787:, which is supported by springs generally called a spring floor. This provides a firm surface that provides extra bounce or spring when compressed, allowing gymnasts to achieve greater height and a softer landing after the composed skill. Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine for up to 90 seconds in the floor exercise event. Depending on the level, the gymnast may choose their own routine; however some levels have compulsory routines, where default music must be played. Levels three to six the music is the same for each levels along with the skills within the routine. However, recently, the levels have switched. Now, levels 6â10 are optional levels and they get to have custom routines made. In the optional levels (levels six to ten) there are skill requirements for the routine but the athlete is able to pick her own music without any words. The routine should consist of tumbling passes, series of jumps, leaps, dance elements, acrobatic skills, and turns, or pivots, on one foot. A gymnast can perform up to four tumbling passes, each of which usually includes at least one flight element without hand support. Each level of gymnastics requires the athlete to perform a different number of tumbling passes. In level 7 in the United States, a gymnast is required to do 2â3, and in levels 8â10, at least 3â4 tumbling passes are required.
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system, the execution score was the only score. It was and still is out of 10.00, except for short exercises. During the gymnast's performance, the judges deduct this score only. A fall, on or off the apparatus, is a 1.00 deduction in elite level gymnastics. The introduction of the difficulty score is a significant change. The gymnast's difficulty score is based on what elements they perform and is subject to change if they do not perform or complete all the skills, or they do not connect a skill meant to be connected to another. Connection bonuses are where deviation happens most commonly between the intended and actual difficulty scores, as it can be difficult to connect multiple flight elements. It is very hard to connect skills if the first skill is not performed correctly. The new code of points allows the gymnasts to gain higher scores based on the difficulty of the skills they perform as well as their execution. There is no maximum score for difficulty, as it can keep increasing as the difficulty of the skills increase.
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447:), which translates as "to train naked or nude," because young men exercised without clothing. In ancient Greece, physical fitness was highly valued among both men and women. It was not until after the Romans conquered Greece in 146BC that gymnastics became more formalized and was used to train men in warfare. On the basis of Philostratus' claim that gymnastics is a form of wisdom, comparable to philosophy, poetry, music, geometry, and astronomy, the people of Athens combined this more physical training with the education of the mind. At the Palestra, a physical education training center, the discipline of educating the body and the mind were combined, allowing for a form of gymnastics that was more aesthetic and individual and that left behind the focus on strictness, discipline, the emphasis on defeating records, and a focus on strength.
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721:, to prevent them from breaking. In the past, bars were made of wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies. The height of the bars may be adjusted by 5 cm to the size needed by individual gymnasts, although the distance between bars cannot be changed for individual gymnasts in elite competition. In the past, the uneven parallel bars were closer together. The bars have been moved increasingly further apart, allowing gymnasts to perform swinging, circling, transitional, and release moves that may pass over, under, and between the two bars. At the elite level, movements must pass through the handstand. Gymnasts often mount the uneven bars using a
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hoop and clubs are used on the floor area. The sport requires physical qualities such as flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm where movements of the body are emphasized through the flow, expression and aesthetic appeal. A good performance is characterized by uniformity and simultaneity. The competition program consists of versatile and varied body movements, such as body waves, swings, balances, pivots, jumps and leaps, dance steps, and lifts. The
International Federation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (IFAGG) was established in 2003. The first Aesthetic Group Gymnastics World Championships was held in 2000.
687:, is a commonly performed vault in the higher levels in gymnastics. When performing a Yurchenko, gymnasts round-off so their hands are on the runway while their feet land on the vault board. From the round-off position, the gymnast travels backward so that the hands land on the vaulting table. The gymnast then blocks off the vaulting platform into various twisting and/or somersaulting combinations. The post-flight segment brings the gymnast to her feet. Less difficult vaults include taking off from the vault board with both feet at the same time and either doing a front handspring or round-off onto the vaulting table.
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Additional points (with no maximum at the highest levels of competition) can be earned depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills which is an indication of the average height of the jumps. In high level competitions, there are two preliminary routines, one which has only two moves scored for difficulty and one where the athlete is free to perform any routine. This is followed by a final routine which is optional. Some competitions restart the score from zero for the finals, other add the final score to the preliminary results.
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sustaining injuries during somersaulting increases. These injuries commonly occur at the lower extremities such as cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures. To avoid such injuries, and to receive a high-performance score, proper technique must be used by the gymnast. "The subsequent ground contact or impact landing phase must be achieved using a safe, aesthetic, and well-executed double foot landing." A successful landing in gymnastics is classified as soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion.
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954:, and apparatus manipulation, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic. Gymnasts compete either as individuals or in groups. Individuals perform four separate routines, each using one of the four apparatusesâball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, and formerly, ropeâon a floor area. Groups consist of five gymnasts who perform two routines together, one with five of the same apparatus and one with three of one apparatus and two of another; the FIG defines which apparatuses groups use each year.
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three highest scores being counted. In the individual event qualification, the competitor will compete two runs, one a straight pass (including double and triple somersaults) and a twisting pass (including full twisting whips and combination skills such as a full twisting double straight âfull in backâ). In the final of the individual event, the competitor must compete two different runs which can be either twisting or straight but each run normally uses both types (using transition skills).
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1518:, named originally EuroTeam. The first official competition was held in Finland in 1996. TeamGym events consist of three sections: women, men and mixed teams. Athletes compete in three different disciplines: floor, tumbling and trampette. In common for the performance is effective teamwork, good technique in the elements and spectacular acrobatic skills. There is no World Championships however there has been a European Championships held since 2010.
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then rotates to a standing position. In advanced gymnastics, multiple twists and somersaults may be added before landing. Successful vaults depend on the speed of the run, the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, how well they stuck the landing, and the speed of rotation in the case of more difficult and complex vaults.
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or counterclockwise depending on preference) and performs such skills on all parts of the apparatus. To make the exercise more challenging, gymnasts will often include variations on a typical circling skill by turning (moores and spindles) or by straddling their legs (flares). Routines end when the gymnast performs a dismount, either by swinging his body over the horse or landing after a handstand variation.
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for all individuals on a 7x7m floor and also for 12â14 and 15â17 trios and mixed pairs. From 2009, all senior trios and mixed pairs were required to be on the larger floor (10x10m), all groups also perform on this floor. Routines generally last 60â90 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category. The World
Championships have been held since 1995.
1589:, which was first held in 1939. In 1984 gymnastics for all was officially recognized first as a sport program by the FIG (International Gymnastic Federation), and subsequently by national gymnastic federations worldwide with participants that now number 30 million. Non-competitive gymnastics is considered useful for its health benefits.
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forward or backward off that platform to a two-footed landing (post-flight segment). Every gymnast starts at a different point on the vault runway depending on their height and strength. The post-flight segment may include one or more multiple saltos, or twisting movements. A round-off entry vault, called a
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In the US, gymnastics levels for women called the Junior
Olympic (JO) Program begins at 1 and goes to 10. The two kinds of levels are Compulsory (levels 1-5) and Optional (levels 6-10). Each level (1-10) has its own set of unique rules that ascend in difficulty level to level. Elite can follow 10 and
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Aesthetic Group
Gymnastics (AGG) was developed from the Finnish "naisvoimistelu". It differs from Rhythmic Gymnastics in that body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger. Athletes do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions compared to Rhythmic Gymnastics where ball, ribbon,
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Aerobic gymnastics (formally sport aerobics) involves the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios, groups with 5 people, and aerobic dance and aerobic step(8 people). Strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills are emphasized. Routines are performed
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A somersault that is a combination of double/triple and twisting skills. For example, in a double twisting double straight, the gymnast will rotate twice vertically and twice horizontally before landing. The hardest combination somersaults performed would be either the full in triple pike, in which a
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Double mini trampoline involves a smaller trampoline with a run-up, two scoring moves are performed per routine. Moves cannot be repeated in the same order on the double-mini during a competition. Skills can be repeated if a skill is competed as a mounter in one routine and a dismount in another. The
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has been taught and performed for many years with the aim of improving physical strength and health. Male athletes are judged on some of the same physical abilities and skills as their female counterparts, such as hand/body-eye co-ordination, but tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are
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Routines are given three sub-scores: difficulty, execution, and artistry. Difficulty is open-ended and based on the value given to the elements performed in the routine, and execution and artistry start at ten points and are lowered for specific mistakes made by the gymnasts. The three sub-scores are
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In 2001, the traditional vaulting horse was replaced with a new apparatus, sometimes known as a tongue, horse, or vaulting table. The new apparatus is more stable, wider, and longer than the older vaulting horse, approximately 1 m in length and 1 m in width, giving gymnasts a larger blocking surface.
