898:
Peaky Islet, Mushajirah, Addar Ail Islets, Haycock Island (13°47'N, 42°47'E; not to be confused with the
Haycock Islands to the southwest of Greater Hanish), Low Island (13°52'N, 42°49'E) including the unnamed islets and rocks close north, east and south, Lesser Hanish including the unnamed islets and rocks close north east, Tongue Island and the unnamed islet close south, Near Island and the unnamed islet close south east, Shark Island, Jabal Zuquar Island, High Island, and the Abu Ali Islands (including Quoin Island (14°05'N, 42°49'E) and Pile Island) are subject to the territorial sovereignty of Yemen;
864:(that the war was initiated to establish facts on the ground), three other reasons had been proposed for the attack by the Eritreans on the island. The Yemeni opposition sources claimed that during 1994, Yemen received clandestine military assistance from Israel via the Eritreans, and the Eritreans took Hanish when Yemen failed to deliver the promised payments. Yemen's military claim, that it had intercepted radio messages in Hebrew and that "several Israelis" had helped to direct the Eritrean operation, led the
486:
662:
156:
145:
112:
168:
125:
897:
The islands, islet, rocks, and low-tide elevations of the Zuqar-Hanish group, including, but not limited to, Three Foot Rock, Parkin Rock, Rocky Islets, Pin Rock, Suyul Hanish, Mid Islet, Double Peak Island, Round Island, North Round Island, Quoin Island (13°43'N, 42°48'E), Chor Rock, Greater Hanish,
814:
When the deadline for the
Eritrean ultimatum ran out and the Yemeni military forces and civilians had not withdrawn, Eritrea launched an operation to take the island by force. The Eritreans used all seaworthy vessels that they had to land ground forces on the islands. Some Eritrean troops landed in
754:
Gutmann produced an
Agreement on Principles, which Eritrea and Yemen signed on 21 May. The two sides agreed to resort to arbitration, to refrain from using force and to abide by the verdict of an arbitration tribunal. The French mediation effort almost collapsed when on 10 August, Eritrean forces
779:
met in San'a' with three
Eritrean officials to discuss the problem. Iryani, heading a Yemeni delegation, then attended a meeting in Eritrea on 7 December. There, both sides agreed to resolve their dispute over maritime borders through negotiations, which they scheduled for February 1996. If those
1399:
In the matter of an arbitration pursuant to an agreement to arbitrate dated 3 October between the government of the State of
Eritrea and the government of the Republic of Yemen award of the arbitral tribunal in the first stage of the proceedings (territorial sovereignty and scope of the
908:
On 1 November 1998 "Yemeni
Defence Minister Mohammad Diefallah Mohammad raised his country's flag over the island of Greater Hanish as Yemeni army and navy troops took up positions on it. At the same time, Eritrean troops departed on board a helicopter and a naval vessel".
37:
819:
ferry. The
Eritreans also used aircraft to ferry troops to the island. Eritrean forces attacked the Yemeni contingent and overran the entire island within three days of combat. Yemeni fighter jets launched airstrikes during the fighting from Al Hudaydah air base.
868:
to suggest that the real motive for the attack was that Israel intended to set up a base on the island. The third reason put forward was that there may be oil in the Red Sea and that the territorial rights to the seabed were the underlying reason for the war.
749:
After being granted independence and membership of the United
Nations, the new Eritrean government started negotiations with Yemen over the status of the archipelago. Two rounds of talks had taken place before the invasion:
854:
According to Steven Carol, in light of Yemeni military humiliation in the battle for Great Hanish island, the allegation of
Israeli involvement may have been nothing more than an attempt of Yemen to "save some face".
759:
ordered
Eritrean troops off the island. Asmara withdrew its forces on 27 August. The renewed threat of conflict prompted Eritrea, at the end of August, to begin deploying along its coastline Russian-made
794:) is one of three main islands in an archipelago, and until 1995, it was inhabited only by a handful of Yemeni fishermen. In 1995, a German company, under Yemeni auspices, began building a hotel and
893:
determined that most of the archipelago belonged to Yemen, while Eritrea was to retain the right to fish the waters around all the islands and sovereignty over some small islands close to Eritrea.
