1089:. In the 1990s the Citadel was fully restored to its 1869 appearance by Parks Canada. It was common during the early 1980s for restoration workers to place dated coins in mortar or under replaced stones as the walls were rebuilt, these coins were left as an "unofficial" indication of what areas had been worked and when. Much of the restoration work involved removing stone and breaking down walls, re-engineering, installing 100 mm (4 in) PVC conduits for wiring and waterproofing, then restoring each stone to its original location. The mortar used for re-pointing and techniques were correct to the origin, although modern material of the era were used inside the walls along with plasticised cements. Even the tops of wall were deliberately shaped to the original dimension, angles and material with 200 mm (8 in) thick staggered layers of sod secured by 300–410 mm (12–16 in) cedar spikes.
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907:. It was a star-shaped hillock citadel with internal courtyard and a clear harbour view from armoured ramparts. The shape of the hill and the "moat area" were structured so as to give multiple lines of fire from defenders. In case of overwhelming attack, portions of the hill had tunnels which could be packed with explosives and detonated from the fort; these tunnels extend about 100 feet from the outerwalls and are T-shaped, the top of the T about 50 feet wide. Brick walled about 4 feet high and 4 feet wide, the top is made of stone slabs topped with gravel, then dirt and sod. The intention was that gravel would act as shrapnel. Between 1820 and 1831, the British had constructed a similar, albeit larger, citadel in Quebec City known as the
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on Nova Scotia's military past via the presentation of various artefacts, photographs and documentation. The Army museum primarily focuses on the histories of Nova
Scotian involvement in the Frist and the Second World wars. Additionally, in the national heritage cite there is a signature exhibit - Fortress Halifax, a 550 square meter exhibit housed within the fort, which focuses primarily on the forces that shaped the region from the pre-colonial to the contemporary period. The exhibit includes several interactive elements ranging from their animated digital touch table, to a "dress-up station" which features the uniforms of the Royal Newfoundland Fencible Infantry.
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589:, which the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) had returned to France. Halifax was a strategic centre during the next decade in the continuing Anglo-French rivalry in the region. The English had recruited Protestant settlers from England, the Palatine, and Switzerland, and constructed fortifications to protect them against raids by the French, colonial Acadians, and allies from the
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1800. The top of the hill was levelled and lowered a further 4.5 metres (15 feet) to accommodate a larger fortress on the summit. It resembled the outline of the final
Citadel, comprising four bastions surrounding a central barracks and magazine, but used mainly earthwork walls. One bastion was constructed by
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By 1761, the condition of the
Halifax Citadel had deteriorated, and the British built a new one. Although plans were drafted in 1761, construction was delayed due to events of the Seven Years War. Given the threat of attack from rebels in the British Thirteen Colonies after the American Revolutionary
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On top of the
Citadel itself, the historic site houses additional historical experiences for its visitors. The first of which, is the Army Museum located within the walls of the citadel itself. This museum, while situated within the larger historical site, is a community ran operation, which focuses
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Guided and self-guided tours, and audio-visual presentations and exhibits communicate the
Citadel's role in the history of Halifax and North America. On average, the citadel sees 200,000 visitors annually. A year-round daily ceremonial firing of the noon gun is conducted, as a reminder of the fort's
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In 1935, the hill and fortifications were designated a
National Historic Site and received some stabilization as a works project during the Depression. The fort was not restored and began to decay after the end of the Second World War. In the late 1940s, Halifax downtown business interests advocated
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in 1800 prior to his return to
England. The Halifax Town Clock opened on 20 October 1803, at a location on the east slope of Citadel Hill on Barrack (now Brunswick) Street. It continues to keep time for the community in the 21st century. Nova Scotia's first Tel-graph system developed to pass on news
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that began in 1793 raised a new threat to
Halifax. A new citadel was designed in 1794 and completed by 1800. Much of the work was inspired by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, the fourth son of King George III and the father of Queen Victoria, who was posted to Halifax as Commander-in-chief from 1794 to
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backing a large outer palisade wall. At the center was a three-story octagonal blockhouse mounting a fourteen-gun battery and accommodating 100 troops. These works required that the hill be cut down by 12 metres (40 feet). The entire fortress mounted 72 guns. Citadel Hill and the associated harbour
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weaponry; it became obsolete following the introduction of more powerful rifled guns in the 1860s. British forces upgraded Fort George's armaments to permit it to defend the harbour as well as land approaches, using heavier and more accurate long-range artillery. The
Citadel's two large ammunition
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oversaw the development of the town of
Halifax. Those fortifications were successively rebuilt to defend the town from various enemies. Construction and leveling have lowered the summit by ten to twelve metres. While never attacked, the Citadel was long the keystone to defence of the strategically
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In 1751, two attacks were made on blockhouses surrounding Halifax. The Mi'kmaq attacked the North Blockhouse (located at the north end of Joseph Howe Drive) and killed the men on guard. They also attacked near the South Blockhouse (located at the south end of Joseph Howe Drive), at a sawmill on a
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When the Great War began in 1914, there was widespread suspicion in Canada that immigrants from enemy countries might be disloyal. The federal government passed regulations allowing it to monitor and intern anyone who had not become naturalized British subjects. These people were labelled "enemy
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in 1757. In each raid, Gautier took prisoners or scalps or both. During the last raid in September, Gautier, with four Mi'kmaq warriors, killed and scalped two British men at the foot of Citadel Hill. In July 1759, Mi'kmaq and Acadians killed five British in Dartmouth, opposite McNabb's Island.
