66:
in both the 20th and 21st centuries. There is usually a contemplative or wistful tone and an impressionistic brevity that lends the form to an emphasis on imagery, especially sensory imagery. Haiku can contain occasional simile and metaphor. Some haiku experts, like Robert Speiss and Jane
Reichold, have said that a haiku should be expressed in a single breath.
119:. It emerged from being more than an occasional exception during the late 1970s. One branch of modern haiku dispenses with syllable counts and prefers to define a haiku as two to four short phrases that are unrestricted, according to the poet Natsuishi Ban'ya. Poets with this looser definition sometimes use more than three lines in their poems
55:
In
Japanese, a traditional haiku is a one-line poem that describes two things. However, in English, a traditional haiku usually has three lines arranged in a 5-7-5 pattern. The Haiku Society of America has two definitions of a haiku. The first defines the Japanese haiku as an unrhymed poem "recording
269:
efforts and ending with the exhortation, "Pray, you try
Japanese Hokku, my American poets! You say far too much, I should say." Noguchi was a bilingual poet writing in Japanese and English who was acquainted with Pound. He published an essay called "What Is a Hokku Poem" (1913) where he wrote that a
114:
When translators of
Japanese haiku split poems into three lines, it created a perception that a haiku in English ought to have three lines, even though Japanese haiku were commonly written in a single vertical line. The most common variation from the three-line standard is one line, sometimes called
65:
Haiku are normally associated with a focus on nature or the seasons and a division into two asymmetrical sections that juxtaposes two subjects (e.g. something natural and something human-made, two unexpectedly similar things, etc.). This juxtaposition was an important technique for haiku in
English
355:
in South Africa. Wright studied the four-volume series by Blyth as well as other books on Zen
Buddhism. He composed some 4,000 haiku between 1959 and 1960 during an illness and reduced them to 817 for a collection which was published posthumously. His haiku show an attention to the Zen qualities
383:
is another influential haiku poet from this time period who agreed with Blyth that Zen was an essential element of haiku. Charles
Trumbell wrote that in the mid-1960s, "his haiku were unquestionably among the best being written outside Japan". Hackett corresponded with Blyth for advice and
270:
hokku was an expression of longing toward nature that is "never mystified by any cloud or mist like Truth or Beauty". He encouraged an objective standpoint by referring to Zen philosophy, which sees good and evil as human inventions. Noguchi published his own volume of
English-language
62:. The second definition applies to English-language haiku: "A foreign adaptation of , usually written in three lines totaling fewer than 17 syllables." In a book chapter discussing haiku form, Sato emphasizes that the definition does not say how many syllables each line ought to have.
439:
Virgilio published his "lily" and "bass" haiku, which became models of brevity, breaking the conventional 5-7-5 syllabic form, and pointing toward the leaner conception of haiku.. The magazine established haiku as a form worthy of a new aesthetic sense in poetry.
1398:
231:
around 1912. In the essay, Pound described how he wrote a 30-line poem about the experience of exiting a metro train and seeing many beautiful faces. Two years later, he had reduced it to a single sentence in the poem
110:
phrase is, on average, about 12 syllables. Consequently, many contemporary
English-language haiku poets work in forms of 10 to 14 syllables. Modern haiku can be greater or fewer than the expected seventeen syllables.
178:
published more than a dozen haikai in a 1901 verse collection, and in 1903 a group of
Cambridge poets, citing Dobell as precedent, published their haikai series, "The Water Party." The
384:
encouragement in composing haiku, and Blyth promoted Hackett's poetry in his own work. Subsequent haiku poets did not insist as strongly on the connection of Zen with haiku.
2073:
517:
435:, Helen Chenoweth, and Gustave Keyser. Other co-editors included Clement Hoyt (1964), Harold Henderson (1964), and Robert Spiess (1966). In the second issue of
472:
219:(the linked verse poem that haiku is derived from), was a significant influence on his poetry. It is likely that he first encountered Japanese poetry in the
94:
in the first phrase, 7 in the second, and 5 in the third). This has prompted an idea that English-language haiku should adopt a similar structure in which
428:
416:
586:. Other American publishers of haiku books include Press Here, Bottle Rockets Press, Brooks Books, Turtle Light Press, and Jim Kacian's Red Moon Press.
467:
496:
391:, under the direction of Helen Stiles Chenoweth. They also studied the Blyth collection, as well as an anthology translated by Asatarou Miyamori,
420:
35:, but the degree to which haiku in English implement specific elements of Japanese haiku, such as the arranging of 17 phonetic units (either
501:
480:
957:
2269:
1465:
Johnson, Jeffrey (2012). "Haiku, Western". In Greene, Ronald; Cushman, Stephen; Cavanagh, Clare; Ramazani, Jahan; Rouzer, Paul (eds.).
1702:
2669:– a free educational podcast designed to provide a better understanding and appreciation of the art of haiku and its related forms.
