Guinea-Bissau War of Independence

3152: 3104: 3024: 3036: 2480:. Similar guerrilla attacks were launched throughout the south of Portuguese Guinea, and the conflict spread. Chabal notes that the attacks surprised the Portuguese authorities, who had expected PAIGC to launch cross-border attacks in incursions over the border with Guinea-Conakry, rather than to launch a guerrilla war inside the territory, and who suffered high casualties early on. According to Chabal, PAIGC's strategy was for small groups of guerrillas gradually to gain a foothold in areas where they had popular political support, while seeking "to attack and harass the Portuguese everywhere and at all times, to cut all means of transport and communications and isolate them in the fortified areas where they had to retreat". Its policy, moreover, was never to attempt to take over an area until PAIGC guerrillas had guaranteed the support of the local population there. PAIGC intended always to avoid frontal attack or confrontation with the Portuguese forces, who were better equipped; it envisioned the war ending with PAIGC gradually moving its guerrilla war from the countryside towards the cities, which it would encircle rather than seize. 3076: 3116: 3088: 3048: 3128: 3060: 43: 3140: 2959: 2953:, which PAIGC regarded as a more "comfortable" environment than London. Meanwhile, Portuguese troops in the field in Guinea-Bissau established informal contacts with PAIGC troops; and, on 29 July, the territorial assembly of the Portuguese Armed Forces Movement issued a declaration which applauded the anti-colonial "struggle for national liberation" and described PAIGC as "the sole legitimate representative of the people of Guinea-Bissau". On 26 August 1974, in Algiers, Portugal and the PAIGC signed an accord in which Portugal agreed to recognise Guinea-Bissau's independence and to remove all troops by the end of October. Also in August, the UN Security Council recommended Guinea-Bissau's admission into the UN. 2828: 2815:(reportedly from Soviet-bloc suppliers), the war "increasingly took on a 'conventional' rather than guerrilla character". In July 1973, PAIGC artillery destroyed the important Portuguese strongpoint of Guileje, which previously had been held by an elite garrison of 400 mostly European troops and which had presented a major obstacle to PAIGC's communications with the government in Guinea-Conakry. By then, Portuguese forces were largely confined to the major cities and a diminished collection of fortified camps, and the Portuguese strategy increasingly amounted to little more than – in the phrase of Portuguese officer Major Carlos Fabião – "holding on as best as possible" ( 2533:(Portuguese overseas armed forces) deployed in Portuguese Guinea on the defensive at an early stage; the latter were forced to limit their response to defending territories and cities already held. Unlike Portugal's other African territories, successful small-unit Portuguese counterinsurgency tactics were slow to evolve in Guinea. Defensive operations, where soldiers were dispersed in small numbers to guard critical buildings, farms, or infrastructure were particularly devastating to the regular Portuguese infantry, who became vulnerable to guerrilla attacks outside of populated areas by the forces of the PAIGC. 2652: 2086:. Also in 1961 PAIGC commenced sabotage operations in Guinea-Bissau. At the start of hostilities the Portuguese had only two infantry companies in Guinea Bissau and these concentrated in the main towns, giving the insurgents free rein in the countryside. The PAIGC blew up bridges, cut telegraph lines, destroyed sections of the highways, established arms caches and hideouts, and destroyed Fula villages and minor administrative posts. In late 1962 the Portuguese launched an offensive and evicted the PAIGC cadres that had not integrated with the local population. Open hostilities broke out in January 1963. 2400: 3171: 1962:, Guinea was "the smallest and most backward of the Portuguese colonies", partly due to its inhospitable climate and apparent dearth of natural and mineral resources. There were few European settlers in Guinea, and the footprint even of the Portuguese administration was minimal and "crude", remaining centralised under the governor. Portugal invested little in the colony and made only minor gestures towards promoting its economic and social development. Nonetheless, a colonial economy existed on the Guinean mainland, controlled primarily by the 6452: 2770: 2622: 330: 319: 308: 6323: 2503:

hideout independently from the others. Many groups were formed on tribal and religious grounds. These groups began to abuse the locals and people began to flee the “liberated” zones. The central PAIGC command were horrified and considered this military “commandism”. Around October 1963 the Portuguese began to retaliate against PAIGC activity with bomber raids; by the end of 1963 some villages had been abandoned as the occupants took to the forest.

2144: 177: 145: 3223: 281: 270: 254: 238: 227: 216: 197: 134: 2445: 292: 164: 2576:' propaganda campaign designed to win the trust of the indigenous population, an effort to eliminate some of the discriminatory practices against native Guineans, a massive construction campaign for public works including new schools, hospitals, improved telecommunications and road networks, and a large increase in recruitment of native Guineans into the Portuguese armed forces serving in Guinea as part of an 2136:), which comprised two distinct commandos of 15 to 25 men each, normally operating together but also capable of remaining operational if separated (or if joined with other double groups). Also from 1964, PAIGC implemented what Chabal calls a "dual command" at all levels of its military apparatus: at every level, leadership was exercised jointly by two men, one military commander and one 1980: 2605:. With few inhabitants and structures to protect, and a long permeable frontier to guard, the company ended up just protecting themselves. Despite the fact there was no real benefit to keeping them there, the authorities refused to withdraw the unit until 1969. As feared, the PAIGC used the withdrawal as a PR opportunity with foreign journalists. 2988:

that is, as to whether it constituted a negotiated transfer of power, or a belated recognition of the 1973 declaration of independence. Nonetheless, by the time the Portuguese withdrawal was completed later in September, the independence of Guinea-Bissau "had been established beyond any political or legal debate".

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Spínola and other Portuguese commanders told the press that the liberated zones were a myth, that the entire territory remained under the control of Portuguese forces, and that the declaration of independence had been issued outside Guinea. Nonetheless, before the end of the year, the new Republic of

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against Portuguese positions around Bafata, north of the River Corubal. They started by secretly depositing ammunition in dumps to the rear of areas of engagement. Reconnaissance was provided by two bi-groups that infiltrated the area to discover the Portuguese dispositions. Then two strike forces of

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In 1964 PAIGC opened their second front in the north. In April 1964 the Portuguese launched a counter-offensive. They attacked the PAIGC held island of Como in the south of the country. 3,000 Portuguese, with air support, were involved but after 65 days were forced to withdraw. The PAIGC harassed the

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As stipulated in the Algiers accord, Portugal granted full independence to Guinea-Bissau on September 10, 1974, after over eleven years of armed conflict. Historian Norrie McQueen notes that the accord and its implementation preserved an ambiguity with respect to the legal status of the withdrawal –

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In 1966 the Portuguese attempted four large unsuccessful search-and-destroy sweeps of Iracunda. Each included several hundred conscripts with automatic weapons, mortars, bazookas, and air support. Warned by the peasants or by their own reconnaissance patrols, the PAIGC pulled back, loosely encircled

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They were also demoralized by the steady growth of PAIGC liberation sympathizers and recruits among the rural population. In a relatively short time, the PAIGC had succeeded in reducing Portuguese military and administrative control of the country to a relatively small area of Guinea. The scale of

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According to post-war estimates, locally recruited troops in Guinea numbered 1,000 in 1961 (21.1% of all Portuguese troops there), 3,229 (14.9%) in 1967, and 6,425 (20.1%) in 1973. Many thousands more locals were included in Portuguese-aligned militias. In all, there were "at least on paper, upwards

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on the southern border of Portuguese Guinea. Between 1960 and 1963, PAIGC was "totally transformed" as it prepared for armed struggle against the Portuguese regime. Scores of cadres were trained in Conakry and sent to the Guinean countryside to mobilise the population, while the political leadership

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controlled by the PAIGC and headed by Luís Cabral was established. Indigenous troops who had served with the Portuguese Army were given the choice of either returning home with their families while receiving full pay until the end of December 1974, or of joining the PAIGC military. A total of 7,447

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ceasefire had already obtained in Guinea-Bissau since the Carnation Revolution, disturbed only once by a mild exchange of gunfire on 27 May, which had been precipitated by "a mutual confusion". Indeed, a semi-formal withdrawal of Portuguese troops began before the Algiers accord was signed, with 41

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Between 1968 and 1972, the Portuguese forces increased their offensive posture, in the form of raids into PAIGC-controlled territory. At this time Portuguese forces also adopted unorthodox means of countering the insurgents, including attacks on the political structure of the nationalist movement.

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officers in Portuguese military forces in Africa. Elite local troops were trained at Portuguese Centres for Commando Instruction, including inside Guinea, where the first such centre was established in 1964, but in many cases in Angola. The Portuguese forces recruited Africans mainly from among the

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and Sweden. Between mid-1969 and mid-1975 PAIGC received 45.2 million Swedish kronor in aid from the Swedish state, representing two-thirds of the Swedish assistance to African liberation movements during this period. Sweden was the most important donor of non-military material for PAIGC during the

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strategy. The Portuguese conducted many search and destroy operations against the PAIGC 20 km from the frontier. On one occasion five helicopters landed 50 white plus some African soldiers. Thirty-six FARP men under Bobo, commander of the Sambuya zone, drew the Portuguese forces into a wooded

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was generally pro-Western and he cooperated closely with Portuguese leaders in attempting to broker a political solution to the conflict. (Brazil, itself a former Portuguese colony, also offered to mediate.) At the same time, however, Senegal provided safe haven to PAIGC from 1966, when Senghor's

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The geography, dense forests with numerous waterways, were favourable to guerrilla activity. The PAIGC had few weapons – perhaps only one submachine gun and two pistols per group – so attacked Portuguese convoys to gain more weapons. Each group fought in isolation and established a forest based

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during a 1964 PAIGC offensive and during Portuguese bombing campaigns in 1965 and 1967. By 1970, an estimated 106,000 Guineans – almost 20 per cent of the territory's population – had fled the war and relocated to the neighbouring states of Guinea-Conakry and Senegal. These migrant populations,

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by 1974. The African Commandos were manned entirely by Africans and carried out special combat operations in neighbouring Senegal and Guinea-Conakry as well as inside Portuguese Guinea. The Commandos were especially well known for carrying out helicoptered commando raids on so-called liberated

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by 1966 – to organise the "self-defence" of local populations, thus freeing the expeditionary army for offensive operations. Once Spínola was appointed, recruiting selectively from among the existing militias, created Special Militias of local combatants organised in combat groups, structured

1970:

exports; traditional Guinean economies were disrupted both by the imperative to cultivate export crops and by Portuguese taxation. Moreover, Portugal was attached even to its most "dispensable" colony, viewing its maintenance as integral to Portugal's hold on other more economically important

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companies were seized and inventoried by the PAIGC in the areas they controlled, while the use of Portuguese currency in the areas under guerilla control was banned. In order to maintain the economy in the liberated territories, the PAIGC was compelled at an early stage to establish its own

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balance of power or even "situation of routine" had developed between Portuguese and PAIGC forces. Meanwhile, however, PAIGC had launched a flurry of political activity – having judged in roughly 1971 that independence was feasible and even imminent, its leadership had begun preparing for

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Over the next two years, Portugal failed to make military advances or to forestall the consolidation of PAIGC's advances. By the beginning of 1972, although territorial boundaries remained blurry, most of the country belonged to one of PAIGC's liberated zones; by the end of the year, a

2864:. The Assembly comprised 120 delegates, overwhelmingly from PAIGC, who had been appointed following elections held by PAIGC in 1972 in the so-called liberated zones – areas which PAIGC controlled with little Portuguese interference. During the Boé congress, the Assembly also nominated 498: 2782:

After years of attempts by Portugal to attack or capture Cabral as a means of undermining PAIGC's organizational structure, Cabral was assassinated on 20 January 1973 in Conakry, by disgruntled PAIGC members. PAIGC purged the traitors, and regrouped under the joint leadership of

2041:

The massacre led PAIGC to rethink its policies: in the aftermath, it reiterated its commitment to national liberation, but with a new emphasis on the political mobilisation of the rural peasantry. Cabral ordered the party to go underground and its political cadres to organise in

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Rather than disabling the group, the assassination of PAIGC's leader was followed by some of its most ambitious offensives, as it destroyed or took over key Portuguese positions in the north and on the southern border. Having acquired new weaponry, and in particular new

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government formally agreed to allow PAIGC soldiers free movement in and out of Senegal, where PAIGC would be allowed to establish bases. Simultaneously, PAIGC retained its headquarters-in-exile in Guinea-Conakry, Guinea's other neighbour and a continued ally of PAIGC.

