66:, which consolidated several sources of records in to a single publication. These sources included annual summaries that had been published in the Monthly Weather Review at various times since 1922, unpublished materials from the Hurricane forecast offices and other studies on hurricanes and hurricane climatology back to around 1886. While combining the sources, position errors of over 100 miles (160 km) were found for several hurricanes shown in more than one source. Therefore, the positions of all of the systems that were considered to have tropical characteristics, were compared with the historical weather maps of the daily synoptic series. The most reliable positions and intensities were then plotted on a series of annual track charts, before being reviewed by the hurricane forecast centers, Extended Forecast Section and the
54:. Initially, tracks for the Central Pacific region and tracks for tropical depressions that did not develop into tropical storms or hurricanes were not included within the database. Over the next few years tracks were archived best track data from the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center (EPHC) were archived by the NHC on an annual basis. During 1982, the NHC started to include data on Central Pacific tropical storms and hurricanes within the database, before they took over the responsibility for issuing advisories during 1988. The format of the Eastern Pacific database was subsequently significantly changed during 2013 to include non-synoptic best track times and non-developing tropical depressions.
109:, which required tracks of past cyclones as a base for its predictions. The database was based on records held by the United States Navy and were interpolated from 12 hourly intervals to 6 hourly intervals based on a scheme devised by Hiroshi Akima in 1970. Initially tracks for the Central Pacific region and tracks for tropical depressions that did not develop into tropical storms or hurricanes were not included within the database. After the database had been created Arthur Pike of the NHC made some internal adjustments, while in 1980 a review was made by Arnold Court under contract from the
90:
the database needed to be revised because it was incomplete, contained significant errors, or did not reflect the latest scientific understanding regarding the interpretation of past data. Charles J Neumann subsequently documented several of these problems and obtained a grant, to start addressing them in a programme that was eventually called the
Atlantic Hurricane Database Re-analysis Project.
155:'s reanalysis was expedited and published during April 2014, after the National Hurricane Center management realized a need to answer the question: "Which is the strongest hurricane to have struck the United States?" During 2015 and 2016, HURDAT was revised with the results of the reanalysis for the seasons between 1951 and 1955, with 12 new tropical storms added to the database.
89:
was realized, which led to the prediction of tropical cyclone motion out through 72 hours. Over the next few years, HURDAT was extensively revised, by both the NHC and the
National Climatic Center, before it was published at irregular intervals. Over the next couple of decades, it became obvious that
150:
In 2013, the archive's format was significantly changed to include non-synoptic best track times, non-developing tropical depressions and wind radii. During March 2014, the
Atlantic HURDAT was updated with the results of the reanalysis for the seasons between 1946 and 1950, with nine tropical storms
133:
and extrapolation of the tracks since the EPHC stopped issuing advisories on systems before they made landfall. The archive's format was significantly changed in 2013 to include non-synoptic best track times, non-developing tropical depressions and wind radii. In
February 2016, the NHC released the
93:
During the 1990s, Jose
Fernandez-Partagas led efforts to document previously undocumented tropical cyclones from the mid 1800s until the early 1900s, by using lists of previous hurricanes, books and newspapers. After his death in 1997, the results of his efforts were built upon by the Atlantic
85:. The basic data was taken by the authors from the National Weather Records North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone deck number 988, which was updated and corrected to include data from 1886 to 1968. As a result of this work, a requirement for a computerized tropical cyclone database at the
146:
After the HURDAT databases were created, it became obvious over the next couple of decades that HURDAT needed to be revised because it was incomplete, contained significant errors, or did not reflect the latest scientific understanding regarding the interpretation of past data.
70:. The most accurate and consistent locations from the reviews were then plotted on the maps and published. This dataset was subsequently updated during 1965, which extended the dataset back to 1871 and forwards to 1963 based on additional material.
125:
in 1981. The format of the database was completely revised by the NHC in 1984, so that the format could resemble the
Atlantic database before they took over the warning responsibility from the EPHC for the Eastern Pacific in 1988.
105:
The
Eastern Pacific best track database was initially compiled on magnetic tape in 1976 for the seasons between 1949 and 1975, at the NHC to help with the development of two
260:
629:(NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS WR-160). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service — Western Region. pp. 2–3.
518:(NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS WR-124). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service — Western Region. p. 14.
973:
869:
117:, and in 1982 started including information on Central Pacific tropical storms and hurricanes started to be included in the database based on data from the
382:
A Reconstruction of
Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and Other Historical Sources 1851 to 1880 Part I: 1851-1870
97:
In 2013, the archive's format was significantly changed to include non-synoptic best track times, non-developing tropical depressions and wind radii.
