1918:
1900:
1417:
There are dictionaries and grammars available for
Kaingang. A school was set up in 1969 to teach the Kaingang people to read and write their language. However, the school produced many Kaingang speakers who went back to their reservations to teach others and spread the writing innovations they
786:. Between two nasal vowels, or word-initially before nasal vowels, they are realized as full nasal stops: . The first two types of realization also apply when occurring in the syllable coda and followed by a non-nasal segment; these voiced/prenasalized will however be additionally
781:
are only realized as voiced oral stops between two oral vowels. They are realized as voiced prenasalized stops when between a nasal and an oral vowel, as well as word-initially before oral vowels. Between an oral and a nasal vowel they are conversely realized as
1418:
learned. Only one of the dialects is used as the standard written form, though having the writing system provided a source of pride in the language for the
Kaingang people. A Kaingang bible has been published, as well as a dictionary and other publications.
835:
is preceded by an epenthetic ; it is in tonic syllables and in atonic syllables, and when nasalized, it varies between and . As a syllable coda it is a flap when oral and approximant when nasal, and may optionally be palatalized:
315:, and are considered to be the ancestors of the Kaingang. It is unknown to what extent the names might have corresponded to dialectal differences.
3071:
3708:
2198:
1138:, and consists of fourteen consonants and fourteen vowels, matching the fourteen consonants and fourteen vowels of the Kaingang language.
311:
Some of these may have been tribal names; others were exonyms. Those living along the coast at the time of the
Conquest were called
1087:
3343:
715:
3064:
2170:
1095:
2191:
2303:
365:
Eastern / Nhakfáteitei / Yakwändatéye / Guayana de
Paranapamena - formerly spoken in the state of São Paulo on the
307:
The
Kaingang and Xokleng were previously considered a single ethnicity, which went by a number of names, including
17:
1134:
Wiesemann proposed an alphabet for the language, which is still in use despite some problems. It is based on the
965:
296:
993:
972:
3057:
309:
Amhó, Dorin, Gualachi, Chiqui, Ingain, Botocudo, Ivitorocái (= Amho), Kamé, Kayurukré, Tain (= Ingain), Taven.
1000:
182:
3723:
3713:
2184:
2016:
979:
673:
207:
1122:
1111:
1104:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
844:
837:
832:
825:
821:
817:
804:
798:
778:
771:
761:
3703:
3204:
2033:(RS). Anais do XIV SETA - Seminário de Teses em Andamento, 3:675-685. Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP.
1007:
912:
724:
695:
684:
3405:
3122:
2102:
2030:
2318:
733:
600:
580:
2916:
1093:
1085:
1056:
2906:
1917:
1899:
855:. Following palatal consonants or preceding a close vowel, it can also realized as a palatal stop, .
392:
248:. The Kaingang nation has about 30,000 people, and about 60–65% speak the language. Most also speak
3274:
2942:
2454:
2153:
921:
117:
3718:
3294:
3138:
2565:
229:
122:
3199:
2937:
2671:
2247:
2226:
2012:
635:
613:
593:
3384:
3229:
2550:
2034:
2146:
628:
277:
62:
2160:
388:
3194:
2792:
1982:
1509:
706:
607:
587:
328:
3106:
3080:
2517:
2293:
2163:
Em: S. Telles & A. S. de Paula (orgs.) Topicalizando Macro-Jê, 247-260. Recife: NECTAR.