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Generally, competitors climbed either a 6m (6.1 m = 20 ft in the US) or an 8m (7.6 m = 25 ft in the US), 38 mm diameter (1.5-inch) natural fiber rope for speed, starting from a seated position on the floor and using only the hands and arms. Kicking the legs in a kind of "tride" was
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The current method of scoring, by adding D and E score to give the final score has been in place since 2006. The current method is called "open-end" scoring because there is no theoretical cap (although there is practical cap) to the D-score and hence the total possible score for a routine. Before
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An artistic gymnast's score comes from deductions taken from the start value of a routine's elements. The start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements. The composition requirements are different
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The technical rules for the
Japanese version of men's rhythmic gymnastics came around the 1970s. For individuals, only four types of apparatus are used: the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs. Groups do not use any apparatus. The Japanese version includes tumbling performed on a spring
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penalized. Fundamental elements of a ribbon routine consist of making continuous shapes with the length of the fabric, such as tight circles (spirals) or waves (snakes), and elements called boomerangs, in which the gymnast tosses the handle, then pulls it back by the end of the ribbon and catches it.
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The hoop comes up to about the gymnast's hip. It may be made of plastic or wood, and it may be covered with adhesive tape either of the same or different color as the hoop, which may be in decorative patterns. Fundamental requirements of a hoop routine include rotation of the hoop around the hand or
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The event in gymnastics performed on the floor is called floor exercise. The
English abbreviation for the event in gymnastics scoring is FX. In the past, the floor exercise event was executed on the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats. The floor event now occurs on a carpeted 12m Ă 12m square,
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The clubs may be made of wood or synthetic materials, and they are always used in a pair. They may be connected together by inserting the end of one club into the head of the other. The handles and bodies are typically wrapped with decorative tapes. Fundamental elements of a clubs routine including
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A typical pommel horse exercise involves both single leg and double leg work. Single leg skills are generally found in the form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels. Double leg work, however, is the main staple of this event. The gymnast swings both legs in a circular motion (clockwise
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In the vaulting events, gymnasts sprint down a 25 metres (82 ft) runway, to take off onto a vault board (or perform a roundoff or handspring entry onto a vault board), to land momentarily inverted on the hands on the vaulting horse or vaulting table (pre-flight segment), then propel themselves
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gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a precedent that continues. Television has helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both men's and women's gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, and excellent gymnasts can
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Club swinging, a.k.a. Indian clubs, was an event in Men's
Artistic Gymnastics sometime up until the 1950s. It was similar to the clubs in both Women's and Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics but much simpler with few throws allowed. It was practice. It was included in the 1904 and 1932 Summer Olympic Games.
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General gymnastics, also known as "gymnastics for all", enables people of all ages and abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to more than 150 athletes. They can perform synchronized, choreographed routines. Troupes may consist of both genders and are separated into age divisions. The
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Acrobatic gymnastics (formerly sport acrobatics), often referred to as acro if involved with the sport, acrobatic sports or simply sports acro, is a group gymnastic discipline for both men and women. Acrobats in groups of two, three and four perform routines with the heads, hands and feet of their
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Gymnasts sprint down a runway, which is a maximum of 25 meters in length, before hurdling onto a springboard. The gymnast is allowed to choose where they start on the runway. The body position is maintained while punching (blocking using only a shoulder movement) the vaulting platform. The gymnast
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Scoring for both Junior
Olympic and NCAA level gymnastics uses a 10.0 scale. Levels below Level 9 start from a 10.0 automatically if all requirements for an event are met. Levels 9 and 10, and NCAA gymnastics all start below a 10.0 and require gymnastics to acquire bonus points through connections
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In 2006, a new points system for
Artistic gymnastics was put into play. An A Score (or D score) is the difficulty score, which as of 2009 derives from the eight highest-scoring elements in a routine (excluding Vault), in addition to the points awarded for composition requirements; each vault has a
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Competition is made up of a qualifying round and a finals round. There are two different types of competition in tumbling, individual and team. In the team event three gymnasts out of a team of four compete one run each, if one run fails the final member of the team is allowed to compete with the
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The rings are suspended on wire cable from a point 5.75 meters (18.9 ft) from the floor. The gymnasts must perform a routine demonstrating balance, strength, power, and dynamic motion while preventing the rings themselves from swinging. At least one static strength move is required, but some
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In 2006, FIG introduced a new point system for artistic gymnastics in which scores are no longer limited to 10 points. The system is used in the US for elite level competition. Unlike the old code of points, there are two separate scores, an execution score and a difficulty score. In the previous
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Tumbling is competed along a 25 metre sprung tack with a 10 metre run up. A tumbling pass or run is a combination of 8 skills, with an entry skill, normally a round-off, to whips and into an end skill. Usually the end skill is the hardest skill of the pass. At the highest level, gymnasts perform
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The ribbon consists of a handle, which may be made of wood, bamboo, or synthetic materials such as fiberglass, and the ribbon itself, which is made of satin. The ribbon is six meters long, and due to its length, it can easily become tangled or knotted; knots must be undone or the gymnast will be
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International competitions are split between
Juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth, and Seniors, for women sixteen and over. Gymnasts in Russia and Europe typically start training at a very young age and those at their peak are typically in their late teens (15â19) or early twenties. The
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Male gymnasts also perform on a 12meter x 12meter spring floor. A series of tumbling passes are performed to demonstrate flexibility, strength, and balance. Strength skills include circles, scales, and press handstands. Men's floor routines usually have multiple passes that have to total between
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The gymnast performs a choreographed routine of up to 90 seconds in length consisting of leaps, acrobatic skills, somersaults, turns and dance elements on a padded beam. The beam is 125 centimetres (4 ft 1 in) from the ground, 5 metres (16 ft 5 in) long, and 10.16 centimetres
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By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in a modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. In 1930, the first UK mass movement organisation of women in gymnastics, the Women's League of
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A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) represents an external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and affects the gymnasts' linear and angular momentum. Another important variable that affects
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Trampolining and tumbling consists of four events, individual and synchronized trampoline, double mini trampoline, and tumbling (also known as power tumbling or rod floor). Since 2000, individual trampoline has been included in the Olympic Games. The first World Championships were held in 1964.
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Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills. Routines are marked out of a maximum score of 10 points.
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In a tumbling pass, dismount, or vault, landing is the final phase, following take-off and flight This is a critical skill in terms of execution in competition scores, general performance, and injury occurrence. Without the necessary magnitude of energy dissipation during impact, the risk of
905:(forward or backward revolutions around the bar in the handstand position), release skills, twists, and changes of direction. By using all of the momentum from giants and then releasing at the proper point, enough height can be achieved for spectacular dismounts, such as a triple-back salto.
548:, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events. The first women's Olympic competition was limited, involving only synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games were held in 1928 in Amsterdam.
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The ball may be made of rubber or a similar synthetic material, and it can be of any color. It should rest in the gymnast's hand and not be pressed against the wrist or grasped with the fingers, which incurs a penalty. Fundamental elements of a ball routine include bouncing or rolling the
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and grips (a leather strip with holes for fingers to protect hands and improve performance) when performing this event. The chalk helps take the moisture out of gymnasts' hands to decrease friction and prevent rips (tears to the skin of the hands); dowel grips help gymnasts grip the bar.
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On January 28, 2018, parkour, also known as freerunning, was given the go-ahead to begin development as a FIG sport. The FIG was planning to run World Cup competitions from 2018 onwards. The first Parkour World Championships were planned for 2020, but were delayed due to the
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and skills to increase their start value to a 10.0. During a routine, deductions will be made by the judges for flaws in the form of the technique of a skill. For example, steps on landings or flexed feet can range from .05â.1 off, depending on the severity of the mistake.