798:
centre on the island. The Yemenis then sent a force of 200 men to guard the construction site. Eritrean officials thought that the construction work on Greater Hanish was an attempt to establish
2724:
1617:
by Musa Idriss entitled "Sanaa Grouping was born by ’caesarean’ – its aims: asphyxiating Eritrea," says Eritrean foreign minister"; published by London-based newspaper
1666:
802:
before the negotiations scheduled for February started. "Prompted by concern over the Yemeni construction project on Hanish al-Kabir, Eritrea's Foreign Minister
234:
719:, one of the largest in the then disputed Zukur-Hanish archipelago. Fighting took place over three days from 15 December to 17 December 1995. In 1998 the
686:
2547:
2233:
1725:
839:. According to Yemeni sources, the Eritrean operation may have been directed by Israeli officers. Sources close to the office of Yemeni President
2190:
2185:
416:
599:
2833:
2197:
1659:
806:
delivered, on 11 November 1995, an ultimatum giving San'a one month to withdraw Yemeni military forces and civilians from Hanish al-Kabir".
1815:
2358:
2032:
1757:
428:
382:
2037:
1791:
1598:
1397:
2468:
1719:
1360:
1510:
2828:
1652:
1575:
1366:
1246:
227:
1636:
1467:
2853:
2637:
679:
423:
2823:
2345:
1856:
409:
1026:
877:
As no resolution to the problem could be reached in bilateral talks, the status of the archipelago was placed in front of the
2848:
2565:
1475:
1284:
639:
634:
2838:
2582:
2285:
1341:
564:
323:
318:
308:
95:
determined that most of the archipelago belonged to Yemen, while some small islands closest to Eritrea belonged to Eritrea.
1552:
2818:
2588:
2417:
2103:
1485:
594:
360:
220:
2228:
1887:
672:
2813:
2687:
2559:
2251:
2222:
619:
614:
2650:
2422:
2150:
1912:
1907:
1762:
1747:
1378:
Lefebvre, Jeffrey A. (Summer 1998), "Red Sea Security And The Geopolitical-Economy of The Hanish Islands Dispute",
2808:
2793:
2429:
2401:
1702:
350:
245:
28:
1553:"Comparative Study Between Yemeni-Eritrean Ways of Documentation in Arbitration Over Red Sea South Islands]"
2513:
2502:
2412:
1393:
1020:
890:
878:
720:
367:
355:
92:
739:(Mouth of the Red Sea). The Red Sea is about 60 miles (100 km) wide at this point. Since the time of the
2798:
2730:
1863:
1850:
298:
2262:
259:
1297:
2462:
2256:
1874:
1679:
2788:
2709:
2692:
2541:
2497:
2450:
2368:
2351:
2044:
1594:— "Yemen alleges that Israel backed the Eritrean troops who captured three Red Sea islands from Yemen".
448:
404:
281:
1447:
The 1995/96 Yemen-Eritrea conflict over the Islands of Hanish and Jabal Zuqar: a geopolitical analysis
851:
allegedly intercepted by Yemeni intelligence. Despite this, Yemen made no formal complaint to Israel.
2529:
2445:
2373:
1970:
1880:
1537:
438:
1332:
2803:
2632:
2507:
1996:
1965:
1708:
2363:
2163:
2014:
1991:
1917:
1780:
1752:
574:
433:
2843:
2339:
2157:
1946:
827:
merchant ship was damaged by Eritrean gunfire after it was mistaken for a Yemeni naval vessel.
