9141:, which is a branch of E-Z827. These two subclades represent the largest proportion of the modern E-M215 population. E-M78 is found over most of the range where E-M215 is found excluding Southern Africa. E-M81 is found mainly in North Africa. E-M123 is less common but widely scattered, with significant populations in specific parts of the Horn of Africa, the Levant, Arabia, Iberia, and Anatolia. A new clade (E-V1515) was defined by Trombetta et al. 2015, which originated about 12 kya (95% CI 8.6â16.4) in eastern Africa where it is currently mainly distributed. This clade includes the E-V42, E-M293, E-V92 and E-V6 subclades, which were identified as E-M35 basal clades in a previous phylogeny.
12560:
9762:. However this study includes 153 individuals from Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza islands as well as 24 individuals from Gascony which are not in the Iberian Peninsula. Without these 177 individuals, average for Iberian Peninsula is 4.1% (40/963), it is found at comparable levels to E-M78, with an average frequency of around 5%. Its frequencies are higher in the western half of the peninsula with frequencies reaching 8% in
10156:
new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
9159:
14451:
9146:
carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other authors, and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the
Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis.
14850:
Badro, Danielle A.; Douaihy, Bouchra; Haber, Marc; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Salloum, Angélique; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Johnsrud, Brian; Khazen, Georges; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Platt, Daniel E.; Zalloua, Pierre A. (2013), "Y-Chromosome
10155:
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome
Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single
301:
in eastern
Morocco. The fossils were directly dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 calibrated years before present. The scientists found that five male specimens with sufficient nuclear DNA preservation belonged to the E1b1b1a1 (M78) subclade, with one skeleton bearing the E1b1b1a1b1 parent lineage to
13327:
study, and found evidence that the E-M78 lineages which make up a significant proportion of some populations in that region, were relatively young branches (see E-V32 below). They therefore concluded that "Northeast Africa" was the likely place of origin of E-M78 based on "the peripheral geographic
10063:
Other E-M215 subclades are rare in
Southern Africa. The authors state "Without information about M293 in the Maasai, Hema, and other populations in Kenya, Sudan, and Ethiopia, we cannot pinpoint the precise geographic source of M293 with greater confidence. However, the available evidence points to
10019:
A new clade (E-V1515) was defined by
Trombetta et al. 2015, which originated about 12 kya (95% CI 8.6â16.4) in eastern Africa where it is currently mainly distributed. This clade includes all the sub-Saharan haplogroups (E-V42, E-M293, E-V92, E-V6) reported as E-M35 basal clades in a previous
333:
The following table only includes sample populations with more than 1% E-M215 men with all known subclades as of June 2015. It contains the E-V1515 clade defined by
Trombetta et al. 2015, and all the E1b1b subclades distributed below the Sahara (E-V42, E-M293, E-V92, E-V6), which were identified
17368:
Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; et al. (2004), "Origin, Diffusion, and
Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later
17552:
SolĂ©-Morata, Neus; GarcĂa-FernĂĄndez, Carla; Urasin, Vadim; Bekada, Asmahan; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Zalloua, Pierre; Comas, David; Calafell, Francesc (21 November 2017), "Whole Y-chromosome sequences reveal an extremely recent origin of the most common North
African paternal lineage E-M183 (M81)",
13787:
Van De
Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; PÀÀbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias; Haak,
9993:
This is a recently discovered subclade which has not yet been included in most haplogroup trees, E-Z830 includes the confirmed subclades of E-M123, E-V1515 (E-M293, E-V42, E-V6, E-V92), and E-Z830*, and is a sibling clade to E-L19. Currently, the E-M35 phylogeny project] recognizes four distinct
229:
predominantly carried the Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b. Of the five
Natufian specimens analysed for paternal lineages, three belonged to the E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a,E1b1b1b2b), E1b1(xE1b1a1,E1b1b1b1) and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a,E1b1b1b2b) subclades (60%). Haplogroup E1b1b was also found at moderate frequencies
9865:
and five Sicilian provinces, E-M81 shows an average frequency of 1.53%, but the typical Maghrebin core haplotype 13-14-30-24-9-11-13 has been found in only two out of the five E-M81 individuals. These results, along with the negligible contribution from North-African populations revealed by the
9415:
Listed here are the main subclades of M78 as of June 2015. Within the E-M78 subclade, Trombetta et al. 2015 allocated most of the former E-M78* chromosomes to three new distinct branches: E-V1083*, E-V1477 and E-V259. The first is a paragroup sister to clades E-V22 and E-V13. The mutation V1477
14728:
Adams, Susan M; Bosch, Elena; Balaresque, Patricia L.; Ballereau, Stéphane J.; Lee, Andrew C.; Arroyo, Eduardo; López-Parra, Ana M.; Aler, Mercedes; et al. (2008), "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian
9145:
Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe. An expansion of E-M35
9579:
and a different young one in Armenia) makes a maritime movement from northern Africa to southern Europe the most plausible hypothesis so far to explain its distribution. Yfull lists 24 individuals, all of whom belong to a single branch that is 30% younger than their common ancestor with M81.
16660:
Martinez, Laisel; Underhill, Peter A; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Gayden, Tenzin; Moschonas, Nicholas K; Chow, Cheryl-Emiliane T; Conti, Simon; Mamolini, Elisabetta; Cavalli-Sforza, L Luca; Herrera, Rene (April 1, 2007), "Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau",
177:
also estimate that E-M78 (called E1b1b1a1 in that paper) has been in Europe longer than 10,000 years. Accordingly, human remains excavated in a Spanish funeral cave dating from approximately 7,000 years ago were shown to be in this haplogroup. Two more E-M78 have been found in the Neolithic
15838:
Flores, Carlos; Maca-Meyer, Nicole; GonzĂĄlez, Ana M; Oefner, Peter J; Shen, Peidong; PĂ©rez, Jose A; Rojas, Antonio; Larruga, Jose M; Underhill, Peter A (2004), "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography",
13219:
K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik
15127:
Bosch, Elena; Calafell, Francesc; Comas, David; Oefner, Peter J.; Underhill, Peter A.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2001), "High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between north-western Africa and the Iberian Peninsula",
14938:
Behar, Doron M.; Thomas, Mark G.; Skorecki, Karl; Hammer, Michael F.; Bulygina, Ekaterina; Rosengarten, Dror; Jones, Abigail L.; Held, Karen; et al. (October 2003), "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries",
10089:
persons. It was suggested that it may be restricted to the region around Ethiopia. However, further testing by commercial DNA testing companies confirmed many positive results for this subclade in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and one person in Portugal who has a root from Arabia.
290:, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. The clade-bearing individuals that were analysed for paternal DNA were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with all of these specimens found to belong to the E1b1b1b1a1 or E-M183 subclade (3/3; 100%).
15329:
Capelli, Cristian; Onofri, Valerio; Brisighelli, Francesca; Boschi, Ilaria; Scarnicci, Francesca; Masullo, Mara; Ferri, Gianmarco; Tofanelli, Sergio; et al. (2009), "Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe",
13336:
therefore note this as evidence for "a corridor for bidirectional migrations" between Northeast Africa (Egypt and Libya in their data) on the one hand and East Africa on the other. The authors believe there were "at least 2 episodes between 23.9â17.3 ky and 18.0â5.9 ky
15454:
Cruciani, Fulvio; Santolamazza, Piero; Shen, Peidong; MacAulay, Vincent; Moral, Pedro; Olckers, Antonel; Modiano, David; Holmes, Susan (2002), "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes",
15405:
Contu, Daniela; Morelli, Daniela; Santoni, Federico; Foster, Jamie W.; Francalacci, Paolo; Cucca, Francesco (2008), "Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian Population: Inference for Association Scans",
15760:
El-Sibai, Mirvat; Platt, Daniel E.; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Wells, R. Spencer; Izaabel, Hassan; Sanyoura, May F.; et al. (2009), "Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast",
15632:
234:
culture, with the E1b1b1 and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a,E1b1b1b2b) subclades observed in two of seven PPNB specimens (~29%). The scientists suggest that the Levantine early farmers may have spread southward into East Africa, bringing along Western Eurasian and
15908:
Francalacci, P.; Morelli, L.; Underhill, P.A.; Lillie, A.S.; Passarino, G.; Useli, A.; Madeddu, R.; Paoli, G.; et al. (2003), "Peopling of Three Mediterranean Islands (Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily) Inferred by Y-Chromosome Biallelic Variability",
9367:
describe Egypt as "a hub for the distribution of the various geographically localized M78-related subclades" and, based on archaeological data, they propose that the point of origin of E-M78 (as opposed to later dispersal from Egypt) may have been in a
13361:
of 2.3kya, but the difference between the two methods is only large for the age estimation of E-M78, not its subclades. The authors state that the big difference is "attributable to the relevant departure from a star-like structure because of repeated
141:
In June 2015, Trombetta et al. reported a previously unappreciated large difference in the age between haplogroup E-M215 (38.6 kya; 95% CI 31.4â45.9 kya) and its sub-haplogroup E-M35 (25.0 kya; 95% CI 20.0â30.0 kya) and estimated its origin to be in
18071:
Zalloua, Pierre A.; Platt, Daniel E.; El Sibai, Mirvat; Khalife, Jade; Makhoul, Nadine; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Izaabel, Hassan; et al. (2008), "Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean",
13296:"Paragroup E-M35 * and haplogroup J-12f2a* fit the criteria for major AJ founding lineages because they are widespread both in AJ populations and in Near Eastern populations, and occur at much lower frequencies in European non-Jewish populations."