909:
658:(bilingual German/English) in Germany and Austria. Two other online English-language haiku journals founded outside North America,
2077:
1232:
152:
The first haiku composed in English, at least in form, were written in response to haiku contests. In Britain, the editors of
144:, first published in 1899 and a major reference source for early 20th-century poets, also described the "haikai" poetic form.
1026:
294:, although critic Yoshinobu Hakutani wrote that compared to Pound and Noguchi, these were "labored, superficial imitators."
1515:
132:
According to Charles Trumbull, the first haiku printed in English were three translations included in the second edition of
1270:
2206:
Hakutani, Yoshinobu (2022). "Jack Kerouac's Haiku and the Beat Generation". In Kiuchi, Toru; Hakutani, Yoshinobu (eds.).
1754:
2445:
2431:
2354:
Sato, Hiroaki (2023). "Hearn, Bickerton, Hubbell: Translation and Definition". In Shea, James; Caldwell, Grant (eds.).
1474:
666:, are now defunct. John Barlow's Snapshot Press is a UK-based publisher of haiku books. The World Haiku Club publishes
2500:
2482:
2474:
2459:
2409:
2363:
2344:
2286:
2253:
2215:
2196:
1156:
1136:
1094:
191:
2234:
1218:
1076:
Spiess, Robert; Modern Haiku vol. XXXII No. 1 p. 57 "A haiku does not exceed a breath's length." ISSN 0026-7821
520:, the largest public archive of haiku-related material outside Japan, was founded in 1996. It is housed at the
2277:
Kiuchi, Toru (2022). "Richard Wright's Haiku and Zen Buddhism". In Kiuchi, Toru; Hakutani, Yoshinobu (eds.).
2672:
2660:
2187:
Hakutani, Yoshinobu (2022). "Haiku, Ezra Pound, and Imagism". In Kiuchi, Toru; Hakutani, Yoshinobu (eds.).
2335:
Rosenow, Ce (2022). "American Haiku in the New Millenium". In Kiuchi, Toru; Hakutani, Yoshinobu (eds.).
1728:
2148:
56:
the essence of a moment keenly perceived, in which Nature is linked to human nature" consisting of 17
31:. Like their Japanese counterpart, haiku in English are typically short poems and often reference the
1935:
1772:
680:
233:
206:
1371:
1927:
914:
529:
521:
444:
387:
The first English-language haiku group in America, founded in 1956, was the Writers' Roundtable of
254:
Pound wrote that representing his experience as an image made it "a thing inward and subjective".
209:", published in 1913, was the "first fully realized haiku in English," according to the editors of
154:
1598:
1288:
638:, a literary magazine for writers of haiku and other verse, were published between 1997 and 2006;
2738:
1803:
850:
348:
2615:
2160:"Snapshot Press: publishers of the finest English-language haiku, tanka and other short poetry"
525:
1315:
965:
2733:
925:
920:
760:
725:
690:
611:
607:
513:
424:
388:
342:
77:
42:
1916:
1625:
775:
755:
730:
627:
163:
133:
8:
715:
509:
324:
1314:
Tessa Wooldridge, "Haiku in the Bulletin, 1899," Australian Haiku Society, July 7, 2008
2317:
2263:
2141:
2122:
1684:
1646:
Looking Past the Lily: Layers of Meaning and Interconnectivity in Nick Virgilio's Haiku
1644:
1541:
1206:
830:
805:
602:), which was edited for many years by Martin Lucas and is now edited by Ian Storr, and
1568:
1016:
2496:
2478:
2470:
2455:
2441:
2427:
2405:
2359:
2340:
2309:
2282:
2249:
2230:
2211:
2192:
2096:
1829:
1470:
1214:
1152:
1132:
1090:
1022:
695:
283:
570:(founded by Dylan F. Tweney in 2001). Some significant defunct publications include
471:, was founded 1965 by European-American writer Jean Calkins and later taken over by
845:
795:
770:
750:
380:
98:
are arranged across three lines in a 5–7–5 structure. Linguists, however, note two
24:
2467:
Poets on the Peaks: Gary Snyder, Philip Whalen & Jack Kerouac in the Cascades.
1546:(second ed.). Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Co. pp. 9–11, 127–128
889:
790:
780:
765:
352:
351:'s interest in haiku began in 1959 when he learned about the form from beat poet
337:
308:
183:
213:. In his essay "Vorticism," Pound acknowledged that Japanese poetry, especially
74:
Many Japanese haiku are structured around the number of phonetic units known as
2718:
2488:
2036:
1858:
840:
800:
566:(founded by Christopher Herold in 1999, published online with a print annual),
453:
in 1978. In 1972, Lorraine Ellis Harr founded the Western World Haiku Society.
312:
220:
175:
2727:
2696:
Snapshot press, an independent publisher of haiku and other poetry in Britain
2632:
2313:
2084:
2029:
1993:
1880:
835:
810:
705:
700:
432:
2493:
Japanese Haiku: Its Essential Nature, History, and Possibilities in English.
2159:
820:
745:
740:
542:
461:
320:
258:
2700:
2170:
1469:(4th ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 594–595.