776:
761:
394:
389:
271:
1419:
1276:
2291:
1868:
1633:
Eritrea-Yemen Arbitration at the Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague, The Netherlands:
1429:
Schofield, C. H.; Pratt, M. A. (1996), "The Hanish Islands Dispute in the Southern Red Sea",
303:
1588:(25), Air University Library Publications: Middle East: December 1999: Yemen, archived from
1449:, Working Paper, Durham: University of Durham, Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies
2681:
2621:
2333:
1608:
1464:
The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems
1407:
1211:
554:
550:
377:
372:
212:
1370:
1261:
8:
2645:
2020:
1820:
1742:
1520:
1380:
799:
756:
465:
335:
264:
1589:
1252:
2026:
1809:
1786:
1580:
844:
840:
569:
542:
538:
501:
172:
1273:
From Jerusalem to the Lion of Judah and Beyond: Israel's Foreign Policy in East Africa
2767:
2611:
2280:
2139:
2074:
1618:
1567:— Al-Said was then the Yemeni Vice Minister of foreign Affairs in Law & Diplomacy
1471:
1317:
1310:
1280:
740:
589:
546:
2456:
1644:
2715:
2615:
2407:
2109:
1713:
1614:
1305:
1023:
345:
340:
1045:
858:
In 1996, Brian Whitaker (1996) and Carol (2012) suggest that apart from the overt
2666:
2474:
2097:
1941:
1562:
1529:
1030:
848:
835:
The Eritrean attack on the Hanish islands was said by Yemenis to be supported by
558:
1351:
780:
negotiations failed, both sides agreed to take the case to the ICJ at The Hague.
2594:
2326:
2321:
2133:
2127:
2115:
2059:
830:
803:
755:
occupied Hanish al-Saghir. With Yemen threatening to take military action, the
712:
485:
443:
330:
291:
149:
70:
62:
1493:
2782:
2752:
2553:
2535:
2491:
2383:
2145:
2121:
1603:
1515:
1346:
1293:
736:
584:
534:
458:
160:
1687:
795:
66:
2762:
2757:
2306:
2080:
1835:
1557:
886:
865:
860:
654:
276:
1439:
843:
claimed that "several Israelis" had directed the operation, including a
2378:
453:
313:
286:
1350:, vol. 338, no. 7947, London, pp. 43–44, archived from
847:
named Michael Duma. This claim was based on several coded messages in
661:
882:
2203:
1924:
1676:
1362:
Eritrea: 196 prisoners of war and 17 civilians repatriated to Yemen
1251:, Air University Library Publications, Middle East, archived from
1551:
Al-Saidi, Abdullah Mohammed (27 December 1999 – 2 January 2000),
732:
716:
708:
155:
144:
117:
836:
824:
1392:
1217:
816:
704:
167:
130:
1599:"Ethiopia-Sudan-Yemen alliance a 'conspiracy', Eritrea's FM"
1223:
831:
Alleged foreign involvement and other motives for the attack
746:, the islands had generally been regarded as part of Yemen.
242:
1156:
743:
36:
1199:
1168:
1082:
1080:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
999:
1674:
1077:
1180:
1137:
1613:— Text of interview with Eritrean Foreign Minister
1534:
United Nations and international organizations page
1067:
1065:
723:determined that the territory belonged to Yemen.
2780:
1527:
1229:
1046:"Ḥanīsh Islands | islands, Red Sea | Britannica"
1339:
1298:"Eritrea-Yemen Dispute Over the Hanish Islands"
1062:
976:
731:The archipelago is on the southern side of the
1428:
942:
775:On 22 November 1995, Yemen's Foreign Minister
600:Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war
1660:
680:
228:
1259:
1205:
1561:, vol. IX, no. 52, archived from
1342:"Whore wars? The Red Sea. (Hanish Islands)"
1667:
1653:
1437:
1358:
1174:
1162:
1086:
1005:
687:
673:
235:
221:
1505:(Retrieved at al-bab.com on 26 June 2014)
1263:Flights back on between Yemen and Eritrea
1244:
1016:
1014:
932:
1816:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
1483:
1461:
1377:
1150:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1098:
966:
2359:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
2033:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
1530:"Yemen flag raised over Greater Hanish"
2781:
1508:
1292:
1132:
1117:
1102:
1040:
1038:
1011:
986:
956:
946:
2548:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict
2469:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes
1648:
1509:Younis, Saleh AA (14 December 2004),
1270:
1193:
216:
2834:Permanent Court of Arbitration cases
1637:Arbitration Agreement: Eritrea/Yemen
1570:Allegation and counter allegations:
1528:UN press release (1 November 1998),
1417:
1071:
2638:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
2589:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
2104:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
1340:Economist staff (13 January 1996),
1218:Permanent Court of Arbitration 1996
1035:
815:fishing vessels and a commandeered
13:
2346:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
1888:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
1544:
1484:Whitaker, Brian (5 January 1996),
1116:, p. 373 Quoted by Quoted by
14:
2865:
2583:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
2286:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
1627:
1466:, Naval Institute Press, p.