265:
237:
107:
3525:
2947:
2921:
2736:
2469:
2221:
783:
648:
622:
402:
3617:
3579:
3462:
3399:
3245:
2851:
2800:
2706:
2580:
2140:
431:
269:
8:
3593:
2805:
2711:
2545:
2439:
2207:
2135:
666:
249:
3520:
3438:
3373:
3256:
3189:
3146:
2901:
2846:
2726:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2401:
2396:
2333:
512:
3557:
3512:
3502:
3210:
2973:
2759:
2691:
2681:
2600:
2497:
2353:
2285:
1987:
1951:
852:
642:
550:
540:
509:
366:
289:
3661:
3638:
3624:
3547:
3539:
3469:
3455:
3448:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3393:
3361:
3128:
2871:
2826:
2810:
2666:
2595:
2585:
2560:
2459:
2424:
2348:
199:
3161:
3097:
3008:
2963:
2856:
2625:
2610:
2605:
2507:
2411:
2358:
2328:
2323:
2308:
2094:
Traços de modo e modos de traçar geometrias: línguas Macro-Jê & teoria fonológica
757:
565:
555:
442:
384:
378:
353:
285:
281:
70:
3631:
3497:
3328:
3238:
3184:
2836:
2749:
2686:
2648:
2590:
2363:
437:
273:
66:
3650:
3606:
3567:
3352:
3307:
3251:
3171:
3033:
3023:
3018:
3013:
2841:
2831:
2744:
2658:
2615:
2575:
2502:
2492:
2484:
2464:
2449:
2429:
2373:
2343:
2298:
2259:
2242:
2004:
848:
545:
449:
421:
398:
2386:
2313:
2147:
Língua, lexicografia e os SILogismos em
Kaingang - Português Dicionário Bilingüe.
1512:(1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Kaingán language varieties.
3573:
3367:
3283:
3179:
3151:
3038:
3028:
3003:
2983:
2968:
2881:
2876:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2721:
2701:
2676:
2570:
2540:
2474:
2444:
2419:
2391:
2338:
2125:
1931:
1547:
954:
787:
560:
516:
460:
99:
80:
3088:
2633:
347:
343:
261:
233:
212:
112:
3684:
3586:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2911:
2866:
2861:
2767:
2643:
2434:
2264:
1422:
987:
811:
753:
573:
424:(1950) lists the following classification for the Caingang group of languages:
331:(1968) lists the following dialects of Kaingán and related language varieties.
774:
and the non-stop consonants are realized as nasalized preceding nasal vowels.
748:
depending on their position in the word and on the adjacency of nasal vowels:
3697:
3668:
3156:
2716:
2381:
1439:
374:
288:). Today they live in around 30 indigenous lands (similar to Native American
175:
339:
2638:
2096:, Tese de Doutorado, 2 vols. (in Portuguese), Campinas, Brazil: IEL-Unicamp
1135:
768:
655:
1905:
1887:
165:
158:
58:
2166:
1035:
1028:
1021:
946:
937:
930:
901:
872:
360:
1910:
1892:
1043:
877:
2176:
3049:
2696:
1968:
790:: . However, by convention these stop-phonemes are always written as
745:
192:
149:
2007:(1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.).
406:
356:, now in the villages surrounding the cities of Nonohag and Cáceres.
760:
allophones when following a nasal vowel. In unstressed syllables,
410:
335:
Kaingán / Caingang / Camé / Taven / Kaingygn / Coroado / Kadyrukré
241:
2254:
2058:
2056:
2054:
295:
In the 1960s, because of a missionary interest (conducted by the
2130:
1953:
Die phonologische und grammatische
Struktur der Kaingáng-Sprache
820:
can optionally be realized as a voiced bilabial fricative , and
2978:
245:
48:
2051:
1936:
Línguas brasileiras. Para o conhecimento das línguas indígenas
2011:. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office:
814:
realized as affricates (including their nasal allophones: .)
1117:
Nasal vowels have the same quality as oral vowels. However,
268:
stock. The
Kaingang territory occupies the modern states of
2103:"Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble"
532:
A large number of allophones map to a set of 14 phonemes:
2031:
Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em
Cacique Doble
2068:
2039:
299:(SIL)), the language was studied by Ursula Wiesemann.
1986:
1950:
1989:Classification of South American Indian languages
810:The non-glottal fricatives can word-initially be
3695:
2161:Construções relativas restritivas em Kaingáng.
292:), especially in Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná.
284:(and, until the beginning of the 20th century,
797:When preceded by an oral vowel, the sequences
373:Binaré - once spoken on the left shore of the
3065:
2192:
2091:
1459:Postpositions are also used to mark subject.
