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207:, and other agencies began to recognize the need for action. Greater water quality awareness, improved pollution controls, and an economic downturn all served to improve conditions in the 1980s. In the 1990s, beautification and ecological control were well underway. These measures included sealing the Lax Lands, contaminated with heavy metals and other pollutants, under a cap of clay; landscaping
315:($ 14 million). On March 9, 2022, Environment and Climate Change Canada announced the completion of the clean-up project where over 615,000 m of contaminated sediment was managed. The final stage of the project, the installation of the environmental cap, will be completed by 2025, which will provide new port land that will be managed by the Hamilton–Oshawa Port Authority.
349:(nicknamed "The Skyway") bridge, part of the QEW, crosses the border between Hamilton Harbour and Lake Ontario. The 403, York Street and a number of railways cross Hamilton Harbour on a glacial sandbar (similar in formation to the present day beach strip to the east) and separates Cootes Paradise from Hamilton Harbour. The harbour also houses the
179:
The waterways in
Hamilton have not always been polluted. The north-end of the Harbour used to be a regular swimming spot for working-class families. The pollution of Hamilton Harbour waterways is caused by industrialization and, by proxy, urbanization, which came to be a major problem by 1917. Many
184:
that, "As early as the 1860s, a fishery inspector at
Hamilton Harbour discovered that fish found along the shore tasted of coal oil and that dead ducks and muskrats were coated with oil from two refineries." By the 1950s, city officials had deemed Hamilton Harbour unfit for any recreation use and
171:
residents. Constant infilling, particularly in the North End of
Hamilton, damaged fresh water streams and the wildlife they supported. Channel dredging tended to stir up natural and unnatural sediments, further disrupting the ecological land balance in the area. Chemical, industrial and thermal
245:
reported that numerous goldfish had been found, presumed to have come from the dumping of pet fish by the public. One expert stated that the goldfish "is the ultimate survivor of difficult conditions ... it can feed on blue-green algae blooms that native species cannot—blooms that appear with
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Randle Reef, a site in the southeast corner of the harbour, is considered the most dire of identified water pollution issues awaiting remediation in Canada. The environmental containment facility, about 7.5 hectares in size, covers in-situ about 130,000 m of sediments contaminated with
287:, wickdrains, and surface materials (asphalt and/or concrete), placed sequentially from bottom to top in order to contain toxic sediment in the facility. The clean-up project had an estimated cost of $ 138.9 million, with the containment expected to have a 200-year lifespan.
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267:. Later in 2018, contaminated sediment surrounding the containment facility was dredged and placed inside the facility. The wastewater will be treated by an on-site water treatment system using sand filtration and
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working-class families were overcome by health hazards when dumping sewage into the inlets and the bay itself became a regular occurrence. Laurel Sefton MacDowell writes in her book
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598:
Cruikshank, K., and N. B. Bouchier. 1998. "Dirty Spaces: Environment, the State, and
Recreational Swimming in Hamilton Harbour, 1870-1946". SPORT HISTORY REVIEW. 29 (1): 59-64
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from entering Cootes
Paradise. The visible and measurable improvement in water quality in Burlington Bay was showcased in 1994 by the very public swim of
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in The Great Lakes Water
Quality Agreement between the United States and Canada. Part of the remediation plan is to reclaim the harbour's wetlands.
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In July 1994, then deputy prime minister and
Hamilton East MP Sheila Copps put on a wetsuit and plunged in "to mark the rebirth of the waterfront."
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The opening from
Hamilton Harbour to Lake Ontario is referred to as the Burlington Shipping Canal. It was proposed in 1824 and opened in 1826.
292:
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Communications, Government of Canada, Public
Services and Procurement Canada, Ontario Region, Corporate Services, Strategic Management and.
231:. Access and recreational use of the bayfront has improved, and swimming is now allowed at two beaches in the harbour: Bayfront and Pier 4.
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Fish that were dispersed over all of Cootes
Paradise were suddenly in this tight ball, the kind of thing you'd imagine in the ocean.
101:. Within Hamilton itself, it is referred to as "Hamilton Harbour", "The Harbour" and "The Bay". The bay is naturally separated from
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693:"Great Lakes Wetlands Conservation Action Plan, Environment Canada contains five paragraphs about the harbour project"
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Access to the bay was important for the early water transportation and industrial development of the area, including
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919:"Cleaning up Lake Ontario: the final stage begins for the Randle Reef Remediation Project in Hamilton Harbour"
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Early Settlers to the area called the bay Lake Geneva. The bay was formally renamed Burlington Bay in 1792 by
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which is the busiest Canadian Great Lakes port and handles in excess of 10 million tonnes of cargo per year.