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This is where a gymnast performs either a double somersault or a combination somersault in the middle of their run, as opposed to doing it as an end skill. No triple somersaults or combination somersaults involving a triple vertically rotation has yet to be completed.
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the main focus, as opposed to flexibility and dance in women's rhythmic gymnastics. There are a growing number of participants, competing alone and on a team; it is most popular in Asia, especially in Japan where high school and university teams compete fiercely.
760:(4.00 in) wide. This stationary object can also be adjusted, to be raised higher or lower. The gymnast begins the 70â90 seconds exercise by mounting the beam by either a vault or a jump. The event requires balance, flexibility, grace, poise, and strength.
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is generally considered Olympic level. Men's gymnastics or The Junior Olympic Program consists of ten levels of training or competition with multiple age groups at each level creating opportunities for athletes and coaches to participate and or compete.
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The rope is made from hemp or a similar synthetic material; it can be knotted and have anti-slip material at the ends, but it does not have handles. The fundamental requirements of a rope routine include leaping and skipping. In 2011, the
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transitional skills. These are skills which are not whips, but are double or triple somersaults (usually competed at the end of the run), but now competed in the middle of the run connected before and after by either a whip or a flick.
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floor. Points are awarded based a 10-point scale that measures the level of difficulty of the tumbling and apparatus handling. On November 27â29, 2003, Japan hosted the first edition of the men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championship.
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Men perform on two bars executing a series of swings, balances, and releases that require great strength and coordination. The width between the bars is adjustable depending upon the actual needs of the gymnasts and usually 2 m high.
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Unlike Nadia Comaneci and Olga Korbut, modern gymnasts such as Simone Biles are rewarded for their athleticism more than their artistry... the spellbinding artistry that not only gave the sport its name, but brought it global
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A common entry skill seen in every type of gymnastics to turn horizontal speed into vertical speed. A round-off will most commonly be connected with a back tumbling skill, such as a backflip / back twist, or back handspring.
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linear and angular momentum is the time the landing takes. Gymnasts can decrease the impact force by increasing the time taken to perform the landing. Gymnasts can achieve this by increasing hip, knee and ankle amplitude.
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for each apparatus. This score is called the D score. Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from a maximum of 10.0. This score is called the E score. The final score is calculated by adding the D and E score.
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are usually used to help maintain a grip on the bar, and to prevent rips. While training for this event, straps are often used to ensure that the gymnast does not fall off the bar as they are learning new skills.
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Difficulty â An open score, which is the sum of the difficulty values of elements (valued from the tables of difficulties) successfully performed in an exercise, divided by 100. This score is unlimited in senior
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Gymnastics is one of the most dangerous sports, with a very high injury rate seen in girls age 11 to 18. Some gymnastic movements which were allowed in past competitions are now banned for safety reasons.
425:), whose meaning is to "train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise". The verb had this meaning because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing.
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Gittoes, M. J., & Irin, G. (2012). Biomechanical approaches to understanding the potentially injurious demands of gymnastic-style impact landings. Sports Medicine A Rehabilitation Therapy Technology,
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and in Boston, Massachusetts, respectively. Neal was the first American to open a public gymnasium in the US, in Portland, Maine, in 1827. He also documented and promoted these early efforts in the
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The gymnast launches into the air and rotates three times vertically before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck or pike position and has yet to be competed in the straight position
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Yeow, C., Lee, P., & Goh, J. (2009). Effect of landing height on frontal plane kinematics, kinetics, and energy dissipation at lower extremity joints. Journal of Biomechanics, 1967â1973.
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gymnasts rotates vertically three times in a pike position with a full twist in the first rotation; or "the miller", in which a gymnast rotates horizontally four times and vertically twice.
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Synchronized trampoline is similar except that both competitors must perform the routine together and marks are awarded for synchronization as well as the form and difficulty of the moves.
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This apparatus is thus considered safer than the vaulting horse used in the past. With the addition of this new, safer vaulting table, gymnasts are attempting more difficult vaults.
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A Code of Points or guidelines of scoring a routine's difficulty and execution is slightly revised for each quadrennium, or period of four years culminating in the Olympics year.
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Benjamin, Holly J.; Engel, Sean C.; Chudzik, Debra (SeptemberâOctober 2017). "Wrist Pain in Gymnasts: A Review of Common Overuse Wrist Pathology in the Gymnastics Athlete".
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Along with the Japanese version of men's rhythmic there is a Spanish version which uses the same format and rules as the FIG recognized form of women's rhythmic gymnastics.
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60â70 seconds and are performed without music, unlike the women's event. Rules require that male gymnasts touch each corner of the floor at least once during their routine.
464:âa Spanish colonel born on February 19, 1770, in Valencia, who died on August 8, 1848, in Parisâwas the first person to introduce educative gymnastics in France. The German
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normally permitted. Many gymnasts can do this in the straddle or pike position, which eliminates the help generated from the legs though it can be done with legs as well.
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Bergeron, Michael F.; Mountjoy, Margo; Armstrong, Neil; Chia, Michael; CÎté, Jean; Emery, Carolyn A.; Faigenbaum, Avery; Hall, Gary; Kriemler, Susi (July 2015).
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Gymnastics can be traced to exercises performed in Ancient Greece, specifically in Sparta and Athens. Exercise of that time was documented by Philostratus' work
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Execution â Judges give a score out of 10.00 for technical performance (how well the skills are executed), which is then doubled to emphasize its importance.
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The tumbler launches into the air and rotates twice vertically around before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck, pike or straight position.
540:, in 1896. From then until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric,
536:(FIG) was founded in Liege in 1881. By the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first modern
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in a large wheel known as the Rhönrad, gymnastics wheel, gym wheel, or German wheel, in the beginning also known as ayro wheel, aero wheel, and Rhon rod.
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A 2.8 cm thick steel or fiberglass bar raised 2.5 m above the landing area is all the gymnast has to hold onto as he performs giant swings or
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decided to eliminate the use of rope in senior individual rhythmic gymnastics competitions. It is still sometimes seen in junior group competition.
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644:, and floor exercise. In some countries, women at one time competed on the rings, high bar, and parallel bars (for example, in the 1950s in the
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Participants in gymnastics-related sports include young children, recreational-level athletes, and competitive athletes at all levels of skill.
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A single somersault in which the tumbler rotates horizontally. This is can be done as a single "full" twist, a double twist or a triple twist.
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difficulty score assigned by the FIG. The B Score (or E Score), is the score for execution and is given for how well the skills are performed.
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The skill competed at the end of a routine, this is either a double/triple somersault, a twisting somersault or a combination somersault.
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On the uneven bars, the gymnast performs a timed routine on two parallel horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars are made of
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There are four core categories of exercise: straight line, spiral, vault and cyr wheel. The first World Championships was held in 1995.
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Currently, acrobatic gymnastics score is marked out of 30.00 for juniors, and can be higher at Senior FIG level based on difficulty:
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All levels require a balance and dynamic routine; 12â18, 13â19, and Seniors are also required to perform a final (combined) routine.
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which means a pole. Mallakhamba can therefore be translated to English as "pole gymnastics". On April 9, 2013, the Indian state of
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brought the first wave of gymnastics to the United States in the 1820s. Beck opened the first gymnasium in the US in 1825 at the
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982:. The first World Championships were held in 1963, and rhythmic gymnastics made its first appearance at the Olympics in 1984.
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performs feats and poses in concert with a vertical wooden pole or rope. The word also refers to the pole used in the sport.
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A long, low and fast somersault done without the hands. This move is unique to tumbling and the trademark of the discipline.
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in Northampton, Massachusetts. Follen opened the first college gymnasium and the first public gymnasium in the US in 1826 at
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Feeley, Brian T.; Agel, Julie; LaPrade, Robert F. (January 2016). "When Is It Too Early for Single Sport Specialization?".
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1202:
3451:"Engaging with Cultural Sport Psychology to Explore Systemic Sexual Exploitation in USA Gymnastics: A Call to Commitments"
1636:
Since 2015, Canada has adopted the womenâs JO Program, with some modifications, for use in the Provinces and Territories.