1421:Examples of Kaingang writing can be found on
352:Southern or Iñacoré - spoken in the state of
2126:Catálogo de Línguas Sul-Americanas: Kaingáng
824:as a voiced palatal stop . When nasalized,
3273:
2113:, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675–685
2101:Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009),
264:family, the largest language family in the
3072:
3058:
2199:
2185:
2159:Jolkesky, M. P. V.; Santos, L. C. (2008).
2141:Comparison of English and Kaingang phrases
1993:. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
1977:
1975:
1103:The backness of the unrounded back vowels
2136:Kaingang phonology and Macro-Ge languages
1997:
1948:
1930:
260:The Kaingang language is a member of the
2154:Análise semiótica de um texto Kaingáng.
2100:
2074:
2062:
2045:
1981:
1942:
1118:
2206:
2023:
1972:
1938:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Ed. Loyola.
843:Word-initially in a stressed syllable,
27:Southern Je language of southern Brazil
14:
3696:
3170:
3096:
3079:
3152:Mẽbêngôkre (dialects: Kayapó, Xikrín)
3053:
2180:
2003:
869:
3709:Indigenous languages of the Americas
801:can be realized as geminate stops: .
502:(moieties: Cayurucré, Votoro, Camó)
405:in the hinterland of the cities of
24:
2171:Intercontinental Dictionary Series
2009:Handbook of South American Indians
1881:
1121:doesn't list a central variant of
1107:varies between back and central .
323:
25:
3735:
2119:
1055:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1006:
999:
992:
978:
971:
964:
945:
936:
920:
911:
807:is optionally labialized: , etc.
764:is furthermore voiced to become .
732:
723:
714:
694:
683:
672:
654:
647:
641:
634:
627:
621:
612:
606:
599:
592:
586:
579:
397:Aweicoma / Bugres / Owaikománg /
1916:
1898:
1433:
847:may vary in realization between
2084:
2019:Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
1957:(in German). The Hague: Mouton.
1481:Kaingang verbs do not inflect.
1084:are merged; the former pair to
416:
297:Summer Institute of Linguistics
169: – São Paulo Kaingáng
1961:
1924:
1129:
1114:can be realized as voiceless .
383:Xiqui - extinct language from
359:Northern - once spoken on the
13:
1:
2092:D'Angelis, Wilmar R. (1998),
1874:
1504:
1472:The old man killed the snake.
527:
338:Central - spoken between the
2152:Jolkesky, M. P. V. (2006b).
2145:Jolkesky, M. P. V. (2006a).
2017:Bureau of American Ethnology
1041:
1013:
985:
952:
927:
899:
744:All consonants have varying
522:
508:Mason (1950) also lists the
7:
2029:Jolkesky, M. P. V. (2009).
865:Vowel phonemes of Kaingang
792:⟨m, n, nh, g⟩
499:(bands: Jahuateie, Venharo)
318:
255:
10:
3740:
1949:Wiesemann, Ursula (1972).
1932:Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna
1428:
660:
653:
640:
633:
620:
618:
605:
598:
585:
578:
3678:
3648:
3604:
3556:
3538:
3511:
3490:
3483:
3436:
3383:
3351:
3342:
3320:
3293:
3228:
3137:
3114:
3105:
3087:
2956:
2930:
2917:Paulista General Language
2894:
2819:
2791:
2758:
2735:
2657:
2624:
2516:
2483:
2410:
2372:
2284:
2275:
2235:
2214:
1146:
1143:
986:
958:
900:
876:
859:
738:
700:
693:
691:
680:
564:
559:
554:
544:
539:
206:
190:
173:
147:
142:
96:
86:
76:
54:
44:
37:
32:
1476:
519:as "possibly Caingang."
302:
2227:Brazilian Sign Language
2065:, pp. 676 and 682.
2013:Smithsonian Institution
1498:Ẽg tóg rãgró krãn huri.
1492:Ti tóg rãgró krãn huri.