894:
825:
815:
685:
651:
316:
287:
275:
228:
224:
2655:
1994:"Handmade artist books and portrait photographs of businesses and homes"
1661:
1649:(MA thesis). Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. pp. 44–45
415:
was founded in Platteville, Wisconsin, edited by the European-Americans
2686:
Haiku Crush, an independent publisher of international haiku in English
2603:
2321:
2297:
1960:
1887:
735:
710:
345:
four-volume Haiku series, which included a volume on Eastern culture.
202:
190:. The prize for this (possibly first Australian) haiku contest went to
2690:
2576:. Eds. Jerry Ball, Garry Gay, and Tom Tico. Smythe-Waithe Press, 1992.
2564:. Eds. Jim Kacian, Philip Rowland, and Allan Burns. W.W. Norton, 2013.
1971:
1118:, in Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Orientalia Pragensia XV, 2005, p135
2706:
Living Haiku Anthology - an online repository for international haiku
2624:
1703:"Charles Trumbull — Touchstone Distinguished Books Award Winner 2019"
884:
785:
720:
631:
399:(1958) among others. The group published an anthology in 1966 called
36:
2705:
2586:
Where the River Goes: The Nature Tradition in English-Language Haiku
1982:
874:
2111:
899:
879:
589:
449:
328:
95:
2695:
1319:
516:, in 1991, and has been held on alternating years since then. The
2710:
2666:
2358:. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 31–35.
1250:
630:, published international haiku in English from 2007 to 2022. In
615:
279:
2640:
1685:"Index of Frogpond, the Journal of the Haiku Society of America"
1898:
1847:
904:
622:
edited by Jim Norton were published between 1995 and 2000, and
159:
32:
2582:. Eds. John Brandi and Dennis Maloney. White Pine Press, 2005.
1869:
1729:"American Haiku Archives Honorary Curator Lorraine Ellis Harr"
1372:"Yone Noguchi and Haiku in the United States | The Huntington"
578:(edited from 1989 to 1997 by Michael Dylan Welch), Hal Roth's
540:
English-language haiku journals published in the U.S. include
2552:. 2nd ed. Ed. Cor van den Heuvel. Simon & Schuster, 1986.
2048:
2022:
1434:
869:
864:
266:
215:
182:'s influence was felt as far away as Australia, where editor
28:
2152:
2004:
1539:
1161:
265:
in February 1904, giving a brief outline of his own English
984:
162:
contest on April 8, 1899, shortly after the publication of
2685:
2540:. Eds. Lee Gurga and Scott Metz. Modern Haiku Press, 2011.
1483:
186:
was inspired to conduct a similar contest in the pages of
2244:
Kacian, Jim; Rowland, Philip; Burns, Allan, eds. (2013).
1495:
332:
2227:
The Haiku Handbook: How to Write, Share, and Teach Haiku
2085:"Yellow moon: a literary magazine for poets and writers"
1446:
1178:
1176:
174:
contest inspired other experimentation with the format.
2534:. Eds. George Swede and Randy Brooks. IRON Press, 2000.
2023:"Presence: Britain's leading independent haiku journal"
1058:
673:
2526:
The Best Haiku Inaugural International Anthology 2021
1188:
1173:
996:
594:
In the United Kingdom, publications of Haiku include
508:
The first Haiku North America conference was held at
447:
was founded in 1968 and began publishing its journal
323:. Kerouac became interested in Buddhism from reading
27:
poem written in a form or style inspired by Japanese
16:
English-language poetry in a style of Japanese origin
2558:. 3rd ed. Ed. Cor van den Heuvel. W.W. Norton, 1999.
2675:- an educational site on haiku writing techniques.
2628:journal, published by the Haiku Society of America
2452:One Hundred Frogs, from renga to haiku to English.
2243:
1667:
1325:
1256:
1599:"American Haiku · Mineral Point Library Archives"
972:
958:"Official Definitions of Haiku and Related Terms"
2725:
1467:The Princeton encyclopedia of poetry and poetics
590:Publications in other English-speaking countries
535:
423:. Among contributors to the magazine were poets
282:period, a number of mainstream poets, including
554:(founded by Randy and Shirley Brooks in 1986),
341:. As part of these studies, Kerouac referenced
2719:Richard Wright's haiku on Terebess Asia Online
2570:. Ed. Bruce Ross. Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1993.
2049:"Haiku from Ireland and the rest of the world"
1516:"Shangri-La: James W. Hackett's Life in Haiku"
574:(edited from 1988 to 1995 by Francine Porad),
105:
99:
89:
83:
75:
57:
40:
2402:Haiku World: An International Poetry Almanac.
1592:
1590:
1087:Writing and Enjoying Haiku - A Hands-On Guide
550:(published by the Haiku Society of America),
261:published "A Proposal to American Poets," in
2546:. Ed. Cor van den Heuvel. Anchor Books, 1974
2528:. Ed. Stephen FitzGerald. Haiku Crush, 2022.