17719:
Trombetta, Beniamino; Cruciani, Fulvio; Sellitto, Daniele; Scozzari, Rosaria (2011), MacAulay, Vincent (ed.), "A New Topology of the Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) Revealed through the Use of Newly Characterized Binary Polymorphisms",
16470:
Lacan, Marie; Keyser, Christine; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Brucato, Nicolas; TarrĂșs, Josep; Bosch, Angel; Guilaine, Jean; CrubĂ©zy, Eric; Ludes, Bertrand (2011), "Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination",
16159:
Henn, B. M.; Gignoux, C.; Lin, Alice A; Oefner, Peter J.; Shen, P.; Scozzari, R.; Cruciani, F.; Tishkoff, S. A.; Mountain, J. L.; Underhill, P. A. (2008), "Y-chromosomal evidence of a pastoralist migration through Tanzania to southern Africa",
9743:" from the East. There is no autochthonous presence of E-M81 in the Near East (there is one in Lebanon), indicating that M81 most likely emerged from its parent clade M35 either in North Africa, or possibly as far south as the Horn of Africa.
9606:, decreasing in frequency from approximately 80% to 100% in Berber populations, including Saharawis, to approximately 29% to the east of this range in Egypt. Because of its young age and prevalence among these groups and also others such as
14899:
Battaglia, Vincenza; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Olivieri, Anna; Pala, Maria; Myres, Natalie M; King, Roy J; Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (2008), "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe",
16861:
Pelotti; Ceccardi, S; Lugaresi, F; Trane, R; Falconi, M; Bini, C; Willuweit, S; Roewer, L (2007), "Microgeographic genetic variation of Y chromosome in a population sample of Ravenna's area in the Emilia-Romagna region (North of Italy)",
17503:
Shlush; Behar, Doron M.; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Templeton, Alan; Hadid, Yarin; Basis, Fuad; Hammer, Michael; Itzkovitz, Shalev; Skorecki, Karl (2008), Gemmell, Neil John (ed.), "The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East",
13375:(6 out of 112), "The presence of chromosomes of North African origin (E3b1b-M81; Cruciani et al., 2004) can also be explained by a Portuguese but especially Italian-mediated influx, since this haplogroup reaches a frequency of 4.6% in
10064:
present-day Tanzania as an early and important geographic locus of M293 evolution.". They also say that "M293 is only found in sub-Saharan Africa, indicating a separate phylogenetic history for M35.1 * (former) samples further north".
16699:
Mendizabal, Isabel; Sandoval, Karla; Berniell-Lee, Gemma; Calafell, Francesc; Salas, Antonio; Martinez-Fuentes, Antonio; Comas, David (2008), "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba",
18032:
Zalloua, Pierre A.; Xue, Yali; Khalife, Jade; Makhoul, Nadine; Debiane, Labib; Platt, Daniel E.; Royyuru, Ajay K.; Herrera, Rene J.; et al. (2008), "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events",
15034:
Beleza, Sandra; Gusmao, Leonor; Lopes, Alexandra; Alves, Cintia; Gomes, Iva; Giouzeli, Maria; Calafell, Francesc; Carracedo, Angel; Amorim, Antonio (2006), "Micro-Phylogeographic and Demographic History of Portuguese Male Lineages",
13283:"Y chromosome data show a signal for a separate late-Pleistocene migration from Africa to Europe via Sinai as evidenced through the distribution of haplogroup E3b lineages, which is not manifested in mtDNA haplogroup distributions."
9125:
found 5 more Ethiopian individuals and an equivalent SNP to M281, V16. It was in the 2011 paper that the family tree position (M215+/M35-) was discovered as described above. The E-M215 derivative, E-M35 is defined by the M35 SNP. 1
15556:
Cruciani; La Fratta; Torroni; Underhill; Scozzari (2006), "Molecular Dissection of the Y Chromosome Haplogroup E-M78 (E3b1a): A Posteriori Evaluation of a Microsatellite-Network-Based Approach Through Six New Biallelic Markers",
17774:
Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; Passarino, Giuseppe; Yang, Wei H.; Kauffman, Erin; Bonné-Tamir, Batsheva; et al. (2000), "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations",
17807:
Underhill; Passarino, G.; Lin, A. A.; Shen, P.; Mirazon Lahr, M.; Foley, R. A.; Oefner, P. J.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (2001), "The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations",
15937:
Fregel, Rosa; Gomes, VerĂłnica; GusmĂŁo, Leonor; GonzĂĄlez, Ana M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Amorim, AntĂłnio; Larruga, Jose M (2009), "Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European",
14050:
Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Martinez-Cruz, Begoña; Khodjet-el-khil, Houssein; Mendizabal, Isabel; Benammar-Elgaaied, Amel; Comas, David (October 2011). "Genetic structure of Tunisian ethnic groups revealed by paternal lineages".
16612:
Maca-Meyer N, SĂĄnchez-Velasco P, Flores C, Larruga JM, GonzĂĄlez AM, Oterino A, Leyva-CobiĂĄn F, et al. (2003), "Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Characterization of Pasiegos, a Human Isolate from Cantabria (Spain)",
15799:
Firasat; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2006), "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan",
17043:
Robino, C.; Crobu, F.; Gaetano, C.; Bekada, A.; Benhamamouch, S.; Cerutti, N.; Piazza, A.; Inturri, S.; Torre, C. (2008), "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample",
15368:
CinnioÄlu, Cengiz; King, Roy; Kivisild, Toomas; Kalfoglu, Ersi; Atasoy, Sevil; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L.; Lillie, Anita S.; Roseman, Charles C.; et al. (2004), "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia",
14767:
Alvarez; Santos, Cristina; Montiel, Rafael; Caeiro, Blazquez; Baali, Abdellatif; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Aluja, Maria Pilar (2009), "Y-chromosome variation in South Iberia: Insights into the North African contribution",
15877:
Flores; Maca-Meyer, Nicole; Larruga, Jose M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Karadsheh, Naif; Gonzalez, Ana M. (2005), "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan",
14492:
Ordóñez, A. C.; Fregel, R.; Trujillo-Mederos, A.; Hervella, M.; de-la-RĂșa, C.; Arnay-de-la-Rosa, M. (2017). "Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands)".
270:, which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, also carried haplotypes related to the E1b1b1b1a (E-M81) subclade. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern
9994:
clusters of Z830* carriers, two of which are exclusively Jewish in origin. The remaining two are significantly smaller, and include scattered individuals in Germany, Spain, Latin America, Egypt, and Ethiopia.
9320:, when announcing the discovery of V68. The authors noted that because E-V68* was not found in the Middle Eastern samples, this appears to be evidence of maritime migration from Africa to southwestern Europe.
14313:
Grugni, Viola; Raveane, Alessandro; Colombo, Giulia; Nici, Carmen; Crobu, Francesca; Ongaro, Linda; Battaglia, Vincenza; Sanna, Daria; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Fiorani, Ornella; Lisa, Antonella (16 October 2019).
9416:
defines a new basal branch that has been observed only in one northern African sample. Finally, a sister clade of E-V12 defined by V264 includes E-V65 and V259, a new lineage distributed in central Africa.
15241:
Capelli, Cristian; Redhead, Nicola; Abernethy, Julia K.; Gratrix, Fiona; Wilson, James F.; Moen, Torolf; Hervig, Tor; Richards, Martin; et al. (2003), "A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles",
13332:
E-M35, the parent clade of E-M78, originated in East Africa, subsequently spread to Northeast Africa, and then there was a "back migration" of E-M215 chromosomes that had acquired the E-M78 mutation.
17177:
Sanchez, Juan J; Hallenberg, Charlotte; BĂžrsting, Claus; Hernandez, Alexis; Gorlin, RJ (2005), "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males",
16977:
Ramos-Luisa, E.; Blanco-Verea, A.; BriĂłn, M.; Van Huffel, V.; Carracedo, A.; SĂĄnchez-Diz, P. (2009), "Phylogeography of French male lineages (unpublished data 23rd International ISFG Congress)",
9134:
with a subclade defining mutation is referred to as E-M35*. As of June 2015, there is an increasingly complex tree structure which divides most men in E-M35 into two branches: E-V68 and E-Z827.
14130:
KujanovĂĄ, Martina; Pereira, LuĂsa; Fernandes, VerĂłnica; Pereira, Joana B.; CernĂœ, Viktor (October 2009). "Near eastern neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert".
17767:
Trombetta B. "Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent"
13319:
East Africa as a possible place of origin of E-M78, based upon Ethiopian testing. This was because of the high frequency and diversity of E-M78 lineages in the region of Ethiopia. However,
13328:
distribution of the most derived subhaplogroups with respect to northeastern Africa, as well as the results of quantitative analysis of UEP and microsatellite diversity". So according to
146:, where the node separating the E-V38 and E-M215 branches occurs about 47,500 years ago (95% CI: 41.3â56.8 ka). E-M35 was dated by Batini in 2015 to between 15,400 and 20,500 years ago.