1051:
swinging the heads of the clubs in circles, small throws in which the clubs rotate in the air, and asymmetrical movements.
4080:
3680:
2685:
2653:
2502:
1218:
4923:
3985:
1378:
Artistic â Judges give a score out of 10.00 for artistry (the overall performance of the routine, namely choreography).
17:
3357:"Association between sports type and overuse injuries of extremities in children and adolescents: a systematic review"
1709:, but with the performer executing a series of stunts while swinging. It was a gymnastic event sanctioned by both the
1576:
declared mallakhamba as the state sport. In February 2019 the first Mallahkhamb World Championship was held in Mumbai
4011:
3880:
3803:
2154:
2125:
1354:
2760:
1813:, but it is unlikely that the sport affects their growth. Parents of gymnasts tend also to be shorter than average.
296:. The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, shoulders, back, chest, and
3936:
2736:
3990:
3916:
3788:
1858:
574:
54:
3406:
Wolf, Megan R.; Avery, Daniel; Wolf, Jennifer Moriatis (February 2017). "Upper Extremity Injuries in Gymnasts".
2877:
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1915:
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416:
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According to FIG rules, only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics. This is a sport that combines elements of
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There are four international age categories: 11â16, 12â18, 13â19, and Senior (15+), which are used in the
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Artistic gymnastics is usually divided into men's and women's gymnastics. Men compete on six events:
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3625:
1863:
722:
4517:
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1900:
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A long somersault where a gymnast moves from feet to hands to feet again in a backwards motion.
1714:
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As with women, male gymnasts are also judged on all of their events including their execution,
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that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills.
746:
4867:
4595:
4461:
4389:
4374:
4120:
2942:
2048:
Reid, Heather L. (2016). "Philostratus's "gymnastics": The Ethics of an Athletic Aesthetic".
1789:
among children and young adults. Gymnasts are at particular risk of foot and wrist injuries.
465:
454:
367:
354:(FIG). Eight sports are governed by the FIG, including gymnastics for all, men's and women's
281:
96:
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4779:
4772:
4532:
4332:
4260:
4211:
3689:
2470:"Gymnastics 101: What to know about scoring, rankings and more before the next GymDog meet"
2356:
1910:
1340:
914:
443:. The original term for the practice of gymnastics is from the related Greek verb ÎłÏ
ÎŒÎœÎŹÎ¶Ï (
371:
3187:
2622:
2227:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 235â250.
8:
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4130:
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3100:
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2210:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 227â250.
2193:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 235â236.
2176:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 232â233.
1074:
941:
930:
592:
359:
355:
308:
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2784:
2246:
Barry, William D. (May 20, 1979). "State's Father of Athletics a Multi-Faceted Figure".
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Compared to athletes who play other sports, gymnasts are at higher than average risk of
81:
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2110:
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2006, a gymnast's final score is deducted from a possible maximum of 10 for a routine.
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866:
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810:
777:
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began the German gymnastics movement 1811 in Berlin, which led to the invention of the
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316:
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289:
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2604:
2282:"They had Such a Lot of Fun: The Women's League of Health and Beauty Between the Wars"
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body, rolling the hoop on the body or floor, and the gymnast passing through the hoop.
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50:
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3378:
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3341:
3313:
3262:
3232:
3202:
3188:"International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development"
2293:
1868:
1782:
1554:
1527:
1346:
partners. They may, subject to regulations (e.g. no lyrics), pick their own music.
1194:
1188:
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553:
383:
140:
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253:
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1991:
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336:
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212:
133:
819:
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4407:
4342:
4312:
4285:
4255:
4243:
4189:
4184:
3766:
3742:
3717:
3435:
3392:
3333:
3282:
3224:
2084:"A History of Gymnastics: From Ancient Greece to Modern Times | Scholastic"
1895:
1833:
1700:
1136:
1081:
836:
754:
641:
617:
557:
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492:
481:
363:
332:
324:
208:
189:
87:
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2297:
1942:"Gymnastics | Events, Equipment, Types, History, & Facts | Britannica"
4742:
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637:
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450:
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4647:
4580:
4522:
4362:
4201:
4162:
4140:
4027:
3655:
3533:
International Federation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics official website
3355:
Chéron, CharlÚne; Le Scanff, Christine; Leboeuf-Yde, Charlotte (2016).
1878:
1828:
1823:
998:
714:
517:
1462:, and instead took place from October 15 to 16, 2022 in Tokyo, Japan.
655:
4862:
4857:
4807:
4652:
4590:
4379:
4357:
4347:
4157:
293:
3543:
2352:"Lost art: Powerhouse physiques winning out over spellbinding grace"
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4412:
4292:
4238:
4233:
4179:
1801:
There have also been recorded cases of emotional and sexual abuse.
1533:
857:
gymnasts may include two or three. A routine ends with a dismount.
768:
749:
performing a one-arm press hold during her balance beam mount, 2013
718:
3556:
925:
4837:
4688:
4673:
4637:
4542:
4337:
4250:
4147:
4049:
3756:
1905:
1738:
Team free and Swedish system in the 1912 and 1920 Summer Olympics
1558:
1509:
1452:
784:
391:
379:
297:
285:
3549:
1735:
Team horizontal bar and parallel bar in the 1896 Summer Olympics
1179:
scores are marked in a similar manner to individual trampoline.
4683:
4642:
4431:
4352:
4174:
3527:
2681:"Hiroshima to host 1st FIG Parkour World Championships in 2020"
947:
604:
in 1976. The artistry and grace of ComÄneci and Soviet gymnast
117:
113:
1481:
The following disciplines are not currently recognized by the
3610:
3528:
International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG) official website
3185:
2965:"Junior Olympic (JO) Competitive Program | Gymnastics Canada"
951:
726:
414:
300:
muscle groups. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the
265:
1968:"A History of Gymnastics, From Ancient Greece to Tokyo 2020"
1763:
Team portable apparatus at the 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics
521:, helping to establish the American branch of the movement.
4657:
4297:
4265:
1710:
1331:
1127:
645:
3354:
3670:
1757:
Team exercise at the 1928, 1936, and 1948 Summer Olympics
1585:
largest general gymnastics exhibition is the quadrennial
3537:
3532:
3449:
Fisher, Leslee A.; Anders, Allison Daniel (2020-03-03).
3124:"It's Time to Really Make the Code of Points Open-Ended"
2818:
2910:"USA Gymnastics women Junior Olympic Program Overview"
2649:"Main decisions from the 18th FIG Council in Istanbul"
1353:
and many other events around the world, including the
4502:
1557:: à€źà€Čà„à€Čà€à€źà„à€Ź) is a traditional Indian sport in which a
958:
added together for the final score for each routine.
544:
which included, for example, synchronized team floor
3303:
3148:
3146:
3144:
1213:
it was included as an event for both genders at the
1013:
performing an attitude balance in her ball apparatus
2566:
2323:"USA Gymnastics â FIG ĂElite/International Scoring"
2108:Judd, Leslie; De Carlo, Thomas; Kern, René (1969).
1402:The World Championships have been held since 1974.
1073:Men's rhythmic gymnastics is related to both men's
656:
Competitive events for women in artistic gymnastics
3093:"USA Gymnastics | FIG Elite/International Scoring"
2935:"USA Gymnastics/Men's Jr Olympic Program Overview"
2569:"FIG: 2017â2020 Code of Points Aerobic Gymnastics"
2142:
2109:
1741:Combined and triathlon in the 1904 Summer Olympics
528:Early 20th-century gymnastics in Stockholm, Sweden
307:The most common form of competitive gymnastics is
3552:, the governing body for gymnastics in the Brazil
3252:
3141:
2876:. Mumbai, India. December 6, 2007. Archived from
2713:"First FIG Parkour World Championships postponed"
800:Competitive events for men in artistic gymnastics
4941:
2383:"Vault: Everything You Need to know about Vault"
2107:
1514:TeamGym is a form of competition created by the
985:
783:usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of
327:; for men, besides floor and vault, it includes
583:The following disciplines are governed by FIG.