2522:. Ed. Stephen FitzGerald. Haiku Crush, 2023.
2516:. Ed. Stephen FitzGerald. Haiku Crush, 2024.
2076:. New Zealand Poetry Society. Archived from
1535:
1533:
646:is a biannual Australian haiku publication.
528:, and includes the official archives of the
2520:The Best Haiku International Anthology 2022
2514:The Best Haiku International Anthology 2023
2337:Haiku, Other Arts, and Literary Disciplines
2279:Haiku, Other Arts, and Literary Disciplines
2208:Haiku, Other Arts, and Literary Disciplines
2189:Haiku, Other Arts, and Literary Disciplines
2123:"Chrysanthemum International Haiku Journal"
2032:. The British Haiku Society. 9 August 2010.
1021:. Modern English Tanka Press. p. iii.
158:announced the first known English-language
104:often form a single syllable and that a 17-
1936:"Brief History of Wind Chimes (1981-1989)"
1678:
1676:
1587:
138:A Grammar of the Japanese Written Language
50:
2246:Haiku in English: The First Hundred Years
2224:
2205:
2186:
1790:
1530:
1489:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1353:
1337:
1167:
1064:
1034:
990:
952:
950:
948:
946:
211:Haiku in English: The First Hundred Years
82:, with a three-phrase format in which 17
2649:
2588:. Ed. Allan Burns. Snapshot Press, 2013.
2046:
1870:"Acorn: a Journal of Contemporary Haiku"
1830:"Mission of the American Haiku Archives"
1543:Borrowed Water: A Book of American Haiku
1513:
1230:
1213:2nd edition. Simon & Schuster 1986.
1200:
1014:
910:Masaoka Shiki International Haiku Awards
356:present in the haiku he read as models.
241:The apparition of these face in a crowd;
147:
2440:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.
2426:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011.
2383:. Haiku Society of America, Inc., 1994.
2334:
2144:. The Haiku Foundation Digital Library.
2129:. The Haiku Foundation Digital Library.
1673:
1464:
1396:
1002:
642:was published in Australia until 2016.
249:Ezra Pound, "Vorticism", September 1914
205:'s influential haiku-influenced poem, "
69:
2726:
2636:, journal of the British Haiku Society
2276:
2268:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (
1700:
1563:
1561:
1501:
1268:
943:
88:are distributed in a 5–7–5 pattern (5
47:) in a 5–7–5 pattern, varies greatly.
2661:English Haiku : A Composite View
2438:Haiku: the Gentle Art of Disappearing
2295:
2094:
1642:
1540:Los Altos Writers Roundtable (1967).
1357:
1341:
335:in conjunction with his work writing
290:published what were generally called
2663:on the British Haiku Society website
2353:
2139:
1682:
1194:
1182:
978:
674:Notable English-language haiku poets
562:(founded by Stanford M. Forrester),
558:(founded by A. C. Missias in 1998),
465:published its first issue in 1969.
302:
127:
2095:Arden, Lynette (9 September 2016).
1726:
1558:
1369:
495:included one-line haiku and tanka.
197:
13:
2656:Jane Reichhold on haiku techniques
2373:
1933:
1596:
311:, original haiku were composed by
297:
14:
2750:
2592:
2574:The San Francisco Haiku Anthology
2356:The Routledge global haiku reader
2091:. National Library of Australia.
1668:Kacian, Rowland & Burns 2013
1623:
1514:Trumbull, Charles (March 2015).
1326:Kacian, Rowland & Burns 2013
1257:Kacian, Rowland & Burns 2013
142:A History of Japanese Literature
2133:
2066:
2015:
1953:
1909:
1840:
1822:
1796:
1747:
1720:
1694:
1636:
1617:
1603:mineralpointlibraryarchives.org
1507:
1458:
1421:
1397:Noguchi, Yone (February 1904).
1390:
1363:
1347:
1331:
1308:
1295:
1271:"Two Very Early Haiku Contests"
1262:
1224:
1151:; Modern Haiku Press 2003 p.16
1141:
1121:
1108:
1099:
1079:
477:Dragonfly: A Quarterly of Haiku
406:
395:(1935) by Mary J.J. Wrinn, and
2679:
2609:
2507:
2397:. Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1967.
2379:The Haiku Society of America.
2225:Higginson, William J. (1985).
2180:
1983:"Brooks Books Haiku Home Page"
1804:"Haiku North America (1991– )"
1605:. Mineral Point Public Library
1399:"A Proposal to American Poets"
1131:; Tuttle Publishing 2002 p.19
1089:; Kodansha 2002 p.30 and p.75
1070:
1049:
1040:
1008:
626:, an online journal edited by
168:History of Japanese Literature
1:
2617:A Guide to Haiku Publications
1881:"bottle rockets: the journal"
1834:www.americanhaikuarchives.org
1777:www.americanhaikuarchives.org
1733:www.americanhaikuarchives.org
1701:Kacian, Jim (30 April 2020).