1110:All of the oral vowels
434:(Coroado); Nyacfateitei
3257:Akwẽ-Xerénte (Xerénte)
1438:Kaingang makes use of
2922:Portunhol fronteiriço
1092:, the latter pair to
828:varies between and .
387:, once spoken on the
162: – Kaingang
480:Gualacho (Coronado)
403:Santa Catarina State
3724:Languages of Brazil
3714:Isolating languages
3344:Trans–São Francisco
2208:Languages of Brazil
1125:on his phone chart.
1112:/i,u,e,ɤ,o,ɛ,ʌ,ɔ,ɑ/
866:
794:in the orthography.
389:São Francisco River
286:Misiones, Argentina
244:people of southern
92:(18,000 cited 1989)
3704:Analytic languages
3081:Macro-Jê languages
2672:Gavião of Jiparaná
2236:Regional languages
1906:São Paulo Kaingáng
1470:Kofá tóg pỹn tãnh.
864:
510:Yabutian languages
463:(Wayana, Guayaná)
367:Paranapanema River
3691:
3690:
3685:extinct languages
3580:Bororo of Cabaçal
3534:
3533:
3479:
3478:
3338:
3337:
3316:
3315:
3308:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3047:
3046:
2890:
2889:
2576:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
2215:Official language
2005:Mason, John Alden
1983:Loukotka, Čestmír
1914:(26th ed., 2023)
1896:(26th ed., 2023)
1872:
1871:
1500:We planted beans.
1494:He planted beans.
1464:Mĩg vỹ venhvó tĩ.
1415:
1414:
1065:
1064:
742:
741:
709:
669:
576:
443:Rio Grande do Sul
385:Mato Grosso State
379:Rio Grande do Sul
354:Rio Grande do Sul
282:Rio Grande do Sul
222:Kaingang language
218:
217:
71:Rio Grande do Sul
16:(Redirected from
3731:
3488:
3487:
3349:
3348:
3291:
3290:
3271:
3270:
3168:
3167:
3112:
3111:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3051:
3050:
2282:
2281:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2114:
2097:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1979:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1903:
1902:
1885:
1515:
1514:
1466:The jaguar runs.
1141:
1140:
1124:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1059:
1050:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
982:
975:
968:
961:
949:
940:
933:
924:
915:
908:
896:
891:
886:
867:
863:
846:
839:
834:
831:Word-initially,
827:
823:
819:
806:
800:
793:
780:
773:
763:
736:
727:
718:
705:
698:
687:
676:
665:
658:
651:
645:
638:
631:
625:
616:
610:
603:
596:
590:
583:
572:
535:
534:
377:in the state of
240:) spoken by the
202:
186:Wayaná (Guayaná)
185:
168:
161:
152:
102:
30:
29:
21:
18:Guayana language
3739:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3674:
3644:
3600:
3552:
3530:
3507:
3475:
3432:
3406:Ritual Maxakalí
3379:
3334:
3312:
3289:
3261:
3230:Central (Akuwẽ)
3216:
3166:
3133:
3123:Southern Kayapó
3083:
3078:
3048:
3043:
2952:
2926:
2886:
2815:
2787:
2754:
2731:
2653:
2620:
2512:
2479:
2406:
2368:
2277:
2271:
2231:
2210:
2205:
2131:Portal Kaingang
2122:
2117:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2075:Jolkesky (2009)
2073:
2069:
2063:Jolkesky (2009)
2061:
2052:
2046:Jolkesky (2009)
2044:
2040:
2028:
2024:
2002:
1998:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1947:
1943:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1904:
1897:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1507:
1479:
1436:
1431:
1132:
1119:Jolkesky (2009)
1048:
1015:
959:
929:
906:
894:
889:
884:
862:
791:
549:
530:
525:
419:
326:
324:Loukotka (1968)
321:
305:
258:
198:
181:
178:
164:
163:
157:
156:
148:
138:
103:
100:Language family
98:
89:
88:Native speakers
81:Kaingang people
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3737:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3689:
3688:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3665:
3657:
3655:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3613:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3571:
3563:
3561:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3442:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3397:
3389:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3355:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3279:
3277:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3242:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3157:Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3118:
3116:
3109:
3100:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2994:Haitian Creole
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2938:Brazilian Sign
2934:
2932:
2931:Sign languages
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2895:Interlanguages
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2120:External links
2118:
2116:
2115:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:, p. 676.