1260:BBC WS staff (13 December 1998),
809:
16:Dispute between Yemen and Eritrea
2413:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
1607:, 8 January 2004, archived from
764:missiles acquired from Ethiopia.
660:
484:
166:
154:
143:
123:
110:
35:
2829:Territorial disputes of Eritrea
2430:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
1359:ICRC staff (30 December 1995),
929:Eritrean-Yemeni border conflict
595:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
565:General People's Congress (GPC)
29:conflicts in the Horn of Africa
2854:December 1995 events in Africa
1394:Permanent Court of Arbitration
1306:Boundary and Security Bulletin
1122:
1092:
1021:Permanent Court of Arbitration
925:Other names for the conflict:
919:
891:Permanent Court of Arbitration
879:Permanent Court of Arbitration
872:
721:Permanent Court of Arbitration
368:Somaliland War of Independence
93:Permanent Court of Arbitration
1:
2824:Territorial disputes of Yemen
2731:2014 Lesotho political crisis
2688:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
1851:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
1438:Stansfield, G. R. V. (2001),
1418:Pike, John (29 August 2012),
1238:
1131:, pp. 372–373 quoted by
726:
2849:December 1995 events in Asia
2725:SADC intervention in Lesotho
2327:OLA insurgency, 2018–present
2281:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
2038:ECOWAS military intervention
1758:2011–2014 factional violence
1574:Gidron, Avner (March 1996),
585:Yemeni crisis (2011–present)
424:Djiboutian–Eritrean conflict
260:Eritrean War of Independence
207:17 Yemeni civilians arrested
7:
2402:Puntland–Somaliland dispute
2257:Insurgency in Northern Chad
1576:"Disputes: Eritrea's Ally?"
1245:AUL staff (December 1999),
10:
2870:
2819:Disputed islands of Africa
2693:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
2514:Abyei conflict (2022–2023)
2369:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
2234:Djotodia period, 2013–2014
2045:Western Togoland Rebellion
1431:Jane's Intelligence Review
628:Constitutional referendums
2745:
2702:
2674:
2665:
2604:
2575:
2530:Second Sudanese Civil War
2522:
2484:
2438:
2394:
2314:
2305:
2273:
2244:
2213:
2173:
2090:
2067:
2058:
2007:
1981:
1955:
1934:
1897:
1843:
1834:
1802:
1773:
1735:
1695:
1686:
1538:Michigan State University
1490:Middle East International
903:CHAPTER XI – Disposition.
299:Ethiopian–Somali conflict
255:
206:
191:
178:
136:
103:
81:Eritrean military victory
45:
41:Map of the Hanish islands
34:
26:
21:
2814:Disputed islands of Asia
2633:2008 invasion of Anjouan
2229:Civil War (2012–present)
2198:Pool Department conflict
1440:"The Israeli Connection"
1101:, p. 381 quoted by
912:
493:This article is part of
429:Ethiopian civil conflict
2839:Eritrea–Yemen relations
2628:Hanish Islands conflict
2164:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
2015:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
1857:Herder–farmer conflicts
1781:Western Sahara conflict
1462:Wertheim, Eric (2007),
949:, p. 70 (pdf 1) fn. 5))
823:During the fighting, a
741:British protectorate of
701:Hanish Islands conflict
580:Hanish Islands conflict
575:Yemeni civil war (1994)
400:Hanish Islands conflict
22:Hanish Islands conflict
2809:History of the Red Sea
2794:Wars involving Eritrea
2451:Somali–Kenyan conflict
2340:Second Afar insurgency
1947:Sierra Leone Civil War
1511:"The Lessons of Yemen"
1421:Hanish Island Conflict
1271:Carol, Steven (2012),
1024:Eritrea/Yemen: Chart 4
939:Hanish Islands dispute
906:
788:
777:Adb al-Karim al-Iryani
772:
703:was a dispute between
608:Presidential campaigns
405:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
390:Second Afar insurgency
282:Somali–Kenyan conflict
272:1961 revolt in Somalia
137:Commanders and leaders
2710:Bophuthatswana crisis
2374:Oromia–Somali clashes
2292:Boko Haram insurgency
2252:Civil War (2005–2010)
1869:Boko Haram insurgency
1792:Clashes, 2020–present
1275:, iUniverse, p.