937:
536:Publications in North America
371:Richard Wright, collected in
243:Petals on a wet, black bough
2673:"In The Moonlight a Worm..."
2298:"Pound, Haiku and the Image"
2248:. W. W. Norton and Company.
2229:. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
1233:"Research Note: W. G. Aston"
274:in 1920 and dedicated it to
7:
2597:
2127:www.chrysanthemum-haiku.net
1690:. Haiku Society of America.
857:
459:ended publication in 1968;
10:
2755:
2099:. Australian Haiku Society
1888:"The Heron's Nest - Staff"
1836:. American Haiku Archives.
1231:Trumbull, Charles (2008).
1015:Garrison, Denis M (2006).
363:A broken signboard banging
122:
1848:"Welcome to Modern Haiku"
1779:. American Haiku Archives
1735:. American Haiku Archives
1643:Moser, Elizabeth (2012).
1105:Gurga, 2003, p.2 and p.15
681:Lewis Grandison Alexander
234:In a Station of the Metro
207:In a Station of the Metro
2691:Australian Haiku Society
2390:. Hokuseido Press, 1948.
2388:An Introduction to Haiku
2030:"Journal: Blithe Spirit"
1987:www.brooksbookshaiku.com
1961:"Graceguts - Press Here"
1863:www.brooksbookshaiku.com
1760:. Living Haiku Anthology
1758:livinghaikuanthology.com
1431:, pp. 211, 214, 216
1289:"Academy and Literature"
1116:Love in the Four Seasons
962:Haiku Society of America
932:
915:Haiku Society of America
530:Haiku Society of America
522:California State Library
445:Haiku Society of America
2604:American Haiku Archives
2173:. The World Haiku Club.
2164:www.snapshotpress.co.uk
2047:Kudryavitsky, Anatoly.
1930:. The Haiku Foundation.
1883:. bottle rockets press.
1859:"Mayfly Haiku Magazine"
1632:. The Haiku Foundation.
518:American Haiku Archives
491:(1977-1982) in Canada.
373:Haiku: This Other World
51:Typical characteristics
2422:Rosenstock, Gabriel.
2400:Higginson, William J.
2112:"About Echidna Tracks"
2043:. Irish Haiku Society.
1972:"bottle rockets press"
1810:. The Haiku Foundation
1670:, pp. xxii–xxiii.
1149:Haiku - A Poet's Guide
668:The World Haiku Review
650:is the journal of the
610:and named in honor of
526:Sacramento, California
378:
257:In the United States,
252:
106:
100:
90:
84:
76:
58:
41:
2650:Techniques and papers
2436:Rosenstock, Gabriel.
2419:(Kindle Single, 2011)
2393:Henderson, Harold G.
2386:Henderson, Harold G.
1928:"Michael Dylan Welch"
1569:"Lorraine Ellis Harr"
1269:Miller, Paul (2020).
926:British Haiku Society
921:Reginald Horace Blyth
761:Elizabeth Searle Lamb
726:James William Hackett
691:Reginald Horace Blyth
612:Reginald Horace Blyth
608:British Haiku Society
514:Livermore, California
411:In 1963 the magazine
389:Los Altos, California
361:Whitecaps on the bay:
358:
238:
148:Britain and Australia
2714:online haiku journal
2469:Counterpoint, 2002.
2296:Miner, Earl (1957).
2171:"World Haiku Review"
2140:Ford, Lorin (2016).
2089:catalogue.nla.gov.au
1976:bottle rockets press
1921:The Haiku Foundation
1707:The Haiku Foundation
1443:, pp. 214, 220.
1356:, pp. 212–213;
1046:Reichhold, 2002 p.21
776:John Richard Parsons
756:Anatoly Kudryavitsky
731:William J. Higginson
628:Anatoly Kudryavitsky
164:William George Aston
134:William George Aston
70:Length and structure
2556:The Haiku Anthology
2550:The Haiku Anthology
2544:The Haiku Anthology
2454:Weatherhill, 1983.
2424:Haiku Enlightenment
2339:. Lexington Books.
2281:. Lexington Books.
2210:. Lexington Books.
2191:. Lexington Books.
1852:www.modernhaiku.org
1683:Trumbull, Charles.
1504:, pp. 175–177.
1403:The Reader Magazine
1301:"The Water Party,"
1211:The Haiku Anthology
1207:Van den Heuvel, Cor
1018:Hidden River: Haiku
993:, pp. 116–117.
716:Tyler Knott Gregson
664:Notes from the Gean
654:Poetry Society and
634:, twenty issues of
618:, twenty issues of
606:, published by the
510:Las Positas College
473:Lorraine Ellis Harr
365:In the April wind.
263:The Reader Magazine
2701:World Haiku Review
2417:The Heart of Haiku
2415:Hirshfield, Jane.
2118:. 3 November 2016.
2037:"Haiku in Ireland"
1998:Turtle Light Press
1905:. 19 October 2009.
1370:Russell, Natalie.
1360:, pp. 574–575
1344:, pp. 572–573
1170:, p. 101-102.