2067:
2050:
2048:, p. 677.
2038:
2022:
1996:
1971:
1960:
1941:
1923:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
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1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
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1793:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1776:
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1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1754:
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1747:
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1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1692:
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1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
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1668:
1667:
1664:
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1635:
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1427:
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1397:
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1379:
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1375:
1370:
1367:
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1357:
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1325:
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1307:
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1303:
1298:
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1271:
1270:
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1253:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
984:
983:
976:
969:
962:
957:
951:
950:
943:
941:
934:
926:
925:
918:
916:
909:
904:
898:
897:
892:
887:
881:
880:
875:
870:
861:
858:
857:
856:
841:
829:
815:
808:
802:
795:
775:
765:
740:
739:
737:
730:
728:
721:
719:
712:
710:
702:
701:
699:
692:
690:
688:
681:
679:
677:
670:
662:
661:
659:
652:
639:
632:
619:
617:
604:
597:
584:
577:
569:
568:
563:
558:
553:
543:
538:
529:
526:
524:
521:
506:
505:
504:
503:
500:
494:
493:
492:
491:
490:
487:
484:
478:
475:
474:
473:
470:
467:
458:
452:
447:
446:
445:
440:
435:
418:
415:
414:
413:
409:, Palmas, and
395:
381:
371:
370:
369:
363:
357:
350:
325:
322:
320:
317:
304:
301:
278:Santa Catarina
257:
254:
224:(also spelled
216:
215:
210:
204:
203:
196:
188:
187:
179:
174:
171:
170:
153:
145:
144:
143:Language codes
140:
139:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
106:
104:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
63:Santa Catarina
56:
52:
51:
46:
45:Native to
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3736:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
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3155:
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3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
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2962:
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2936:
2935:
2933:
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2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2112:
2108:
2107:Anais do SETA
2104:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:postpositions
1434:Postpositions
1426:
1424:
1419:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1089:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
989:
981:
977:
974:
970:
967:
963:
956:
953:
948:
944:
942:
939:
935:
932:
928:
923:
919:
917:
914:
910:
905:
903:
893:
888:
883:
882:
879:
874:
871:
868:
854:
850:
842:
830:
816:
813:
809:
803:
796:
789:
785:
777:The phonemes
776:
770:
766:
759:
755:
751:
750:
749:
747:
735:
731:
729:
726:
722:
720:
717:
713:
711:
708:
704:
703:
697:
689:
686:
682:
678:
675:
671:
668:
664:
663:
657:
650:
644:
637:
630:
624:
615:
609:
602:
595:
589:
582:
575:
571:
570:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
536:
533:
520:
518:
514:
511:
501:
498:
497:
495:
488:
485:
482:
481:
479:
476:
471:
468:
465:
464:
462:
459:
456:
455:
453:
451:
448:
444:
441:
439:
436:
433:
430:
429:
427:
426:
425:
423:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
394:
393:Piquirí River
390:
386:
382:
380:
376:
375:Uruguay River
372:
368:
364:
362:
358:
355:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:
334:
333:
332:
330:
316:
314:
310:
300:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
214:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
195:
194:
189:
184:
180:
177:
176:Linguist List
172:
167:
160:
154:
151:
146:
141:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
105:
101:
95:
91:
85:
82:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3719:Jê languages
3680:
3667:
3660:
3649:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3605:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3566:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3437:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3392:
3372:
3360:
3327:
3321:Unclassified
3302:
3282:
3275:Jê of Paraná
3244:
3237:
3209:
3121:
2957:Non-official
2943:Ka'apor Sign
2555:
2526:Akwẽ-Xerénte
2319:Enawenê-Nawê
2156:(manuscrito)
2149:(manuscrito)
2110:
2106:
2093:
2085:Bibliography
2070:
2041:
2025:
2008:
1999:
1988:
1967:
1963:
1952:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1909:
1891:
1883:
1508:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1480:
1469:
1463:
1458:
1455:in the water
1452:
1446:
1437:
1420:
1416:
1400:
1390:
1382:
1372:
1364:
1354:
1346:
1336:
1328:
1318:
1310:
1300:
1292:
1282:
1274:
1264:
1256:
1246:
1238:
1228:
1220:
1210:
1202:
1192:
1184:
1174:
1166:
1136:Latin script
1133:
769:glottal stop
758:prenasalized
743:
531:
507:
466:Patte (Basa)
420:
417:Mason (1950)
401:- spoken in
348:Paraná State
344:Tiquié River
327:
312:
308:
306:
294:
290:reservations
259:
225:
221:
219:
191:
127:
118:Jê of Paraná
38:
3526:Djeoromitxi
3491:Mato Grosso
2969:Vlax Romani
2948:Terena Sign
2912:Macarrônico
2793:Nambikwaran
2551:Djeoromitxí
1657:a-yomamá-ma
1147:Consonants
1130:Orthography
1076:as well as
756:stops have
707:Approximant
361:Tiete River
230:Southern Jê
123:Southern Jê
3698:Categories
3594:Gorgotoqui
3385:Maxakalían
2907:Lanc-Patuá
2806:Nambikwara
2737:Chapacuran
2712:Tenetehara
2586:Mẽbêngôkre
2546:Chiquitano
2455:Pará Arára
2440:Hixkaryana
2276:Indigenous
2248:Pomeranian
2222:Portuguese
1911:Ethnologue
1893:Ethnologue
1875:References
1605:aunt-krein
1571:umarikélko
1505:Vocabulary
812:optionally
799:/nt,ɲt,ŋk/
788:unreleased
784:prestopped
746:allophones
528:Consonants
477:Ivitorocai
340:Ivaí River
250:Portuguese
232:language (
3683:indicate
3503:Rikbáktsa
3205:Kỳikatêjê
3200:Parkatêjê
2974:Hungarian
2697:Nheengatu
2692:Munduruku
2682:Kagwahiva
2601:Rikbaktsa
2498:Kashinawa
2354:Wapishana
2294:Asháninka
2278:languages
1686:a-numá-ma
1628:a-kuná-ma
1531:Northern
1526:Southern
955:Close-mid
890:unrounded
885:unrounded
779:/b,d,ɟ,ɡ/
667:Fricative
523:Phonology
489:Cabelludo
432:São Paulo
428:Caingang
270:São Paulo
193:Glottolog
150:ISO 639-3
77:Ethnicity
59:São Paulo
3618:Dzubukuá
3513:Jabutian
3463:Masakará
3400:Maxakalí
3303:Kaingáng
3295:Southern
3246:Xakriabá
3162:Tapayuna
3139:Northern
3009:Romanian
2964:Japanese
2857:Katawixi
2852:Kanamarí
2801:Mamaindê
2760:Tukanoan
2707:Tapirapé
2606:Tapayúna
2581:Maxakalí
2556:Kaingang
2518:Macro-Jê
2508:Yaminawa
2470:Ye'kuana
2387:Jamamadí
2359:Warekena
2329:Mehinaku
2324:Mapidian
2309:Barawana
2286:Arawakan
2167:Kaingáng
1985:(1968).
1934:(1986).
1888:Kaingang
1830:megló-ma
1714:ngoyo-ma
1663:am-engrá
1651:i-ñengré
1645:ningréin
1566:tengtong
1541:Aweicoma
1536:Eastern
1521:Central
1510:Loukotka
1488:to plant
1423:Omniglot
988:Open-mid
853:alveolar
551:Alveolar
541:Bilabial
483:Gualachí
450:Shocleng
411:Blumenau
329:Loukotka
319:Dialects
266:Macro-Jê
256:Overview
242:Kaingang
238:Macro-Jê
226:Kaingáng
213:Kaingang
200:kain1271
128:Kaingang
108:Macro-Jê
33:Kaingang
3681:Italics
3654: ?