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to western Europe and gave Halifax the nickname "Warden of The North". The massive British military presence in Halifax focused through Citadel Hill and the Royal Navy's dockyard is thought to be one of the main reasons that Nova Scotia—the fourteenth British colony—remained loyal to the Crown
635:"The Square at the top of the Hill is finished. These squares are done with double picquets, each picquet ten foot long and six inches thick. They likewise clear a Space of 9 metres (30 feet) without the Line and throw up the Trees by way of Barricade. When this work is compleated [
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over Pompeii, a smiling monster with havoc in its belly". By the end of the 19th century, the role of the Citadel in the defence of Halifax Harbour had evolved as it was used as a command centre for other, more distant harbour defensive works. It also provided barrack accommodations.
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in Halifax harbour before their deportation. During the war, the Mi'kmaq and Acadians resisted the British throughout the province. On 2 April 1756, the Mi'kmaq were paid a bounty from the Governor of Quebec for 12 British scalps taken at Halifax. Acadian Pierre Gautier, son of
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The "Army Museum", located in the Citadel's Cavalier Block, displays a rare collection of weapons, medals, and uniforms exploring Nova Scotia's army history. It is an independent non-profit museum and staff work in close partnership with the Citadel staff of Parks Canada.
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For two years, the regiment was billeted at the Halifax Citadel and at Wellington Barracks. The latter is now known as Stadacona and is part of Canadian Forces Base Halifax. Each summer, men from the regiment camped at Bedford to practice musketry at the military range.
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in the Northwest Arm of Halifax Harbour, and one in Citadel Hill (Fort George) (September 1914 to October 1918). Unlike the rest of Canada, where internees were mostly of Eastern European origin, the internees in Nova Scotia were mainly ethnic German reservists.
649:. It was part of the western perimeter wall for the old city, which was protected by five stockaded forts. The others were Horsemans Fort, Cornwallis Fort, Fort Lutrell, and Grenadier Fort. The British also built Fort Charlotte - named after King George's wife
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In 1753, when Lawrence became governor of Nova Scotia, the Mi'kmaq again attacked the sawmills near the South Blockhouse on the Northwest Arm, where they killed three British. The Mi'kmaq made three attempts to retrieve the bodies for their scalps.
684:. The first raid was in July 1750: the Mi'kmaq scalped Cornwallis' gardener, his son, and four others whom they had caught in the woods near Halifax. They buried the son, left the gardener's body exposed, and carried off the other four bodies.
680:, the soldiers guarding Halifax were constantly on alert. The Mi'kmaq and Acadians raided the capital region (Halifax and Dartmouth) 12 times, four times against Halifax itself. The worst of these raids was what the British call the
533:, Canada. Four fortifications have been constructed on Citadel Hill since the city was founded by the English in 1749, and were referred to as Fort George—but only the third fort (built between 1794 and 1800) was officially named
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828:, found the fortifications inadequate for the city's defence. Although plans for the Third Citadel were drafted in 1795, construction for the new fortification did not begin until 1796, after the Second Citadel was dismantled.