804:
630:
665:(NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC 25). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. pp. 2–3.
296:(NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC 6). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. pp. 1–2.
113:
and resulted in additions and/or modifications to 81 tracks in the database. Between 1976 and 1987, the NHC archived best track data from the
772:
594:
831:
227:
194:
584:
Blake, Eric S; Gibney, Ethan J; Brown, Daniel P; Mainelli, Michelle; Franklin, James L; Kimberlain, Todd B; Hammer, Gregory R (2009).
551:(NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC 16). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service.
256:
110:
666:
552:
519:
297:
832:
National
Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (March 2014).
348:
94:
reanalysis team, before being checked by NHC's Best Track
Committee and added in to the Atlantic HURDAT in 2001 and 2003.
660:
A Tropical Cyclone Data Tape for the Eastern and Central North Pacific Basins, 1949–1983: Contents, Limitations, and Uses
67:
138:'s reanalysis, which was the first system to be reassessed using methods developed for the Atlantic reanalysis process.
129:
In 2008 and in 2013, several revisions were made to the database to extend tracks over land, based on reports in the
50:
The Eastern Pacific database was originally compiled at the NHC during 1976 to help with the initialization with two
943:"Re-analysis of 1969's Hurricane Camille Completed: Catastrophic hurricane now ranks as second strongest on record"
122:
114:
106:
51:
719:
221:
Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean Tracks and Frequencies of Hurricanes and Tropical Storms 1871–1963
771:(Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. p. 1.
836:. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research
798:"Re-analysis of the 1959 Manzanillo Mexico Hurricane Landfall intensity changed from category 5 to category 4"
742:
1009:
999:
118:
63:
891:
381:
1004:
657:
797:
623:
512:
388:
81:
requested data on the climatological impacts of tropical cyclones on launches of space vehicles at the
513:
Statistical Guidance for the Prediction of Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Motion — Part I
968:
864:
438:
287:
A Tropical Cyclone Data Tape for the North Atlantic Basin, 1886–1977: Contents, Limitations, and Uses
86:
28:
763:
184:
North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Tracks and Frequencies of Hurricanes and Tropical Storms 1886–1958
745:(Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service
489:(Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service
483:
942:
765:
658:
Davis, Mary AS; Brown, Gail M; Leftwhich, Preston W; National Hurricane Center (September 1984).
44:
692:
585:
583:
135:
460:
Landsea, Chris; Anderson, Craig; Clark, Gil; Neumann, Charlie; Zimmer, Mark (January 2000).
220:
183:
906:
833:
707:
461:
429:
130:
82:
960:
856:
543:
8:
910:
764:
Landsea, Christopher W; Franklin, James L; Blake, Eric S; Tanabe, Raymond (April 2013).
711:
462:"Comments of and replies to the National Hurricane Center Best-Track Change Committee"
924:
889:
723:
152:
481:
914:
715:
331:
327:
36:
659:
545:
410:
363:"A Fitting Resting Place for a Man of Hurricanes : The Alabama Weather Blog"
286:
948:(Press release). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 1, 2014.
624:
Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Occurrences during Intra Seasonal Periods
78:
40:
919:
544:
Brown, Gail M; Leftwhich, Preston W; National Hurricane Center (August 1982).
993:
928:
727:
890:
Kieper, Margaret E; Landsea, Christopher W; Beven, John L (April 21, 2015).
803:(Press release). United States National Hurricane Center. February 4, 2016.
766:
The revised Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database (HURDAT2)
181:
546:
A Compilation of Eastern and Central North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Data
482:
Landsea, Christopher W; Franklin, James L; Beven, John L (April 2013).
510:
100:
362:
32:
961:"RE-ANALYSIS OF 1951 TO 1955 ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASONS COMPLETED"
857:"RE-ANALYSIS OF 1946 TO 1950 ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASONS COMPLETED"
193:(Technical Paper 36). United States Weather Bureau. pp. 1–2.
621:
693:"The National Hurricane Center — Past, Present, and Future"
284:
587:
Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Basin, 1949-2006
254:
16:
Databases with info about Atlantic and East Pacific hurricanes
257:
Probability of Tropical Cyclone Induced Winds at Cape Kennedy
720:
10.1175/1520-0434(1990)005<0185:TNHCPA>2.0.CO;2
459:
74:
324:
Tropical cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1871-1977 /
740:
182:
Cry, George W; Haggard, William S; White, Hugh S (1959).