831:Cor van den Heuvel
806:Gabriel Rosenstock
2302:The Hudson Review
2149:"Gean Tree Press"
1965:www.graceguts.com
1892:theheronsnest.com
1773:"Leroy Kanterman"
1573:www.ahapoetry.com
1492:, pp. 61–62.
1085:Reichhold, Jane;
1055:Gurga, 2003 p.105
1028:978-0-615-13825-1
429:O Mabson Southard
329:Mahayana Buddhism
327:, and he studied
303:Significant poets
284:Richard Aldington
128:First appearances
2746:
2667:Haiku Chronicles
2580:The Unswept Path
2562:Haiku in English
2404:Kodansha, 1996.
2395:Haiku in English
2369:
2350:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2292:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2240:
2221:
2202:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2156:
2151:. Archived from
2145:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2119:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2092:
2081:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2044:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2001:
1990:
1979:
1968:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1931:
1924:
1917:"Francine Porad"
1913:
1907:
1906:
1895:
1884:
1877:
1866:
1855:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1755:"Amann, Eric W."
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1624:Sill, Geoffrey.
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1378:. The Huntington
1367:
1361:
1351:
1345:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1303:Cambridge Review
1299:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1275:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1228:
1222:
1204:
1198:
1197:, p. 31-35.
1192:
1186:
1185:, p. 33-34.
1180:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1145:
1139:
1125:
1119:
1114:Shirane, Haruo.
1112:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
969:
964:. Archived from
954:
846:Paul O. Williams
796:Raymond Roseliep
771:Marlene Mountain
751:Etheridge Knight
660:A Hundred Gourds
564:The Heron's Nest
487:(1967-1970) and
468:Haiku Highlights
425:James W. Hackett
397:Haikai and Haiku
381:James W. Hackett
376:
250:
198:American writers
140:(1877). Aston's
109:
103:
93:
87:
81:
61:
46:
39:or the Japanese
25:English-language
21:haiku in English
2754:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2724:
2723:
2712:Under the Basho
2682:
2652:
2612:
2600:
2595:
2510:
2489:Yasuda, Kenneth
2450:Sato, Hiroaki.
2376:
2374:Further reading
2366:
2347:
2326:
2324:
2289:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2237:
2218:
2199:
2183:
2178:
2169:
2158:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2121:
2110:
2102:
2100:
2083:
2080:on 4 June 2023.
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2003:
1992:
1981:
1970:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1938:
1926:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1897:
1886:
1879:
1868:
1865:. Brooks Books.
1857:
1854:. Modern Haiku.
1846:
1845:
1841:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1782:
1780:
1771:
1763:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1637:
1626:"Nick Virgilio"
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1595:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1531:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1463:
1459:
1455:, pp. 225.
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1368:
1364:
1352:
1348:
1340:, p. 211;
1336:
1332:
1328:, p. xxii.
1324:
1320:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1146:
1142:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1029:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
977:
973:
968:on 27 May 2015.
956:
955:
944:
940:
935:
930:
890:Verbless poetry
860:
855:
791:Kenneth Rexroth
781:Alan Pizzarelli
766:Lenard D. Moore
676:
592:
572:Brussels Sprout
538:
497:Leroy Kanterman
409:
393:The Hollow Reed
377:
370:
367:
364:
362:
353:Sinclair Beiles
338:The Dharma Bums
305:
300:
298:Postwar revival
272:Japanese Hokkus
251:
248:
245:
242:
200:
192:Robert Crawford
184:Alfred Stephens
150:
130:
125:
72:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2752:
2742:
2741:
2739:English poetry
2736:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:External links
2591:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2495:Tuttle, 1957.
2486:
2465:Suiter, John.
2463:
2448:
2446:978-1443811330
2434:
2432:978-1443833790
2420:
2413:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2351:
2345:
2332:
2308:(4): 570–584.
2293:
2287:
2274:
2254:
2241:
2235:
2222:
2216:
2203:
2197:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2155:on 8 May 2009.
2132:
2116:Echidna Tracks
2074:"Publications"
2065:
2041:irishhaiku.com
2014:
2009:Red Moon Press
1952:
1934:Miller, Paul.
1908:
1839:
1821:
1795:
1791:Higginson 1985
1746:
1719:
1693:
1672:
1660:
1635:
1616:
1597:Thomas, Shan.
1586:
1557:
1529:
1520:Juxtapositions
1506:
1494:
1490:Hakutani 2022a
1482:
1476:978-0691154916
1475:
1457:
1453:Hakutani 2022b
1445:
1441:Hakutani 2022b
1433:
1429:Hakutani 2022b
1420:
1389:
1376:huntington.org
1362:
1354:Hakutani 2022b
1346:
1338:Hakutani 2022b
1330:
1318:
1307:
1294:
1261:
1259:, p. 308.
1249:
1223:
1199:
1187:
1172:
1168:Higginson 1985
1160:
1140:
1120:
1107:
1098:
1078:
1069:
1067:, p. 124.