981:. A total of 765 men disembarked in full dress uniform. The Regiment was divided into two depots and eight service companies, consisting in all of 34 officers, 49 sergeants, 21 drummers, 6 pipers, and 600 rank and file.
604:, appointed Governor of Nova Scotia, arrived on June 21, 1749, to establish Halifax. He traveled on a sloop of war, followed by 13 transports (some sources say 15) that carried a total of 1,176–2500 settlers.
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In July 2006, Halifax Citadel celebrated the 100th anniversary of the withdrawal of the last British military forces from Canada. The Citadel hosted over 1,000 re-enactors from around the world. Approaching the
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The fortified city walls, guarded by five stockaded forts to protect against Mi'kmaq, Acadian, and French attacks, was the centre of a network of fortifications Cornwallis built. Others included Bedford
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The first major permanent fortification were completed on Citadel Hill during the American Revolution. Built in 1776, the new fort on Citadel Hill was composed of multiple lines of overlapping earthen
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In 1956, the partially restored fort opened as a historic site and home to the Halifax Army museum. Before the construction of new purpose-built museums, it also served as home to the
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Fort George's final military role was to provide temporary barracks, signaling, and the central coordinating point for the city's anti-aircraft defences during the Second World War.
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Neither French nor American forces attacked Citadel Hill during the American Revolution. But the garrison remained on guard because of the numerous rebel American
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is a shore battery situated south of Citadel Hill, and a component of the larger Halifax Defence Complex. The Citadel served as the centre of the defence complex.
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presence in this area made an American siege unlikely. By 1825 all the works except the powder magazine were in ruins, and a new citadel was being designed.
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The grounds of the Halifax Citadel are open year round. From spring to fall, a living history program features animators (re-enactors) portraying the
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1000:. With them went 17 young Nova Scotian women who had married members of the regiment. Citadel Hill's various fortifications were garrisoned by the
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Before their departure in 1871, a farewell ball was arranged for them, complete with a musical tribute composed in their honour. It was hosted by
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raiding party in 1754 and held captive for three months. Adult captives were often held for ransom, to be raised by families or local communities
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But recognition of the fort's historical significance and tourism potential led to the fort's preservation and gradual restoration. Historian
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were stationed at Halifax for almost three years (1869-1871). The regiment arrived in Halifax on the afternoon of May 14 aboard the troopship
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magazines also served as the central explosive store for Halifax defences, making Citadel Hill, according to the historian and novelist
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operates the site as the Halifax Citadel National Historic Site of Canada. It has restored the fort to its appearance when built in the
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Depiction of Halifax and the surrounding fortifications, 1750. The settlement was protected by city walls and several forts acting as
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996:, who became Grandmaster of the Mason Lodge of Nova Scotia. On November 25, the regiment set sail for Ireland on board the troopship
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The first fort was a small redoubt, with a flagstaff and guardhouse near the summit just east of the south ravelin of the present
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The soldiers at the Halifax Citadel were on alert when Nova Scotia became the site of two international incidents during the
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The English founded Halifax in 1749 to establish a presence in Nova Scotia as a counterbalance to the French stronghold of
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2016:
Cuthbertson, Brian, The Halifax Citadel: Portrait of a Military Fortress, 2001, Formac Publishing Company, Ltd., Halifax.
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of approaching ships to the Citadel and extended to Annapolis Royal. This system of flag communications begins at the
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forces and was inspired by the designs of Louis XIV's commissary of fortifications SĂ©bastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de
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Prisoners of war at the Halifax Citadel ca. 1917 prior to the opening of a permanent prisoner-of-war camp in Amherst
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season, Citadel Hill annually hosts a "Victorian Christmas". Visitors are treated to crafts, carolers, and games.
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The Evolution of the Halifax Fortress, 1749-1928 Piers, Harry, Self, G.M., Blakeley, Phyllis R. (Phyllis Ruth)
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The Halifax Citadel and its predecessors were the focal point of the defence complex that made up the British
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in case of an American raid, but the British did not construct new fortifications. The significant British
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War started in 1776, the British constructed the Second Citadel in an enlarged version of the 1761 plans.
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The Citadel is the fortified summit of Citadel Hill. The hill was first fortified in 1749, the year that
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1935:"Ghost tours at the Halifax Ciatdel National Historic Site - Halifax Citadel National Historic Site"
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1825:"Internment Camps in Canada during the First and Second World Wars, Library and Archives Canada"
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demolishing the fort and leveling Citadel Hill to provide parking and encourage development.