441:Gymnastics: The Ethics of an Athletic Aesthetic
4095:
2495:"2022â2024 Code of Points Rhythmic Gymnastics"
1674:
4488:
4081:
3626:
3546:, the governing body for gymnastics in the UK
3540:, the governing body for gymnastics in the US
3405:
2550:"Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics: A Japan Original"
2317:
2315:
1760:Parallel bars at the 1938 World Championships
1579:
1488:
1382:There are five competitive event categories:
1084:. It emerged in Japan from stick gymnastics.
568:
3448:
2754:
2224:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
2207:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
2190:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
2173:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
1068:
409:The word gymnastics derives from the common
382:. Disciplines not recognized by FIG include
2611:. FIG/International Gymnastics Federations.
1751:
1639:
1223:Trampoline and Tumbling World Championships
772:Gymnast doing a stag leap on floor exercise
4495:
4481:
4088:
4074:
3633:
3619:
3502:"Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique"
3152:Marinsek, M. (2010). basic lending. 59â67.
2844:"Wheel Gymnastics - rene-heftis Webseite!"
2401:
2312:
1874:Major achievements in gymnastics by nation
1217:. The event has also been contested since
1159:
579:Major achievements in gymnastics by nation
350:in gymnastics throughout the world is the
75:
3382:
3372:
3206:
1965:
1729:
1335:Acrobatic women's pair performing a skill
1167:
936:stretching in her warm-up before practice
2467:
2279:
2140:
1744:Side horse vault in 1924 Summer Olympics
1483:Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique
1330:
1215:Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships
1150:
1126:
1004:
989:
924:
818:
767:
741:
693:
659:
596:
523:
449:
435:History of physical training and fitness
352:Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique
102:Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique
27:Sport requiring strength and flexibility
3255:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
2737:"Parkour | World Championships | Tokyo"
2468:Grimsley, Elizabeth (January 5, 2013).
2220:
2203:
2186:
2169:
2116:. New York: Association Press. p.
2050:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
1326:
421:), by way of the related verb ÎłÏ
ÎŒÎœÎŹÎ¶Ï (
162:- other disciplines not governed by FIG
14:
4942:
2031:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
2015:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1966:Magazine, Smithsonian; Solly, Meilan.
920:
636:, while women compete on four: vault,
586:
534:Federation of International Gymnastics
4929:International World Games Association
4476:
4069:
4002:International Gymnastics Hall of Fame
3614:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3128:International Gymnast Magazine Online
2526:"FIG - Rhythmic Gymnastics - History"
2245:
2145:The Illustrated History of Gymnastics
1849:International Gymnastics Hall of Fame
1705:Flying rings was an event similar to
1405:
3242:from the original on March 11, 2017.
2627:We Are Gymnastics FIG GYMNASTICS.COM
2609:We Are Gymnastics FIG GYMNASTICS.COM
2047:
2043:
2041:
1890:NCAA Women's Gymnastics championship
1776:
1767:
1747:Tumbling in the 1932 Summer Olympics
1596:
1476:
962:largest events in the sport are the
366:(including double mini-trampoline),
311:(AG); for women, the events include
159:- 1 gymnastic sports governed by FIG
29:
3455:Journal of Applied Sport Psychology
3361:Chiropractic & Manual Therapies
3121:
2686:International Gymnastics Federation
2654:International Gymnastics Federation
2585:from the original on March 29, 2017
2518:
2503:International Gymnastics Federation
1564:Mallakhamba derives from the terms
1521:
917:, and overall presentation skills.
24:
3195:British Journal of Sports Medicine
3174:
2487:
2250:. Portland, Maine. pp. 1Dâ2D.
1884:NCAA Men's Gymnastics championship
1804:
552:Health and Beauty, was founded by
177:Women's artistic gymnastics (WAG):
25:
4981:
4504:Sports of the World Games program
3521:
2149:. London: Stanley Paul & Co.
2038:
1141:
1131:Double mini-trampoline competitor
890:
725:or a small mat. Gymnasts may use
608:gave the sport global popularity.
4919:
4918:
4096:
3555:
2689:. 23 August 2019. Archived from
1720:
1679:
1600:
875:
200:Men's artistic gymnastics (MAG):
34:
3442:
3399:
3348:
3306:Current Sports Medicine Reports
3297:
3246:
3164:
3155:
3115:
3085:
3052:
3019:
2986:
2957:
2927:
2902:
2884:
2862:
2836:
2811:
2799:
2773:
2729:
2705:
2673:
2641:
2615:
2597:
2560:
2542:
2461:
2431:
2415:. p. II/51. Archived from
2375:
2344:
2273:
2254:
2239:
2214:
2197:
2180:
2163:
1859:List of gymnastics competitions
1694:
1122:
830:
737:
575:List of gymnastics competitions
3640:
3571:New International Encyclopedia
3060:"WAG Code of Points 2009â2012"
3027:"WAG Code of Points 2009â2012"
2994:"WAG Code of Points 2009â2012"
2439:"WAG Code of Points 2009â2012"
2280:Matthews, Jill Julius (1990).
2134:
2101:
2076:
2022:
2006:
1984:
1959:
1934:
1916:World Gymnastics Championships
1542:
1201:, and in 1955 and 1959 at the
845:
702:
462:Don Francisco AmorĂłs y Ondeano
13:
1:
3467:10.1080/10413200.2018.1564944
2781:"World Championships | IFAGG"
2221:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
2204:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
2187:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
2170:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
1922:
1568:which denotes a wrestler and
986:Rhythmic gymnastics apparatus
561:be found on every continent.
513:American Journal of Education
4965:Sports rules and regulations
4007:Major achievements by nation
3318:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000398
3208:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094962
3066:. p. 14. Archived from
3033:. p. 13. Archived from
3000:. p. 11. Archived from
2892:"Gymnastics For All History"
2870:"Indian roots to gymnastics"
2445:. p. 29. Archived from
1927:
1854:List of acrobatic activities
1839:Glossary of gymnastics terms
1516:European Union of Gymnastics
457:, the "father of gymnastics"
415:
404:
7:
3997:Longines Prize for Elegance
2261:Artistic Gymnastics History
1816:
1793:can help prevent injuries.
1787:early sports specialization
1675:Former apparatus and events
1182:
60:Proposed since August 2024.
43:It has been suggested that
10:
4986:
4033:Aesthetic group gymnastics
3601:Collier's New Encyclopedia
3493:
2770:, Suomen Voimisteluliitto.
1844:Gymnasium (ancient Greece)
1698:
1683:
1661:
1643:
1580:Non-competitive gymnastics
1546:
1525:
1507:
1503:
1495:Aesthetic group gymnastics
1492:
1489:Aesthetic group gymnastics
1450:
1446:
1409:
1338:
1233:Common skills in tumbling
1186:
1171:
1134:
939:
894:
879:
864:
860:
849:
834:
808:
804:
790:
775:
752:
706:
675:
590:
572:
569:FIG-recognized disciplines
432:
428:
388:aesthetic group gymnastics
112:Began in ancient Greece (
4924:Sports at the World Games
4914:
4877:
4800:
4718:
4697:
4666:
4630:
4568:
4511:Artistic and dance sports
4510:
4450:
4400:
4108:
4020:
3974:
3909:
3853:
3796:
3787:
3679:
3648:
3420:10.1016/j.hcl.2016.08.010
3374:10.1186/s12998-016-0122-y
2567:FIG Executive Committee.
1592:
1311:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1069:Men's rhythmic gymnastics
556:in London. At this time,
246:
238:
233:
225:
169:
149:
139:
129:
124:
108:
94:
74:
3581:Gymnastics and Gymnasium
3267:10.1177/0363546515576899
2286:History Workshop Journal
1864:List of gymnastics terms
1796:
1752:Other (women's artistic)
1640:Scoring (code of points)
1395:Women's Groups (3-woman)
763:
671:
4518:Artistic roller skating
3586:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2141:Goodbody, John (1982).
2033:A Greek-English Lexicon
2017:A Greek-English Lexicon
1785:and injuries caused by
1717:until the early 1960s.
1465:The events consist of:
1420:The events consist of:
1303:Combination somersault
1160:Synchronized trampoline
1096:The events consist of:
346:The governing body for
3589:(11th ed.). 1911.