3610: ?
3597: ?
3568:Umutína
3560: ?
3521:Arikapú
3484:Western
3374:Nakrehé
3252:Xavánte
3195:Krĩkatí
3190:Pykobjê
3172:Timbira
3147:Apinajé
3098:Cerrado
3034:Chinese
3024:Turkish
3019:Tagalog
3014:Russian
2902:Cafundó
2847:Kadiwéu
2842:Irantxe
2832:Arutani
2745:Oro Win
2626:Nadahup
2616:Xavante
2611:Timbira
2566:Kĩsêdjê
2536:Arikapú
2531:Apinajé
2503:Shipibo
2493:Amawaka
2465:Sikiana
2450:Macushi
2430:Bakairi
2412:Cariban
2402:Zuruahá
2397:Paumarí
2344:Tariana
2334:Palikúr
2299:Atorada
2260:Italian
2255:Hunsrik
2035:(anexo)
1859:poné-ma
1839:chuchi
1815:jaguar
1691:a-mundá
1671:tongue
1660:aminerá
1654:ningrém
1648:ñinkren
1637:gundón
1631:apin-tá
1599:a-kréng
1579:tektoi
1576:tuktain
1563:tagtong
1544:Guayana
1538:Kaingán
1533:Kaingán
1528:Kaingán
1523:Kaingán
1453:goj ki:
1429:Grammar
1105:/ɤ,ʌ,ɑ/
1068:Atonic
895:rounded
566:Glottal
556:Palatal
513:Aricapú
472:Chowaca
313:Guayaná
228:) is a
155:Either:
39:kanhgág
3662:Coropó
3651:Purian
3639:Sabujá
3625:Kamurú
3607:Karirí
3574:Boróro
3558:Borôro
3548:Karajá
3540:Karajá
3470:Menién
3456:Kotoxó
3449:Kamakã
3439:Kamakã
3427:Kapoxó
3420:Makoní
3413:Pataxó
3394:Malalí
3368:Krenak
3362:Guerén
3353:Krenák
3284:Ingain
3180:Canela
3129:Panará
3115:Panará
3039:Slovak
3029:Korean
3004:Polish
2984:French
2979:Arabic
2882:Xukuru
2877:Ticuna
2872:Pirahã
2827:Aikanã
2820:Others
2811:Sabanê
2783:Wanano
2778:Tuyuca
2773:Tukano
2722:Xipaya
2702:Omagua
2677:Juruna
2667:Akwáwa
2659:Tupian
2596:Panará
2571:Krenak
2561:Karajá
2541:Bororo
2485:Panoan
2475:Waiwai
2460:Salumá
2445:Ikpeng
2425:Apalaí
2420:Amonap
2392:Kulina
2374:Arawan
2349:Terêna
2339:Paresi
2304:Baniwa
2265:Talian
2243:German
1868:kundú
1844:snake
1833:chuchí
1801:nghára
1786:maize
1723:karat
1699:water
1694:nomdá
1680:i-ñoná
1666:nanrá
1634:am-pán
1622:i-kané
1593:i-krin
1560:taktón
1557:three
1548:Ingain
1486:rãgró:
1161:Sound
1158:Letter
1155:Sound
1152:Letter
1144:Vowels
860:Vowels
849:dental
546:Dental
517:Yabuti
496:Dorin
461:Ingain
454:Taven
438:Paraná
407:Itajaí
399:Xocren
274:Paraná
246:Brazil
67:Paraná
55:Region
49:Brazil
3632:Kipeá
3587:Otuke
3498:Ofayé
3329:Jaikó
3239:Acroá
3211:Krẽjê
3185:Krahô
3107:Goyaz
2999:Greek