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PAH contaminated sediments. The containment facility was constructed in 2018 using two walls of steel
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MacDowell, Laurel Sefton. 2012. An environmental history of Canada. Vancouver: UBC Press. 192.
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610:"Bayfront Park swimming not 'practicable' because of blue-green algae in Hamilton Harbour"
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893:"A cleaner Hamilton Harbour: All contaminated sediment removed or capped at Randle Reef"
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814:. The Randle Reef Sediment Remediation Project Technical Task Group. October 30, 2012.
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1046:"Diver Drowns on Low-Budget Film Shoot in Hamilton Harbour, CBC News, August 22, 2005"
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295:, each committed $ 46.3 million, with the final third of funding coming from the
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Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement
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While most of the carp in the harbour had been eradicated by early 2021,
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668:"Hamilton Harbour AOC Remedial Action Plan, Environment Canada"
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93:) and Burlington Beach (north of the channel). It is joined to
841:"Watch the dredging of toxic Randle Reef explained using Lego"
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447:(University of Toronto Press), Toronto-Buffalo-London,1997,
415:"Lake Geneva is what early visitors called Hamilton Harbour"
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Great Lakes Basin Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Program
502:
751:"At Last, Clean Water, National Post, November 13, 2007"
188:
In 1919, a Federal Order-In-Council changed the name of
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will be built of layers of several materials including
972:"Burlington Canal Lift Bridge - Ontario Region - PSPC"
361:
The bay is thought by some to host a North American
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Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers
89:, and on the east by Hamilton Beach (south of the
1600:Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board
464:
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1891:
1079:Hamilton Harbour (1826-1901), by Ivan S. Brookes
1352:Spencer Gorge/Webster's Falls Conservation Area
558:Weinberg, Paul (Dec 2017). "Beautiful Cities".
467:"Burlington Bay, Beach and Heights, in History"
271:and discharged back into the harbour. Last, an
97:by a narrow channel formerly excavated for the
293:Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change
2576:Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory
1877:
1116:
1800:John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport
1000:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
318:
16:Bay in western Lake Ontario, Ontario, Canada
718:"The goldfish invasion of Hamilton Harbour"
533:Treaty Texts - Upper Canada Land Surrenders
391:Hamilton Street Names: An Illustrated Guide
329:is a lift bridge the spans over the canal.
246:increasing frequency in Hamilton Harbour".
152:. Prior to this, the bay was also known as
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1016:"Daily News (Kingston, ON), Aug. 17, 1877"
969:
809:"Randle Reef Sediment Remediation Project"
384:
382:
337:The bay today is crossed by two highways:
81:, bounded on the northwest by the City of
869:. Government of Canada. 29 October 2019.
803:
801:
1605:Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board
1020:images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca
945:images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca
557:
529:"Text of the Between the Lakes purchase"
388:
113:is on the Hamilton side of the harbour.
57:
551:
503:"Between the Lakes Treaty No. 3 (1792)"
379:
158:Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation
66:bridges the waters of Hamilton Harbour.
2755:
847:from the original on November 11, 2020
798:
607:
539:from the original on 21 September 2013
1865:
1470:List of tallest buildings in Hamilton
1258:Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway
1104:
821:from the original on October 24, 2019
509:from the original on 10 February 2022
483:from the original on 12 November 2020
289:Environment and Climate Change Canada
140:, for the former name of the town of
121:Hamilton Harbour was known among the
873:from the original on 4 November 2019
728:from the original on 3 February 2021
347:Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway
91:Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway
64:Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway
2624:Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac
1841:Hamilton–Brantford–Cambridge Trails
1056:from the original on 7 January 2008
951:from the original on 4 October 2017
648:from the original on 14 August 2022
425:from the original on 14 August 2022
203:, which governs water usage in the
138:lieutenant governor of Upper Canada
13:
1569:McMaster University Medical Centre
1026:from the original on 18 April 2018
899:from the original on March 9, 2022
182:An Environmental History of Canada
14:
2794:
2773:Environmental disasters in Canada
2371:Isle Royale National Park Islands
1673:Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum
1327:Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area
1072:
982:from the original on 29 June 2018
786:from the original on 11 June 2011
332:
259:, and contain about 500,000 m of
2737:
1574:St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton
1131:
257:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
234:Hamilton Harbour is listed as a
19:For the harbour in Bermuda, see
1698:List of Attractions in Hamilton
1228:List of National Historic Sites
1038:
1008:
963:
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911:
885:
867:"Great Lakes: Areas of Concern"
859:
833:
768:
743:
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685:
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393:. James Lorimer & Co. Ltd.
