden
708:Armavir
684:Russian
633:Bukhara
541:Russian
430: (
196:Parents
170:Armavir
3237:1 June
3223:
3198:1 June
3184:
3159:28 May
3124:28 May
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2180:online
2018:Bianet
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1350:28 May
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1104:Berlin
1051:Latvia
951:, and
850:, and
784:Grodno
746:Zass (
463:Awards
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249:branch
188:Spouse
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3146:(PDF)
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3000:JSTOR
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2493:(PDF)
2452:(30).
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1387:(PDF)
1380:(PDF)
1246:ibid.
1045:(now
1001:Tsar
856:Paris
645:China
183:Baron
180:Title
26:Baron
3239:2021
3221:ISBN
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3182:ISBN
3161:2021
3126:2021
3091:2021
3055:link
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2978:2021
2949:2021
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2802:2021
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