9571:
individuals in their samples who were E-V257, but not E-M81. A Borana from Kenya, a Marrakesh Berber, a Corsican, a Sardinian, a southern Spaniard and a Cantabrian. As mentioned above,
15596:
17080:
Rosa, Alexandra; Ornelas, Carolina; Jobling, Mark A; Brehm, AntĂłnio; Villems, Richard (2007), "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective",
15639:
Di Gaetano; Cerutti, Francesca; Crobu, Carlo; Robino (2009), "Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome",
169:, believing that the structure and regional pattern of E-M35 subclades potentially give "reagents with which to infer specific episodes of population histories associated with the
18112:
The use of Y-chromosomal DNA variation to investigate population history; in Papiha SS, Deka R, Chakraborty R (eds): Genomic diversity: applications in human population genetics
13528:"Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent"
134:
18119:
Zhao; Khan, Faisal; Borkar, Minal; Herrera, Rene; Agrawal, Suraksha (2009), "Presence of three different paternal lineages among North Indians: A study of 560 Y chromosomes",
9113:. At least some of these men, perhaps all, are known since early 2011 to be in a rare sibling clade to E-M35, known as E-V16 or E-M281. The discovery of M281 was announced by
14810:; Zerjal, T; Fathallah, D; Makrelouf, M; Pascali, V; Novelletto, A; Tylersmith, C (2004), "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa",
18332:
Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective",
16823:
Paracchini; Pearce, CL; Kolonel, LN; Altshuler, D; Henderson, BE; Tyler-Smith, C (2003), "A Y chromosomal influence on prostate cancer risk: the multi-ethnic cohort study",
18475:
13055:
16748:
Nebel, Almut; Filon, D; Brinkmann, B; Majumder, P; Faerman, M; Oppenheim, A (2001), "The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East",
12663:
12653:
14211:
13082:
Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome".
9721:
however showed microsatellite variation decrease from East to West, accompanied by a substantial increasing frequency. At the eastern extreme of this core range,
18411:
Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations".
12750:
12733:
213:
that there is also evidence for additional migration of E-M215 carrying men directly from North Africa to southwestern Europe, via a maritime route (see below.)
16883:
11902:
is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG. It includes all known subclades as of June 2015 (Trombetta et al. 2015)
17968:
Wood; Stover; Ehret; Destro-Bisol (2005), "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes",
12399:
137:
The ancient dispersals of the major E-M35 lineages. The map shows the supposed earliest movements of E-M215 lineages as described in the most recent articles.
15678:
12741:
10747:
17667:
9404:
propose that E-M78 in Ethiopia, Somalia and surrounding areas, back-migrated to this region from the direction of Egypt after acquiring the E-M78 mutation.
9396:
also explain evidence that some subclades of E-M78, specifically E-V12 and E-V22, "might have been brought to Sudan from North Africa after the progressive
17459:
15167:
12389:
17407:"Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation"
15211:
Cadenas; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J (2007), "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman",
16882:
Pereira, LuĂsa; ÄernĂœ, Viktor; Cerezo, MarĂa; Silva, Nuno M; HĂĄjek, Martin; VaĆĄĂkovĂĄ, AlĆŸbÄta; KujanovĂĄ, Martina; BrdiÄka, Radim; Salas, Antonio (2010),
12900:
12893:
12886:
12496:
12436:
12423:
12413:
11538:
11355:
11294:
11172:
10930:
10869:
10808:
10028:
E-M293 is a subclade of E-V1515. It was first identified by ISOGG as the second clade within E-Z830. It was discovered before E-Z830, being announced in
12486:
11477:
10991:
10686:
10503:
10381:
9380:, until the onset of a humid phase around 8500 BC. The northward-moving rainfall belts during this period could have also spurred a rapid migration of
15293:
Caratti; Gino, S.; Torre, C.; Robino, C. (2009), "Subtyping of Y-chromosomal haplogroup E-M78 (E1b1b1a) by SNP assay and its forensic application",
13009:
13004:
161:. Some branches of E-M35 are assumed to have left Africa thousands of years ago, whereas others may have arrived from the Near East. For example,
17007:
Regueiro, M.; Cadenas, A.M.; Gayden, T.; Underhill, P.A.; Herrera, R.J. (2006), "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration",
15595:
Cruciani, F.; La Fratta, R.; Trombetta, B.; Santolamazza, P.; Sellitto, D.; Colomb, E. B.; Dugoujon, J.-M.; Crivellaro, F.; et al. (2007),
13707:
Fregel; et al. (2018). "Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe".
17268:
16553:
9595:, and is dominated by its E-M183 subclade. E-M183 is believed to have originated in the Northwest Africa and has an estimated age of 4700 ybp.
17320:
15098:
Bortolini; Thomas, Mark G.; Chikhi, Lourdes; Aguilar, Juan A.; Castro-De-Guerra, Dinorah; Salzano, Francisco M.; Ruiz-Linares, Andres (2004),
17842:
Underhill (2002), "Inference of Neolithic Population Histories using Y-chromosome Haplotypes", in Bellwood, Peter; Renfrew, A. Colin (eds.),
16442:
Kujanova; Pereira; Fernandes; Pereira; CernĂœ (2009), "Near Eastern Neolithic Genetic Input in a Small Oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert",
16117:
10150:
17860:
Underhill, Peter A.; Kivisild, Toomas (2007), "Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations",
17406:
16605:
15597:"Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12"
13354:
14851:
and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations",
14401:"An Ancient Mediterranean Melting Pot: Investigating the Uniparental Genetic Structure and Population History of Sicily and Southern Italy"
13350:
16364:
13626:
9312:
E-V68, is dominated by its longer-known subclade E-M78. Three "E-V68*" individuals who are in E-V68 but not E-M78 have been reported in
17405:
Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; et al. (2004),
16227:
9726:
16210:
15168:"Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns"
15166:
Bosch, E.; Calafell, F.; Gonzalez-Neira, A.; Flaiz, C.; Mateu, E.; Scheil, H.-G.; Huckenbeck, W.; Efremovska, L.; et al. (2006),
17889:
17129:
16521:"Y Haplogroups, Archaeological Cultures and Language Families: a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E-M35"
16363:
King, R. J.; Ăzcan, S. S.; Carter, T.; KalfoÄlu, E.; Atasoy, S.; Triantaphyllidis, C.; Kouvatsi, A.; Lin, A. A.; et al. (2008),
17209:
14982:
17628:
16937:"High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations"
18246:"Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages"
16884:"Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel"
13349:
use two calculation methods for estimating the age of E-M78 which give very different results. For the main 18,600 years ago, the
16936:
9344:(up to almost 50% in some areas) and Sicily, and declining frequencies evident toward western, central, and northeastern Europe.
16414:
King; Underhill (2002), "Congruent distribution of Neolithic painted pottery and ceramic figurines with Y-chromosome lineages",
13730:"Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans"
9866:
admixture-like plot analysis, suggest only a marginal impact of trans-Mediterranean gene flows on the current SSI genetic pool.
17267:
Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; Arbuzova, S; Beckman, LE; De Benedictis, G; Francalacci, P; et al. (2000),
13060:
9643:
15497:"Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa"
17930:
Weale; Shah, T; Jones, AL; Greenhalgh, J; Wilson, JF; Nymadawa, P; Zeitlin, D; Connell, BA; et al. (September 1, 2003),
17851:
17618:
16322:
15701:
14652:
14627:
14602:
274:, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area. The E1b1b haplogroup has likewise been observed in ancient
17208:
Scozzari, Rosaria; Cruciani, F; Pangrazio, A; Santolamazza, P; Vona, G; Moral, P; Latini, V; Varesi, L; et al. (2001),
14577:
14552:
314:. The linguistic group and carriers of E-M35 lineage have a high probability to have arisen and dispersed together from the
16788:
Onofri, Valerio; Alessandrini, Federica; Turchi, Chiara; Pesaresi, Mauro; Buscemi, Loredana; Tagliabracci, Adriano (2006),
16315:
In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory: Essays in the Four Fields of Anthropology : In Honor of Harold Crane Fleming
16026:
Gonçalves, R; Freitas, A; Branco, M; Rosa, A; Fernandes, AT; Zhivotovsky, LA; Underhill, PA; Kivisild, T; Brehm, A (2005),
18168:"A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania"
14316:"Y-chromosome and Surname Analyses for Reconstructing Past Population Structures: The Sardinian Population as a Test Case"
16924:
16552:
Luis, J; Rowold, D; Regueiro, M; Caeiro, B; Cinnioglu, C; Roseman, C; Underhill, P; Cavallisforza, L; Herrera, R (2004),
16520:
15496:
14975:
9790:, ranging from 5.5% (8/45) to 41% (23/56). An average frequency of 8.28% (54/652) has also been reported in the Spanish
17371:
17319:
Semino; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana; Falaschi, Francesco; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A. (2002),
17134:
16750:
16561:
15504:
15457:
14812:
14208:
17998:
Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (2002), "A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups",
17495:
15203:
10136:
announced the discovery of E-V92 in two Amharas. Like E-V6 and E-V42 it possibly only exists in the area of Ethiopia.
9392:
and Europe, where they each eventually differentiated into their regionally distinctive branches". Towards the south,
16789:
12544:
12394:
12369:
9541:
94:
16235:
Jobling, M.A.; Tyler-Smith, C. (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes the human Y chromosome, disease and selection",
18512:
17128:
Rosser, Z; Zerjal, T; Hurles, M; Adojaan, M; Alavantic, D; Amorim, A; Amos, W; Armenteros, M; et al. (2000),
15707:
13201:
Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
322:
male lineages are E-M35. Haplogroup E-M35, which accounts for approximately 18% to 20% of 18% of Palestinians and
17708:
16935:
PeriÄic, M.; Lauc, LB; KlariÄ, IM; Rootsi, S; JaniÄijevic, B; Rudan, I; TerziÄ, R; Colak, I; et al. (2005),
13944:(Figure S.7) J D Cristofaro et al., 2013, "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge",
13598:
12534:
10044:. So far high levels have been found in specific ethnic groups in Tanzania and Southern Africa. Highest were the
17608:
16118:"Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History"
149:
All major sub-branches of E-M35 are thought to have originated in the same general area as the parent clade: in
16206:
15988:"North African Berber and Arab influences in the western Mediterranean revealed by Y-chromosome DNA haplotypes"
9105:
Exceptional cases of men who are M215 positive but M35 negative ("E-M215*") have been discovered so far in two
15072:
330:
Y-chromosomes, appears to be one of the major founding lineages of the Palestinian and the Jewish population.