3506:www.fig-gymnastics.com
2766:June 21, 2014, at the
2266:April 4, 2009, at the
1809:Gymnasts tend to have
1730:Other (men's artistic)
1355:European Championships
1336:
1174:Double mini trampoline
1168:Double-mini trampoline
1132:
1014:
1002:
972:European Championships
937:
827:
773:
750:
699:
698:Gymnast on uneven bars
668:
609:
529:
458:
239:Country or region
4955:Summer Olympic sports
4462:Winter Olympic sports
4390:Greco-Roman wrestling
4102:Summer Olympic sports
3560:Texts on Wikisource:
2270:at fig-gymnastics.com
2248:Maine Sunday Telegram
2112:Exhibition Gymnastics
1334:
1151:Individual trampoline
1130:
1008:
993:
928:
822:
771:
745:
697:
663:
600:
527:
466:Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
455:Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
453:
4801:Past official sports
4780:Competition climbing
4763:Speed roller skating
4533:Acrobatic gymnastics
4401:Discretionary sports
3957:South American Games
3690:Acrobatic gymnastics
3550:Brazilian Gymnastics
3073:on December 19, 2011
3040:on December 19, 2011
3007:on December 19, 2011
2850:on February 12, 2018
2808:, British Gymnastics
2717:www.gymnastics.sport
2530:www.gymnastics.sport
2449:on December 19, 2011
2419:on December 19, 2011
2035:, on Perseus project
2019:, on Perseus project
1972:Smithsonian Magazine
1911:Uniform (gymnastics)
1398:Men's Groups (4-man)
1341:Acrobatic gymnastics
1327:Acrobatic gymnastics
1295:Twisting somersault
1199:1932 Summer Olympics
915:degree of difficulty
53:into this article. (
4878:Invitational sports
4548:Rhythmic gymnastics
4385:Freestyle wrestling
4281:Rhythmic gymnastics
4276:Artistic gymnastics
4045:Equestrian vaulting
4038:World Championships
4012:Nationality changes
3947:Mediterranean Games
3816:World Championships
3762:Rhythmic gymnastics
3700:Artistic gymnastics
2298:10.1093/hwj/30.1.22
1351:World Championships
1234:
1075:artistic gymnastics
1001:in her hoop routine
968:World Championships
942:Rhythmic gymnastics
921:Rhythmic gymnastics
826:on the pommel horse
593:Artistic gymnastics
587:Artistic gymnastics
360:rhythmic gymnastics
356:artistic gymnastics
309:artistic gymnastics
97:governing body
71:
4538:Aerobic gymnastics
3952:Pan American Games
3932:Commonwealth Games
3695:Aerobic gymnastics
3544:British Gymnastics
2787:on August 19, 2020
2693:on 10 January 2022
2556:. 23 October 2013.
2088:www.scholastic.com
1946:www.britannica.com
1612:. You can help by
1587:World Gymnaestrada
1532:Wheel gymnasts do
1412:Aerobic gymnastics
1406:Aerobic gymnastics
1337:
1287:Triple Somersault
1279:Double somersault
1232:
1203:Pan American Games
1133:
1015:
1003:
938:
867:Vault (gymnastics)
852:Rings (gymnastics)
828:
811:Floor (gymnastics)
778:Floor (gymnastics)
774:
751:
700:
678:Vault (gymnastics)
669:
610:
530:
459:
413:adjective ÎłÏ
ΌΜÏÏ (
270:physical exercises
69:
18:Gymnastics (sport)
4960:Individual sports
4937:
4936:
4470:
4469:
4458:Paralympic sports
4303:Modern pentathlon
4131:Marathon Swimming
4063:
4062:
3970:
3969:
3666:Glossary of terms
3122:normile, dwight.
3103:on August 4, 2016
2945:on March 30, 2023
2880:on June 10, 2014.
2474:The Red and Black
2409:"Apparatus Norms"
2389:on April 13, 2014
1791:Strength training
1777:Physical injuries
1768:Health and safety
1630:
1629:
1477:Other disciplines
1460:COVID-19 pandemic
1320:
1319:
1312:Transition skill
980:Grand Prix series
505:Round Hill School
259:
258:
67:
66:
62:
16:(Redirected from
4977:
4970:Acrobatic sports
4922:
4921:
4901:Wheelchair rugby
4818:Beach volleyball
4679:Billiards sports
4667:Precision sports
4497:
4490:
4483:
4474:
4473:
4368:Beach volleyball
4109:Mandatory sports
4100:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4067:
4066:
4055:Wheel gymnastics
3982:List of gymnasts
3794:
3793:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3590:
3575:
3559:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3487:
3486:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3376:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3210:
3192:
3183:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3099:. Archived from
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3006:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2971:. Archived from
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2941:. Archived from
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2846:. Archived from
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2819:"UEG Gymnastics"
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2783:. Archived from
2777:
2771:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2657:. Archived from
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2573:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2499:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2385:. Archived from
2379:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2329:. Archived from
2319:
2310:
2309:
2277:
2271:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2148:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2115:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2045:
2036:
2026:
2020:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1938:
1869:List of gymnasts
1783:overuse injuries
1625:
1622:
1604:
1597:
1528:Wheel gymnastics
1522:Wheel gymnastics
1424:Individual Women
1263:Back handspring
1235:
1231:
1189:Tumbling (sport)
1086:Stick gymnastics
1011:Galima Shugurova
931:rhythmic gymnast
717:covered in wood
554:Mary Bagot Stack
420:
384:wheel gymnastics
82:Daniele HypĂłlito
79:
72:
68:
58:
38:
37:
30:
21:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4910:
4873:
4796:
4714:
4698:Strength sports
4693:
4662:
4626:
4564:
4506:
4501:
4471:
4466:
4446:
4396:
4212:Mountain biking
4104:
4094:
4064:
4059:
4016:
3966:
3905:
3886:Four Continents
3849:
3783:
3675:
3644:
3639:
3593:
3578:
3563:
3524:
3519:
3510:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3447:
3443:
3404:
3400:
3353:
3349:
3302:
3298:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3201:(13): 843â851.
3190:
3184:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2978:
2976:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2768:Wayback Machine
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2661:on 14 July 2018
2647:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2623:"Parkour Rules"
2621:
2620:
2616:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2506:. 25 April 2022
2497:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2466:
2462:
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2450:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2362:
2360:
2357:Herald Scotland
2350:
2349:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2278:
2274:
2268:Wayback Machine
2259:
2255:
2244:
2240:
2219:
2215:
2202:
2198:
2185:
2181:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2046:
2039:
2027:
2023:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1992:"About the FIG"
1990:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1819:
1807:
1805:Height concerns
1799:
1779:
1770:
1754:
1732:
1723:
1703:
1697:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1664:
1648:
1642:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1610:needs expansion
1595:
1582:
1551:
1545:
1530:
1524:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1491:
1479:
1455:
1449:
1414:
1408:
1343:
1329:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1170:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1139:
1125:
1119:
1071:
995:Evgenia Kanaeva
988:
944:
934:Irina Tchachina
923:
899:
893:
884:
878:
869:
863:
854:
848:
839:
833:
813:
807:
802:
793:
780:
766:
757:
740:
730:
711:
705:
680:
674:
666:Tsukahara vault
658:
595:
589:
581:
571:
509:Harvard College
437:
431:
407:
292:, artistry and
254:Summer Olympics
221:
202:
195:
179:
165:
125:Characteristics
90:
85:
63:
46:Podium training
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4983:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4833:Indoor cycling
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4738:Canoe marathon
4735:
4734:
4733:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4576:Beach handball
4572:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4500:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4477:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4377:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4333:Sport climbing
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4177:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4070:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4021:Related sports
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3937:European Games
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3901:South American
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3809:Youth Olympics
3800:
3798:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3733:Horizontal bar
3730:
3725:
3720:
3712:
3707:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3661:Code of Points
3658:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3591:
3576:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3538:USA Gymnastics
3535:
3530:
3523:
3522:External links
3520:
3518:
3517:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3461:(2): 129â145.
3441:
3414:(1): 187â197.
3398:
3347:
3312:(5): 322â329.
3296:
3261:(1): 234â241.