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conducted research that supported this case and helped raise funds to restore the Citadel.
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641:] I shall think the Town as secure against Indians as if it was regularly fortify'd."
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1653:"Camperdown, Halifax, Nova Scotia Plans and sections of Barracks and Signal Station"
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role in the city's history. The artillery is also used for formal occasions such as
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By 1784 the fortification was in ruins except for the blockhouse. During the
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27:"Halifax Citadel" redirects here. For the provincial electoral district, see
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Forts or trading posts on the National Historic Sites of Canada register
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of Halifax. Other fortifications that form the defence complex include:
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Ghost tours are held at the fort in the weeks leading up to Halloween.
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The Third Citadel received hasty repairs and a new magazine during the
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In Armageddon's Shadow: The Civil War and Canada's Maritime Provinces.
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Guided and self-guided tours watch the daily noon-gun firing ceremony.
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the most secure and strategic base in eastern North America from its
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The stockaded forts were also instrumental to the British during the
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La Societe hitorique acadienne. Vol. 42, No2. June 2011. pp. 99-100
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1096:. The fort is amongst the most visited National Historic Sites in
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1496:(Halifax, PANS, Pub. #7, 1947), p. 6. As cited in Peter Landry's
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Construction for the present citadel began in 1828. However, the
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Headquarters established for Royal Navy's North American Station
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Earle Lockerby. "Pre-Deportation Letters from ĂŽle Saint Jean",
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List of oldest buildings and structures in Halifax, Nova Scotia
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is a major landmark built on the eastern slope of Citadel Hill.
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Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (August 18, 2021).
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Construction for the first Citadel. British soldiers of the
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1988:
Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (2023-07-20).
1958:
Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (2023-06-15).
1933:
Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (2020-08-26).
1655:. March 21, 1878 – via The National Archives (UK).
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The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760
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Louisbourg: From Its Foundation to Its Fall (1713-1758)
1403:. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 2008; Thomas Beamish Akins.
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1742:"The 78th Highlanders or Ross-Shire Buffs 1796 - 1817"
1062:. The Citadel opened in 1956 as a historic site and a
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The Halifax Citadel was constructed to defend against
1916:"The Atlantic Canadian Military History Association"
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1920:The Atlantic Canadian Military History Association
1360:"Halifax Citadel National Historic Site of Canada"
1107:(stationed at Halifax between 1869 and 1871), the
1031:There were three Internment camps in Nova Scotia:
2636:Grand-Pré & Grand-Pré Rural Historic District
2551:Cast Iron Façade / Coomb's Old English Shoe Store
886:
3157:Buildings and structures in Halifax, Nova Scotia
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1765:"The Halifax Citadel - Bringing Life to History"
1598:"Halifax Citadel National Historic Site - index"
146:Halifax Citadel National Historic Site of Canada
607:On September 11, 1749, Cornwallis wrote to the
1990:"Fortress Halifax – A City Shaped by Conflict"
1720:. McClelland & Stewart. pp. 153–154.
1533:. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.).
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2049:Fortress Halifax – A City Shaped by Conflict
2039:Halifax Defence Complex Management Plan 2020
1313:History of the Halifax Regional Municipality
1109:78th Highlanders (Halifax Citadel) Pipe Band
895:was not completed until in 1856, during the
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700:stream flowing from Chocolate Lake into the
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2845:St. George's Anglican Church / Round Church
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1407:Brookhouse Press. 1895. (2002 edition). p 7
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1119:and the two living history associations.
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3152:Military history of the Thirteen Colonies
1865:. McClelland & Stewart. p. 336.
1024:aliens." In total 8,579 men were held as
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354:Departing Halifax for Northwest Rebellion
2044:Citadel Exhibits and Attractions by Type
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360:Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts
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1448:Brook House Press. 2002 reprint. p. 209
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1035:(April 1915 to September 1919); one on
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2790:Pictou Railway Station (Intercolonial)
2746:Marconi & Marconi Wireless Station
1809:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1701:McGill-Queen's University Press. 1998.