3115: 2022:. From the outset, its main objectives were the unity of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde and their independence from Portuguese rule. In its first three years, PAIGC was preoccupied with mostly fruitless exercises in constitutional-legal agitation, concentrated in 2687:

rocket launchers and radar-controlled AA cannons. These weapons effectively undermined Portuguese air superiority, preventing the destruction by air of PAIGC encampments in territory it controlled. By 1970 the PAIGC even had candidates training in the

2594:. The airfield was protected by wire, minefields and blockhouses. Thirteen volunteers infiltrated to the edge of the field and fired into the base, damaging planes on the ground, hangars, and other installations. They then withdrew with no casualties. 1954:

was preoccupied with the development of its Angolan and Mozambican colonies. There were various changes to the colonies' legal status and governance structures during this period and in subsequent decades, but they were primarily "cosmetic" in effect.

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particularly those resident in border regions, provided PAIGC forces with refuge and helped PAIGC soldiers to move regular shipments of weapons from Guinea-Conakry and Senegal into Portuguese Guinea. On a monthly basis, materiel was trucked from

2200:

in Cuba, which deployed a handful of doctors, military instructors, and technicians to PAIGC camps. Cuban soldiers saw some limited combat while in Guinea, but the Cuban military mission was small – it averaged 50–60 men at any time, primarily

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black African soldiers who had served in Portuguese native commando units, security forces, and the armed militia decided not to join the new ruling party and were summarily executed by the PAIGC after Portuguese forces ceased hostilities.

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in January 1973. By the early 1970s, PAIGC had the support of a majority of the Guinean population, but its combat strength was estimated at no more than 7,000. However, the movement was "well trained, well led, and well equipped", and its

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the Portuguese, and launched night attacks to break up the column. The insurgents would sometimes feint at the end of the line to distract attention from the main attack elsewhere. The PAIGC considered the conscripts inept in the jungle.

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Military tactical reforms by Portuguese commanders included new naval amphibious operations to overcome some of the mobility problems inherent in the underdeveloped and marshy areas of the country. These new operations utilized

2565:) to supply urgently needed tools and supplies in exchange for agricultural produce. By 1967 the PAIGC had carried out 147 attacks on Portuguese barracks and army encampments, and effectively controlled 2/3 of Portuguese Guinea. 3059: 2436:

of 17,000" African fighters in Guinea; on one estimate, upon the eve of the Portuguese withdrawal in 1974, the total Portuguese force in the territory numbered about 31,000 fighters, of whom 24,800 were black and 6,200 white.

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They will remember you. Portuguese soldier. You, who continue in the colonial army: to take part in crimes against our people: to contribute to ruining your country… ONLY FOR THE PLEASURE OF THE MONEY-GRABBERS OF YOUR COUNTRY

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Guinean Africans into the Portuguese military forces which fought PAIGC. Until the 1950s, the Portuguese military forces permanently stationed in Guinea included a small force of locally recruited African colonial soldiers

3023: 491: 42: 3087: 3035: 2075: 2807:– which until then had been Portugal's most marked tactical advantage, and a significant one given Guinea's difficult ground terrain. As PAIGC deployed its new ground-to-air missiles, as well as new large-caliber 2371:; they supplemented other Portuguese elite units conducting amphibious operations in the riverine areas of Guinea which attempted to interdict and destroy guerrilla forces and supplies. The more prominent African 5873: 3047: 2583:

area. Bobo launched an ambush at 1700 hours, inflicted casualties, and forced the Portuguese to withdraw. The PAIGC claimed the Portuguese suffered five dead and several wounded against their own four wounded.

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In general, the PAIGC in Guinea was the best armed, trained, and led of all the guerrilla movements. After 1968 PAIGC forces were increasingly supplied with modern Soviet weapons and equipment, most notably

3211: 3127: 5119: 2572:. General Spínola instituted a series of civil and military reforms, intended to first contain, then roll back the PAIGC and its control of much of the rural portion of Portuguese Guinea. This included a ' 3467:), a spokesman for the PAIGC revealed that many of the ex-Portuguese indigenous African soldiers that were executed after cessation of hostilities were buried in unmarked collective graves in the woods of 1880:: Portuguese forces were largely confined to major cities and various fortified bases and were patently unable to dislodge PAIGC from the so-called liberated zones. In September 1973, the PAIGC-dominated 3139: 2537:

this success can be seen in the fact that native Guineans in the 'liberated territories' ceased payment of debts to Portuguese landowners as well as payment of taxes to the colonial administration.

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of 25 April 1974. The war in Guinea-Bissau has been viewed as a factor which contributed to the coup and revolution: its status as "the most intense, destructive, and materially pointless" of the

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in Portuguese Guinea, succeeding General Arnaldo Schultz in both capacities. The strength of his forces in Guinea was estimated at between 31,000 and 32,000 in 1974, and the forces comprised both

2926:), the core of which "took shape" first among military officers in Guinea-Bissau. Spínola, who had been at the head of the Portuguese effort in Guinea-Bissau, himself became president of the new 398: 2557:

administrative and governmental bureaucracy, which organized agricultural production, educated farm workers on protecting crops from destruction from government attacks, and opened collective

4986:"Illegal occupation by Portugese [sic] military forces of certain sectors of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau and acts of aggression committed by them against the people of the Republic" 3212: 334: 2707:

began in after 1968, in the form of military equipment, tactical, technical, and political training for PAIGC leadership, and medical aid. Yugoslavia also built a well-equipped hospital in

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Africanization fostered a large increase in indigenous recruitment into the armed forces. By the early 1970s, an increasing percentage of Guineans were serving as non-commissioned or

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ethnic group were over-represented in the Portuguese army, partly because many Fulbe lived in eastern regions which were controlled by Portugal until late in the war and where local

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launched a diplomatic offensive that secured the full cooperation of the government in Conakry, the "tacit support" of the Senegalese government, and contacts with several other

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In 1964, PAIGC held its Cassaca Congress, which decided on reforms to discourage militarism inside the organisation. Thereafter the war effort was carried out not by autonomous

5977: 9456: 554: 2737:. Chabal views the operation as "ill-timed and ill-prepared" and as "desperate": the Portuguese operatives were dispersed and expelled from Conakry, and, having revivified 2511:

planners failed to verify their target and bombed Portuguese troops. In retaliation Portuguese soldiers and sailors attacked the squadron barracks in the colony's capital

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among metropolitan soldiers and local recruits, undertaking instead to create a regular and coherent African army whose structure mirrored that of the metropolitan army.

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held secret diplomatic talks with PAIGC in London on 26–27 March 1974. However, diplomatic progress accelerated the following month, when the regime was overthrown in a

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In 1965 the war spread to the eastern part of the country; that same year the PAIGC expanded its attacks in the northern area of the country, where at the time only the

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triangle, north of the Geba estuary. Thus, at a five-day conference the same month, PAIGC commanders agreed to redouble their efforts on the northern front.

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independence, including by creating new domestic political structures (with elections held in 1972) and by conducting an intense diplomatic offensive abroad.

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passed, by 93 votes to seven, a resolution which welcomed "the recent accession to independence of the people of Guinea-Bissau", recognised the state's

7786: 4759: 2884:, condemned Portugal's continued presence in parts of the territory, and called on the UN Security Council to take "all effective steps to restore the 607: 484: 5091: 1319: 5353: 3228: 2609: 547: 5064: 2432:

had authorised only two by 1970, concerned both about financial constraints and about the "informality of procedures" introduced by Africanization.

9441: 8968: 7718: 3638: 2082:(CONCP) during a conference in Morocco. The main goal of the organization was cooperation among the different national liberation movements in the 1257: 1222: 1112: 972: 312: 7285: 5846: 5003: 4911: 4885: 1132: 9527: 7036: 6845: 6360: 6169: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6113: 5271: 4060: 2754: 2750: 1359: 9686: 6550: 5140: 2845: 1881: 9517: 5863: 5858: 5853: 2934: 540: 9491: 8378: 3472: 2457:

PAIGC officially launched its armed struggle inside Guinea in early 1963, despite difficult conditions and very limited weapons supplies.

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theatres, proceeded with particular speed in Guinea, particularly after General Spínola's appointment. It entailed the integration of

9570: 2729:, an amphibious attack on Guinea-Conakry designed to capture the PAIGC leadership, including Cabral, and to topple Guinean President 1950:

during the 18th century. However, the mainland was not fully "pacified" until the late 1930s, by which time the Portuguese regime of

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over sequencing, as PAIGC insisted that Portugal should recognise the 1973 declaration of independence as a precondition for the

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stationed in Guinea, which proliferated in the early years of the war. For most of the war, from 1968 until August 1973, General

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support and scholarships for technical training and political education. A similar dynamic adhered in PAIGC's relationships with

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The next year, Portugal began a new campaign against the guerrillas with the arrival of the new governor of the colony, General

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for PAIGC fighters, which was staffed by both Yugoslav and Cuban doctors, which was the flagship of the PAIGC health services.

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In Guinea-Bissau, Cuban combat units saw action, fighting with Amilcar Cabral's rebel army against Portuguese colonial rule.

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which had extremely high costs in men and materiel and which created significant internal political turmoil in Portugal.

1757: 1519: 7135: 7063: 6247: 3393: 9575: 8928: 8023: 7001: 6886: 6840: 6835: 6781: 6535: 6436: 6353: 4743: 4718: 4262: 4031:. Philip Botham, Manuel Ribeiro Rodrigues, H.-R. Heitman, Mike Chappell, Ron Volstad, Paul Hannon. London. p. 12. 922: 842: 2640:

were lightly equipped with folding-stock m/961 (G3) rifles, 37mm rocket launchers, and light machine guns such as the

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FARP). From then until the close of the war, the basic fighting unit in FARP was the highly flexible "double group" (

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With the coming of independence, the PAIGC moved swiftly to extend its control throughout the country. A Marxist

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Nonetheless, the PAIGC continued to increase its strength, and began to heavily press Portuguese defense forces.

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had "generally amicable" relationships with the Portuguese. Portuguese recruitment was also assisted by colonial

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political support for PAIGC, the misadventure strained Portuguese relations with other Western countries. The

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in order to find the insurgents or at least deny them the cover and concealment needed for rebel ambushes.

2214: 1695: 1329: 772: 7908: 7617: 7540: 7211: 9706: 8494: 8454: 8424: 8373: 8233: 8151: 8147: 8018: 7948: 7713: 7530: 7296: 7191: 7123: 6599: 5963: 2733:, ideally to be replaced by a leader more willing to cooperate with the Portuguese and to obstruct PAIGC's 2476:– bases deliberately established in the middle of PAIGC strongholds to serve as bases for surveillance and 1663: 1157: 1107: 650: 444: 9466: 8938: 8933: 8650: 8328: 8056: 7801: 7760: 7704: 7607: 7488: 7446: 7351: 6876: 6830: 6307: 5905: 5892: 4212:"Arsenal of the Global South: Yugoslavia's Military Aid to Nonaligned Countries and Liberation Movements" 2292: 1787: 1509: 1454: 1122: 578: 4556:"Collaboration, Survival, and Flight: Fulbe Narratives of Guinea-Bissau's War for Independence, 1961–74" 3774:"Collaboration, Survival, and Flight: Fulbe Narratives of Guinea-Bissau's War for Independence, 1961–74" 1197: 9696: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9303: 8524: 8509: 8499: 8353: 7953: 7441: 7244: 7011: 6660: 6645: 6614: 6530: 6462: 6043: 3512: 2697: 2161: 1579: 1504: 1252: 1087: 882: 872: 787: 4711:

Southern African Liberation Movements and the Global Cold War 'East': Transnational Activism 1960–1990

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Guinea-Bissau's liberation movement was led and dominated by PAIGC, which was led by Cabral until his

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camps evacuated by 24 August. The core 600 African Special Commandos were demobilised on 20 August.

2428:), and operating fairly autonomously. In 1968, he proposed to create five such Special Militias, but 2246:, where pro-PAIGC forces maintained a warehouse, and then was transported across the border on foot. 1747: 1705: 1651: 1554: 1364: 1172: 1067: 957: 792: 757: 717: 2541: 1963: 1700: 9158: 8725: 7988: 7878: 7632: 7176: 6732: 6693: 6675: 6579: 6499: 6489: 6381: 6012: 5956: 5836: 5759: 3121:

PAIGC soldier with a rocket-propelled grenade at Manten military base in the liberated areas, 1974.