1065:Higginson 1985
1057:
1048:
1039:
1035:Higginson 1985
1027:
1007:
1005:, p. 248.
995:
991:Higginson 1985
983:
971:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
928:
923:
918:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
861:
859:
856:
854:
853:
851:Richard Wright
848:
843:
841:Gerald Vizenor
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
801:Alexis Rotella
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
677:
675:
672:
644:Echidna Tracks
600:Haiku Presence
591:
588:
560:Bottle Rockets
537:
534:
457:American Haiku
437:American Haiku
413:American Haiku
408:
405:
401:Borrowed Water
368:
359:
349:Richard Wright
313:Diane di Prima
304:
301:
299:
296:
246:
239:
199:
196:
176:Bertram Dobell
149:
146:
129:
126:
124:
121:
71:
68:
52:
49:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2751:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2644:haiku journal
2643:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2634:Blithe Spirit
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2502:
2501:0-8048-1096-6
2498:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2483:1-58243-294-5
2480:
2476:
2475:1-58243-148-5
2472:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2460:0-8348-0176-0
2457:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:4-7700-2090-2
2407:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2365:9781032272658
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2346:9781793647207
2342:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2288:9781793647207
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2257:
2255:9780393239478
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2217:9781793647207
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2198:9781793647207
2194:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2113:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1973:
1967:. Press Here.
1966:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1792:
1778:
1774:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1734:
1730:
1727:Rosenow, Ce.
1723:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1669:
1664:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1575:. Aha! Poetry
1574:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1305:(1903), xiii.
1304:
1298:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1157:0-9741894-0-5
1154:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1137:0-8048-3232-3
1134:
1130:
1127:Ross, Bruce;
1124:
1117:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1095:4-7700-2886-5
1092:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1037:, p. 119
1036:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1004:
999:
992:
987:
981:, p. 33.
980:
975:
967:
963:
959:
953:
951:
949:
947:
942:
927:
924:
922:
919:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
836:Nick Virgilio
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
811:Sonia Sanchez
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
706:Billy Collins
704:
702:
701:Robbie Coburn
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:Chrysanthemum
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:Blithe Spirit
601:
597:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
505:(1967-1975).
504:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:(1972-1984).
478:
474:
470:
469:
464:
463:
458:
454:
452:
451:
446:
441:
438:
434:
433:Nick Virgilio
430:
426:
422:
421:Donald Eulert
418:
414:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
382:
374:
366:
357:
354:
350:
346:
344:
343:R. H. Blyth's
340:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:. During the
277:
273:
268:
264:
260:
255:
244:
237:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
204:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:
145:
143:
139:
135:
120:
118:
112:
108:
102:
97:
92:
86:
80:
79:
67:
63:
60:
48:
45:
44:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2734:Haikai forms
2711:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2616:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2568:Haiku Moment
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2532:Global Haiku
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2492:
2466:
2451:
2437:
2423:
2416:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2381:A Haiku Path
2380:
2355:
2336:
2325:. Retrieved
2305:
2301:
2278:
2245:
2226:
2207:
2188:
2163:
2153:the original
2142:"100 Gourds"
2135:
2126:
2115:
2101:. Retrieved
2097:"paper wasp"
2088:
2078:the original
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2052:
2040:
2017:
2008:
1997:
1986:
1975:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1943:Modern Haiku
1942:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1891:
1873:
1862:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1807:
1798:
1793:, p. 73
1781:. Retrieved
1776:
1762:. Retrieved
1757:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1732:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:
1696:
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1645:
1638:
1629:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1602:
1577:. Retrieved
1572:
1548:. Retrieved
1542:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1466:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1423:
1411:. Retrieved
1406:
1402:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1375:
1365:
1349:
1333:
1321:
1310:
1302:
1297:
1281:
1277:
1264:
1252:
1243:
1240:Modern Haiku
1239:
1226:
1210:
1202:
1190:
1163:
1148:
1147:Gurga, Lee;
1143:
1129:How to Haiku
1128:
1123:
1115:
1110:
1101:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1017:
1010:
1003:Rosenow 2022
998:
986:
974:
966:the original
961:
821:George Swede
746:James Kirkup
741:Jack Kerouac
667:
663:
659:
655:
647:
643:
639:
635:
623:
620:Haiku Spirit
619:
603:
599:
595:
593:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:Modern Haiku
541:
539:
507:
500:
492:
488:
484:
476:
475:and renamed
466:
462:Modern Haiku
460:
456:
455:
448:
442:
436:
412:
410:
407:Publications
400:
396:
392:
386:
379:
372:
360:
347:
336:
333:Zen Buddhism
321:Jack Kerouac
306:
291:
271:
262:
259:Yone Noguchi
256:
253:
240:
214:
210:
201:
188:The Bulletin
187:
179:
171:
167:
153:
151:
141:
137:
131:
116:
113:
73:
64:
54:
20:
18:
2680:Other links
2610:Periodicals
2508:Anthologies
2181:Works cited
1874:Acorn Haiku
1502:Kiuchi 2022
895:Micropoetry
826:Wally Swist
816:Gary Snyder
686:John Brandi
652:New Zealand
636:Yellow Moon
580:Wind Chimes
317:Gary Snyder
309:Beat period
288:F. S. Flint
229:F. S. Flint
225:T. E. Hulme
221:Poets' Club
155:The Academy
2728:Categories
2327:2024-07-26
2236:0070287864
1808:Haikupedia
1630:Haikupedia
1427:quoted in
1358:Miner 1957
1342:Miner 1957
1219:0671628372
938:References
736:Jim Kacian
711:Cid Corman
696:Ross Clark
640:Paper Wasp
598:(formerly
502:Haiku West
483:published
481:Eric Amann
417:James Bull
203:Ezra Pound
2314:0018-702X
2264:cite book
2058:1 January
1903:tinywords
1195:Sato 2023
1183:Sato 2023
979:Sato 2023
885:Monostich
786:Paul Reps
721:Lee Gurga
632:Australia
576:Woodnotes
568:Tinywords
96:syllables
37:syllables
2642:Presence
2626:Frogpond
2621:from HSA
2598:Archives
2538:Haiku 21
2103:2 August
2053:Shamrock
1949:(2): 45.