511:
Neumann, Charles J; Leftwhich, Preston W (August 1977).
380:
Fernandez-Partagas, Jose; Diaz, Henry F. (April 1995).
379:
326:. Asheville, N.C. : U.S. Department of Commerce.
974:
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
870:
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
622:
Leftwhich, Preston W; Brown, Gail M (February 1981).
226:(Technical Paper 55). United States Weather Bureau.
62:
During 1959, a technical paper was published by the
834:"Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT) Meta Data"
101:The Eastern and Central Pacific hurricane database
57:
617:
615:
484:The revised Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2)
431:Hurricanes and Typhoons Past, Present, and Future
991:
690:
349:"Solving the Jigsaw Puzzle of Hurricane History"
285:Jarvinen, Brian R; Caso, Eduardo L (June 1978).
905:(3). American Meteorological Society: 367–384.
899:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
428:Murnane, Richard J; Liu, Kam-biu, eds. (2004).
343:
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827:
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427:
918:
648:
570:
255:Hope, John R; Neumann, Charles J (1968).
822:
741:National Hurricane Center (April 2015).
275:
121:and research done by Samuel Shaw of the
958:
952:
883:
854:
757:
506:
504:
321:
263:from the original on September 19, 2016
992:
672:from the original on February 19, 2013
636:from the original on February 18, 2015
322:Neumann, Charles J. (March 26, 1978).
250:
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233:from the original on December 21, 2016
177:
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111:United States National Weather Service
810:from the original on February 5, 2016
778:from the original on August 28, 2013
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501:
303:from the original on October 2, 2015
892:"A Reanalysis of Hurricane Camille"
600:from the original on April 11, 2024
245:
212:
164:
68:National Hurricane Research Project
13:
558:from the original on March 1, 2013
525:from the original on March 1, 2013
200:from the original on April 2, 2015
47:since 1851 and 1949 respectively.
14:
1021:
855:Landsea, Chris (March 25, 2014).
123:Central Pacific Hurricane Center
115:Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center
107:tropical cyclone forecast models
52:tropical cyclone forecast models
959:Landsea, Chris (May 18, 2015).
935:
848:
790:
684:
453:
421:
411:"NOAA News Online (Story 2005)"
58:The Atlantic hurricane database
691:Sheets, Robert C (June 1990).
403:
373:
355:
315:
39:that have occurred within the
1:
743:Revisions made to EPAC HURDAT
158:
119:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
64:United States Weather Bureau
7:
10:
1026:
389:Climate Diagnostics Center
969:National Hurricane Center
920:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00137.1
865:National Hurricane Center
439:Columbia University Press
294:National Hurricane Center
87:National Hurricane Center
29:National Hurricane Center
35:that contain details on
31:(NHC), are two separate
700:Weather and Forecasting
332:2027/mdp.39015004530633
151:added to the database.
219:Cry, George W (1965).
415:www.noaanews.noaa.gov
191:Office of Climatology
136:1959 Mexico hurricane
73:At around this time,
45:Eastern Pacific Ocean
1010:Scientific databases
369:. December 25, 2007.
351:. February 11, 2016.
131:Mariners Weather Log
83:Kennedy Space Center
1000:Atlantic hurricanes
911:2016BAMS...97..367K
712:1990WtFor...5..185S
142:Reanalysis projects
21:Hurricane Databases
1005:Pacific hurricanes
441:. pp. 178–221
27:), managed by the
466:www.aoml.noaa.gov
367:www.alabamawx.com
153:Hurricane Camille
37:tropical cyclones
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814:February 4,
994:Categories
706:(2): 197.
387:(Report).
267:August 31,
259:(Report).
237:August 31,
159:References
929:0003-0007
840:March 14,
728:1520-0434
445:August 8,
395:August 8,
33:databases
979:July 19,
875:July 19,
805:Archived
782:July 28,
773:Archived
749:March 6,
676:July 28,
667:Archived
640:July 27,
631:Archived
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595:Archived
562:July 27,
553:Archived
529:July 27,
520:Archived
493:July 28,
307:March 6,
298:Archived
261:Archived
228:Archived
204:March 7,
195:Archived
907:Bibcode
708:Bibcode
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25:HURDAT
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816:2016
784:2013
751:2015
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678:2013
642:2013
606:2013
564:2013
531:2013
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447:2024
397:2024
309:2015
269:2016
239:2016
206:2015
75:NASA
43:and
19:The
915:doi
716:doi
328:hdl
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