2989:Dutch
2867:Ninam
2862:Kwaza
2837:Guató
2768:Cubeo
2750:Wariʼ
2687:Kaiwá
2649:Nadëb
2644:Kakwa
2591:Ofayé
2435:Carib
2364:Waurá
1865:kundú
1862:kundú
1853:apóne
1836:kuchi
1795:géren
1775:roiñá
1743:pé-ma
1728:fire
1717:pranl
1625:kanem
1619:karnä
1602:aparé
1584:head
1552:Amhó
1518:gloss
1477:Verbs
1449:water
1098:]
1094:[
1090:]
1086:[
1016:nasal
931:nasal
902:Close
873:Front
561:Velar
486:Chiki
469:Chowa
422:Mason
303:Names
3669:Puri
2727:Zo'é
2717:Xeta
2382:Deni
2314:Baré
1821:ming
1810:ndá
1807:ndui
1804:ñeré
1798:ñere
1792:ñére
1789:ñara
1781:aró
1769:aram
1766:irén
1760:arán
1757:sun
1752:pén
1749:péin
1746:npai
1720:kran
1711:goyo
1708:góyo
1705:góyo
1702:goyo
1683:nené
1674:noné
1642:ear
1616:kané
1613:eye
1608:kré
1596:krim
1590:krim
1587:krin
1447:goj:
1305:ɲ~ɟ
1287:n~d
1269:m~b
1197:ŋ~ɡ
1123:/ʌ̃/
1080:and
1072:and
1049:oral
1044:Open
960:oral
907:oral
878:Back
851:and
767:The
754:oral
752:The
574:Stop
515:and
457:Tain
391:and
342:and
280:and
220:The
2639:Hup
2634:Dâw
1908:at
1890:at
1856:pam
1850:pan
1847:pan
1827:mim
1818:min
1778:ará
1763:eré
1740:pim
1737:piñ
1734:pén
1731:pin
1677:uné
1405:ʌ̃
1261:ɛ̃
1207:ɔ̃
1082:/o/
1078:/u/
1074:/e/
1070:/i/
845:/t/
833:/ɹ/
826:/j/
822:/j/
818:/w/
805:/ŋ/
772:/ʔ/
762:/k/
208:ELP
183:qr7
166:zkp
159:kgp
3700::
3089:Jê
2109:,
2105:,
2053:^
2015:,
1974:^
1824:mi
1772:lá
1442:.
1425:.
1411:ʔ
1395:w
1387:ɤ
1377:t
1369:ũ
1359:ç
1351:u
1341:ɹ
1333:ɔ
1323:p
1315:o
1301:nh
1297:ĩ
1279:i
1251:k
1243:ɛ
1233:j
1225:e
1215:h
1189:ʌ
1179:ɸ
1171:ɑ
1036:ɔ̃
1029:ʌ̃
1022:ɛ̃
346:,
276:,
272:,
262:Jê
252:.
236:,
234:Jê
113:Jê
69:,
65:,
61:,
3073:e
3066:t
3059:v
2200:e
2193:t
2186:v
2173:)
2169:(
2111:3
1408:ꞌ
1401:ỹ
1391:v
1383:y
1373:t
1365:ũ
1355:s
1347:u
1337:r
1329:ó
1319:p
1311:o
1293:ĩ
1283:n
1275:i
1265:m
1257:ẽ
1247:k
1239:é
1229:j
1221:e
1211:h
1203:ã
1193:g
1185:á
1175:f
1167:a
1100:.
1096:ʊ
1088:ɪ
1057:ɑ
1008:ɔ
1001:ʌ
994:ɛ
980:o
973:ɤ
966:e
947:ũ
938:ĩ
922:u
913:i
840:.
838:,
734:j
725:ɹ
716:w
696:h
685:ç
674:ɸ
656:ʔ
649:g
646:~
643:ŋ
636:k
629:ɟ
626:~
623:ɲ
614:d
611:~
608:n
601:t
594:b
591:~
588:m
581:p
548:/
20:)
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