17210:"Human Y-Chromosome Variation in the Western Mediterranean Area: Implications for the Peopling of the Region"
15274:
14983:"Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations"
13945:
9517:
9369:
18370:"Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age"
17130:"Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language"
16263:
Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (May 2008),
13247:
Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
13256:
Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)
318:. Amongst populations with an Afro-Asiatic speaking history, a significant proportion of Palestinians and
18166:
Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001).
16028:"Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry"
15677:
Dugoujon; Coudray; Torroni; Cruciani; Scozzari; Moral; Louali; Kossmann (2009), d'Errico; Hombert (eds.),
13652:"Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods"
12512:
16971:
16076:
Hammer (2003), "Human population structure and its effects on sampling Y chromosome sequence variation",
16027:
13311:
use the term Northeastern Africa to refer to Egypt and Libya, as shown in Table 1 of the study. Prior to
12339:
9775:
9759:
17629:"History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation"
16790:"Development of multiplex PCRs for evolutionary and forensic applications of 37 human Y chromosome SNPs"
18244:
Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001).
15073:"Haplogroup E3b1a2 as a Possible Indicator of Settlement in Roman Britain by Soldiers of Balkan Origin"
14399:
Sarno, S; Boattini, A; Carta, M; Ferri, G; AlĂč, M; Yao, DY; Ciani, G; Pettener, D; Luiselli, D (2014).
13323:
were able to study more data, including populations from North Africa who were not represented in the
11605:
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
10106:. Among the Ethiopian and Somali samples, the highest were 14.7% among the Amhara and 16.7% among the
9750:
shows an average frequency of 4% (45/1140) in the Iberian Peninsula with frequencies reaching 3.5% in
18209:
Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001).
16332:
16265:"New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree"
13627:"Molecular genetic investigation of the Neolithic population history in the western Carpathian Basin"
10060:(24%). Henn (2008) in their study also found two Bantu-speaking Kenyan males with the M293 mutation.
9348:
17307:
17229:
16627:
16596:
16214:
9981:
17458:
Silva; Carvalho, Elizeu; Costa, Guilherme; Tavares, LĂgia; Amorim, AntĂłnio; GusmĂŁo, Leonor (2006),
17357:
12723:
9452:
This is the most common subclade of E-M215 found in Europe. It is especially common in the Balkans.
16148:
14281:
12926:
12374:
10102:
identified a significant presence of these lineages in Ethiopia and also some in the neighboring
9919:
There are two recognized subclades of E-M81, although one is much more important than the other.
263:
231:
16554:"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations"
15100:"Ribeiro's typology, genomes, and Spanish colonialism, as viewed from Gran Canaria and Colombia"
17224:
16622:
13790:"Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations"
12915:
12907:
12647:
255:
18493:
18289:"Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes"
16116:
Hassan, Hisham Y.; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L.; Ibrahim, Muntaser E. (2008),
14303:
Only men with French surname were analysed, in order to try to exclude more recent immigrants.
13157:
F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.
16403:
15686:
Becoming Eloquent Advances in the Emergence of Language, Human Cognition, and Modern Cultures
13633:
12977:
12823:
311:
16962:
16333:"Genetics, Egypt, and History: Interpreting Geographical Patterns of Y Chromosome Variation"
16310:
15987:
9739:
believe the pattern of distribution and variance to be consistent with the hypothesis of a "
18341:
17873:
17729:
17562:
17513:
17283:
17089:
16709:
16480:
16169:
15947:
15415:
15251:
14860:
14502:
14412:
13801:
13741:
13708:
13663:
13016:
12935:
12870:
12814:
12799:
12785:
12706:
12678:
12349:
9502:
Associated with North Africa, but also found in Sicily and also found in continental Italy.
9429:
Found in Morocco, southern Portugal, southern Spain and Iran (Tehran and Semnan provinces).
315:
251:
166:
18227:
18210:
17918:
17905:
17441:
17169:
16264:
14455:
14373:
8:
17250:
15017:
12527:
9407:
Recently, E-M78 was dated by Trombetta et al. 2015. between 20,300 and 14,800 years ago.
18345:
17733:
17658:
17566:
17517:
17287:
17093:
16713:
16484:
16173:
15951:
15419:
15255:
14864:
14506:
14491:
14416:
13805:
13745:
13667:
12573:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
10117:
identified one V6+ man in a sample of 35 Datooga of Tanzania. And further to the north,
18470:
18436:
18394:
18369:
18315:
18288:
18275:
18192:
18167:
18141:
18094:
18055:
17952:
17831:
17818:
17796:
17752:
17695:
17591:
17536:
17487:
17433:
17389:
17156:
17112:
17069:
17032:
16996:
16911:
16845:
16772:
16732:
16648:
16583:
16503:
16431:
16395:
16352:
16289:
16192:
16100:
16078:
16065:
16015:
15970:
15866:
15822:
15783:
15749:
15661:
15584:
15526:
15438:
15394:
15352:
15318:
15195:
15150:
15060:
15009:
14957:
14922:
14883:
14834:
14795:
14751:
14541:
14435:
14400:
14374:
Low-Pass DNA Sequencing of 1200 Sardinians Reconstructs European Y-Chromosome Phylogeny
14350:
14315:
13827:
13684:
13651:
13599:
Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing
13581:
13568:
13527:
13400:
13358:
13107:
12945:
12619:
12602:
9662:-speaking groups. It is generally found at frequencies around 45% in coastal cities of
9576:
18287:
Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001).
18016:
17768:
17344:
17238:
16248:
15626:
15479:
15288:
15264:
14976:
https://web.archive.org/web/20090304100321/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/400971.pdf
14971:
13124:
18428:
18399:
18368:
Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999).
18357:
18320:
18267:
18232:
18197:
18146:
18099:
18060:
18021:
17987:
17957:
17910:
17877:
17847:
17823:
17788:
17757:
17700:
17650:
17614:
17596:
17578:
17541:
17479:
17425:
17394:
17349:
17321:"Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny"
17299:
17242:
17196:
17161:
17117:
17061:
17024:
16954:
16916:
16850:
16812:
16777:
16737:
16688:
16680:
16640:
16636:
16588:
16508:
16459:
16435:
16387:
16383:
16356:
16318:
16294:
16252:
16197:
16140:
16105:
16057:
16043:
16007:
15975:
15926:
15897:
15858:
15827:
15788:
15774:
15741:
15697:
15666:
15618:
15576:
15531:
15484:
15443:
15386:
15357:
15310:
15279:
15230:
15187:
15183:
15155:
15052:
15048:
15001:
14962:
14927:
14888:
14839:
14807:
14787:
14756:
14440:
14355:
14337:
14155:
14147:
14076:
14068:
13831:
13819:
13769:
13689:
13573:
13555:
13547:
13176:
13099:
13037:
13032:
13023:
12966:
12957:
12877:
12848:
12808:
12766:
12718:
12636:
12501:
12456:
12451:
12418:
12344:
12161:
12031:
11899:
11844:
11816:
11416:
10003:
9747:
9531:
102:
70:
56:
18440:
18279:
17800:
17491:
17073:
17000:
16808:
16652:
16399:
16019:
15870:
15588:
15398:
15199:
15119:
15013:
13585:
13111:
9782:. The highest frequencies of this clade found so far in Europe were observed in the
18485:
18420:
18389:
18381:
18349:
18310:
18300:
18257:
18222:
18187:
18179:
18136:
18128:
18089:
18081:
18050:
18042:
18011:
18003:
17977:
17947:
17939:
17900:
17869:
17835:
17813:
17780:
17747:
17737:
17690:
17682:
17640:
17586:
17570:
17531:
17521:
17471:
17437:
17417:
17384:
17376:
17339:
17331:
17318:
17291:
17234:
17186:
17151:
17143:
17107:
17097:
17053:
17036:
17016:
16986:
16944:
16906:
16898:
16871:
16840:
16832:
16804:
16767:
16759:
16727:
16717:
16670:
16632:
16578:
16570:
16498:
16488:
16451:
16423:
16379:
16344:
16284:
16276:
16244:
16187:
16177:
16132:
16095:
16087:
16069:
16047:
16039:
15999:
15965:
15955:
15918:
15887:
15848:
15817:
15809:
15778:
15770:
15753:
15737:
15733:
15689:
15656:
15648:
15608:
15566:
15521:
15513:
15474:
15466:
15433:
15423:
15378:
15347:
15339:
15322:
15302:
15269:
15259:
15220:
15179:
15145:
15137:
15114:
15064:
15044:
14993:
14952:
14944:
14917:
14909:
14878:
14868:
14829:
14821:
14799:
14777:
14746:
14738:
14510:
14430:
14420:
14345:
14327:
14139:
14060:
14049:
13838:
13809:
13759:
13749:
13679:
13671:
13563:
13539:
13091:
12999:
12757:
12711:
12491:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12446:
12441:
12431:
11941:(E1b1b1a1). North Africa, Horn of Africa, West Asia, Sicily. (Formerly "E1b1b1a".)
11925:
11829:
11773:
11758:
11730:
11717:
11707:
11233:
11111:
10442:
10320:
10259:
9850:
9575:
propose that the absence of E-V257* in the Middle East (Yfull found a young one in
9307:
9138:
9114:
222:
98:
66:
18353:
17295:
16365:"Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic"
16303:
16091:
15099:
14656:
14631:
14606:
9964:
first described it as a subclade of E-M81. The known subclades of E-M183 include:
9818:
239:
ancestral components separate from that which would arrive later in North Africa.