3245:
3173:
3163:
3154:
3140:
3114:
3084:
3051:
3018:
2985:
2969:www.gymcan.org
2956:
2939:USA Gymnastics
2926:
2914:USA Gymnastics
2901:
2883:
2861:
2835:
2823:UEG Gymnastics
2810:
2798:
2772:
2753:
2728:
2704:
2672:
2640:
2614:
2596:
2559:
2541:
2517:
2486:
2460:
2430:
2400:
2374:
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2311:
2272:
2253:
2238:
2213:
2196:
2179:
2162:
2155:
2133:
2126:
2100:
2075:
2037:
2021:
2005:
1983:
1958:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1876:
1871:
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1820:
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1750:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1699:Main article:
1696:
1693:
1684:Main article:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1663:
1660:
1646:Code of Points
1644:Main article:
1641:
1638:
1628:
1627:
1607:
1605:
1594:
1591:
1581:
1578:
1574:Madhya Pradesh
1547:Main article:
1544:
1541:
1526:Main article:
1523:
1520:
1508:Main article:
1505:
1502:
1493:Main article:
1490:
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1475:
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1473:
1470:
1451:Main article:
1448:
1445:
1444:
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1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:Individual Men
1425:
1410:Main article:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1339:Main article:
1328:
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1318:
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1309:
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1247:
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1187:Main article:
1184:
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1172:Main article:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1158:
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1143:
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1135:Main article:
1124:
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1070:
1067:
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1065:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
987:
984:
950:, gymnastics,
940:Main article:
922:
919:
897:Horizontal bar
895:Main article:
892:
891:Horizontal bar
889:
880:Main article:
877:
874:
865:Main article:
862:
859:
850:Main article:
847:
844:
835:Main article:
832:
829:
809:Main article:
806:
803:
801:
798:
792:
789:
776:Main article:
765:
762:
753:Main article:
747:Dorina BöczögĆ
739:
736:
728:
707:Main article:
704:
701:
676:Main article:
673:
670:
657:
654:
634:horizontal bar
614:floor exercise
602:Nadia ComÄneci
591:Main article:
588:
585:
570:
567:
497:Charles Follen
430:
427:
406:
403:
341:horizontal bar
302:ancient Greeks
268:that includes
257:
256:
250:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
220:
219:
217:horizontal bar
203:floor, vault,
193:
192:
173:
171:
167:
166:
164:
163:
160:
157:
156:- summer sport
153:
151:
147:
146:
143:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
122:
121:
110:
106:
105:
99:
92:
91:
80:
65:
64:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4982:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4890:Flag football
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4868:Weightlifting
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4843:Roller hockey
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4684:Boules sports
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:Inline hockey
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4427:Flag football
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:Weightlifting
4373:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:Skateboarding
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4222:Track cycling
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4207:Freestyle BMX
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:African Games
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:Championships
3852:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3821:Junior Worlds
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3804:Olympic Games
3802:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3739:Women's only
3738:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3728:Parallel bars
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3167:
3158:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2975:on 2021-10-25
2974:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2874:NDTV â Sports
2871:
2865:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2807:
2802:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2490:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2371:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2333:on 2016-08-04
2332:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2156:0-09-143350-9
2152:
2147:
2146:
2137:
2129:
2127:9780809617043
2123:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2104:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2009:
1993:
1987:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1811:short stature
1802:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1721:Club swinging
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1692:
1687:
1686:Rope climbing
1680:Rope climbing
1672:
1668:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1637:
1634:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1608:This section
1606:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:Mallakhamba (
1550:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1454:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1386:Women's Pairs
1385:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1372:competitions.
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1180:
1175:
1165:
1157:
1148:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1000:
996:
992:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
964:Olympic Games
959:
955:
953:
949:
943:
935:
932:
927:
918:
916:
911:
908:
907:Leather grips
904:
898:
888:
883:
882:Parallel bars
876:Parallel bars
873:
868:
858:
853:
843:
838:
825:
824:Chris Cameron
821:
817:
812:
797:
788:
786:
779:
770:
761:
756:
748:
744:
735:
732:
724:
720:
716:
710:
696:
692:
688:
686:
679:
667:
662:
653:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:parallel bars
627:
623:
619:
615:
607:
603:
599:
594:
584:
580:
576:
566:
562:
559:
555:
549:
547:
543:
539:
538:Olympic Games
535:
526:
522:
520:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
499:and American
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:parallel bars
467:
463:
456:
452:
448:
446:
442:
436:
426:
424:
419:
418:
412:
402:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
337:parallel bars
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
264:is a type of
263:
255:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
228:
224:
218:
214:
213:parallel bars
210:
206:
201:
198:
197:
196:
191:
187:
183:
178:
175:
174:
172:
168:
161:
158:
155:
154:
152:
148:
144:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
98:
93:
89:
83:
78:
73:
61:
56:
52:
48:
47:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4848:Rugby sevens
4823:Bodybuilding
4790:Wakeboarding
4785:Water skiing
4758:Orienteering
4719:Trend sports
4705:Powerlifting
4631:Martial arts
4553:Trampolining
4527:
4454:
4343:Table tennis
4313:Rugby sevens
4286:Trampolining
4270:
4256:Field hockey
4244:Show jumping
4217:Road cycling
4190:Canoe sprint
4185:Canoe slalom
3896:Pan American
3789:Competitions
3771:synchronized
3743:Balance beam
3718:Pommel horse
3641:
3599:
3584:
3569:
3511:November 27,
3509:. Retrieved
3505:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3411:
3408:Hand Clinics
3407:
3401:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3198:
3194:
3166:
3157:
3131:. Retrieved
3127:
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3101:the original
3096:
3087:
3075:. Retrieved
3068:the original
3054:
3042:. Retrieved
3035:the original
3021:
3009:. Retrieved
3002:the original
2988:
2977:. Retrieved
2973:the original
2968:
2959:
2947:. Retrieved
2943:the original
2938:
2929:
2917:. Retrieved
2913:
2904:
2895:
2886:
2878:the original
2873:
2864:
2854:February 11,
2852:. Retrieved
2848:the original
2838:
2826:. Retrieved
2822:
2813:
2801:
2789:. Retrieved
2785:the original
2775:
2761:Lajiesittely
2756:
2744:. Retrieved
2741:olympics.com
2740:
2731:
2720:. Retrieved
2716:
2707:
2695:. Retrieved
2691:the original
2684:
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2659:the original
2652:
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2626:
2617:
2608:
2599:
2589:November 20,
2587:. Retrieved
2575:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2533:. Retrieved
2529:
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2501:
2489:
2477:. Retrieved
2473:
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2447:the original
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2417:the original
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:the original
2377:
2368:
2361:. Retrieved
2355:
2346:
2335:. Retrieved
2331:the original
2326:
2292:(1): 22â54.