1230:UN press release 1998
963:Hanish Islands crisis
953:Eritrea-Yemen dispute
895:
773:
752:
304:1963 Ogaden Rebellion
248:in the Horn of Africa
192:Casualties and losses
2799:Wars involving Yemen
2682:Mozambican Civil War
2642:Burundian conflicts
2622:Djiboutian Civil War
2334:Insurgency in Ogaden
1962:Liberian Civil Wars
1875:Niger Delta conflict
1523:on 28 September 2007
1486:"Clash over islands"
1424:, globalsecurity.org
1413:on September 5, 2015
1354:on 24 September 2015
1220:, § 508 pp. 142–143.
977:Economist staff 1996
418:OEF – Horn of Africa
378:Insurgency in Ogaden
373:Djiboutian Civil War
2721:Lesothan conflicts
2646:1993–2005 Civil War
2364:Afar–Somali clashes
2151:2022–2024 offensive
2146:2012–2013 rebellion
1988:Ivorian Civil Wars
1821:Tunisian revolution
1763:2014–2020 civil war
1743:2008 Kufra conflict
1680:conflicts in Africa
1496:on 7 September 2008
1381:Middle East Journal
1266:, BBC World Service
943:SchofieldPratt 1996
800:facts on the ground
790:Greater Hanish (or
757:UN Security Council
711:over the island of
466:Al-Fashaga conflict
351:Puntland–Somaliland
336:Ethiopian Civil War
265:Eritrean civil wars
53:15–17 December 1995
2768:Colour revolutions
2566:Sudanese civil war
2418:2009–present phase
2158:Batwa–Luba clashes
2027:Casamance conflict
1904:Tuareg rebellions
1864:Religious violence
1810:Algerian Civil War
1726:Terrorism in Egypt
1621:on 6 January 2004.
1611:on 19 October 2006
1581:World Press Review
1396:(3 October 1996),
1050:www.britannica.com
1029:2015-09-05 at the
845:lieutenant-colonel
841:Ali Abdullah Saleh
570:Yemeni unification
519:Unitary Government
503:Ali Abdullah Saleh
395:Gedeo–Guji clashes
173:Ali Abdullah Saleh
71:Hanish archipelago
2789:Conflicts in 1995
2776:
2775:
2741:
2740:
2661:
2660:
2612:Rwandan Civil War
2560:Blue Nile clashes
2542:Nomadic conflicts
2498:Nomadic conflicts
2301:
2300:
2140:March 23 Movement
2075:Angolan Civil War
2054:
2053:
1830:
1829:
1639:(October 3, 1996)
1619:Al-Sharq al-Awsat
1592:on April 14, 2001
1477:978-1-59114-955-2
1434:(cited by Dzurek)
1325:External link in
1311:Durham University
1294:Dzurek, Daniel J.
1286:978-1-4697-6129-9
1255:on April 14, 2001
1206:BBC WS staff 1998
1165:, pp. 41–43.