18497:
17943:
17742:
17526:
16991:
16875:
15428:
14873:
14581:
14556:
14425:
14215:
14031:
12771:
12481:
12461:
10625:
10564:
10041:
9858:
9842:
9830:
9783:
9767:
9751:
9740:
9659:
9607:
9423:(E1b1b1a1) North Africa, Horn of Africa, West Asia, Europe (formerly "E1b1b1a").
9397:
209:. While this proposal remains uncontested, it has more recently been proposed by
202:
183:
122:
17931:
16221:
9709:
haplotype variation (implying greater lineage age in the former areas) from the
9591:
is the most common subclade of haplogroup E-L19/V257. It is concentrated in the
250:
archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which dates from a period between the late
18085:
18046:
17932:"Rare Deep-Rooting Y Chromosome Lineages in Humans: Lessons for Phylogeography"
17574:
16311:"Geography, selected Afro-Asiatic families, and Y chromosome lineage variation"
14742:
13384:
13363:
12987:
12780:
12613:
12520:
10107:
10057:
10053:
10045:
9931:
9791:
9710:
9706:
9698:
9549:
9329:
323:
294:
287:
271:
259:
236:
154:
143:
110:
18132:
17668:"Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England"
17057:
16535:
16427:
15892:
15539:
15382:
15306:
14997:
14514:
14454:
This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a
13754:
13729:
13559:
18506:
17888:
Weale, M. E.; Weiss, D. A.; Jager, R. F.; Bradman, N.; Thomas, M. G. (2002),
17582:
16684:
14341:
14151:
14072:
13551:
13232:
13180:
12862:
12856:
12842:
12831:
12794:
12697:
12692:
12683:
12669:
12630:
12354:
10049:
9913:
9869:
As a result of its old world distribution, this subclade is found throughout
9803:
9730:
9627:
9615:
9512:
Not mentioned by Trombetta et al.2015. Found in two individuals in Greece by
9106:
327:
243:
179:
18262:
18245:
17982:
17645:
17191:
17102:
16949:
16722:
16675:
16493:
16182:
15960:
15853:
15813:
15613:
15225:
13814:
13789:
18491:
E1b1.org â International Y-DNA project of Haplogroup E1b1 and its Subclades
18465:
18432:
18403:
18361:
18324:
18271:
18236:
18201:
18150:
18103:
18064:
18025:
17991:
17961:
17914:
17881:
17827:
17792:
17761:
17704:
17686:
17654:
17600:
17545:
17483:
17429:
17398:
17353:
17303:
17246:
17200:
17165:
17121:
17065:
17028:
16958:
16920:
16854:
16816:
16781:
16741:
16692:
16644:
16592:
16512:
16463:
16391:
16298:
16256:
16201:
16144:
16109:
16061:
16011:
15979:
15930:
15901:
15862:
15831:
15792:
15745:
15670:
15622:
15580:
15535:
15488:
15447:
15390:
15361:
15314:
15283:
15234:
15191:
15159:
15056:
15005:
14966:
14931:
14892:
14843:
14791:
14760:
14444:
14359:
14159:
14080:
13823:
13773:
13693:
13577:
13103:
12542:
9893:
9846:
9799:
9639:
9611:
9603:
9458:. Concentrated in Northeast Africa and the Near East. Peaks among the Saho.
9325:
9118:
279:
150:
106:
18480:
16836:
16348:
16003:
15652:
15343:
14913:
13946:
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0076748
13403:
had records of four E-M123* tests, compared to 93 test results with E-M34.
10011:
is mostly known for its major subclade E-M34, which dominates this clade.
9471:. Found in Egypt, Sudan, and Chad other places. Has an important subclade
9340:. The European distribution has a frequency peak centered in parts of the
16902:
16052:
15210:
14332:
13922:
13543:
12319:(E1b1b2). Rare. Found in individuals in Ethiopia, Yemen and Saudi Arabia.
10086:
10037:
10033:
9763:
9635:
198:
114:
46:
15693:
13786:
13675:
13139:
Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
9853:
empires. In a 2014 study by Stefania Sarno et al. with 326 samples from
9137:
The most frequently described subclades are E-M78, a part of E-V68, and
18460:
17997:
17551:
17475:
17421:
16455:
16280:
16136:
15922:
14782:
14698:
14143:
14064:
13095:
12359:
10122:
9882:
9702:
9679:
9389:
9381:
9377:
18007:
17020:
16976:
16972:
http://dienekes.blogspot.ru/2015/07/phylogeographic-refinement-of.html
16698:
16611:
15724:
Ehret, C.; Keita, SO; Newman, P (2004), "The Origins of Afroasiatic",
15594:
15571:
14468:
14292:
14266:
13996:
13764:
13478:
13346:
13333:
13329:
13320:
13312:
13308:
13225:
13179:
was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to
9401:
9352:
293:
Loosdrecht et al. (2018) analysed genome-wide data from seven ancient
17610:
Blood of the Isles: Exploring the Genetic Roots of Our Tribal History
17207:
15986:
Gérard; Berriche, S; Aouizérate, A; Diéterlen, F; Lucotte, G (2006),
15494:
14037:
13464:
13236:, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree"
12379:
12364:
12213:. E-V1515 and its subclades are mainly restricted to eastern Africa.
10099:
9927:
9787:
9779:
9771:
9755:
9553:
9333:
170:
158:
16115:
14024:
13982:
13503:
13426:
9892:
In smaller numbers, E-M81 men can be found in areas in contact with
9393:
9336:, (the Middle East and Near East) "up to Southern Asia", and all of
18385:
18305:
18183:
17380:
17335:
17147:
16763:
16574:
15517:
15470:
15141:
15084:
14948:
14898:
14825:
13713:
13376:
13192:
Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
12384:
9923:
9878:
9822:
9814:
9795:
9513:
9364:
9313:
9127:
298:
283:
275:
174:
18424:
17784:
17176:
16659:
14456:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license
14184:
13081:
9622:
groups, it is sometimes referred to as a genetic "Berber marker".
17718:
15985:
15907:
15798:
15555:
13959:
13933:
10133:
10103:
10082:
10071:
9905:
9854:
9683:
9667:
9663:
9619:
9599:
9592:
9572:
9545:
9516:
and in one individual from the Eastern Alpine region of Italy by
9341:
9317:
9158:
9151:
9131:
9122:
267:
210:
16822:
16787:
15679:"The Berber and the Berbers: Genetic and linguistic diversities"
15453:
15165:
14981:
Behar; Garrigan; Kaplan; Mobasher; Rosengarten (November 2004),
14528:
14480:
14010:
16441:
16262:
14687:
14129:
9961:
9909:
9897:
9886:
9874:
9870:
9834:
9826:
9810:
9722:
9717:
and they found M183* (not SM001) in Iberia, Libya and Morocco.
9691:
9650:. There was a much lower frequency of 11.1% in the vicinity of
9631:
9557:
9385:
9337:
247:
226:
190:
118:
18211:"Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity"
17006:
15876:
15837:
15676:
15328:
15240:
14252:
14227:
10118:
17846:, Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research,
17502:
17460:"Y-chromosome genetic variation in Rio de Janeiro population"
15367:
14727:
14450:
13900:
13380:
9901:
9862:
9838:
9687:
9671:
9655:
9651:
9373:
9360:
9356:
9110:
206:
133:
18455:
16860:
15638:
15097:
14805:
14387:
14096:
9736:
9718:
9400:
of the Sahara around 6,000â8,000 years ago". And similarly,
18070:
17967:
17626:
16747:
14980:
13911:
13875:
13788:
Wolfgang; Jeong, Choongwon; Krause, Johannes (4 May 2018).
13297:
10114:
9946:
9813:, 2.70% (15/555) overall with frequencies surpassing 5% in
9714:
9675:
9647:
319:
16864:
Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series
16025:
14766:
14107:
13125:
International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015),
9794:
with frequencies over 10% in the three largest islands of
17806:
17457:
17127:
16970:
Pontikos D. "Phylogeographic refinement of haplogroup E"
15936:
15404:
14937:
14849:
14277:
13864:
13388:
13166:
Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
18031:
17929:
17266:
17042:
16551:
16469:
15495:
Cruciani; La Fratta; Santolamazza; Sellitto (May 2004),
15126:
14312:
14172:
14118:
13614:
9324:
is a commonly occurring subclade, widely distributed in
302:
E-V13, another male specimen belonged to E1b1b (M215*).
18481:
Haplogroup E3B1 (E1b1b1) Facebook Group (M35 community)
17079:
16934:
16881:
16362:
14398:
13970:
9623:
9598:
This haplogroup reaches a mean frequency of 61% in the
17890:"Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration"
17887:
15292:
15033:
14238:
13649:
12400:
Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
9363:. about 18,600 years ago (17,300 â 20,000 years ago).
18118:
17367:
15759:
13446:
13324:
13316:
9477:
Most common lineage among Southern Egyptians (74.5%).
242:
Additionally, haplogroup E1b1b1 has been found in an
18114:, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 91â101
17404:
16158:
13886:
13492:
12390:
Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
10121:
identified another 6 men in a sample of 93 from the
10029:
9960:
is extremely dominant (more than 99%) within E-M81.
9166:
197:
have remarked that E-M215 seems to represent a late-
17844:
Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis
17773:
17769:
http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/7/1940.long
16331:Keita, S. O. Y.; Boyce, A. J. (Anthony J.) (2005),
14972:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Behar-AJHG-03.pdf
11964:. Found only in Eritrea (1.1%) and Sardinia (0.3%).