1616:"NOVA SCOTIA'S FIRST TELEGRAPH SYSTEM"
811:naval battles off the shore of Halifax
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1486:The Evolution of the Halifax Fortress
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1278:team that played from 1988–93 at the
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768:Depiction of Citadel Hill during the
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3025:Eigg Mountain–James River Wilderness
2780:Old Town Lunenburg Historic District
2516:Argyle Township Court House and Jail
1843:Canadian Register of Historic Places
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1667:"THE DUKE OF KENT's SIGNAL STATIONS"
1500:Vol. 1. Trafford Press. 2007. p. 370
1092:The site continues to be managed by
946:escaped from Halifax Harbour on the
781:defence fortifications afforded the
36:Historic site in Nova Scotia, Canada
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1430:Cornwallis letter 11 September 1749
972:78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot
730:(the North American theatre of the
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1960:"Exhibits and attractions by type"
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1117:Brigade of the American Revolution
715:Prominent Halifax business person
373:Departing Halifax for the Boer War
367:Local Council of Women established
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2506:Annapolis Royal Historic District
2090:National Historic Sites of Canada
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1527:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
1387:Louisbourg: Past, Present, Future
1366:. Parks Canada. 19 September 2018
1154:Heritage Presentation and Tourism
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1004:until 1906, and afterward by the
822:Commander-in-Chief, North America
772:, viewed from Fort Needham, 1780.
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1530:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
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1028:in 24 camps across the country.
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320:Cornwallis Street Baptist Church
191:
136:National Historic Site of Canada
3167:History of Halifax, Nova Scotia
3147:Military history of New England
3142:Military history of Nova Scotia
3045:Spectacle Island Game Sanctuary
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1734:
1704:
1691:
1659:
1645:
1639:"Halifax Coast Guard Radio VCS"
1631:
1608:
1589:
1580:
1567:
1554:
1541:
1516:
1503:
1308:Military history of Nova Scotia
1236:Devil's Battery / Hartlen Point
1087:Maritime Museum of the Atlantic
918:View of Citadel Hill, with its
872:, just north of Duncan's Cove.
575:
448:Oldest buildings and structures
3020:Blue Mountain-Birch Cove Lakes
2835:Sir Frederick Borden Residence
2329:Protected areas of Nova Scotia
1477:
1464:
1451:
1423:
1410:
1393:
1378:
887:Present Citadel (1828–present)
695:, including the First Citadel.
13:
1:
3162:Military forts in Nova Scotia
2830:Sinclair Inn / Farmer's Hotel
2731:Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church
2686:Halifax WWII Coastal Defences
2511:Antigonish County Court House
2476:Acacia Grove / Prescott House
2410:Region of Queens Municipality
1846:. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
1328:
992:, mayor of Halifax and noted
2875:Sydney WWII Coastal Defences
2770:Old Barrington Meeting House
2681:Halifax Waterfront Buildings
2501:Annapolis County Court House
1862:Halifax, Warden of the North
1717:Halifax, Warden of the North
1457:Named after a member of the
665:) (1749), Dartmouth (1750),
600:The war began shortly after
29:Halifax Citadel-Sable Island
7:
2054:Citadel Army Museum website
1535:University of Toronto Press
1285:
1282:, just below Citadel Hill.
1111:, the Third Brigade of the
861:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
334:Halifax Volunteer Battalion
327:Halifax School for the Deaf
58:Aerial view of Citadel Hill
10:
3203:
3177:Internment camps in Canada
3137:Military history of Acadia
3040:Scatarie Island Wilderness
2860:St. Paul's Anglican Church
2850:St. John's Anglican Church
2825:Sainte-Anne / Port Dauphin
2616:Fort Sainte Marie de Grace
1058:depicting soldiers of the
796:American Revolutionary War
760:Second Citadel (1776–1795)
706:Map of Halifax Blockhouses
397:Bedford Magazine Explosion
26:
3182:Canadian ceremonial units
3075:
3008:
2913:
2581:Debert Palaeo-Indian Site
2466:
2438:
2335:
2239:
2223:
2197:
2125:Newfoundland and Labrador
2097:
1385:Johnston, A.J.B. (2013).
1012:. It was never attacked.