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In May, the new Portuguese government agreed to negotiate with PAIGC. With the assistance of the

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rendered it an embarrassment to the outgoing regime; and the coup was organised by the left-wing

2915: 2693: 2632: 2569: 2420: 2259: 2255: 2030:. However, on 3 August 1959, PAIGC was involved in organising a major dockworkers' strike at the 1782: 1658: 1569: 1559: 1534: 1524: 1469: 1434: 1374: 1309: 1284: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1167: 1147: 1127: 1077: 982: 977: 917: 897: 867: 857: 817: 705: 564: 323: 30: 7291: 5810: 231: 9178: 8682: 8076: 7750: 7226: 6986: 6981: 6774: 6748: 6708: 6703: 6591: 6389: 6272: 6065: 5831: 5400: 2903: 2873: 2796: 2730: 2651: 2641: 2034:. The Portuguese authorities broke up the strike by force, leading to what became known as the 1893: 1596: 1429: 1394: 1379: 1289: 1279: 1232: 1227: 1062: 1057: 1037: 1002: 932: 807: 675: 329: 318: 307: 182: 9388: 4317:

Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa: Vol. 2, Solidarity and Assistance 1970–1994

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Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa: Vol. 2, Solidarity and Assistance 1970–1994

3506: 2659:

fighter-bomber, deployed by the Portuguese Air Force in the theatres of Guinea and Mozambique.

2108:

campaign benefitted both from the terrain – its forces operated primarily from Guinea's dense

1304: 9413: 8697: 8692: 8459: 8348: 8303: 8263: 8198: 8142: 8061: 7843: 7657: 7535: 7453: 7361: 7326: 7236: 7181: 7078: 6919: 6698: 5388: 4997: 2963: 2919: 2885: 2399: 2368: 1939: 1484: 1464: 1384: 1349: 1237: 1207: 1152: 1072: 992: 907: 847: 655: 4452: 4419: 2590:

In Mar 1968 the PAIGC conducted an attack against the main Portuguese airfield just outside

1710: 8953: 8720: 8575: 8529: 8444: 8439: 8238: 8137: 8086: 8081: 7973: 7928: 7883: 7821: 7652: 7627: 7577: 7505: 7419: 7269: 6871: 6850: 6302: 6277: 6237: 6215: 6179: 6149: 5798: 3243: 2911: 2898: 2800: 2508: 2469: 2408: 2404: 2332: 2011: 1897: 1715: 1529: 1494: 1439: 1217: 1137: 1032: 877: 5773: 2995:, which also formerly belonged to Portuguese Guinea, attained independence in 1975 as the 2937:, meetings between PAIGC and the new Portuguese regime were held on 25–31 May 1974 at the 2831:

A plaque commemorating the unilateral declaration of independence on 24 September 1973 in

2396:" – and in liberated areas they were "widely hated for their brutality and ruthlessness". 2148: 1479: 1012: 8: 9398: 9313: 9308: 9208: 9071: 8868: 8752: 8667: 8555: 8408: 8403: 8383: 8368: 8278: 8273: 8178: 8111: 8101: 8013: 8008: 7998: 7898: 7838: 7811: 7637: 7622: 7592: 7570: 7356: 7346: 7073: 6996: 6966: 6950: 6399: 6262: 6073: 6004: 5950: 4453: 4420: 3363: 2726: 2720: 2234: 2137: 2056: 2035: 2003: 1947: 1913: 1818: 1539: 1474: 1047: 927: 832: 747: 727: 477: 425: 155: 8253: 8166: 2217:– "engaged minimally" with PAIGC, providing limited non-military support in the form of 9552: 9348: 9333: 9258: 9238: 9233: 9218: 9065: 8813: 8565: 8449: 8203: 8106: 8091: 8003: 7993: 7968: 7963: 7728: 7682: 7597: 7582: 7525: 7341: 7264: 7140: 7031: 7021: 6287: 5618: 5265: 5046: 4966: 4867: 4828: 4820: 4627: 4583: 4397: 4315: 4277: 4239: 4164: 4156: 4106: 4054: 3947: 3900: 3892: 3842: 3801: 3741: 3614: 3606: 3375: 2942: 2853: 2832: 2598: 2389: 2385: 2300: 2263: 2060: 1611: 1404: 1369: 1262: 952: 937: 797: 695: 680: 9248: 9077: 3846: 3820: 2205:– and Cabral declined its repeated offers to take a more active role in combat. Other 9565: 9418: 9363: 9338: 9293: 9223: 9198: 9163: 9153: 9122: 9009: 8893: 8863: 8600: 8590: 8504: 8398: 8243: 7958: 7755: 7612: 7565: 7463: 7414: 7388: 7366: 7206: 7186: 7130: 7118: 6932: 6767: 6404: 6174: 6087: 5727: 5405: 5393: 5383: 5378: 5317: 5307: 5286: 5253: 5243: 5221: 5211: 5192: 5182: 5160: 5150: 5038: 4958: 4859: 4812: 4767: 4739: 4714: 4656: 4619: 4587: 4575: 4534: 4464: 4431: 4389: 4334: 4324: 4296: 4286: 4243: 4231: 4168: 4148: 4110: 4098: 4042: 4032: 3982: 3972: 3939: 3884: 3832: 3805: 3793: 3733: 3598: 3516: 3440: 3399: 3367: 3274: 2784: 2477: 2356: 2121: 2105: 2083: 1943: 1935: 1866: 1830: 1777: 1720: 1564: 1489: 1419: 1052: 1042: 1007: 802: 762: 631: 75: 9542: 9213: 5720: 4848:"Guinea: Bissau and the Cape Verde Islands: The Transition from War to Independence" 4832: 4608:"Guinea: Bissau and the Cape Verde Islands: The Transition from War to Independence" 4378:"Guinea: Bissau and the Cape Verde Islands: The Transition from War to Independence" 3904: 3618: 2907: 2523: 2019: 1984: 1873: 376: 201: 9328: 9253: 9183: 9168: 9148: 9095: 8878: 8873: 8853: 8803: 8793: 8620: 8585: 8570: 8519: 8248: 8188: 8028: 7687: 7667: 7376: 7318: 7312: 7279: 7259: 7249: 7098: 6899: 6891: 6080: 5699: 5030: 4950: 4804: 4567: 4223: 4140: 4129:"The First Ambassadors: Cuba's Contribution to Guinea-Bissau's War of Independence" 4090: 3931: 3876: 3828: 3785: 3725: 3681: 3650: 3590: 3459:

PAIGC, Jornal Nô Pintcha, 29 November 1980: In a statement in the party newspaper

3359: 1737: 1631: 1574: 1549: 1424: 1414: 1354: 1344: 1294: 1274: 987: 962: 887: 862: 752: 690: 274: 259: 243: 205: 4078: 2526:, began openly receiving military support from the Soviet Union, China, and Cuba. 9547: 9403: 9393: 9378: 9358: 9343: 9318: 9263: 9028: 8996: 8888: 8848: 8610: 8605: 8545: 8486: 8218: 8096: 7923: 7888: 7796: 7791: 7515: 7409: 7083: 7016: 7006: 6971: 6927: 6914: 6866: 6282: 6154: 6118: 5997: 5786: 5629: 5590: 5280: 5123: 3268: 3008: 2812: 2808: 2663:

In 1970 the Portuguese Air Force (FAP) began to use weapons similar to those the

2522:(FLING), a minor insurgent force, was operating. By this time, the PAIGC, led by 2169: 1767: 1732: 1626: 1499: 1399: 1339: 1202: 1027: 1017: 892: 827: 777: 451: 297: 7510: 4939:"Statement on the Proclamation of Independence of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau" 599: 9373: 9298: 9288: 9283: 9143: 8883: 8672: 8595: 8323: 8228: 7978: 7918: 7550: 7468: 7371: 7331: 7301: 7201: 7156: 6208: 6057: 5991: 5661: 5642: 5233: 5172: 4373: 3421: 3343: 3157:

Armed escort carries a wounded person from Sara to the Senegalese border, 1974.

2976: 2742: 2704: 2578: 2352: 2325: 2193: 2031: 1959: 1854: 1762: 1752: 1092: 837: 463: 285: 5734: 5164: 4985: 4571: 4144: 4094: 3789: 2865: 2788: 2336:

populations of the territories they controlled. In particular, members of the

1641: 371:

7,447 African former Portuguese Army soldiers executed by PAIGC after the war.

220: 9590: 9537: 9383: 9278: 9243: 9228: 9188: 8730: 8560: 8298: 8208: 8071: 8051: 7938: 7699: 7677: 7642: 7221: 7216: 7171: 7093: 7053: 6802: 6369: 6164: 5706: 5675: 5477: 5042: 4962: 4863: 4816: 4808: 4771: 4623: 4579: 4393: 4235: 4152: 4102: 3943: 3888: 3880: 3797: 3737: 3602: 3594: 3495:, Review of African Political Economy, No. 21 (May - Sep., 1981), pp. 109-113 3371: 3176: 2861: 2804: 2664: 2484: 2100: 1901: 1889: 1646: 1117: 782: 102: 70: 6037: 5648: 5196: 4338: 4300: 4046: 3986: 3669: 3654: 3231:

was created from a revision of this article dated 13 December 2017

2168:

Elsewhere in Africa, PAIGC received material support from Libya, then under

2038:, in which at least fifty people were killed and several hundreds wounded. 9323: 9273: 9203: 9193: 9047: 9035: 9022: 8828: 8655: 8156: 7404: 7254: 7113: 7108: 7103: 6809: 5925: 5580: 5482: 5321: 5225: 5144: 4001: 2857: 2734: 2689: 2676: 2483:

By July 1963, PAIGC had consolidated its military position in the southern

2341: 2210: 2206: 2197: 2189: 1885: 1850: 95: 5331: 4079:"The PAIGC 'Congratulatory' Diplomacy towards Communist States, 1960–1964" 2769: 2243: 532: 9368: 8973: 8943: 8798: 8788: 8687: 8550: 8343: 7832: 7662: 7647: 7458: 7306: 7274: 7161: 6976: 6881: 6820: 6338: 6159: 5257: 5176: 4736:

Piero Gleijeses' International History of the Cold War in Southern Africa

4026: 3966: 3819:

Paul, Christopher; Clarke, Colin P.; Grill, Beth; Dunigan, Molly (2013),

2992: 2881: 2738: 2668: 2621: 2393: 2337: 2027: 2015: 1862: 5301: 5205: 4824: 4792: 4002:"Mecca of Revolution: Algeria, Decolonization and the Third World Order" 3896: 3864: 3610: 3578: 2291:

The "Africanization" of the war effort by Portugal, also pursued in the

2026:

and other major cities and sometimes involving collaboration with local

9127: 8838: 8808: 8762: 8677: 8645: 8637: 8580: 8268: 7983: 7672: 7560: 7166: 5146:

Flight Plan Africa: Portuguese Airpower in Counterinsurgency, 1961-1974

4983: 4970: 4938: 4871: 4847: 4631: 4607: 4401: 4377: 4227: 3395:

The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia : Knowledge in depth

3066: 2996: 2496: 2461: 2345: 2222: 2218: 1995: 1916:

to achieve independence – if only indirectly – through armed struggle.

1905: 967: 16:

1963–1974 conflict for independence of Portuguese Guinea and Cape Verde

7781: 5237: 5050: 5018: 4699:, Depoimentos, Quinta-feira, 28 de Maio de 2009, retrieved 26 May 2011 4160: 4128: 3951: 3919: 3745: 3713: 3476: 3379: 3347: 2143: 9423: 9268: 9117: 9090: 8903: 8858: 8767: 8735: 8715: 8707: 8036: 7826: 3686: 3670:"Guinea-Bissau: The Cause of Nationalism and the Foundation of PAIGC" 2946: 2656: 2380: 2267: 2202: 2181: 1967: 1877: 5207:

Armed Struggle in Africa: With the Guerrillas in "Portuguese" Guinea

4954: 2488: 2229:

Finally, PAIGC received significant support from the Bissau-Guinean

9002: 8843: 8740: 8615: 8434: 8338: 7478: 7336: 6790: 5585: 5574: 5512: 5117:

Embassy of The Republic of Guinea-Bissau - Country Profile: History

5034: 3935: 3729: 2465: 2372: 2239: 2230: 2177: 1834: 34: 8122:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

6109:

Conference of Nationalist Organizations of the Portuguese Colonies

5127:, Diplomatic & Consular Yearbook Online, retrieved 28 May 2011 2757:

condemning other cross-border incursions by Portugal into Guinea.