9971:
9544:abundantly found in North Africa, particularly the
18490:
17627:Tishkoff; Gonder; Henn; Mortensen; Knight (2007),
17282:, vol. 290, no. 5494, pp. 1155â59,
16234:
11613:
17859:
17665:
15275:20.500.11820/8acb01f3-a7c1-45f5-89de-b796266d651e
13727:
13284:
9446:Found only in Eritrea (1.1%) and Sardinia (0.3%).
194:
165:associates the spread of the haplogroup with the
18504:
18158:
17899:, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 1008â1021,
17375:, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 1023â1034,
17273:in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective"
15723:
14383:
14381:
14262:
14260:
13844:
9841:, possibly due to ancient migrations during the
9746:In Europe, E-M81 is widespread but rare, in the
9355:suggests that E-M78 originated in the region of
105:. E-V68 and E-Z827 are primarily distributed in
17938:, vol. 165, no. 1, pp. 229â234,
17812:, vol. 65, no. Pt 1, pp. 43â62,
17046:Journal International Journal of Legal Medicine
16943:, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 1964â75,
14992:, vol. 114, no. 4, pp. 354â365,
13955:
13953:
13526:Trombetta, Beniamino; et al. (July 2015).
11935:. Found in individuals in Sardinia and Morocco.
10098:The E-V6 subclade of E-V1515 is defined by V6.
201:migration from North Africa to Europe over the
18002:, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 339â348,
17779:, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 358â361,
17330:, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 265â268,
14943:, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 768â779,
14248:
14246:
13938:
13474:
13472:
13460:
13458:
13456:
13454:
13238:(Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
9934:, which are dated to the 10th century (~44%).
9904:, and around the Mediterranean in places like
9483:. Very common among Somalis, Tigre and Oromos.
17416:, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 248â60,
17369:Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area",
16413:
14710:
14708:
14706:
14378:
14257:
13927:
12528:
10151:Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups
10074:announced that this is a subclade of E-M293.
9922:The E-M81 subclade has been found in ancient
334:as E-M35 basal clades in a former phylogeny.
297:individuals from the Grotte des Pigeons near
13950:
13896:
13894:
13858:
13650:Schuenemann, Verena J.; et al. (2017).
13442:
13440:
13438:
13436:
9926:(Bimbapes) fossils excavated in Punta Azul,
9372:which "existed on the border of present-day
16302:. Published online April 2, 2008. See also
16223:Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades â 2011
14681:
14320:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
14243:
13964:
13916:
13521:
13519:
13517:
13515:
13513:
13511:
13469:
13451:
13210:Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
13075:
18243:
17666:Thomas; Stumpf, M. P.H; Harke, H. (2006),
16330:
16228:International Society of Genetic Genealogy
14703:
14232:
14092:
14090:
13848:
13488:
13486:
13383:, quite similar to the frequency found in
12535:
12521:
11617:
9705:report a M183-SM001 pattern of decreasing
9563:
18410:
18393:
18314:
18304:
18261:
18226:
18191:
18140:
18093:
18054:
18015:
17981:
17951:
17904:
17841:
17817:
17751:
17741:
17694:
17644:
17590:
17535:
17525:
17388:
17343:
17228:
17190:
17155:
17111:
17101:
16990:
16948:
16910:
16844:
16771:
16731:
16721:
16674:
16626:
16582:
16518:
16502:
16492:
16444:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
16288:
16191:
16181:
16125:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
16099:
16051:
15969:
15959:
15911:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
15891:
15852:
15821:
15782:
15660:
15612:
15570:
15525:
15478:
15437:
15427:
15351:
15273:
15263:
15224:
15149:
15118:
14956:
14921:
14882:
14872:
14833:
14781:
14750:
14434:
14424:
14349:
14331:
14191:
14132:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
14053:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
13905:
13891:
13869:
13813:
13763:
13753:
13712:
13683:
13567:
13525:
13497:
13433:
13357:", used as a check, gives 13.7kya with a
13118:
11625:
10032:, which associated it with the spread of
9980:Found in two related participants in The
9942:
9833:), and in very much lower frequency near
9725:found M81 in 28.6% (10 out of 35 men) in
162:
13880:
13780:
13508:
13151:
13148:Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
11600:
10085:announced the discovery of E-V42 in two
9157:
310:E-M215 and E-M35 are quite common among
132:
113:, and occur at lower frequencies in the
18461:E-M35 Phylogeny Project (all labs site)
18286:
18165:
15295:International Journal of Legal Medicine
14670:
14087:
13728:RodrıÌguez-Varela; et al. (2017).
13483:
13421:
13419:
13213:
11665:
11641:
10144:
18505:
18374:The American Journal of Human Genetics
18331:
18293:The American Journal of Human Genetics
18208:
18172:The American Journal of Human Genetics
18109:
18074:The American Journal of Human Genetics
17874:10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130407
16075:
14731:The American Journal of Human Genetics
14166:
13706:
12508:
11649:
11633:
221:According to Lazaridis et al. (2016),
18228:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906
17906:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004160
17606:
16308:
16220:
14676:
14197:
13852:
13592:
13387:(4.4%) among European contributors."
12516:
11672:
9410:
18466:E-M35 Phylogeny Project Public Forum
15070:
14699:Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (2002)
13608:
13416:
13399:As of 11 November 2008 for example,
13195:
13133:
13061:Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people
13036:
13031:
13022:
13020:
13015:
13013:
13008:
13003:
12998:
12992:
12985:
12975:
12973:
12963:
12955:
12943:
12941:
12932:
12924:
12882:
12875:
12869:
12867:
12861:
12855:
12853:
12847:
12841:
12829:
12819:
12813:
12807:
12798:
12793:
12784:
12779:
12770:
12765:
12729:
12715:
12598:
12553:
12406:
9988:
9766:and southern Portugal, 4% to 5% in
18476:Map of E-M35 distribution in Europe
17269:"The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic
14692:
13186:
12703:
12643:
12626:
11677:Cladogram with the main subclades:
9697:In this key area from Egypt to the
9658:. E-M81 is also quite common among
9525:
9384:foragers northwards in Africa, the
13:
18367:
18250:European Journal of Human Genetics
18035:American Journal of Human Genetics
17970:European Journal of Human Genetics
17819:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6510043.x
17675:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
17372:American Journal of Human Genetics
17179:European Journal of Human Genetics
17135:American Journal of Human Genetics
16891:European Journal of Human Genetics
16751:American Journal of Human Genetics
16663:European Journal of Human Genetics
16562:American Journal of Human Genetics
15841:European Journal of Human Genetics
15802:European Journal of Human Genetics
15641:European Journal of Human Genetics
15505:American Journal of Human Genetics
15458:American Journal of Human Genetics
15332:European Journal of Human Genetics
15213:European Journal of Human Genetics
14902:European Journal of Human Genetics
14813:American Journal of Human Genetics
13169:
13160:
13142:
11657:
9301:
225:skeletal remains from the ancient
14:
18524:
18449:
17464:American Journal of Human Biology
14770:American Journal of Human Biology
14495:Journal of Archaeological Science
13250:
13241:
13204:
13130:. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
12395:Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
12370:Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
9974:found one example in Middle East.
9825:, approximately 2.12% overall in
9542:human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
9167:TMRCA of the major nodes in E-M35
95:human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
16:Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
16637:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00045.x
16384:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x
16044:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x
15775:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x
15184:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x
15049:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00221.x
14449:
13845:Ehret, Keita & Newman (2004)
12558:
11614:Jobling & Tyler-Smith (2000)
10139:
9117:, who found it in two Ethiopian
97:. E-M35 has two basal branches,
18215:Molecular Biology and Evolution
17204:. Published online 9 March 2005
16809:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.03.014
15601:Molecular Biology and Evolution
15120:10.1590/S1415-47572004000100001
14720:
14645:
14620:
14595:
14570:
14545:
14535:
14521:
14485:
14473:
14461:
14392:
14366:
14306:
14297:
14286:
14271:
14221:
14202:
14177:
14123:
14112:
14101:
14043:
14017:
14003:
13989:
13975:
13721:
13700:
13643:
13619:
13393:
13369:
13340:
13302:
13290:
13277:
13183:, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
10125:, which is a Berber population
9945:found one example of E-M107 in
9162:E-M35 distribution frequencies.
305:
230:among fossils from the ensuing
195:Underhill & Kivisild (2007)
16979:Forensic Science International
16797:Forensic Science International
15738:10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c
15107:Genetics and Molecular Biology
13285:Underhill & Kivisild (2007
216:
1:
18354:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155
18159:Sources for conversion tables
17296:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155
17239:10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00286-5
16249:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6
15265:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00373-7
13410:
13353:is used, while for a second "
18456:E-M35 Phylogeny Project Wiki
17743:10.1371/journal.pone.0016073
17527:10.1371/journal.pone.0002105
16992:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.09.026
16876:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.025
16528:Journal of Genetic Genealogy
15429:10.1371/journal.pone.0001430
15077:Journal of Genetic Genealogy
14874:10.1371/journal.pone.0054616
14426:10.1371/journal.pone.0096074
13532:Genome Biology and Evolution
12545:Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
10251:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10161:
9877:(Rio de Janeiro), and among
9548:, and to a lesser extent in
9296:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
7:
18471:Jewish E3b Project at FTDNA
16211:comment on the Spitoon blog
16092:10.1093/genetics/164.4.1495
14372:Francalacci et al. (2013),
13401:the E-M35 phylogeny project
12595:
12543:Phylogenetic tree of human
12340:African admixture in Europe
12332:
12327:
10070:appears in Karafet (2008).