870:Camperdown Signal Station
850:French Revolutionary Wars
832:Third Citadel (1796–1828)
818:French Revolutionary Wars
794:throughout and after the
736:expulsion of the Acadians
682:Dartmouth Massacre (1751)
581:First Citadel (1749–1776)
541:. The last is a concrete
307:Capture of USS Chesapeake
162:
158:
150:
142:
133:
129:
125:
121:1828–56 (present Citadel)
115:
78:
63:
51:
46:
41:
3050:Tobeatic Wilderness Area
2890:Truro Old Normal College
1889:Harry Piers Museum Maker
1746:www.electricscotland.com
1446:History of Halifax City.
704:. They killed two men. (
301:Halifax Impressment Riot
289:Naval battle off Halifax
2885:Trinity Anglican Church
2765:Nova Scotia Coal Fields
2468:National historic sites
1891:, Nova Scotia Archives"
1674:www.coastalradio.org.uk
1575:History of Nova Scotia.
1523:Fischer, L. R. (1979).
1511:History of Halifax City
1472:History of Halifax City
1418:Battles without Borders
1364:National Historic Sites
1323:Royal eponyms in Canada
1163:Halifax Defence Complex
1033:Amherst Internment Camp
277:Sambro Lighthouse built
47:Fort George (1796–1828)
3030:Liscomb Game Sanctuary
2840:Springhill Coal Mining
2706:Jonathan McCully House
2676:Halifax Public Gardens
2621:Fortress of Louisbourg
2576:D'Anville's Encampment
1498:The Lion and the Lily.
1276:American Hockey League
1176:
1127:
1105:78th Highland Regiment
1067:
1060:78th Highland Regiment
1020:
931:
845:
773:
745:Joseph-Nicolas Gautier
696:
678:Father Le Loutre's War
631:
595:Father Le Loutre's War
527:National Historic Site
341:CSS Tallahassee Escape
3060:White Lake Wilderness
3010:Provincial wilderness
2805:Prince of Wales Tower
2496:Alexander Graham Bell
2448:Cape Breton Highlands
2205:Northwest Territories
1769:www.halifaxcitadel.ca
1203:Prince of Wales Tower
1170:
1125:
1054:
1018:
917:
839:
767:
728:French and Indian War
690:
620:29th Regiment of Foot
617:
295:Prince Edward arrives
232:Halifax (amalgamated)
208:Halifax (former city)
100:44.64750°N 63.58028°W
2458:Sable Island Reserve
2167:Prince Edward Island
1857:Raddall, Thomas Head
1712:Raddall, Thomas Head
1525:"Francklin, Michael"
1509:Atkins (1895/2002),
1470:Atkins (1895/2002).
1389:. Nimbus Publishing.
1280:Halifax Metro Center
893:star-shaped fortress
591:Wabanaki Confederacy
531:Halifax, Nova Scotia
379:Dingle Tower created
347:Mic-Mac hockey stick
313:Royal Acadian School
185:Halifax, Nova Scotia
119:1749 (first Citadel)
3035:Panuke Lake Reserve
2855:St. Mary's Basilica
2751:Melanson Settlement
2736:Liverpool Town Hall
2721:Knaut–Rhuland House
2701:Hydrostone District
2661:Halifax Court House
2526:Bedford Petroglyphs
1459:Nova Scotia Council
1405:History of Halifax,
960:Thomas Head Raddall
840:Built in 1803, the
770:American Revolution
559:Royal Navy Dockyard
438:Timeline of history
403:Second Amalgamation
391:Halifax VE-Day Riot
105:44.64750; -63.58028
96: /
3012:areas & others
2775:Old Burying Ground
2646:Grassy Island Fort
2571:Covenaters' Church
2536:Black-Binney House
2531:Beinn Bhreagh Hall
2375:Guysborough County
2263:History portal
1887:""Who was Piers",
1492:2012-11-02 at the
1432:, Internet Archive
1266:In popular culture
1230:on George's Island
1177:
1128:
1083:Nova Scotia Museum
1068:
1021:
936:American Civil War
932:
865:Halifax Town Clock
846:
842:Halifax Town Clock
791:Great Circle Route
774:
719:was captured by a
697:
632:
480:History portal
415:Africville Apology
265:Dartmouth Massacre
252:Citadel Hill built
3119:
3118:
3111:Canada portal
2895:Truro Post Office
2741:Lunenburg Academy
2656:Halifax City Hall
2365:Cumberland County
2360:Colchester County
2350:Antigonish County
2295:
2294:
2275:Canada portal
1573:Beamish Murdoch.