2768:Landforms of Hamilton, Ontario
2591:International Joint Commission
2581:Great Lakes Fishery Commission
1668:Canadian Football Hall of Fame
1615:Columbia International College
1502:Hamilton, Ontario City Council
921:. canada.ca. September 6, 2023
776:"Erreur HTTP 404 - Non trouvé"
608:McNeil, Mark (June 17, 2019).
592:
521:
495:
458:
437:
407:
249:
201:International Joint Commission
129:simply meaning "at the Bay".
85:, on the south by the City of
1:
1610:Hillfield Strathallan College
372:
269:granular activated adsorption
77:) lies on the western tip of
2551:Great Lakes Areas of Concern
2541:Alliance for the Great Lakes
1564:McMaster Children's Hospital
1084:Burlington Canal Lift Bridge
895:. canada.ca. March 9, 2022.
327:Burlington Canal Lift Bridge
236:Great Lakes Areas of Concern
7:
2417:Province of Ontario Islands
1805:List of streets in Hamilton
1635:Redeemer University College
389:Houghton, Margaret (2002).
10:
2799:
1733:Westfield Heritage Village
465:Holden, Mary Rose (1898).
116:
18:
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2689:Museum and historic ships
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2422:State of Michigan Islands
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2012:
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1620:McMaster Divinity College
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1455:Film industry in Hamilton
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1174:1930 British Empire Games
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843:. cbc.ca. June 14, 2018.
474:Queens University Library
356:
319:Burlington Shipping Canal
21:Hamilton Harbour, Bermuda
2505:Midcontinent Rift System
1831:Confederation Beach Park
1658:Around the Bay Road Race
1554:Juravinski Cancer Centre
1465:Head offices in Hamilton
1460:Hamilton Health Sciences
146:East Riding of Yorkshire
123:Mississauga Anishinaabek
2326:Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal
1773:Hamilton Street Railway
1663:Art Gallery of Hamilton
1595:Hamilton Public Library
1528:Hamilton Police Service
1507:List of Hamilton Mayors
1347:Royal Botanical Gardens
309:Hamilton Port Authority
185:shut down all beaches.
2674:Marine protected areas
2664:Lake Michigan Triangle
2566:Great Lakes Commission
2309:Sault Ste. Marie Canal
1713:Power Play (TV series)
1678:Dundas Cactus Festival
1194:Battle of Stoney Creek
941:"The Burlington Canal"
614:The Hamilton Spectator
445:Place Names of Ontario
67:
2515:Nipissing Great Lakes
2460:Glacial Lake Iroquois
2366:Detroit River Islands
2331:Trent–Severn Waterway
1209:Grand Lodge of Canada
976:www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca
61:
2778:Bays of Lake Ontario
2525:Wisconsin glaciation
2500:Last Glacial Maximum
2260:Great Lakes Waterway
1579:St. Peter's Hospital
1523:City of Hamilton EMS
1233:List of royal visits
1156:Notable Hamiltonians
369:on August 21, 2005.
311:($ 14 million), and
299:($ 14 million), the
2659:Lake Michigan–Huron
2571:Great Lakes Compact
2561:Great Lakes Charter
2520:Scotch Bonnet Ridge
2321:Straits of Mackinac
2297:St. Lawrence Seaway
1795:Hamilton Bike Share
1688:Hamilton Tiger-Cats
1653:African Lion Safari
1625:McMaster University
1559:Juravinski Hospital
724:. 3 February 2021.