697:
696:
590:Yemeni revolution
511:
510:
474:
473:
449:Benishangul-Gumuz
211:
210:
99:
98:
2861:
2716:Caprivi conflict
2672:
2671:
2651:2015–2018 unrest
2457:Likoni massacres
2446:Ethnic conflicts
2408:Somali Civil War
2312:
2311:
2110:Second Congo War
2065:
2064:
1841:
1840:
1720:Post-coup unrest
1714:Sinai insurgency
1693:
1692:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1615:Ali Said Abdella
1612:
1593:
1566:
1565:on 13 March 2008
1540:
1524:
1519:, archived from
1504:
1503:
1501:
1492:, archived from
1480:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1444:
1433:
1425:
1414:
1412:
1406:, archived from
1405:
1389:
1374:
1373:on 14 April 2005
1369:, archived from
1355:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1313:
1302:
1289:
1267:
1256:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1135:
1126:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1075:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1042:
1033:
1018:
1009:
1003:
992:
923:
904:
786:
770:
689:
682:
675:
664:
507:
506:
504:
497:
496:
488:
481:
480:
477:
476:
341:Somali Civil War
250:
237:
230:
223:
214:
213:
171:
170:
159:
158:
148:
147:
129:
127:
126:
116:
114:
113:
47:
46:
39:
19:
18:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2804:1995 in Eritrea
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2737:
2698:
2667:Southern Africa
2657:
2600:
2571:
2518:
2503:Ethnic violence
2480:
2475:Baragoi clashes
2434:
2390:
2297:
2269:
2259:(2016–present)
2240:
2215:
2214:Central African
2209:
2175:
2169:
2098:First Congo War
2086:
2050:
2003:
1977:
1951:
1942:Ndogboyosoi War
1930:
1893:
1877:(2003–present)
1853:(1998–present)
1826:
1798:
1783:(1970–present)
1769:
1731:
1709:2011 revolution
1703:Egyptian Crisis
1682:
1673:
1630:
1597:
1573:
1550:
1547:
1545:Further reading
1499:
1497:
1478:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1410:
1403:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1300:
1287:
1241:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1181:
1175:Stansfield 2001
1173:
1169:
1163:Stansfield 2001
1161:
1157:
1149:
1138:
1127:
1123:
1112:
1108:
1097:
1093:
1087:ICRC staff 1995
1085:
1078:
1070:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1031:Wayback Machine
1019:
1012:
1006:Stansfield 2001
1004:
1000:
996:
995:
969:, p. 1033)
959:, p.70 (pdf 1))
924:
920:
915:
905:
902:
875:
833:
812:
792:Hanish al-Kabir
787:
784:
771:
768:
729:
693:
659:
644:
624:
604:
543:Bin Ghanem 1997
539:Abdulghani 1994
523:
502:
500:
499:
498:
494:
492:
491:
475:
470:
410:border conflict
324:2022 Al-Shabaab
251:
247:
243:
241:
201:
165:
153:
152:
142:
124:
122:
111:
109:
87:
73:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2746:Related topics
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2719:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2695:(2017–present)
2690:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2595:Kasese clashes
2592:
2591:(1996–present)
2586:
2585:(1987–present)
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2568:(2023–present)
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2544:(2009–present)
2539:
2533:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2453:(1963–present)
2448:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2405:
2404:(1998–present)
2398:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2352:War, 1998–2000
2343:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2322:Oromo conflict
2318:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2294:(2009–present)
2289:
2288:(1987–present)
2283:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2263:2021 offensive
2254:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2137:
2136:(2009–present)
2134:Ituri conflict
2131:
2128:Dongo conflict
2125:
2124:(2004–present)
2119:
2116:Ituri conflict
2113:
2107:
2106:(1996–present)
2101:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2083:(1975–present)
2078:
2071:
2069:
2062:
2060:Central Africa
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2047:(2020–present)
2042:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2029:(1982–present)
2024:
2021:Guinea clashes
2018:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1927:(2012–present)
1922:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1890:(2021–present)
1885:
1884:
1883:
1872:
1871:(2009–present)
1866:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1847:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1787:War, 1975–1991
1777:
1775:
1774:Western Sahara
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1753:2011 civil war
1745:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1728:(2013–present)
1723:
1717:
1716:(2011–present)
1711:
1706:
1699:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1629:
1628:External links
1626:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1595:
1568:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1525:
1506:
1481:
1476:
1459:
1458:(PDF, 4,72 MB)
1435:
1426:
1415:
1390:
1375:
1356:
1337:
1328:|journal=
1290:
1285:
1268:
1257:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1198:
1196:, p. 363.