1444:Thomas B. Akins.
1207:Connaught Battery
1181:imperial fortress
940:Chesapeake Affair
909:Citadel of Quebec
863:commissioned the
807:Raid on Lunenburg
717:Michael Francklin
602:Edward Cornwallis
550:Edward Cornwallis
516:
515:
468:Canada portal
385:Halifax Explosion
349:sold commercially
258:St. Paul's Church
166:
165:
16:(Redirected from
3194:
3132:Downtown Halifax
3109:
3108:
3107:
3095:
3094:
3083:
3082:
2973:MacCormack Beach
2915:Provincial parks
2870:St. Peters Canal
2760:Deadman's Island
2726:Ladies' Seminary
2671:Halifax Dockyard
2631:Government House
2420:Shelburne County
2400:Lunenburg County
2390:Inverness County
2345:Annapolis County
2322:
2315:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2284:
2283:
2273:
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2271:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2248:
2247:
2110:British Columbia
2083:
2076:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2035:
2034:
2032:Official website
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1893:. Archived from
1883:
1877:
1876:
1853:
1847:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1788:. Archived from
1782:
1773:
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1761:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1708:
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1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
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1676:. Archived from
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1376:
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1356:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1272:Halifax Citadels
1252:Sherbrooke Tower
1215:Practice Battery
1026:prisoners of war
944:John Taylor Wood
922:pointed towards
855:Jamaican Maroons
787:Halifax Dockyard
732:Seven Years' War
508:
501:
494:
478:
477:
476:
466:
465:
464:
283:Halifax Treaties
195:
168:
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56:
39:
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21:
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3071:
3011:
3004:
2993:Uisge Ban Falls
2988:Smuggler's Cove
2909:
2900:Wolfe's Landing
2880:Thinkers' Lodge
2756:Melville Island
2666:Halifax Armoury
2651:Halifax Citadel
2641:Granville Block
2481:Admiralty House
2462:
2434:
2430:Yarmouth County
2425:Victoria County
2415:Richmond County
2331:
2326:
2296:
2291:
2269:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2235:
2224:Other countries
2219:
2193:
2093:
2087:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2013:
2011:Further reading
2008:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1994:parks.canada.ca
1986:
1977:
1968:
1966:
1964:parks.canada.ca
1956:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1931:
1927:
1914:
1913:
1909:
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1884:
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1873:
1854:
1850:
1838:Halifax Citadel
1836:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1786:"Archived copy"
1784:
1783:
1776:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1740:
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1697:Marquis, Greg.
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1602:parks.canada.ca
1594:
1590:
1586:Piers, p. 16-17
1585:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1555:
1547:J.S. McLennan.
1546:
1542:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1494:Wayback Machine
1482:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1436:
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1415:
1411:
1399:Grenier, John.
1398:
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1379:
1369:
1367:
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1336:
1331:
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1263:
1255:Strawberry Hill
1165:
1156:
1113:Royal Artillery
1098:Atlantic Canada
1049:
1037:Melville Island
1010:First World War
1008:throughout the
990:Alexander Keith
948:CSS Tallahassee
924:Halifax Harbour
889:
834:
789:commanding the
762:
583:
578:
555:Halifax Harbour
539:Halifax Citadel
512:
474:
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443:Historic places
428:
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203:
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18:Halifax Citadel
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2978:Melmerby Beach
2975:
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2963:Lennox Passage
2960:
2958:Jerry Lawrence
2955:
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2945:
2943:Cape Chignecto
2940:
2938:Cabots Landing
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2810:Province House
2807:
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2787:
2785:Pictou Academy
2782:
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2767:
2762:
2753:
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2716:King's College
2713:
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2696:HMCS Sackville
2693:
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2678:
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2668:
2663:
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2653:
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2643:
2638:
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2626:Georges Island
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2611:Fort St. Louis
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1871:
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1551:. 1918, p. 190
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1483:Piers, Harry.
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1047:Recent history
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820:, the British
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663:Fort Sackville
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2566:Charles Fort
2541:Bloody Creek
2395:Kings County
2385:Hants County
2370:Digby County
2279:
2243:
2189:Saskatchewan
1997:. Retrieved
1993:
1967:. Retrieved
1963:
1953:
1942:. Retrieved
1939:www.pc.gc.ca
1938:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:the original
1888:
1881:
1861:
1851:
1841:
1833:
1819:
1794:. Retrieved
1790:the original
1768:
1745:
1736:
1716:
1706:
1698:
1693:
1682:. Retrieved
1678:the original
1673:
1661:
1647:
1633:
1622:. Retrieved
1610:
1601:
1591:
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1569:
1562:Les Cahiers.