343:Queen Elizabeth Way
307:($ 2 million), the
73:(formerly known as
44:43.2900°N 79.8350°W
40: /
2510:Niagara Escarpment
2439:Potawatomi Islands
2427:Lake Huron Islands
2292:St. Lawrence River
2078:Grand Traverse Bay
2057:St. Joseph Channel
2047:Potagannissing Bay
1846:Mohawk Sports Park
1718:Sports in Hamilton
1693:Labour Day Classic
1497:Hamilton City Hall
1342:Niagara Escarpment
1302:List of waterfalls
1253:Timeline of events
1089:2010-07-03 at the
419:Hamilton Spectator
301:City of Burlington
291:, and the Ontario
279:of various sizes,
199:By the 1970s, the
134:John Graves Simcoe
68:
2750:
2749:
2679:Marysburgh vortex
2388:Manitoulin Island
2383:Lake Erie Islands
2233:
2232:
2093:Little Bay de Noc
1859:
1858:
1703:Media in Hamilton
1683:Hamilton Bulldogs
1357:Twenty Mile Creek
1238:Studebaker Canada
1189:Battlefield House
1137:Hamilton, Ontario
303:($ 2.3 million),
273:environmental cap
205:Great Lakes Basin
49:43.2900; -79.8350
2790:
2744:Lakes portal
2742:
2741:
2740:
2649:Lake-effect snow
2448:Historic geology
2126:Hamilton Harbour
1999:Presque Isle Bay
1984:
1983:
1895:of North America
1886:
1879:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1766:Confederation GO
1544:Chedoke Hospital
1450:Economic history
1332:Hamilton Harbour
1322:Golden Horseshoe
1317:Desjardins Canal
1248:Thomas McQuesten
1184:Bank of Hamilton
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421:. 23 June 2017.
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297:City of Hamilton
229:cabinet minister
194:Hamilton Harbour
111:Port of Hamilton
99:Desjardins Canal
71:Hamilton Harbour
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2167:Chequamegon Bay
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2098:Porte des Morts
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2025:Nottawasaga Bay
2008:
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1937:Secondary lakes
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1214:Hamilton Tigers
1204:George Hamilton
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2654:Lake freighter
2651:
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2612:Related topics
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2596:Municipalities
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2475:Lake Algonquin
2472:
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2465:Lake Admiralty
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2403:Lake Mindemoya
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2088:Big Bay de Noc
2080:
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2037:Munuscong Lake
2034:
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2016:
2014:
2010:
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1743:Transportation
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1708:Pride Hamilton
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1630:Mohawk College
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1441:Arcelor Mittal
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1199:Dundurn Castle
1196:
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1186:
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1176:
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1168:
1162:
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1153:
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1140:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1081:
1074:
1073:External links
1071:
1068:
1067:
1037:
1007:
962:
932:
910:
884:
858:
832:
797:
767:
742:
709:
684:
659:
638:"Swim Guide -"
629:
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577:
550:
520:
494:
476:. p. 10.
457:
443:Rayburn, Alan
436:
406:
399:
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367:Marina Monster
358:
355:
334:
333:Infrastructure
331:
320:
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215:; and keeping
190:Burlington Bay
118:
115:
75:Burlington Bay
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2534:Organizations
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2393:Lake Kagawong
2391:
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2336:Welland Canal
2334:
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2282:Nipigon River
2280:
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2270:Niagara River
2268:
2266:
2265:Chicago River
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2245:Detroit River
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2197:Whitefish Bay
2195:
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2042:North Channel
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1821:Bayfront Park
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1778:BLAST network
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872:
868:
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804:
802:
785:
781:
777:
771:
756:
752:
746:
739:
727:
723:
719:
713:
699:on 2012-02-09
698:
694:
688:
674:on 2007-12-04
673:
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454:
453:0-8020-7207-0
450:
446:
440:
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420:
416:
410:
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400:1-55028-773-7
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305:Halton Region
302:
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258:
247:
244:
239:
237:
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209:Bayfront Park
206:
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197:
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177:
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166:
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104:
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92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
65:
60:
56:
53:
22:
2783:Lake Ontario
2669:Lake surfing
2495:Lake Stanley
2480:Lake Chicago
2470:Lake Agassiz
2398:Lake Manitou
2255:French River
2187:Superior Bay
2182:Pokegama Bay
2177:Keweenaw Bay
2162:Au Train Bay
2125:
2103:Sturgeon Bay
2020:Georgian Bay
2004:Sandusky Bay
1826:Beasley Park
1783:Hamilton LRT
1418:Stoney Creek
1373:Ainslie Wood
1337:Lake Ontario
1331:
1272:
1264:
1221:
1058:. Retrieved
1049:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1019:
1010:
984:. Retrieved
975:
965:
953:. Retrieved
944:
935:
925:September 6,
923:. Retrieved
913:
901:. Retrieved
887:
875:. Retrieved
861:
849:. Retrieved
835:
823:. Retrieved
788:. Retrieved
780:www.ec.gc.ca
779:
770:
758:. Retrieved
754:
745:
737:
730:. Retrieved
721:
712:
701:. Retrieved
697:the original
687:
676:. Retrieved
672:the original
662:
650:. Retrieved
641:
632:
624:
617:. Retrieved
613:
603:
594:
566:(6): 30–37.