2473: 2444: 2196:. Between 1966 and 1974, PAIGC was supported by the government of 2080:

Conference of Nationalist Organizations of the Portuguese Colonies

8948: 8833: 8823: 8772: 8313: 7058: 6242: 5557: 5522: 5507: 5502: 5457: 3487: 3485: 2950: 2554: 2492: 2425: 2416: 2360: 2173: 2067: 2047: 4912:"Guerrillas Declare Independence In a Part of Portuguese Guinea" 4671: 4669: 2868:

as president at the head of a fifteen-member council of state.

2777: 2708: 2415:

In addition, at the outset of the war, Portugal recruited local

1900:, the new Portuguese government agreed to grant independence to 9016: 8818: 8757: 7692: 6297: 5552: 5527: 5517: 4259:

Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976

2672: 2602: 2591: 2512: 2429: 2321: 2109: 2051: 2023: 1909: 1858: 150: 3482: 9501: 9457:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

8963: 8746: 6825: 6394: 5497: 5487: 5471: 5464: 5443: 4666: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 3094: 2949:

sought by Portugal. However, the parties reconvened later in

2696:

and to operate Soviet-supplied amphibious assault crafts and

2185: 2124:

groups, but by guerrilla units within a nationwide army, the

2043: 3431: 3429: 2644:

to enhance their mobility in the difficult, swampy terrain.

2636:(special marine assault detachments) as strike forces. The 2424:

similarly to the Portuguese army (in companies divided into

1946:

since 1446 and was a major trading post for commodities and

61:(11 years, 7 months, 2 weeks and 4 days) 9041: 8923: 6815: 6759: 5492: 5450: 5436: 5429: 4886:"Key Anti-Portuguese Leader In West Africa Is Assassinated" 4709:

Dallywater, Lena; Saunders, Chris; Fonseca, Helder (2019).

2684: 2367:) were created in 1970 and by 1974 numbered 160 men in two 2071: 2000:

African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde

1979: 1846: 1839:

African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde

364:

3,830 with permanent deficiency (physical or psychological)

291: 169: 4638: 3437:

The last empire: thirty years of Portuguese decolonization

2839: 2507:

Portuguese during the rainy season. At some point in 1964

2355:

contingents composed of African combatants and engaged in

2172:, and from the new revolutionary government of Algeria. A 9496: 9476: 9471: 5239:

The Liberation of Guiné: Aspects of an African Revolution

5178:

Amílcar Cabral: Revolutionary Leadership and People's War

4708: 3508:

Europe after Empire: Decolonization, Society, and Culture

3426: 2384:

villages under PAIGC control – Spínola's "version of the

2379:) began operating in 1972 and comprised 700 men in three 2151:, whose government provided some limited support to PAIGC 3081:

PAIGC soldier with his family in a military camp, 1974.

2970: 2856:, near the border with Guinea-Conakry, and declared the 2008:

Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde,

1843:

Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde,

1829:, was an armed independence conflict that took place in 4713:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 154-156. 3818: 3273:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 148–150. 2799:, PAIGC began in March 1973 to attack with vigour the 47:

PAIGC soldiers with a downed Portuguese aircraft, 1974

4525: 4523: 3348:"National Liberation in Portuguese Guinea, 1956-1974" 2448:

Map showing rebel advances in Guinea-Bissau 1969–1974

2351:

Under Spínola, the Portuguese also created two elite

2348:, coercion, and the offer of salaries to conscripts. 2312:

were a mixture of whites, overseas soldiers (African

406: 3166: 2714: 2625:

A destroyed Portuguese armoured car in Guinea-Bissau

2529:

The success of PAIGC guerilla operations forced the

3971:. Brattleboro, Vt.: Amana Books. pp. 139–140. 3821:"Guinea-Bissau, 1962–1974: Case Outcome: COIN Loss" 2822: 2520:

Front for the Liberation and Independence of Guinea

5019:"The Liberation War in Guinea-Bissau Reconsidered" 4691: 4689: 4520: 4323:. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. p. 59. 4285:. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. p. 53. 3924:Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 3825:Paths to Victory: Detailed Insurgency Case Studies 3714:"The Liberation War in Guinea-Bissau Reconsidered" 3504: 2487:, and had also gained "a tenuous foothold" in the 2281:– PAIGC leaflet distributed in Guinea, early 1970s 2180:, it was also supported, from the early 1960s, by 101:Diplomatic agreement securing the independence of 5421: 5303:Fighting Two Colonialisms: Women in Guinea-Bissau 2819:). It launched no further offensives in the war. 2452: 2010:PAIGC), a liberation movement founded in 1956 by 1998:which ultimately launched the war was led by the 1876:in January 1973, the military conflict reached a 1861:. The war is commonly referred to as "Portugal's 1845:PAIGC), an armed independence movement backed by 629: 9588: 9442:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 5282:Guinea-Bissau: A Study of Political Mobilization 5092:"Portugal Formally Grants Guinea-Bissau Freedom" 4984:28th Session of the UN General Assembly (1974). 4760:"Guinea Reports Invasion From Sea by Portuguese" 3435:Lloyd-Jones, Stewart, and Costa Pinto, António, 2597:The Portuguese stationed an infantry company at 2254:PAIGC was countered by the colonial army of the 7879:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 7286:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 4686: 3145:Unexploded Portuguese bomb in Canjambari, 1974. 2896:Evidence published by the Portuguese newspaper 1971:colonies, particularly Angola and Mozambique. 6170:United Nations Security Council Resolution 374 6134:United Nations Security Council Resolution 374 6129:United Nations Security Council Resolution 322 6124:United Nations Security Council Resolution 312 6114:United Nations Security Council Resolution 180 5874:Popular Forces of the Liberation of Mozambique 4455:Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 4422:Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 2891: 2773:PAIGC soldiers at a military checkpoint, 1974. 1908:a year later. PAIGC thus became the first sub- 1652:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63) 6775: 6354: 5347: 5285:. Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. 5083: 5057: 4878: 4500: 2778:Assassination of Amílcar Cabral: January 1973 615: 548: 392: 9518:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 7069:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 4529:Afonso, Aniceto and Gomes, Carlos de Matos, 4076: 3968:Qaddafi: His Ideology in Theory and Practice 3667: 3455: 3453: 2176:organisation operating at the height of the 8379:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 5361: 5002:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4904: 3498: 3109:Village burnt down by the Portuguese, 1974. 2633:Destacamentos de Fuzileiros Especiais (DFE) 562: 117:Independence of Guinea-Bissau from Portugal 9482:United States involvement in regime change 7037:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 6782: 6768: 6368: 6361: 6347: 5354: 5340: 5270:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5149:. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Ltd. 4655:, New York: Joseph Okpaku Publishing Co., 4059:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3417: 3415: 2876:by at least 57 states. On 2 November, the 2249: 2094: 2089: 622: 608: 555: 541: 399: 385: 4733: 4313: 4275: 4256: 4126: 3964: 3685: 3450: 2725:In late November 1970, Portugal launched 2324:– to abolish the distinction between and 2270:soldiers and locally recruited Guineans. 1930: 1833:from 1963 to 1974. It was fought between 5869:Revolutionary Armed Forces of the People 5278: 5232: 5203: 5090:Johnson, Thomas A. (11 September 1974). 4845: 4790: 4605: 4372: 4181: 3862: 3576: 3266: 3239:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 3222: 3065:PAIGC recruits learning how to shoot in 2957: 2826: 2803:, "effectively neutralising" Portugal's 2768: 2650: 2620: 2443: 2398: 2142: 2126:Revolutionary Armed Forces of the People 1978: 1896:by several foreign countries. After the 1872:After the assassination of PAIGC leader 7608:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 5943:(January 23, 1963 – September 10, 1974) 5089: 4651:Humbaraci, Arslan and Muchnik, Nicole, 4553: 3917: 3771: 3412: 2840:Unilateral independence: September 1973 2749:unanimously condemned the operation in 2703:Considerable support to the PAIGC from 2439: 2130:Forças Armadas Revolucionárias do Povo, 2050:, the capital of the newly independent 1823:Guerra de Independência da Guiné-Bissau 298: 9589: 9452:Russian espionage in the United States 7724:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 6030:(25 September 1964 – 8 September 1974) 5299: 5171: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4450: 4417: 4368: 4122: 4120: 4072: 4070: 4024: 3661: 3342: 3133:Morning roll call in Hermangono, 1974. 2613:several hundred men entered the area. 2316:), and native or indigenous Africans ( 2233:, which burgeoned as a result of mass 2066:On April 18, 1961 PAIGC together with 9447:Soviet espionage in the United States 7603:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 7382:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 7047:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 6763: 6342: 5854:People's Army of Liberation of Angola 5335: 5065:"Portuguese Guinea Wins Independence" 5016: 4936: 4549: 4547: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4413: 4411: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4209: 3999: 3858: 3856: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3711: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3422:Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3029:PAIGC soldiers loading weapons, 1973. 2971:Portuguese withdrawal: September 1974 2460:PAIGC cadres, stationed south of the 2320:). Spínola planned – and fought with 2184:states further afield, including the 1974: 603: 536: 380: 59:January 23, 1963 – September 10, 1974 9523:Soviet Union–United States relations 7874:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 5864:Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola 5139: 3643:Portuguese Journal of Social Science 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3364:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097302 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 2850:Assembleia Nacional Popular de Guiné 2226:latter phase of the liberation war. 2078:of São Tomé and Príncipe formed the 9487:Soviet involvement in regime change 6293:Museum of the Armed Forces (Angola) 5181:. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. 4839: 4594: 4117: 4067: 3093:Drawings showing PAIGC soldiers in 3053:Female soldier playing cards, 1973. 2616: 2155: 1942:archipelago) had been claimed as a 13: 9528:Soviet Union–United States summits 7002:1947 Polish parliamentary election 6887:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 6450: 5859:National Liberation Army of Angola 5306:. New York: Monthly Review Press. 5210:. New York: Monthly Review Press. 5133: 4544: 4501:Borges Coelho, João Paulo (2002). 4477: 4408: 4345: 4263:University of North Carolina Press 4182:Williams, John Hoyt (1988-08-01). 3853: 3752: 3694: 3636: 3625: 3398:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2003. 3209: 3041:Kalashnikovs for Hermangono, 1973. 2817:"aguentar enquanto fosse possível" 2209:countries – Poland, Bulgaria, the 1827:Bissau-Guinean War of Independence 14: 9743: 9617:African resistance to colonialism 8289:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 8224:United States invasion of Grenada 7494:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 7435:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 5898:(4 February 1961 – 25 April 1974) 4184:"Cuba: Havana's Military Machine" 4133:Journal of Latin American Studies 4077:Djassi Amado, Abel (2020-08-04). 3668:Duarte Silva, António E. (2006). 3529: 3439:, Portland, OR: Intellect Books, 3287: 2715:Invasion of Guinea: November 1970 2601:in the east near the border with 2286: 2242:into Senegalese towns, including 1815:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 410:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 24:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 9687:Guinea-Bissau–Portugal relations 8364:United States invasion of Panama 8214:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 7854:1971 Turkish military memorandum 7817:Communist insurgency in Thailand 7787:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 7719:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 7546:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 7474:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 6992:Restatement of Policy on Germany 6322: 6321: 6248:Processo Revolucionário Em Curso 6202:No, or the Vain Glory of Command 3221: 3169: 3150: 3138: 3126: 3114: 3102: 3086: 3074: 3058: 3046: 3034: 3022: 2823:End of Portuguese rule in Guinea 2753:, and the following year passed 2308:), commanded by white officers; 328: 317: 306: 290: 279: 268: 252: 236: 225: 214: 195: 175: 162: 143: 132: 41: 9732:Labor disputes in Guinea-Bissau 9084:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 8465:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 8394:Fall of the inner German border 8294:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 7944:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 7934:Spanish transition to democracy 7894:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 7521:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 7027:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 6908:Occupation of the Baltic states 5109: 5023:The Journal of Military History 5010: 4977: 4930: 4784: 4752: 4727: 4702: 4444: 4307: 4269: 4250: 4203: 4175: 4018: 3993: 3958: 3911: 3812: 3718:The Journal of Military History 2962:PAIGC guerrillas raise the new 2916:three Portuguese wars in Africa 2608:In mid-1969 the PAIGC launched 2115: 7864:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 7499:Mozambican War of Independence 6938:Indonesian National Revolution 4677:The Struggle for Guinea-Bissau 4560:The Journal of African History 3965:El-Khawas, Mohamed A. (1986). 3778:The Journal of African History 3493:The 1980 Coup in Guinea-Bissau 3386: 3260: 2531:Exército Português do Ultramar 2453:Initial PAIGC gains: 1963–1967 2365:Fuzileiros Especiais Africanos 2112:– and from external support. 1865:" because it was a protracted 296:Pedro Rodriguez Peralta ( 1: 9462:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 8477:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 8430:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 8152:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 8117:Seven Days to the River Rhine 7849:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 7136:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 7064:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 6268:Mozambique–Portugal relations 3254: 2941:in London. The talks reached 2844:On 23–24 September 1973, the 2464:estuary, attacked Portuguese 1919: 633:Portuguese colonial campaigns 9717:Wars involving Guinea-Bissau 8455:Fall of communism in Albania 8425:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 8374:Polish Round Table Agreement 7714:1968 Polish political crisis 7531:Eritrean War of Independence 7297:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 7192:East German uprising of 1953 7124:Chinese Communist Revolution 6789: 3002: 2991:The neighbouring Cape Verde 2924:Movimento das Forças Armadas 1966:and consisting primarily of 7: 8329:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 8057:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 7802:Corrective Movement (Syria) 7766:New People's Army rebellion 7761:Sino-Soviet border conflict 7489:Angolan War of Independence 7352:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 7232:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 6877:Jamaican political conflict 6308:Portuguese Paratroop Nurses 5906:Strike in Baixa do Cassange 5625:António de Oliveira Salazar 4943:Issue: A Journal of Opinion 4797:Journal of Cold War Studies 3869:Journal of Cold War Studies 3583:Journal of Cold War Studies 3505:Elizabeth Buettner (2016). 3267:Katagiri, Noriyuki (2014). 3162: 2892:Algiers accord: August 1974 2791:, Amílcar's half-brother. 1952:António de Oliveira Salazar 10: 9748: 9622:Communism in Guinea-Bissau 9607:1970s in Portuguese Guinea 9597:1960s in Portuguese Guinea 8525:Sino-Indian border dispute 8354:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 8284:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 8042:1976 Argentine coup d'état 7954:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 7904:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 7588:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 7556:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 7245:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 7012:Asian Relations Conference 5300:Urdang, Stephanie (1979). 4937:Diggs, Charles C. (1973). 4554:Glovsky, David N. (2022). 4459:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 4426:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 3918:Selcher, Wayne A. (1976). 3772:Glovsky, David N. (2022). 3513:Cambridge University Press 3015: 2846:People's National Assembly 2718: 2211:German Democratic Republic 2186:People's Republic of China 1923: 1884:unilaterally declared the 1882:People's National Assembly 94:Unilateral declaration of 9561: 9510: 9432: 9409:William Appleman Williams 9354:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 9136: 9108: 9057: 8989: 8982: 8916: 8781: 8706: 8636: 8629: 8538: 8485: 8417: 8130: 7869:Bangladesh Liberation War 7859:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 7774: 7746:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 7734:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 7397: 7172:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 7149: 6859: 6797: 6726: 6674: 6636: 6627: 6587: 6578: 6526: 6517: 6470: 6461: 6448: 6380: 6316: 6258:Angola–Portugal relations 6230: 6193: 6142: 6101: 6022: 5935: 5890: 5882: 5819: 5744: 5603: 5566: 5414: 5369: 5204:Chaliand, Gérard (1971). 4791:MacQueen, Norrie (2006). 4734:Gleijeses, Piero (2013). 4572:10.1017/S0021853722000305 4510:Portuguese Studies Review 4257:Gleijeses, Piero (2002). 4145:10.1017/S0022216X96004646 4127:Gleijeses, Piero (1997). 4095:10.1163/17683084-12341748 3863:MacQueen, Norrie (2006). 3790:10.1017/S0021853722000305 3577:MacQueen, Norrie (2006). 