1179:
1167:
1155:
1136:
1121:
1106:
1091:
1076:
1061:
1034:
1010:
997:
994:
993:
991:
990:
980:
970:
960:
950:
936:
933:AUL staff 1999
917:
916:
914:
911:
900:
874:
871:
832:
829:
811:
810:Armed conflict
808:
804:Petros Solomon
782:
766:
728:
725:
713:Greater Hanish
695:
694:
692:
691:
684:
677:
669:
666:
665:
658:
657:
651:
650:
643:
642:
637:
631:
630:
623:
622:
617:
611:
610:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
530:
529:
522:
521:
513:
512:
509:
508:
495:a series about
489:
472:
471:
469:
468:
463:
462:
461:
456:
451:
446:
444:OLA insurgency
441:
436:
426:
421:
414:
413:
412:
402:
397:
392:
387:
386:
385:
375:
370:
365:
364:
363:
358:
353:
348:
338:
333:
331:Oromo conflict
328:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
296:
295:
294:
289:
279:
274:
269:
268:
267:
256:
253:
252:
240:
239:
232:
225:
217:
209:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
176:
175:
163:
150:Isaias Afwerki
139:
138:
134:
133:
120:
106:
105:
101:
100:
97:
96:
89:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
63:Greater Hanish
61:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2866:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:1995 in Yemen
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:War on terror
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:Heglig Crisis
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2536:War in Darfur
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2492:Heglig Crisis
2490:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:Kenyan crisis
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2384:War in Amhara
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2122:Kivu conflict
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
1980:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1881:2016 conflict
1879:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1748:Libyan crisis
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1604:Sudan Tribune
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1516:Saudi Gazette
1512:
1507:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1347:The Economist
1343:
1338:
1334:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1177:, p. 42.
1176:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1151:Whitaker 1996
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1134:
1130:
1129:Lefebvre 1998
1125:
1119:
1115:
1114:Lefebvre 1998
1110:
1104:
1100:
1099:Lefebvre 1998
1095:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1008:, p. 34.
1007:
1002:
998:
988:
984:
981:
979:, p. 43)
978:
974:
971:
968:
967:Wertheim 2007
964:
961:
958:
954:
951:
948:
944:
940:
937:
934:
930:
927:
926:
922:
918:
910:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
870:
867:
863:
862:
856:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
828:
826:
821:
818:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
781:
778:
765:
763:
758:
751:
747:
745:
742:
738:
737:Bab-el-Mandeb
734:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
671:
670:
668:
667:
663:
656:
653:
652:
649:
646:
645:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
629:
626:
625:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
609:
606:
605:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:
528:
525:
524:
520:
517:
516:
515:
514:
505:
490:
487:
483:
482:
479:
478:
467:
464:
460:
459:War in Amhara
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
439:Oromia–Somali
437:
435:
432:
431:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
419:
415:
411:
408:
407:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
300:
297:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
266:
263:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
249:
238:
233:
231:
226:
224:
219:
218:
215:
205:
199:
196:
195:
190:
186:
183:
182:
177:
174:
169:
164:
162:
161:Sebhat Ephrem
157:
151:
146:
141:
140:
135:
132:
121:
119:
108:
107:
102:
94:
90:
85:
84:
80:
77:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
2627:
2614: /
2348:(2000–2018)
2176:of the Congo
1935:Sierra Leone
1688:North Africa
1609:the original
1602:
1590:the original
1585:
1579:
1563:the original
1556:
1533:
1521:the original
1514:
1498:, retrieved
1494:the original
1489:
1463:
1451:, retrieved
1446:
1430:
1420:
1408:the original
1398:
1385:
1379:
1371:the original
1361:
1352:the original
1345:
1304:
1272:
1262:
1253:the original
1247:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1170:
1158:
1124:
1109:
1094:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:
1001:
982:
972:
962:
952:
938:
928:
921:
907:
896:
876:
859:
857:
853:
834:
822:
813:
796:scuba diving
791:
789:
774:
753:
748:
730:
700:
698:
647:
627:
607:
579:
559:Mujawar 2007
526:
518:
417:
399:
361:2009–present
202:196 captured
104:Belligerents
27:Part of the
2763:Arab Winter
2758:Arab Spring
2727:(1998–1999)
2718:(1994–1999)
2684:(1977–1992)
2624:(1991–1994)
2618:(1990–1994)
2562:(2022–2023)
2550:(2011–2020)
2538:(2003–2020)
2532:(1983–2005)
2510:(2013–2020)
2485:South Sudan
2471:(2012–2013)
2465:(2007–2008)
2342:(1995–2018)
2336:(1994–2018)
2307:East Africa
2225:(2004–2007)
2206:(2016–2017)
2200:(2002–2003)
2182:Civil wars
2166:(2016–2019)
2160:(2013–2018)
2118:(1999–2007)
2112:(1998–2003)
2100:(1996–1997)
2081:Cabinda War
2077:(1975–2002)
2017:(1998–1999)
1836:West Africa
1823:(2010–2011)
1812:(1991–2002)
1722:(2013–2014)
1705:(2011–2014)
1558:Yemen Times
1500:12 December
1133:Younis 2004
1118:Younis 2004
1103:Younis 2004
987:Younis 2004
957:Dzurek 1996
947:Dzurek 1996
887:Netherlands
873:Arbitration
866:Arab League
861:casus belli
655:Ahmed Saleh
547:Iryani 1998
434:Afar–Somali
277:Bale revolt
86:Territorial
2783:Categories
2675:Mozambique
2379:Tigray war
1239:References
1194:Carol 2012
1055:2022-08-27
973:Whore wars
945:(cited by
727:Background
555:Bajamal II
535:Attas 1990
533:Cabinets (
527:Presidency
454:Tigray war
244:Post-1960
2508:Civil War
2191:1997–1999
2186:1993–1994
2142:conflict
1997:2010–2011
1992:2002–2007
1971:1999–2003
1966:1989–1996
1913:2007–2009
1908:1990–1995
1072:Pike 2012
883:The Hague
785:Lefebvre.
769:Lefebvre.
551:Bajamal I
346:Rebellion
246:conflicts
200:15 killed
197:12 killed
187:About 200
2616:genocide
2315:Ethiopia
2223:Bush War
2216:Republic
2204:Pool War
2174:Republic
2091:DR Congo
1925:Mali War
1677:Cold War
1400:dispute)
1318:citation
1296:(1996),
1027:Archived
901:—
817:Egyptian
783:—
767:—
179:Strength
58:Location
2395:Somalia
1956:Liberia
1844:Nigeria
1468:p. 1033
1453:26 June
983:Odd War
885:in the
825:Russian
733:Red Sea
717:Red Sea
715:in the
709:Eritrea
648:Related
383:2007–08
356:2006–09
118:Eritrea
88:changes
2712:(1994)
2703:Others
2605:Others
2597:(2016)
2576:Uganda
2556:(2012)
2494:(2012)
2477:(2012)
2459:(1997)
2423:AMISOM
2274:Others
2130:(2009)
2068:Angola
2023:(2013)
2008:Others
1803:Others
1474:
1283:
889:. The
849:Hebrew
837:Israel
314:Ogaden
287:Shifta
128:
115:
78:Result
2523:Sudan
2439:Kenya
1736:Libya
1696:Egypt
1675:Post–
1443:(PDF)
1411:(PDF)
1404:(PDF)
1301:(PDF)
1248:Yemem
913:Notes
735:near
705:Yemen
292:Rhamu
131:Yemen
67:Zaqar
2245:Chad
1918:2012
1898:Mali
1502:2005
1472:ISBN
1455:2014
1367:ICRC
1333:help
1281:ISBN
744:Aden
707:and
699:The
640:2001
635:1991
620:2006
615:1999
319:1982
309:1964
91:The
50:Date
1388:(3)
1277:363
881:in
762:SAM
184:500
2785::
1601:,
1586:43
1584:,
1578:,
1555:,
1536:,
1532:,
1513:,
1488:,
1470:,
1445:,
1386:52
1384:,
1365:,
1344:,
1322::
1320:}}
1316:{{
1309:,
1303:,
1279:,
1182:^
1139:^
1079:^
1064:^
1048:.
1037:^
1013:^
989:)
557:,
553:,
549:,
545:,
541:,
537:,
65:,
1668:e
1661:t
1654:v
1335:)
1331:(
1232:.
1208:.
1153:.
1089:.
1074:.
1058:.
985:(
975:(
965:(
955:(
941:(
935:)
931:(
688:e
681:t
674:v
561:)
236:e
229:t
222:v
69:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