9626:report high levels amongst
10:
18529:
18086:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012
18047:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020
17944:10.1093/genetics/165.1.229
17575:10.1038/s41598-017-16271-y
16519:Lancaster, Andrew (2009),
14743:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007
13127:Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015
13029:
12996:
12953:
12922:
12913:
12905:
12898:
12891:
12884:
12839:
12805:
12791:
12777:
12763:
12747:
12731:
12600:
12009:. Found in North Cameroon.
10148:
10014:
10001:
9529:
9305:
1787:Egyptians from Gurna Oasis
1603:Egyptian Berbers from Siwa
128:
18133:10.1080/03014460802558522
17058:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5
16428:10.1017/S0003598X00091158
15893:10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4
15383:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4
15307:10.1007/s00414-009-0350-y
14998:10.1007/s00439-003-1073-7
14515:10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004
14293:Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
13755:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059
13050:
12828:
12821:
12755:
12738:
12722:
12717:
12710:
12705:
12696:
12691:
12689:
12682:
12677:
12675:
12668:
12661:
12659:
12652:
12645:
12635:
12628:
12618:
12611:
12609:
12593:
12567:This article needs to be
12551:
11952:. Found in Tunisian Jews.
11875:
11842:
11827:
11820:
11795:
11771:
11756:
11743:
11728:
11721:
11711:
11701:
11693:
10163:YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)
10023:
9997:
9952:
9937:
9703:Solé-Morata et al. (2017)
9634:populations â 77.8% near
9540:, is the name of a major
9388:and ultimately onward to
173:agricultural expansion".
157:, or nearby areas of the
76:
62:
52:
42:
34:
26:
21:
17082:BMC Evolutionary Biology
16615:Annals of Human Genetics
16372:Annals of Human Genetics
16309:Keita, Shomarka (2008),
16207:comment on Dienekes blog
16032:Annals of Human Genetics
15940:BMC Evolutionary Biology
15763:Annals of Human Genetics
15172:Annals of Human Genetics
15037:Annals of Human Genetics
14481:Paracchini et al. (2003)
14469:Mendizabal et al. (2008)
14388:Di Gaetano et al. (2009)
14267:Maca-Meyer et al. (2003)
13849:Keita & Boyce (2005)
13270:
10128:
10077:
9821:(5/91), 0,7% to 5,8% in
9583:
9496:Found in North Cameroon.
43:Possible place of origin
18513:Human Y-DNA haplogroups
18263:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597
18121:Annals of Human Biology
17983:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408
17192:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390
17103:10.1186/1471-2148-7-124
16723:10.1186/1471-2148-8-213
16676:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769
16494:10.1073/pnas.1113061108
16304:Supplementary Material.
16183:10.1073/pnas.0801184105
15961:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181
15854:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225
15814:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726
15226:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934
13934:Trombetta et al. (2011)
13815:10.1126/science.aar8380
13601:, Chiara Batini et al,
13175:Between 2002 and 2008,
12375:Molecular phylogenetics
12041:(L19, V257) â E1b1b1b1
11915:. Rare or non-existent.
10134:Trombetta et al. (2011)
10093:
10083:Trombetta et al. (2011)
10072:Trombetta et al. (2011)
9982:E-M35 Phylogeny Project
9972:Underhill et al. (2000)
9837:(1.7%), in continental
9809:E-M81 is also found in
9573:Trombetta et al. (2011)
9564:E-V257/E-L19 (E1b1b1b1)
9514:Battaglia et al. (2008)
9435:Found in Tunisian Jews.
9365:Battaglia et al. (2008)
9318:Trombetta et al. (2011)
9152:Trombetta et al. (2011)
9123:Trombetta et al. (2011)
5543:Pasiegos from Cantabria
246:mummy excavated at the
232:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
211:Trombetta et al. (2011)
175:Battaglia et al. (2008)
27:Possible time of origin
17687:10.1098/rspb.2006.3627
14806:Arredi, B; Poloni, E;
14038:Cruciani et al. (2004)
13960:Cruciani et al. (2006)
13479:Cruciani et al. (2007)
13465:Cruciani et al. (2004)
13347:Cruciani et al. (2007)
13334:Cruciani et al. (2007)
13330:Cruciani et al. (2007)
13321:Cruciani et al. (2007)
13313:Cruciani et al. (2007)
13309:Cruciani et al. (2007)
10119:Dugoujon et al. (2009)
10115:Tishkoff et al. (2007)
10100:Cruciani et al. (2004)
9723:Kujanova et al. (2009)
9402:Cruciani et al. (2007)
9353:Cruciani et al. (2007)
9163:
9156:
1972:Western/Central Africa
1695:Egyptians from Baharia
138:
17646:10.1093/molbev/msm155
17607:Sykes, Bryan (2006),
16950:10.1093/molbev/msi185
16837:10.1136/jmg.40.11.815
16349:10.1353/hia.2005.0013
16004:10.1353/hub.2006.0045
15653:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120
15614:10.1093/molbev/msm049
15344:10.1038/ejhg.2008.258
15071:Bird, Steven (2007),
14914:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249
14859:(1: e54616): e54616,
14688:Karafet et al. (2008)
14253:Capelli et al. (2009)
14108:Alvarez et al. (2009)
13971:PeriÄic et al. (2005)
13923:Cadenas et al. (2007)
13740:(1â7): 3396â3402.e5.
13656:Nature Communications
11601:Research publications
9962:Karafet et al. (2008)
9624:Pereira et al. (2010)
9161:
9143:
4401:Nilotic Western Kenya
278:fossils excavated in
136:
17271:Homo sapiens sapiens
16903:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21
14653:"E-M35 Project Data"
14628:"E-M35 Project Data"
14603:"E-M35 Project Data"
14578:"E-M35 Project Data"
14553:"E-M35 Project Data"
14333:10.3390/ijms20225763
14278:Fregel et al. (2009)
14239:Beleza et al. (2006)
14228:Flores et al. (2005)
14173:Robino et al. (2008)
14097:Arredi et al. (2004)
13504:Hassan et al. (2008)
13447:Semino et al. (2004)
13325:Semino et al. (2004)
13317:Semino et al. (2004)
10218:YCC 2010r (Longhand)
10145:Phylogenetic history
9829:(but up to 7.14% in
9774:and 4% in northwest
9737:Arredi et al. (2004)
9719:Arredi et al. (2004)
9394:Hassan et al. (2008)
9115:Semino et al. (2002)
9109:of Ethiopia and one
8834:United Arab Emirates
8276:Southeastern Turkish
8092:Northeastern Turkish
8000:Southwestern Turkish
7567:Sephardic Bulgarians
775:Middle Atlas Berbers
316:Afroasiatic Urheimat
312:Afroasiatic speakers
264:Ifri n'Amr or Moussa
193:within this scheme,
189:Concerning E-M35 in
167:Neolithic Revolution
18346:2000Sci...290.1155S
17734:2011PLoSO...616073T
17681:(1601): 2651â2657,
17567:2017NatSR...715941S
17518:2008PLoSO...3.2105S
17288:2000Sci...290.1155S
17094:2007BMCEE...7..124R
16714:2008BMCEE...8..213M
16534:(1), archived from
16485:2011PNAS..10818255L
16174:2008PNAS..10510693H
15952:2009BMCEE...9..181F
15694:10.1075/z.152.05ch4
15629:on October 10, 2017
15420:2008PLoSO...3.1430C
15256:2003CBio...13..979C
15083:(2), archived from
14865:2013PLoSO...854616B
14507:2017JArSc..78...20O
14417:2014PLoSO...996074S
14119:Bosch et al. (2001)
13912:Nebel et al. (2001)
13901:Adams et al. (2008)
13876:Behar et al. (2004)
13865:Behar et al. (2003)
13806:2018Sci...360..548V
13746:2017CBio...27E3396R
13676:10.1038/ncomms15694
13668:2017NatCo...815694S
13615:Lacan et al. (2011)
13389:Silva et al. (2006)
13298:Behar et al. (2004)
13056:Y-DNA by population
12971:
12509:Y-DNA backbone tree
11817:E1b1b1b (Z827)
10213:YCC 2008 (Longhand)
10208:YCC 2005 (Longhand)
10203:YCC 2002 (Longhand)
9536:In human genetics,
5451:Southern Portuguese
5359:Northern Portuguese
2588:Fulbe from Cameroon
326:and 8.6% to 30% of
18496:2014-12-17 at the
18486:E1b1b1b*-A Project
17555:Scientific Reports
17476:10.1002/ajhb.20567
17422:10.1002/humu.20077
16456:10.1002/ajpa.21078
16317:, John Benjamins,
16281:10.1101/gr.7172008
16137:10.1002/ajpa.20876
15923:10.1002/ajpa.10265
15633:Supplementary Data
14941:Am. J. Hum. Genet.
14783:10.1002/ajhb.20888
14214:2013-07-30 at the
14144:10.1002/ajpa.21078
14065:10.1002/ajpa.21581
13997:"E-FGC18960 YTree"
13887:Shen et al. (2004)
13544:10.1093/gbe/evv118
13493:Henn et al. (2008)
13359:standard deviation
13096:10.1002/humu.22468
12822:
12603:Y-chromosomal Adam
12157:(Z830) â E1b1b1b2
11708:E1b1b1a (V68)
11699:E1b1b1 (M35)
11673:Phylogenetic trees
10030:Henn et al. (2008)
9896:, both around the
9577:Iranian Azerbaijan
9518:Coia et al. (2013)
9411:Subclades of E-M78
9164:
7383:Continental Greeks
5727:Southern Spaniards
1879:Southern Egyptians
1511:Northern Egyptians
1051:Ouarzazate Berbers
139:
77:Defining mutations
18008:10.1101/gr.217602
17862:Annu. Rev. Genet.