2862:Republic of Guinea-Bissau 2540:The branch stores of the 2310:non-commissioned officers 1904:in September 1974 and to 1890:Republic of Guinea-Bissau 641: 574: 418: 368: 353: 340: 188: 125: 51: 40: 28: 23: 9612:20th century in Portugal 8184:1980 Turkish coup d'état 8019:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 7989:1978 Somali coup attempt 7949:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 7914:1973 Chilean coup d'état 7739:Revolutionary Government 7633:South African Border War 7425:1960 Turkish coup d'état 7342:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 7197:1953 Iranian coup d'état 7177:1952 Egyptian revolution 5760:Francisco da Costa Gomes 5017:Dhada, Mustafah (1998). 4846:Davidson, Basil (1974). 4809:10.1162/jcws.2006.8.4.29 4606:Davidson, Basil (1974). 3881:10.1162/jcws.2006.8.4.29 3712:Dhada, Mustafah (1998). 3690:– via OpenEdition. 3637:Ly, Aliou (2015-09-01). 3595:10.1162/jcws.2006.8.4.29 2928:National Salvation Junta 2240:Koundara, Guinea-Conakry 1926:History of Guinea-Bissau 1691:Banda Oriental (1816–20) 1669:Banda Oriental (1776–77) 1622:Banda Oriental (1735–37) 1390:Cape of Good Hope (1630) 9722:Wars involving Portugal 9692:Portuguese Colonial War 8389:Fall of the Berlin Wall 8334:People Power Revolution 8319:Central American crisis 8259:1986 Black Sea incident 7909:1973 Afghan coup d'état 7807:Western Sahara conflict 7618:1966 Syrian coup d'état 7541:1963 Syrian coup d'état 7484:Portuguese Colonial War 7447:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 7212:1954 Syrian coup d'état 7089:Annexation of Hyderabad 7032:1947–1949 Palestine war 5827:Portuguese Armed Forces 5363:Portuguese Colonial War 5329:Portuguese Colonial War 5279:Rudebeck, Lars (1974). 4653:Portugal's African Wars 4314:Sellström, Tor (2002). 4276:Sellström, Tor (2002). 4210:Lazic, Milorad (2021). 4000:Vince, Natalya (2017). 3655:10.1386/pjss.14.3.361_1 3190:Guinea-Bissau Civil War 3185:Portuguese Colonial War 2872:Guinea-Bissau had been 2642:Heckler & Koch HK21 2256:Portuguese Armed Forces 2250:Portuguese Armed Forces 2095:Liberation/PAIGC forces 2090:Belligerents and forces 1938:(as well as the nearby 1793:Guinea-Bissau (1963–74) 1320:Coromandel Coast (1619) 566:Portuguese Colonial War 88:PAIGC political victory 31:Portuguese Colonial War 9702:Separatism in Portugal 9602:1970s in Guinea-Bissau 8683:Neoclassical economics 8194:Gulf of Sidra incident 7751:1969 Libyan revolution 7442:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 7227:1954 Geneva Conference 6987:Turkish straits crisis 6982:Corfu Channel incident 6455: 6273:Portuguese Mozambicans 4683:, July 197), pp. 57-61 4451:Abbott, Peter (1986). 4418:Abbott, Peter (1986). 4025:Abbott, Peter (1988). 3847:10.7249/j.ctt5hhsjk.30 3217: 3197:Listen to this article 2997:Republic of Cabo Verde 2967: 2935:British Foreign Office 2902:in 1994 suggests that 2836: 2797:ground-to-air missiles 2774: 2660: 2626: 2542:Companhia União Fabril 2449: 2412: 2278: 2262:was both governor and 2152: 1991: 1964:Companhia União Fabril 1931:Portuguese colonialism 1892:; the declaration was 1822: 1706:Mozambique (1847–1910) 1325:Persian Gulf (1621–22) 1223:Indian Ocean (1586–89) 973:Indian Ocean (1538–60) 773:Persian Gulf (1507–15) 738:Indian Ocean (1505–17) 369:5,000 civilian deaths 189:Commanders and leaders 9712:Wars involving Guinea 9533:Russia–NATO relations 9414:Jonathan Reed Winkler 8698:Democratic capitalism 8693:Supply-side economics 8661:American conservatism 8460:Breakup of Yugoslavia 8349:Bougainville conflict 8264:South Yemen civil war 8199:Martial law in Poland 8062:Nicaraguan Revolution 8037:Dirty War (Argentina) 7844:1971 JVP insurrection 7658:Years of Lead (Italy) 7536:North Yemen civil war 7454:Berlin Crisis of 1961 7430:Albanian–Soviet split 7362:1959 Tibetan uprising 7327:Syrian Crisis of 1957 7182:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 7042:1948 Arab–Israeli War 6454: 6278:Heckler & Koch G3 5389:Portuguese Mozambique 4675:Chilcote, Ronald H., 3216: 2964:flag of Guinea-Bissau 2961: 2920:Armed Forces Movement 2904:the Portuguese regime 2886:territorial integrity 2830: 2772: 2654: 2624: 2447: 2402: 2273: 2162:Léopold Sédar Senghor 2160:Senegalese President 2146: 1983:Revolutionary leader 1982: 1940:Portuguese Cape Verde 1924:Further information: 1825:), also known as the 1585:East Africa (1696–98) 843:Sri Lanka (1520–1658) 354:Casualties and losses 335:Bettencourt Rodrigues 9727:Wars of independence 8954:Non-Aligned Movement 8576:Peaceful coexistence 8530:North Borneo dispute 8445:German reunification 8440:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 8138:Salvadoran Civil War 8087:Grand Mosque seizure 8082:Yemenite War of 1979 7974:Mozambican Civil War 7929:Carnation Revolution 7884:Yemenite War of 1972 7822:1970 Polish protests 7653:1967 Hong Kong riots 7628:Argentine Revolution 7578:Guatemalan Civil War 7506:Cuban Missile Crisis 7420:Bay of Pigs Invasion 7292:1956 Poznań protests 7270:Geneva Summit (1955) 6872:Hukbalahap Rebellion 6851:Non-Aligned Movement 6437:2010 military unrest 6303:League of Combatants 6238:Portuguese Commandos 6216:The Two Faces of War 6180:Mozambican Civil War 6150:Carnation Revolution 5811:João Bernardo Vieira 5799:Filipe Samuel Magaia 4695:Dos Santos, Manuel, 4216:Nationalities Papers 3831:, pp. 233–240, 3248:More spoken articles 2912:Carnation Revolution 2801:Portuguese Air Force 2638:Fuzileiros Especiais 2550:Manuel Pinto Brandão 2509:Portuguese Air Force 2440:Conflict (1963–1974) 2409:Portuguese Air Force 2405:Lockheed P-2 Neptune 2057:liberation movements 1944:Portuguese territory 1898:Carnation Revolution 1798:Mozambique (1964–74) 1763:Mozambique (1917-18) 1758:Mozambique (1917–18) 1743:East Timor (1911–12) 1681:French Guiana (1809) 1530:2nd Sri Lanka (1654) 1525:1st Sri Lanka (1654) 923:Moluccas (1530–1607) 258:Pansau Na Isna 242:Domingos Ramos 232:João Bernardo Vieira 90:Military stalemate 9707:Wars involving Cuba 9399:Alex von Tunzelmann 9389:Vladimir Tismăneanu 9314:Thomas J. McCormick 9309:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 9209:Robert Hugh Ferrell 9072:Crusade for Freedom 8869:Illiberal democracy 8753:Ho Chi Minh Thought 8556:Eisenhower Doctrine 8409:Peaceful Revolution 8404:Romanian Revolution 8384:Revolutions of 1989 8369:1988 Polish strikes 8279:Operation INFEKTION 8274:1987 Lieyu massacre 8179:Eritrean Civil Wars 8162:Peruvian Revolution 8112:1979 Herat uprising 8102:Sino-Vietnamese War 8067:Uganda–Tanzania War 8047:Egyptian–Libyan War 8014:Third Indochina War 8009:Sino-Albanian split 7999:Ethiopian Civil War 7899:Eritrean Civil Wars 7839:Ping-pong diplomacy 7812:Cambodian Civil War 7638:Korean DMZ Conflict 7623:Cultural Revolution 7593:Dominican Civil War 7571:Tlatelolco massacre 7357:1959 Mosul uprising 7347:1958 Lebanon crisis 7074:Al-Wathbah uprising 6997:First Indochina War 6967:Iran crisis of 1946 6417:War of Independence 6400:African slave trade 6263:Portuguese Angolans 5951:Pidjiguiti massacre 5883:Military operations 5745:Military commanders 5688:Luis Ranque Franque 4918:. 28 September 1973 4738:. UNC Press Books. 4663:(1974), pp. 140-144 4028:Modern African Wars 2878:UN General Assembly 2727:Operation Green Sea 2721:Operation Green Sea 2306:caçadores indigenas 2138:political commissar 2063:political parties. 2036:Pidjiguiti massacre 1914:liberation movement 1365:Persian Gulf (1625) 1335:Persian Gulf (1622) 1305:Persian Gulf (1614) 1243:Sri Lanka (1587–88) 1228:Persian Gulf (1586) 1098:Sri Lanka (1557–58) 1088:Gulf of Oman (1554) 1073:Persian Gulf (1551) 938:Persian Gulf (1534) 918:Persian Gulf (1529) 9553:Russian Revolution 9349:Mary Elise Sarotte 9334:William B. Pickett 9259:Patrick J. Hearden 9239:Gabriel Gorodetsky 9234:Timothy Garton Ash 9219:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 8814:Ethnic nationalism 8566:Hallstein Doctrine 8450:Yemeni unification 8239:1985 Geneva Summit 8204:Casamance conflict 8107:New Jewel Movement 8092:Iranian Revolution 8077:Chadian–Libyan War 8024:Cambodian conflict 8004:Lebanese Civil War 7994:Western Sahara War 7969:June 1976 protests 7964:Cambodian genocide 7729:17 July Revolution 7683:Nigerian Civil War 7598:Rhodesian Bush War 7583:Colombian conflict 7526:Ramadan Revolution 7265:Bandung Conference 7141:Operation Valuable 7022:Partition of India 6610:Telecommunications 6456: 6288:Dragoons of Angola 5767:António de Spínola 5422:Insurgents/aligned 5122:2013-02-08 at the 5096:The New York Times 5069:The New York Times 4990:A/Res/3061(Xxviii) 4916:The New York Times 4890:The New York Times 4764:The New York Times 4697:Disparar os Strela 4228:10.1017/nps.2020.6 4006:Reviews in History 3218: 2968: 2888:of the Republic". 2837: 2775: 2692:, learning to fly 2661: 2627: 2570:António de Spínola 2478:counter-insurgency 2450: 2413: 2390:search and destroy 2377:Comandos Africanos 2264:military commander 2260:António de Spínola 2153: 2052:Republic of Guinea 1994:The revolutionary 1992: 1975:Formation of PAIGC 1753:Angola (1914–1917) 1664:Angola (1774–1778) 1470:Malaysia (1640–41) 1410:East Africa (1632) 1330:Trincomalee (1622) 1300:Brazil (1612–1615) 1008:East Africa (1542) 968:Brazil (1534–1536) 913:East Africa (1528) 828:East Africa (1517) 753:East Africa (1507) 733:East Africa (1505) 324:António de Spínola 9697:Portuguese Guinea 9682:Conflicts in 1974 9677:Conflicts in 1973 9672:Conflicts in 1972 9667:Conflicts in 1971 9662:Conflicts in 1970 9657:Conflicts in 1969 9652:Conflicts in 1968 9647:Conflicts in 1967 9642:Conflicts in 1966 9637:Conflicts in 1965 9632:Conflicts in 1964 9627:Conflicts in 1963 9584: 9583: 9571:List of conflicts 9419:Rudolph Winnacker 9364:Giles Scott-Smith 9339:Ronald E. Powaski 9294:Melvyn P. Leffler 9224:John Lewis Gaddis 9199:Robert D. English 9164:Warren H. Carroll 9154:Michael Beschloss 9123:Nuclear arms race 9104: 9103: 9010:Neues Deutschland 8912: 8911: 8894:White nationalism 8864:Liberal democracy 8601:Ulbricht Doctrine 8591:Brezhnev Doctrine 8399:Velvet Revolution 8143:Soviet–Afghan War 7959:Angolan Civil War 7756:Goulash Communism 7613:ASEAN Declaration 7566:Mexican Dirty War 7464:Annexation of Goa 7415:1960 U-2 incident 7389:Sino-Soviet split 7367:Laotian Civil War 7207:Bricker Amendment 7187:Mau Mau rebellion 7131:Malayan Emergency 7119:Chinese Civil War 7079:Tito–Stalin split 6933:Division of Korea 6757: 6756: 6722: 6721: 6623: 6622: 6574: 6573: 6556:Political parties 6536:Foreign relations 6513: 6512: 6405:Portuguese Guinea 6336: 6335: 6175:Angolan Civil War 6097: 6096: 6031: 5944: 5899: 5774:Kaúlza de Arriaga 5728:Aristides Pereira 5604:Political leaders 5599: 5598: 5406:Annexation of Goa 5394:Portuguese Guinea 5384:Portuguese Angola 5379:Portuguese Empire 5292:978-91-7106-080-8 5242:. Harmondsworth. 5217:978-0-85345-179-2 5156:978-1-909982-06-2 4892:. 22 January 1973 3838:978-0-8330-8109-4 3676:(in Portuguese). 3522:978-0-521-11386-1 3405:978-0-85229-961-6 3214: 2785:Aristides Pereira 2731:Ahmed Sékou Touré 2667:was using in the 2546:Mario Lima Whanon 2357:counterinsurgency 2149:Nicolae Ceaușescu 2084:Portuguese Empire 1958:In the phrase of 1936:Portuguese Guinea 1831:Portuguese Guinea 1808: 1807: 1721:Mozambique (1895) 1716:Mozambique (1895) 1540:Malabar (1658–63) 1435:Gold Coast (1637) 1375:Gold Coast (1625) 1263:India (1599–1600) 1163:Chaul (1570–1571) 1123:Gold Coast (1562) 1043:Insulindia (1545) 893:Insulindia (1526) 888:Insulindia (1525) 883:Sumatra (1523–24) 858:Insulindia (1521) 718:India (1500–1513) 671:Morocco (1463–64) 597: 596: 530: 529: 375: 374: 159: 121: 120: 105:in September 1974 98:in September 1973 76:Portuguese Guinea 9739: 9329:David S. Painter 9254:John Earl Haynes 9184:Nicholas J. Cull 9169:Adrian Cioroianu 9149:Thomas A. Bailey 9096:Voice of America 8987: 8986: 8899:White separatism 8879:Social democracy 8874:Guided democracy 8854:Authoritarianism 8804:Ultranationalism 8794:Anti-imperialism 8721:Marxism–Leninism 8634: 8633: 8621:Kinmen Agreement 8586:Johnson Doctrine 8571:Kennedy Doctrine 8487:Frozen conflicts 8470:1991 August Coup 8359:Afghan Civil War 8254:Reykjavík Summit 8249:Somali Rebellion 8189:Ugandan Bush War 8167:Gdańsk Agreement 7688:Protests of 1968 7668:War of Attrition 7377:Cuban Revolution 7313:We will bury you 7280:Cyprus Emergency 7260:Kashmir Princess 7250:Jebel Akhdar War 7099:Western betrayal 6784: 6777: 6770: 6761: 6760: 6742: 6735: 6634: 6633: 6595: 6585: 6584: 6524: 6523: 6468: 6467: 6442:2012 coup d'état 6432:2003 coup d'état 6422:1980 coup d'état 6390:Regional history 6363: 6356: 6349: 6340: 6339: 6325: 6324: 6185:Impact in Africa 6102:Diplomatic front 6029: 5942: 5897: 5888: 5887: 5806: 5794: 5782: 5754: 5715: 5700:Eduardo Mondlane 5694: 5684: 5670: 5656: 5637: 5613: 5567:Portugal/aligned 5419: 5418: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5333: 5332: 5325: 5296: 5275: 5269: 5261: 5229: 5200: 5168: 5128: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5071:. 27 August 1974 5061: 5055: 5054: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5001: 4993: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4706: 4700: 4693: 4684: 4673: 4664: 4649: 4636: 4635: 4603: 4592: 4591: 4551: 4542: 4527: 4518: 4517: 4507: 4498: 4475: 4474: 4458: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4425: 4415: 4406: 4405: 4370: 4343: 4342: 4322: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4284: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4194: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4124: 4115: 4114: 4074: 4065: 4064: 4058: 4050: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4012: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3860: 3851: 3849: 3829:RAND Corporation 3816: 3810: 3809: 3769: 3750: 3749: 3709: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687:10.4000/cea.1236 3665: 3659: 3658: 3634: 3623: 3622: 3574: 3527: 3526: 3502: 3496: 3491:Munslow, Barry, 3489: 3480: 3457: 3448: 3433: 3424: 3419: 3410: 3409: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3340: 3285: 3284: 3264: 3238: 3236: 3225: 3224: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3198: 3179: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3154: 3142: 3130: 3118: 3106: 3090: 3078: 3069:, Senegal, 1973. 