563:
559:
553:
541:. Retrieved
532:
523:
511:. Retrieved
497:
485:. Retrieved
473:
460:
444:
439:
427:. Retrieved
418:
409:
390:
366:
360:
336:
325:
322:
265:sheet piling
253:
240:
233:
227:and federal
221:Sheila Copps
198:
193:
189:
187:
181:
178:
162:
153:
136:, the first
131:
126:
120:
103:Lake Ontario
79:Lake Ontario
74:
70:
69:
25:
2721:Third Coast
2684:Megalopolis
2644:Lake breeze
2629:Circle Tour
2490:Lake Maumee
2376:Isle Royale
2341:First canal
2207:Goulais Bay
2192:Thunder Bay
2146:Wellers Bay
2141:Toronto Bay
2062:Thunder Bay
2052:Saginaw Bay
2032:Lake George
1969:Couchiching
1893:Great Lakes
1851:Pier 4 Park
1756:Hamilton GO
1398:Flamborough
1366:Communities
1307:Bruce Trail
1279:War of 1812
1243:Tim Hortons
1096:Randle Reef
877:18 November
851:October 24,
825:October 24,
345:(QEW). The
250:Randle Reef
217:common carp
213:Pier 4 Park
154:Washquarter
142:Bridlington
47: /
2757:Categories
2711:Shipwrecks
2639:Great Loop
2250:Erie Canal
2225:Anchor Bay
2131:Humber Bay
1994:Maumee Bay
1901:Main lakes
1751:GO Transit
1723:Supercrawl
1475:U.S. Steel
1220:HMCS
732:3 February
703:2008-01-10
678:2008-01-10
642:Swim Guide
619:August 13,
373:References
281:geotextile
277:aggregates
223:, a local
127:Wiikwedong
83:Burlington
35:79°50′06″W
32:43°17′24″N
2704:Laurentia
2634:Crossings
2434:Populated
2314:Soo Locks
2238:Waterways
2218:St. Clair
2172:Huron Bay
2136:Sodus Bay
2083:Green Bay
1964:Winnebago
1959:St. Clair
1949:Nipissing
1836:Gore Park
1588:Education
1537:Hospitals
1413:North End
1403:Glanbrook
1294:Geography
1284:Whitehern
1271:USS
1263:USS
722:Maclean's
572:1920-9894
243:Maclean's
174:pollution
160:in 1792.
2726:Treaties
2155:Superior
2071:Michigan
1980:channels
1978:Bays and
1928:Superior
1918:Michigan
1489:Politics
1423:Westdale
1388:Binbrook
1378:Ancaster
1265:Hamilton
1144:Features
1087:Archived
1060:17 April
1054:Archived
1030:17 April
1024:Archived
996:cite web
986:17 April
980:Archived
955:17 April
949:Archived
903:March 9,
897:Archived
871:Archived
845:Archived
816:Archived
790:17 April
784:Archived
760:17 April
726:Archived
652:17 April
646:Archived
537:Archived
535:. 1792.
507:Archived
478:Archived
455:), pg.48
423:Archived
169:littoral
107:sand bar
87:Hamilton
2353:Islands
2119:Ontario
1944:Nipigon
1923:Ontario
1645:Culture
1445:Dofasco
1433:Economy
1383:Beasley
1273:Scourge
1179:Auchmar
1166:History
363:cryptid
285:geogrid
261:dredged
150:England
144:in the
117:History
2716:Storms
2699:Region
2601:Cities
1954:Simcoe
1788:A-Line
1479:Stelco
1408:Lynden
1393:Dundas
1050:cbc.ca
570:
513:10 May
451:
429:10 May
397:
357:Legend
341:&
313:Stelco
2694:Ports
2619:Basin
2275:Falls
2013:Huron
1913:Huron
1814:Parks
1222:Haida
1216:(NHL)
819:(PDF)
812:(PDF)
543:4 May
487:4 May
481:(PDF)
470:(PDF)
105:by a
1987:Erie
1908:Erie
1151:Flag
1062:2018
1032:2018
1002:link
988:2018
957:2018
927:2023
905:2022
879:2019
853:2019
827:2019
792:2018
762:2018
734:2021
654:2018
621:2022
568:ISSN
545:2019
515:2022
489:2019
449:ISBN
431:2022
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283:and
211:and
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192:to
125:as
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