2289:
2285:
2275:
2256:
2247:
2241:
2223:
2216:
2206:
2199:
2189:
2182:
2172:
2165:
2144:
2136:
2111:
2103:
2091:. Retrieved
2087:
2078:
2053:
2049:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1986:
1975:. Retrieved
1971:
1961:
1950:. Retrieved
1948:. 2023-12-22
1945:
1936:
1896:Trampolining
1834:Cheerleading
1808:
1800:
1780:
1771:
1724:
1704:
1701:Flying rings
1695:Flying rings
1689:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1635:
1631:
1618:
1614:adding to it
1609:
1583:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1552:
1538:
1531:
1513:
1498:
1480:
1464:
1456:
1419:
1415:
1401:
1381:
1366:
1363:
1348:
1344:
1321:
1241:Explanation
1227:
1192:
1177:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1142:Trampolining
1137:Trampolining
1123:Trampolining
1118:
1115:
1109:Double Rings
1095:
1091:
1082:martial arts
1072:
960:
956:
945:
912:
902:
900:
885:
870:
855:
840:
837:Pommel horse
831:Pommel horse
814:
794:
781:
758:
755:Balance beam
738:Balance beam
712:
689:
681:
650:
642:balance beam
618:pommel horse
611:
582:
563:
550:
546:calisthenics
541:
531:
516:
512:
493:Charles Beck
490:
482:pommel horse
460:
444:
440:
438:
422:
408:
400:
364:trampolining
345:
333:pommel horse
325:balance beam
306:
290:coordination
261:
260:
209:pommel horse
199:
194:
190:balance beam
176:
145:No, separate
109:First played
88:balance beam
59:
44:
4748:Flying disc
4743:Finswimming
4731:Parachuting
4612:Racquetball
4569:Ball sports
3962:Universiade
3922:Asian Games
3891:Pacific Rim
3845:World Games
3775:double mini
3748:Uneven bars
3714:Men's only
3683:disciplines
2633:February 5,
2093:November 8,
1707:still rings
1549:Mallakhamba
1543:Mallakhamba
1430:Mixed Pairs
1392:Men's Pairs
1389:Mixed Pairs
1359:World Games
846:Still rings
727:chalk (MgCO
723:springboard
709:Uneven bars
703:Uneven bars
638:uneven bars
622:still rings
606:Olga Korbut
542:gymnastics,
486:vault horse
396:mallakhamba
348:competition
321:uneven bars
282:flexibility
205:still rings
186:uneven bars
4950:Gymnastics
4944:Categories
4753:Lifesaving
4726:Air sports
4710:Tug of war
4648:Kickboxing
4581:Canoe polo
4528:Gymnastics
4523:Dancesport
4363:Volleyball
4271:Gymnastics
4229:Equestrian
4202:BMX racing
4163:Basketball
4141:Water polo
4028:Acro dance
3942:Grand Prix
3767:Trampoline
3656:Acrobatics
3642:Gymnastics
3596:Gymnastics
3566:Gymnastics
3133:August 23,
3107:August 23,
3097:usagym.org
3077:October 2,
3044:October 2,
3011:October 2,
2979:2021-05-08
2828:October 7,
2791:October 7,
2722:2024-08-07
2554:Nippon.com
2535:2019-12-24
2479:October 7,
2453:October 2,
2423:October 4,
2393:October 4,
2337:2014-09-08
2327:usagym.org
1977:2024-01-29
1952:2024-02-02
1923:References
1879:Majorettes
1829:Acrobatics
1824:Acro dance
1246:Round-off
999:split leap
715:fiberglass
573:See also:
518:The Yankee
433:See also:
272:requiring
262:Gymnastics
134:No contact
84:performing
70:Gymnastics
4863:Triathlon
4858:Taekwondo
4808:Badminton
4591:Floorball
4455:See also:
4380:Wrestling
4358:Triathlon
4348:Taekwondo
4158:Badminton
4153:Athletics
3927:CAC Games
3828:World Cup
3483:149606211
3475:1041-3200
3428:1558-1969
3326:1537-8918
3275:1552-3365
3217:1473-0480
2605:"Parkour"
2363:8 January
2306:1477-4569
2233:561890463
2062:0065-6801
2056:: 77â90.
1928:Citations
1621:June 2020
1534:exercises
1472:Freestyle
1255:Dismount
976:World Cup
685:Yurchenko
501:John Neal
405:Etymology
372:acrobatic
298:abdominal
294:endurance
242:Worldwide
229:Gymnasium
170:Equipment
141:Mixed-sex
4895:Lacrosse
4885:Duathlon
4813:Baseball
4653:Muaythai
4638:Ju-jitsu
4617:Softball
4606:Lacrosse
4601:Korfball
4586:Fistball
4558:Tumbling
4437:Lacrosse
4417:Softball
4413:Baseball
4408:Breaking
4323:Shooting
4293:Handball
4261:Football
4239:Eventing
4234:Dressage
4180:Canoeing
4136:Swimming
4121:Artistic
4116:Aquatics
3881:European
3869:Rhythmic
3864:Artistic
3860:African
3838:Rhythmic
3833:Artistic
3779:Tumbling
3436:27886834
3393:27872744
3334:28902754
3291:15742871
3283:25825379
3237:Archived
3225:26084524
2949:March 9,
2919:March 9,
2764:Archived
2746:7 August
2697:7 August
2665:7 August
2580:Archived
2264:Archived
2070:44988074
1901:Tricking
1817:See also
1713:and the
1469:Speedrun
1357:and the
1195:tumbling
1183:Tumbling
997:doing a
929:Russian
719:laminate
491:Germans
484:and the
478:high bar
368:tumbling
278:strength
234:Presence
95:Highest
4870:(women)
4838:Netball
4828:Casting
4689:Bowling
4674:Archery
4608:(women)
4543:Parkour
4422:Cricket
4338:Surfing
4318:Sailing
4251:Fencing
4197:Cycling
4148:Archery
4050:TeamGym
3757:Parkour
3604:. 1921.
3574:. 1905.
3494:Sources
3384:5109679
3342:4103946
3233:4984960
2806:TeamGym
2510:5 March
2029:ÎłÏ
ÎŒÎœÎŹÎ¶Ï
1998:May 31,
1906:Turners
1662:Landing
1559:gymnast
1555:Marathi
1510:TeamGym
1504:TeamGym
1453:Parkour
1447:Parkour
1221:at the
1205:. From
1009:Soviet
791:Scoring
785:plywood
445:gumnĂĄzĆ
429:History
423:gymnazo
392:TeamGym
380:parkour
376:aerobic
286:agility
274:balance
248:Olympic
180:floor,
130:Contact
86:on the
55:Discuss
4643:Karate
4622:Squash
4442:Squash
4432:Karate
4353:Tennis
4308:Rowing
4175:Boxing
4126:Diving
3777:) and
3773:, and
3649:Basics
3481:
3473:
3434:
3426:
3391:
3381:
3367:: 41.
3340:
3332:
3324:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3231:
3223:
3215:
2304:
2231:
2153:
2124:
2068:
2060:
2013:ÎłÏ
ΌΜÏÏ
1593:Levels
1570:khamba
1436:Groups
1238:Skill
1037:Ribbon
948:ballet
903:giants
664:Piked
632:, and
558:Soviet
480:, the
476:, the
417:gymnos
394:, and
378:, and
339:, and
323:, and
215:, and
188:, and
118:Athens
114:Sparta
51:merged
4906:Wushu
4897:(men)
4853:Sambo
4773:Track
3975:Lists
3910:Other
3876:Asian
3723:Rings
3710:Vault
3705:Floor
3479:S2CID
3338:S2CID
3287:S2CID
3240:(PDF)
3229:S2CID
3191:(PDF)
3071:(PDF)
3038:(PDF)
3005:(PDF)
2629:. FIG
2583:(PDF)
2572:(PDF)
2498:(PDF)
2370:fame.
2066:JSTOR
1994:. FIG
1797:Abuse
1566:malla
1439:Dance
1433:Trios
1271:Whip
1112:Group
1103:Clubs
1100:Stick
1079:wushu
1046:Clubs
1024:ball.
952:dance
861:Vault
805:Floor
764:Floor
672:Vault
626:vault
474:rings
411:Greek
329:rings
317:vault
313:floor
266:sport
252:Yes,
226:Venue
182:vault
104:(FIG)
4768:Road
4658:Sumo
4460:and
4298:Judo
4266:Golf
3513:2018
3471:ISSN
3432:PMID
3424:ISSN
3389:PMID
3330:PMID
3322:ISSN
3279:PMID
3271:ISSN
3221:PMID
3213:ISSN
3171:1â9.
3135:2019
3109:2019
3079:2009
3046:2009
3013:2009
2951:2019
2921:2019
2856:2018
2830:2019
2793:2019
2748:2024
2699:2024
2667:2024
2635:2018
2591:2019
2512:2024
2481:2019
2455:2009
2425:2009
2395:2009
2365:2022
2302:ISSN
2229:OCLC
2151:ISBN
2122:ISBN
2095:2019
2058:ISSN
2000:2019
1892:(US)
1886:(US)
1711:NCAA
1442:Step
1219:1976
1211:1998
1207:1974
1106:Rope
1077:and
1055:Rope
1028:Hoop
1019:Ball
978:and
646:USSR
577:and
532:The
515:and
495:and
150:Type
116:and
4168:3x3
3991:WAG
3986:MAG
3797:FIG
3681:FIG
3671:Gym
3598:".
3583:".
3568:".
3463:doi
3416:doi
3379:PMC
3369:doi
3314:doi
3263:doi
3203:doi
3064:FIG
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2998:FIG
2896:FIG
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2443:FIG
2413:FIG
2294:doi
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