3062: 3050: 3038: 3026: 2951:Algiers, Algeria 2747:Security Council 2617:Tactical changes 2574:hearts and minds 2559:armazéns do povo 2392:' operations in 2282: 2156:External support 1987:, co-founder of 1788:Angola (1961–74) 1783:Africa (1961–74) 1748:Angola (1914–15) 1733:Angola (1902–04) 1696:Brazil (1821–25) 1647:Brazil (1762–63) 1520:Brazil (1652–54) 1475:Angola (1641–48) 1425:Arabia (1633–43) 1173:Mangalore (1571) 1083:Arabia (1552–54) 636: 634: 624: 617: 610: 601: 600: 569: 567: 557: 550: 543: 534: 533: 502: 413: 411: 401: 394: 387: 378: 377: 333: 332: 322: 321: 311: 310: 300: 295: 294: 284: 283: 282: 275:Francisco Mendes 273: 272: 271: 264: 257: 256: 255: 248: 241: 240: 239: 230: 229: 228: 219: 218: 217: 210: 200: 199: 198: 181: 179: 178: 168: 166: 165: 153: 149: 147: 146: 137: 136: 135: 53: 52: 45: 21: 20: 9747: 9746: 9742: 9741: 9740: 9738: 9737: 9736: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9580: 9557: 9548:Second Cold War 9506: 9434: 9428: 9404:Odd Arne Westad 9394:Patrick Vaughan 9379:Athan Theoharis 9359:Ellen Schrecker 9344:Yakov M. Rabkin 9319:Timothy Naftali 9264:Tvrtko Jakovina 9249:Jussi Hanhimäki 9132: 9110: 9100: 9078:Paix et Liberté 9053: 8997:Active measures 8978: 8908: 8889:White supremacy 8849:Totalitarianism 8777: 8702: 8625: 8611:Reagan Doctrine 8606:Carter Doctrine 8546:Truman Doctrine 8534: 8481: 8413: 8308:Soviet reaction 8219:Ndogboyosoi War 8126: 8097:Saur Revolution 7924:1973 oil crisis 7889:Munich massacre 7797:Alcora Exercise 7792:Black September 7770: 7516:Sino-Indian War 7410:Simba rebellion 7393: 7237:Capture of the 7145: 7084:Berlin Blockade 7017:May 1947 crises 7007:Truman Doctrine 6972:Greek Civil War 6961:Blacklist Forty 6928:Gouzenko Affair 6915:Cursed soldiers 6867:Morgenthau Plan 6855: 6793: 6788: 6758: 6753: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6718: 6670: 6619: 6593: 6570: 6509: 6457: 6446: 6376: 6367: 6337: 6332: 6312: 6283:Bravia Chaimite 6226: 6194:Popular culture 6189: 6155:Alvor Agreement 6138: 6119:Alcora Exercise 6093: 6028: 6018: 5998:Cheche Disaster 5941: 5931: 5896: 5884: 5878: 5820:Order of battle 5815: 5804: 5792: 5787:Daniel Chipenda 5780: 5752: 5740: 5713: 5692: 5682: 5668: 5654: 5635: 5630:Marcelo Caetano 5611: 5595: 5562: 5410: 5365: 5360: 5330: 5314: 5293: 5263: 5262: 5250: 5234:Davidson, Basil 5218: 5189: 5173:Chabal, Patrick 5157: 5136: 5134:Further reading 5131: 5124:Wayback Machine 5114: 5110: 5100: 5098: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5015: 5011: 4995: 4994: 4982: 4978: 4955:10.2307/1166705 4935: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4844: 4840: 4789: 4785: 4776: 4774: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4707: 4703: 4694: 4687: 4674: 4667: 4650: 4639: 4604: 4595: 4552: 4545: 4531:Guerra Colonial 4528: 4521: 4505: 4499: 4478: 4471: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4416: 4409: 4374:Davidson, Basil 4371: 4346: 4331: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4293: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4255: 4251: 4208: 4204: 4192: 4190: 4180: 4176: 4125: 4118: 4075: 4068: 4052: 4051: 4039: 4023: 4019: 4010: 4008: 3998: 3994: 3979: 3963: 3959: 3916: 3912: 3861: 3854: 3839: 3817: 3813: 3770: 3753: 3710: 3695: 3674:African Studies 3666: 3662: 3635: 3626: 3575: 3530: 3523: 3515:. p. 204. 3503: 3499: 3490: 3483: 3465:In the Vanguard 3458: 3451: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3413: 3406: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3352:African Affairs 3344:Chabal, Patrick 3341: 3288: 3281: 3270:Adapting to Win 3265: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3251: 3240: 3234: 3232: 3229:This audio file 3226: 3219: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3175: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3158: 3155: 3146: 3143: 3134: 3131: 3122: 3119: 3110: 3107: 3098: 3091: 3082: 3079: 3070: 3063: 3054: 3051: 3042: 3039: 3030: 3027: 3018: 3009:one-party state 3005: 2973: 2939:Hyde Park Hotel 2894: 2842: 2825: 2805:air superiority 2780: 2723: 2717: 2619: 2610:Operation Tenaz 2563:people's stores 2455: 2442: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2252: 2170:Muammar Gaddafi 2158: 2118: 2097: 2092: 2070:of Mozambique, 1977: 1933: 1928: 1922: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1768:Timor (1942–43) 1686:China (1809–10) 1617:India (1729–32) 1485:India (1644–45) 1450:India (1638–39) 1380:Malaysia (1628) 1310:Malaysia (1615) 1290:Malaysia (1606) 1285:Malaysia (1606) 1238:Malaysia (1587) 1233:Malaysia (1586) 1193:Malaysia (1575) 1188:Malaysia (1574) 1183:Malaysia (1573) 1178:India (1570–75) 1158:Goa (1570–1571) 1093:Pakistan (1557) 1078:Malaysia (1551) 1058:Malaysia (1547) 1038:Malaysia (1543) 1033:Ethiopia (1543) 1028:Ethiopia (1542) 1023:Ethiopia (1542) 1018:Ethiopia (1542) 1013:Ethiopia (1542) 1003:Ethiopia (1542) 998:Ethiopia (1541) 963:Moluccas (1536) 958:Malaysia (1536) 953:Malaysia (1535) 943:Malaysia (1534) 878:Malaysia (1523) 838:Malaysia (1520) 793:Malaysia (1511) 637: 632: 630: 628: 598: 593: 570: 565: 563: 561: 531: 526: 496: 414: 409: 407: 405: 370: 363: 327: 326: 316: 315: 305: 289: 288: 280: 278: 277: 269: 267: 266: 260: 253: 251: 250: 244: 237: 235: 234: 226: 224: 223: 215: 213: 212: 206: 196: 194: 176: 174: 163: 161: 160: 144: 142: 141: 133: 131: 113: 89: 79: 73: 60: 46: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9745: 9735: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9582: 9581: 9579: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9514: 9512: 9508: 9507: 9505: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9438: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9374:Timothy Snyder 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9304:Vojtech Mastny 9301: 9299:Geir Lundestad 9296: 9291: 9289:Walter Laqueur 9286: 9284:Walter LaFeber 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9214:André Fontaine 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9144:Gar Alperovitz 9140: 9138: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9114: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9098: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9081: 9074: 9069: 9061: 9059: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9051: 9044: 9039: 9032: 9025: 9020: 9013: 9006: 8999: 8993: 8991: 8984: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8920: 8918: 8914: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8884:Third-Worldism 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8785: 8783: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8712: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8673:Libertarianism 8670: 8665: 8664: 8663: 8653: 8651:Chicago school 8648: 8642: 8640: 8631: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8596:Nixon Doctrine 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8542: 8540: 8539:Foreign policy 8536: 8535: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8491: 8489: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8474: 8473: 8472: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8324:Operation RYAN 8321: 8316: 8311: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8229:Able Archer 83 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8145: 8140: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7979:Oromo conflict 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7919:Yom Kippur War 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7742: 7741: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7702: 7697: 7696: 7695: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7551:Aden Emergency 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7469:Papua conflict 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7391: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7374: 7372:Kitchen Debate 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7332:Sputnik crisis 7329: 7324: 7316: 7309: 7304: 7302:Polish October 7299: 7294: 7289: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7202:Pact of Madrid 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7157:Bamboo Curtain 7153: 7151: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6956: 6948: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6917: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6897: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6863: 6861: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6806: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6787: 6786: 6779: 6772: 6764: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6744: 6743: 6736: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6566:Prime Minister 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6343: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6212: 6209:April Captains 6205: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6038:Mueda Massacre 6034: 6032: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6009: 6000: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5902: 5900: 5885: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5801: 5796: 5789: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5721:Amílcar Cabral 5717: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5662:Holden Roberto 5658: 5651: 5646: 5643:Agostinho Neto 5639: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5615: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5543:Czechoslovakia 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5425: 5423: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5375: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5359: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5336: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5312: 5297: 5291: 5276: 5248: 5230: 5216: 5201: 5187: 5169: 5155: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5108: 5082: 5056: 5035:10.2307/120438 5029:(3): 571–593. 5009: 4976: 4929: 4903: 4877: 4838: 4783: 4766:. 1970-11-23. 4751: 4745:978-1469615769 4744: 4726: 4720:978-3110642964 4719: 4701: 4685: 4665: 4637: 4593: 4566:(2): 214–230. 4543: 4519: 4476: 4469: 4443: 4436: 4407: 4344: 4329: 4306: 4291: 4268: 4265:. p. 243. 4249: 4222:(3): 428–445. 4202: 4174: 4116: 4066: 4037: 4017: 3992: 3977: 3957: 3936:10.2307/174815 3910: 3852: 3837: 3811: 3784:(2): 214–230. 3751: 3730:10.2307/120438 3724:(3): 571–593. 3693: 3660: 3649:(3): 361–377. 3624: 3528: 3521: 3497: 3481: 3449: 3425: 3411: 3404: 3385: 3358:(318): 75–99. 3286: 3279: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3241: 3227: 3220: 3208: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3101: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3073: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3004: 3001: 2977:Basil Davidson 2972: 2969: 2893: 2890: 2841: 2838: 2824: 2821: 2779: 2776: 2755:Resolution 291 2751:Resolution 290 2743:United Nations 2719:Main article: 2716: 2713: 2618: 2615: 2579:Africanisation 2524:Amílcar Cabral 2454: 2451: 2441: 2438: 2359:. The Special 2353:special forces 2326:discrimination 2288: 2287:Africanization 2285: 2272: 2251: 2248: 2194:Czechoslovakia 2157: 2154: 2117: 2114: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2074:of Angola and 2032:Port of Bissau 2020:Amílcar Cabral 2012:Rafael Barbosa 1985:Amílcar Cabral 1976: 1973: 1960:Patrick Chabal 1948:African slaves 1932: 1929: 1921: 1918: 1874:Amílcar Cabral 1806: 1805: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1659:Morocco (1769) 1656: 1655: 1654: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1465:Morocco (1640) 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1385:Malacca (1629) 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1280:Sumatra (1606) 1277: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1253:Senegal (1589) 1250: 1248:Mombasa (1589) 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1198:Morocco (1578) 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1168:Honavar (1571) 1165: 1160: 1155: 1153:Sumatra (1569) 1150: 1148:Malacca (1568) 1145: 1140: 1135: 1133:Morocco (1564) 1130: 1128:Morocco (1562) 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 993:Red Sea (1541) 990: 988:Red Sea (1541) 985: 983:Red Sea (1541) 980: 978:Red Sea (1541) 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 933:Morocco (1533) 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 908:Sumatra (1528) 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 868:Sumatra (1522) 865: 860: 855: 853:Bahrain (1521) 850: 848:Sumatra (1521) 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 823:Morocco (1516) 820: 818:Morocco (1515) 815: 813:Morocco (1515) 810: 808:Morocco (1514) 805: 803:Morocco (1514) 800: 798:Morocco (1513) 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 763:Socotra (1507) 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 723:Algeria (1501) 720: 714: 713: 709: 708: 706:Morocco (1490) 703: 701:Morocco (1489) 698: 696:Morocco (1487) 693: 688: 686:Morocco (1471) 683: 681:Morocco (1471) 678: 676:Morocco (1468) 673: 668: 666:Morocco (1458) 663: 661:Morocco (1437) 658: 656:Morocco (1419) 653: 651:Morocco (1415) 647: 646: 642: 639: 638: 627: 626: 619: 612: 604: 595: 594: 592: 591: 586: 581: 575: 572: 571: 560: 559: 552: 545: 537: 528: 527: 525: 524: 517: 510: 507:Royal Amethyst 503: 489: 482: 469: 468: 461: 454: 449: 442: 429: 428: 419: 416: 415: 404: 403: 396: 389: 381: 373: 372: 366: 365: 360: 356: 355: 351: 350: 347: 343: 342: 338: 337: 313:Arnaldo Schulz 303: 286:Osvaldo Vieira 202:Amílcar Cabral 191: 190: 186: 185: 172: 128: 127: 123: 122: 119: 118: 115: 109: 108: 107: 106: 99: 85: 81: 80: 69: 67: 63: 62: 57: 49: 48: 38: 37: 26: 25: 19: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9744: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9560: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9538:War on terror 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9515: 9513: 9509: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9433:Espionage and 9431: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9384:Andrew Thorpe 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9279:Gabriel Kolko 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9244:Fred Halliday 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9229:Lloyd Gardner 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9189:Norman Davies 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9174:John Costello 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9135: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9109:Technological 9107: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9088: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9067: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9056: 9050: 9049: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9037: 9033: 9031: 9030: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9014: 9012: 9011: 9007: 9005: 9004: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8990:Pro-communist 8988: 8985: 8981: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8917:Organizations 8915: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8748: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8731:Eurocommunism 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8705: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8628: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8561:Domino theory 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8515:South Ossetia 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8475: 8471: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8299:8888 Uprising 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8244:Iran–Iraq War 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8209:Falklands War 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8129: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8072:NDF Rebellion 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8052:German Autumn 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7939:Metapolitefsi 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7834: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7703: 7701: 7700:Prague Spring 7698: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7678:Al-Wadiah