1409:(3): 248
1278:Frogpond
900:Scifaiku
880:Cinquain
858:See also
624:Shamrock
596:Presence
584:Wisteria
548:Frogpond
450:Frogpond
369:—
247:—
2322:4621630
1899:"About"
1814:30 July
1783:30 July
1764:30 July
1739:30 July
1712:30 July
1653:30 July
1609:29 July
1579:30 July
1550:30 July
1413:30 July
1382:30 July
616:Ireland
499:edited
325:Thoreau
307:In the
280:Imagist
180:Academy
172:Academy
123:History
33:seasons
2619:, 2008
2499:
2485:(pbk).
2481:
2473:
2458:
2444:
2430:
2408:
2362:
2343:
2320:
2312:
2285:
2252:
2233:
2214:
2195:
2005:"Home"
1473:
1217:
1155:
1135:
1093:
1025:
905:Zappai
875:Senryū
648:Kokako
582:, and
552:Mayfly
493:Cicada
489:Cicada
375:, 1998
319:, and
286:, and
170:. The
160:haikai
117:monoku
23:is an
2318:JSTOR
1939:(PDF)
1688:(PDF)
1274:(PDF)
1236:(PDF)
933:Notes
917:(HSA)
870:Renku
865:Haiku
614:. In
556:Acorn
485:Haiku
292:hokku
276:Yeats
267:hokku
223:with
216:hokku
29:haiku
2497:ISBN
2479:ISBN
2471:ISBN
2456:ISBN
2442:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2406:ISBN
2360:ISBN
2341:ISBN
2310:ISSN
2283:ISBN
2270:link
2250:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2212:ISBN
2193:ISBN
2105:2024
2060:2021
1816:2024
1785:2024
1766:2024
1741:2024
1714:2024
1655:2024
1611:2024
1581:2024
1552:2024
1526:(1).
1471:ISBN
1415:2024
1384:2024
1284:(2).
1246:(3).
1215:ISBN
1153:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1023:ISBN
662:and
443:The
419:and
331:and
227:and
1221:p10
524:in
512:in
403:.
166:'s
136:'s
2730::
2491:.
2477:;
2316:.
2304:.
2300:.
2266:}}
2262:{{
2168:;
2162:.
2157:;
2146:;
2125:.
2120:;
2114:.
2109:;
2093:;
2087:.
2082:;
2051:.
2045:;
2039:.
2034:;
2027:;
2007:.
2002:;
1996:.
1991:;
1985:.
1980:;
1974:.
1969:;
1963:.
1947:52
1945:.
1941:.
1932:;
1925:;
1919:.
1901:.
1896:;
1890:.
1885:;
1878:;
1872:.
1867:;
1861:.
1856:;
1850:.
1832:.
1806:.
1789:;
1775:.
1770:;
1731:.
1705:.
1675:^
1628:.
1601:.
1589:^
1571:.
1560:^
1532:^
1522:.
1518:.
1405:.
1401:.
1374:.
1282:43
1280:.
1276:.
1244:39
1242:.
1238:.
1209:.
1175:^
1033:;
960:.
945:^
670:.
546:,
532:.
431:,
427:,
315:,
236::
194:.
115:a
107:on
101:on
91:on
85:on
78:on
59:on
43:on
19:A
2503:.
2462:.
2412:.
2368:.
2349:.
2330:.
2306:9
2291:.
2272:)
2258:.
2239:.
2220:.
2201:.
2166:.
2107:.
2062:.
2025:.
2011:.
2000:.
1989:.
1978:.
1923:.
1894:.
1876:.
1818:.
1787:.
1768:.
1743:.
1716:.
1657:.
1613:.
1583:.
1554:.
1524:1
1479:.
1417:.
1407:3
1386:.
1291:.
1286:;
1031:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.