1561:
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1417:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1386:
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1363:
1269:
1249:Fort Hugonin
1211:York Redoubt
1199:Fort Ogilvie
1192:HMC Dockyard
1188:Fort Needham
1178:
1173:York Redoubt
1157:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1102:
1094:Parks Canada
1091:
1080:
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1022:
1002:British Army
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714:
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675:
671:Lawrencetown
659:
644:
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584:
576:Predecessors
566:Parks Canada
563:
547:
538:
534:
519:Citadel Hill
518:
517:
251:
33:
2953:Dollar Lake
2865:St. Peter's
2691:Henry House
2596:Fort Edward
2491:Akins House
2286:WikiProject
2198:Territories
2182:Quebec City
2130:Nova Scotia
2092:by location
1196:Fort Massey
1076:Harry Piers
1056:Re-enactors
877:War of 1812
809:), and the
669:(1753) and
535:Fort George
362:established
336:established
329:established
322:established
315:established
260:established
228:(1759–1996)
222:(1980–1996)
216:(1750–1996)
210:(1749–1996)
154:29 May 1935
103: /
79:Coordinates
72:Nova Scotia
3187:Star forts
3126:Categories
2983:Mira River
2948:Dalem Lake
2800:Port-Royal
2711:Kejimkujik
2606:Fort McNab
2521:Beaubassin
2486:Africville
2453:Kejimkujik
2380:Halifax RM
1999:2024-04-03
1969:2024-04-03
1944:2020-09-10
1901:2013-05-20
1796:2013-06-15
1684:2023-08-09
1624:2023-08-09
1370:10 October
1329:References
1258:Fort McNab
1221:Camperdown
994:brewmaster
955:smoothbore
881:Royal Navy
783:Royal Navy
587:Louisbourg
553:important
525:that is a
182:History of
151:Designated
91:63°34′49″W
88:44°38′51″N
2968:Long Lake
2820:SS Acadia
2591:Fort Anne
2098:Provinces
1246:Fort Ives
1145:Christmas
978:Crocodile
976:HMS
803:privateer
667:Lunenburg
657:in 1750.
651:Charlotte
543:star fort
214:Dartmouth
3086:Category
2933:Blomidon
2928:Ben Eoin
2586:Fernwood
2250:Category
2177:Montreal
2145:Kingston
2140:Hamilton
2115:Manitoba
1859:(1948).
1805:cite web
1714:(1948).
1490:Archived
1420:. p. 157
1286:See also
1274:were an
1085:and the
964:Vesuvius
962:, "like
693:redoubts
673:(1754).
557:and its
174:a series
172:Part of
74:, Canada
64:Location
3098:Commons
3066:more...
2999:more...
2923:Arisaig
2795:Pier 21
2210:Nunavut
2160:Toronto
2150:Niagara
2135:Ontario
2105:Alberta
1513:, p 209
1474:, p 334
1066:museum.
998:Orontes
920:cannons
749:Halifax
721:Mi'kmaw
676:During
647:citadel
628:Mi'kmaw
624:Acadian
564:Today,
220:Bedford
202:History
68:Halifax
2758:&
2231:France
2172:Quebec
2155:Ottawa
1869:
1724:
938:: the
905:Vauban
778:redans
630:raids.
413:2010:
407:2003:
401:1996:
395:1945:
389:1945:
383:1917:
377:1912:
371:1899:
365:1894:
358:1887:
352:1885:
345:1863:
339:1861:
332:1860:
325:1856:
318:1832:
311:1814:
305:1813:
299:1805:
293:1794:
287:1782:
281:1761:
275:1759:
269:1758:
263:1751:
256:1750:
250:1749:
245:Events
176:on the
2215:Yukon
1670:(PDF)
1619:(PDF)
653:- on
521:is a
427:Other
116:Built
2340:CRHP
1867:ISBN
1811:link
1722:ISBN
1372:2018
1270:The
1171:The
970:The
848:The
626:and
523:hill
638:sic
529:in
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