War 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7643:12-3 incident 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7390: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7322: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7222:Domino theory 7220: 7218: 7217:Petrov Affair 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7094:Madiun Affair 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7054:Marshall Plan 7052: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6803:United States 6800: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6785: 6780: 6778: 6773: 6771: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6725: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6651:Ethnic groups 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6370:Guinea-Bissau 6364: 6359: 6357: 6352: 6350: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6329: 6328: 6319: 6318: 6315: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6165:Lusaka Accord 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6013:Ametista Real 6010: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5886: 5881: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5755: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5716: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5707:Samora Machel 5704: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5695: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5676:Jonas Savimbi 5673: 5671: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5657: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5619:Américo Tomás 5616: 5614: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5478:United States 5476: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5352: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5313:0-85345-511-2 5309: 5305: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5249:0-14-041027-9 5245: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5188:1-59221-081-3 5184: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5112: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5013: 5005: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4722: 4716: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4692: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4662: 4661:0-89388-072-8 4658: 4654: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4548: 4540: 4539:972-46-1192-2 4536: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4516:(1): 129–150. 4515: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4472: 4470:0-85045-843-9 4466: 4462: 4457: 4456: 4447: 4439: 4437:0-85045-843-9 4433: 4429: 4424: 4423: 4414: 4412: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4330:91-7106-430-3 4326: 4319: 4318: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4292:91-7106-430-3 4288: 4281: 4280: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4199: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4121: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4071: 4062: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4038:0-85045-728-9 4034: 4030: 4029: 4021: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3978:0-915597-24-1 3974: 3970: 3969: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3857: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3501: 3494: 3488: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3454: 3446: 3445:1-84150-109-3 3442: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3407: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3282: 3280:9780812246414 3276: 3272: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3249: 3245: 3230: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3177:Africa portal 3167: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3056: 3049: 3044: 3037: 3032: 3025: 3020: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2975:According to 2965: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908:military coup 2905: 2901: 2900: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2854:Madina do Boé 2851: 2847: 2834: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2623: 2614: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2599:Madina do Boé 2595: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2446: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2101:assassination 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2018:intellectual 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902:Guinea-Bissau 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1867:guerrilla war 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1738:Angola (1907) 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1642:Brazil (1756) 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1612:Angola (1723) 1610: 1608: 1607:Brazil (1711) 1605: 1603: 1602:Brazil (1710) 1600: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1575:Angola (1681) 1573: 1571: 1570:Angola (1671) 1568: 1566: 1565:Angola (1670) 1563: 1561: 1560:Angola (1670) 1558: 1556: 1555:Brazil (1666) 1553: 1551: 1550:Angola (1665) 1548: 1546: 1545:Margão (1659) 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1535:Mannar (1658) 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1515:Arabia (1650) 1513: 1511: 1510:Brazil (1649) 1508: 1506: 1505:Brazil (1648) 1503: 1501: 1500:Angola (1647) 1498: 1496: 1495:Brazil (1645) 1493: 1491: 1490:Brazil (1645) 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1480:Brazil (1641) 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1460:Brazil (1640) 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1445:Brazil (1638) 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1430:Brazil (1636) 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1420:Arabia (1633) 1418: 1416: 1415:Bengal (1632) 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1405:Brazil (1631) 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1395:Brazil (1630) 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1370:Brazil (1625) 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1360:Angola (1624) 1358: 1356: 1355:Brazil (1624) 1353: 1351: 1350:Angola (1623) 1348: 1346: 1345:Angola (1622) 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1315:Jaffna (1619) 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1258:Jaffna (1591) 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1218:Angola (1583) 1216: 1214: 1213:Arabia (1581) 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1203:Angola (1580) 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1143:Brazil (1567) 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1113:Jaffna (1560) 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1103:Brazil (1558) 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1068:Arabia (1548) 1066: 1064: 1063:Arabia (1548) 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 873:Arabia (1523) 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 768:Arabia (1507) 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 715: 711: 710: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 691:Guinea (1478) 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 648: 644: 643: 640: 635: 625: 620: 618: 613: 611: 606: 605: 602: 590: 587: 585: 584:Guinea-Bissau 582: 580: 577: 576: 573: 568: 558: 553: 551: 546: 544: 539: 538: 535: 523: 522: 518: 516: 515: 511: 509: 508: 504: 500: 495: 494: 490: 488: 487: 483: 481: 480: 476: 475: 474: 473: 467: 466: 462: 460: 459: 455: 453: 450: 448: 447: 443: 441: 440: 436: 435: 434: 433: 427: 424: 423: 422: 417: 412: 402: 397: 395: 390: 388: 383: 382: 379: 367: 361: 358: 357: 352: 348: 345: 344: 339: 336: 331: 325: 320: 314: 309: 304: 301: 293: 287: 276: 265: 263: 249: 247: 233: 222: 211: 209: 203: 193: 192: 187: 184: 173: 171: 157: 152: 140: 130: 129: 124: 116: 111: 110: 104: 103:Guinea-Bissau 100: 97: 93: 92: 91: 86: 83: 82: 77: 72: 71:Guinea-Bissau 68: 65: 64: 58: 55: 54: 50: 44: 39: 36: 32: 27: 22: 9543:Brinkmanship 9435:intelligence 9324:Marius Oprea 9274:Harvey Klehr 9204:Herbert Feis 9194:Willem Drees 9159:Archie Brown 9076: 9064: 9046: 9036:Trybuna Ludu 9034: 9027: 9023:Radio Moscow 9015: 9008: 9001: 8829:Anti-Zionism 8745: 8668:Keynesianism 8656:Conservatism 8520:Transnistria 8500:China-Taiwan 8157:Gera Demands 8030: 7831: 7706: 7511:El Porteñazo 7493: 7405:Congo Crisis 7320: 7255:Algerian War 7238: 7114:Western Bloc 7109:Eastern Bloc 7104:Iron Curtain 6960: 6952: 6944: 6921: 6901: 6893: 6810:Soviet Union 6808: 6801: 6689:Coat of arms 6641:Demographics 6541:Human rights 6416: 6320: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6064: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6023: 6011: 6003: 6002: 5990: 5985:Gata Pequena 5983: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5937: 5936: 5926:Frente Leste 5924: 5917: 5910: 5891: 5803: 5791: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5641: 5634: 5617: 5610: 5581:South Africa 5573: 5483:Soviet Union 5470: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5442: 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1812: 1792: 1778:India (1961) 1773:India (1954) 1727:20th century 1711:China (1849) 1701:China (1846) 1675:19th century 1637:India (1752) 1632:India (1746) 1627:India (1746) 1597:India (1704) 1591:18th century 1580:India (1693) 1455:India (1639) 1440:India (1638) 1400:Jambi (1630) 1340:China (1622) 1295:India (1612) 1269:17th century 1208:India (1581) 1138:Japan (1565) 1118:Japan (1561) 1108:India (1559) 1053:India (1547) 1048:India (1546) 948:Tunis (1535) 928:India (1531) 898:India (1526) 863:China (1521) 788:India (1510) 783:India (1509) 778:India (1508) 758:India (1507) 748:India (1506) 743:India (1506) 728:India (1504) 712:16th century 645:15th century 583: 520: 513: 506: 492: 485: 478: 471: 470: 464: 457: 445: 438: 431: 430: 420: 408: 362:2,069 killed 359:6,000 killed 261: 245: 207: 126:Belligerents 96:independence 87: 29:Part of the 9369:Shen Zhihua 9179:Michael Cox 9111:competition 9058:Pro-Western 9048:Soviet Life 8974:Safari Club 8944:Warsaw Pact 8799:Nationalism 8789:Imperialism 8688:Reaganomics 8551:Containment 8344:Perestroika 7833:Realpolitik 7663:Six-Day War 7648:Greek junta 7459:Berlin Wall 7307:Suez Crisis 7275:Vietnam War 7162:McCarthyism 6977:Baruch Plan 6922:Unthinkable 6882:Dekemvriana 6821:Warsaw Pact 6600:Agriculture 6160:24/20 order 5735:Luís Cabral 5401:Estado Novo 4858:(4): 5–20. 4618:(4): 5–20. 4388:(4): 5–20. 3680:: 142–167. 2993:archipelago 2910:during the 2882:sovereignty 2866:Luís Cabral 2789:Luís Cabral 2739:Third World 2669:Vietnam War 2655:Portuguese 2369:detachments 2314:assimilados 2016:nationalist 1275:Java (1601) 903:Java (1527) 497: [ 221:Luís Cabral 112:Territorial 9591:Categories 9137:Historians 9128:Space Race 9029:Rudé právo 8983:Propaganda 8839:Neo-Nazism 8809:Chauvinism 8763:Trotskyism 8678:Monetarism 8646:Liberalism 8638:Capitalism 8630:Ideologies 8581:Ostpolitik 8304:Solidarity 8269:Toyota War 8172:Solidarity 8029:Operation 7984:Ogaden War 7673:Dhofar War 7561:Shifta War 7319:Operation 7167:Korean War 6959:Operation 6951:Operation 6943:Operation 6920:Operation 6900:Operation 6892:Operation 6594:(currency) 6551:Parliament 6253:Retornados 6025:Mozambique 5971:Ciclone II 5847:Irregulars 5649:Lúcio Lara 5371:Background 5165:1296106662 5141:Cann, John 4777:2022-10-12 4193:2022-10-12 4011:2022-10-12 3461:Nô Pintcha 3255:References 3244:Audio help 3235:2017-12-13 3067:Ziguinchor 2874:recognised 2705:Yugoslavia 2677:defoliants 2462:Geba River 2381:battalions 2346:propaganda 2318:indigenato 2301:indigenous 2297:Mozambican 2223:Yugoslavia 2219:propaganda 2004:Portuguese 1996:insurgency 1920:Background 1906:Cape Verde 1894:recognised 1855:Yugoslavia 1819:Portuguese 833:Goa (1517) 589:Mozambique 426:Pidjiguiti 9424:Ken Young 9269:Tony Judt 9118:Arms race 9091:Red Scare 8959:NN States 8904:Apartheid 8859:Autocracy 8768:Stalinism 8736:Guevarism 8726:Castroism 8716:Communism 8708:Socialism 8234:Star Wars 7827:Koza riot 6953:Beleaguer 6945:Masterdom 6661:Languages 6646:Education 6615:Transport 6561:President 6531:Elections 6463:Geography 6427:Civil War 6410:governors 6143:Aftermath 6074:Abanadela 6066:Nó Górdio 6005:Mar Verde 5919:Esmeralda 5842:Air Force 5266:cite book 5043:0899-3718 4963:0047-1607 4864:0001-9887 4817:1520-3972 4772:0362-4331 4624:0001-9887 4588:250549977 4580:0021-8537 4394:0001-9887 4244:233733201 4236:0090-5992 4169:144904249 4153:0022-216X 4111:225354774 4103:1257-0273 4083:Lusotopie 4055:cite book 3944:0022-1937 3889:1520-3972 3806:250549977 3798:0021-8537 3738:0899-3718 3603:1520-3972 3473:Portogole 3372:0001-9909 3003:Aftermath 2947:ceasefire 2852:) met in 2657:Fiat G.91 2466:garrisons 2421:companies 2373:Commandos 2244:Vélingara 2182:socialist 2122:guerrilla 2106:guerrilla 2061:left-wing 1968:cash crop 1888:of a new 1878:stalemate 493:«Byvalyj» 479:Green Sea 9576:Timeline 9566:Category 9511:See also 9003:Izvestia 8844:Islamism 8741:Hoxhaism 8616:Rollback 8495:Abkhazia 8435:Gulf War 8339:Glasnost 7709:incident 7479:Sand War 7337:Ifni War 6846:Rio Pact 6791:Cold War 6749:Category 6666:Religion 6546:Military 6519:Politics 6505:Wildlife 6374:articles 6327:Category 6222:A Guerra 5957:Tridente 5586:Rhodesia 5575:Portugal 5538:Bulgaria 5513:Tanzania 5236:(1969). 5197:53863335 5175:(2003). 5143:(2015). 5120:Archived 4833:57567303 4825:26925950 4541:, p. 340 4533:(2000), 4376:(1974). 4339:41157147 4301:41157147 4047:15260394 3987:13856558 3905:57567303 3897:26925950 3619:57567303 3611:26925950 3346:(1981). 3246: · 3163:See also 2981:de facto 2966:in 1974. 2943:deadlock 2899:Expresso 2763:de facto 2485:littoral 2426:platoons 2417:militias 2411:, 1970s. 2231:diaspora 2178:Cold War 2134:bi-grupo 1912:African 1837:and the 1835:Portugal 521:Gadamael 341:Strength 183:Portugal 66:Location 35:Cold War 33:and the 9066:Amerika 8949:Comecon 8834:Fascism 8824:Zionism 8773:Titoism 8314:Contras 7782:Détente 7059:Comecon 6733:Outline 6694:Cuisine 6676:Culture 6629:Society 6580:Economy 6500:Sectors 6490:Regions 6485:Islands 6475:Borders 6382:History 6243:Flechas 6088:Marosca 5978:Vulcano 5912:Viriato 5793:frelimo 5693:frelimo 5558:Morocco 5548:Romania 5523:Senegal 5508:Tunisia 5503:Algeria 5458:FRELIMO 5322:5171977 5226:7762384 5101:26 June 5075:26 June 4971:1166705 4922:26 June 4896:26 June 4872:4185452 4632:4185452 4402:4185452 3477:Mansabá 3447:, p. 22 3233: ( 3204:minutes 3097:, 1974. 3016:Gallery 2860:of the 2813:rockets 2809:mortars 2555:Marxist 2544:(CUF), 2493:Mansaba 2407:of the 2394:Vietnam 2386:US Army 2361:Marines 2293:Angolan 2215:Romania 2174:Marxist 2110:jungles 2068:FRELIMO 2048:Conakry 1910:Saharan 1863:Vietnam 514:Guileje 486:Guidaje 458:Vulcano 446:Griffin 439:Trident 349:~32,000 346:~10,000 262:† 246:† 208:† 114:changes 9017:Pravda 8819:Racism 8758:Maoism 8510:Kosovo 8031:Condor 7707:Pueblo 7693:May 68 7321:Gladio 7239:Tuapse 6902:Jungle 6894:Priboi 6714:Sports 6684:Anthem 6656:Health 6605:Mining 6592:Franc 6495:Rivers 6480:Cities 6372: 6298:RENAMO 6081:Penada 5938:Guinea 5893:Angola 5553:Israel 5528:Guinea 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