17853:978-1-902937-20-5
17639:(10): 2180â2195,
17620:978-0-593-05652-3
17021:10.1159/000093774
16621:(Pt 4): 329â339,
16337:History in Africa
16324:978-90-272-3252-6
16038:(Pt 4): 443â454,
15703:978-90-272-3269-4
15572:10.1002/humu.9445
13983:"E-Y133414 YTree"
13800:(6388): 548â552.
13267:
13266:
13229:, 2017, "K-M2335"
13227:YFull YTree v5.08
13177:Haplogroup T-M184
13045:
13044:
12990:
12980:
12970:
12961:
12949:
12938:
12930:
12918:
12910:
12903:
12896:
12889:
12834:
12753:
12745:
12736:
12666:
12650:
12633:
12616:
12588:
12587:
12502:Haplogroup E-Z827
12497:Haplogroup E-Z820
12457:Haplogroup E-P177
12452:Haplogroup E-P147
12437:Haplogroup E-M521
12428:Haplogroup E-M215
12424:Haplogroup E-M180
12419:Haplogroup E-M123
12414:Haplogroup E-L485
12407:Y-DNA E subclades
12345:genetic genealogy
11900:phylogenetic tree
11895:
11894:
11886:
11885:
11864:
11863:
11855:
11854:
11806:
11805:
11784:
11783:
11618:Kaladjieva (2001)
11598:
11597:
10004:Haplogroup E-M123
9989:E-Z830 (E1b1b1b2)
9900:, in places like
9778:and 9% to 17% in
9748:Iberian Peninsula
9642:, and 81.8% from
9532:Haplogroup E-Z827
9347:Based on genetic
9294:
9293:
9103:
9102:
8184:Central Anatolian
7816:Sephardic Turkish
6555:Southern Italians
6371:Northern Italians
867:Marrakech Berbers
258:. Fossils at the
84:
83:
18520:
18444:
18407:
18397:
18380:(6): 1718â1724.
18364:
18340:(5494): 1155â9,
18328:
18318:
18308:
18283:
18265:
18240:
18230:
18221:(7): 1189â1203.
18205:
18195:
18153:
18144:
18115:
18106:
18097:
18067:
18058:
18028:
18019:
17994:
17985:
17964:
17955:
17925:
17923:
17917:, archived from
17908:
17897:Mol. Biol. Evol.
17894:
17884:
17856:
17838:
17821:
17803:
17764:
17755:
17745:
17715:
17713:
17707:, archived from
17698:
17672:
17662:
17657:, archived from
17648:
17623:
17603:
17594:
17548:
17539:
17529:
17499:
17494:, archived from
17454:
17453:
17452:
17446:
17440:, archived from
17411:
17401:
17392:
17364:
17362:
17356:, archived from
17347:
17325:
17314:
17312:
17306:, archived from
17277:
17263:
17262:
17261:
17255:
17249:, archived from
17232:
17217:Human Immunology
17214:
17203:
17194:
17173:
17168:, archived from
17159:
17142:(6): 1526â1543,
17124:
17115:
17105:
17076:
17039:
17003:
16994:
16966:
16965:on June 30, 2012
16961:, archived from
16952:
16941:Mol. Biol. Evol.
16931:
16929:
16923:, archived from
16914:
16888:
16878:
16857:
16848:
16819:
16794:
16784:
16775:
16758:(5): 1095â1112,
16744:
16735:
16725:
16695:
16678:
16656:
16630:
16603:
16601:
16595:, archived from
16586:
16558:
16548:
16547:
16546:
16540:
16525:
16515:
16506:
16496:
16466:
16438:
16410:
16408:
16402:, archived from
16369:
16359:
16327:
16301:
16292:
16259:
16231:
16204:
16195:
16185:
16155:
16153:
16147:, archived from
16122:
16112:
16103:
16086:(4): 1495â1509,
16072:
16055:
16022:
15982:
15973:
15963:
15933:
15904:
15895:
15873:
15856:
15834:
15825:
15795:
15786:
15756:
15720:
15719:
15718:
15712:
15706:, archived from
15683:
15673:
15664:
15630:
15625:, archived from
15616:
15607:(6): 1300â1311,
15591:
15574:
15552:
15551:
15550:
15544:
15538:, archived from
15529:
15512:(5): 1014â1022,
15501:
15491:
15482:
15465:(5): 1197â1214,
15450:
15441:
15431:
15401:
15364:
15355:
15325:
15286:
15277:
15267:
15237:
15228:
15207:
15202:, archived from
15162:
15153:
15136:(4): 1019â1029,
15123:
15122:
15104:
15094:
15093:
15092:
15067:
15030:
15029:
15028:
15022:
15016:, archived from
14987:
14969:
14960:
14934:
14925:
14895:
14886:
14876:
14846:
14837:
14802:
14785:
14763:
14754:
14715:
14712:
14701:
14696:
14690:
14685:
14679:
14674:
14668:
14667:
14665:
14664:
14655:. Archived from
14649:
14643:
14642:
14640:
14639:
14630:. Archived from
14624:
14618:
14617:
14615:
14614:
14605:. Archived from
14599:
14593:
14592:
14590:
14589:
14580:. Archived from
14574:
14568:
14567:
14565:
14564:
14555:. Archived from
14549:
14543:
14539:
14533:
14532:
14525:
14519:
14518:
14489:
14483:
14479:(7 out of 295),
14477:
14471:
14467:(8 out of 132),
14465:
14459:
14453:
14448:
14438:
14428:
14396:
14390:
14385:
14376:
14370:
14364:
14363:
14353:
14335:
14310:
14304:
14301:
14295:
14290:
14284:
14275:
14269:
14264:
14255:
14250:
14241:
14236:
14230:
14225:
14219:
14206:
14200:
14195:
14189:
14188:
14181:
14175:
14170:
14164:
14163:
14127:
14121:
14116:
14110:
14105:
14099:
14094:
14085:
14084:
14047:
14041:
14035:
14029:
14028:
14021:
14015:
14014:
14007:
14001:
14000:
13993:
13987:
13986:
13979:
13973:
13968:
13962:
13957:
13948:
13942:
13936:
13931:
13925:
13920:
13914:
13909:
13903:
13898:
13889:
13884:
13878:
13873:
13867:
13862:
13856:
13842:
13836:
13835:
13817:
13784:
13778:
13777:
13767:
13757:
13725:
13719:
13718:
13716:
13704:
13698:
13697:
13687:
13647:
13641:
13640:
13638:
13632:. Archived from
13631:
13623:
13617:
13612:
13606:
13596:
13590:
13589:
13571:
13538:(7): 1940â1950.
13523:
13506:
13501:
13495:
13490:
13481:
13476:
13467:
13462:
13449:
13444:
13431:
13430:
13423:
13404:
13397:
13391:
13373:
13367:
13344:
13338:
13306:
13300:
13294:
13288:
13281:
13257:
13254:
13248:
13245:
13239:
13217:
13211:
13208:
13202:
13199:
13193:
13190:
13184:
13173:
13167:
13164:
13158:
13155:
13149:
13146:
13140:
13137:
13131:
13122:
13116:
13115:
13079:
12986:
12976:
12964:
12956:
12944:
12934:
12925:
12914:
12906:
12899:
12892:
12885:
12830:
12749:
12740:
12732:
12662:
12646:
12629:
12612:
12596:
12583:
12580:
12574:
12562:
12561:
12554:
12537:
12530:
12523:
12514:
12513:
12492:Haplogroup E-V68
12487:Haplogroup E-V65
12477:Haplogroup E-V22
12472:Haplogroup E-V13
12467:Haplogroup E-V12
12447:Haplogroup E-M96
12442:Haplogroup E-M75
12432:Haplogroup E-M33
11823:
11822:
11724:
11723:
11714:
11713:
11704:
11703:
11696:
11695:
11681:
11680:
11626:Underhill (2000)
10159:
10158:
9943:Underhill (2000)
9770:, 5% in western
9754:, 4% in Western
9526:E-Z827 (E1b1b1b)
9376:and Egypt, near
9308:Haplogroup E-V68
9171:
9170:
9154:
9130:individual from
8460:Turkish Cypriots
7908:Istanbul Turkish
6463:Central Italians
3211:Eritrea/Ethiopia
2686:Cameroon (North)
2594:Cameroon (North)
2502:Cameroon (North)
2410:Cameroon (North)
2318:Cameroon (North)
2226:Cameroon (North)
1143:Mozabite Berbers
337:
336:
244:ancient Egyptian
184:Lengyel cultures
163:Underhill (2002)
89:, also known as
22:Haplogroup E-M35
19:
18:
18528:
18527:
18523:
18522:
18521:
18519:
18518:
18517:
18503:
18502:
18498:Wayback Machine
18452:
18447:
18413:Nature Genetics
18161:
18156:
18110:Zerjal (1999),
18000:Genome Research
17921:
17892:
17854:
17711:
17670:
17621:
17450:
17448:
17444:
17409:
17360:
17323:
17310:
17275:
17259:
17257:
17253:
17230:10.1.1.408.4857
17212:
16927:
16886:
16831:(11): 815â819,
16792:
16702:BMC Evol. Biol.
16628:10.1.1.584.4253
16599:
16556:
16544:
16542:
16538:
16523:
16479:(45): 18255â9,
16422:(293): 707â14,
16406:
16367:
16325:
16269:Genome Research
16168:(31): 10693â8,
16151:
16120:
15847:(10): 855â863,
15716:
15714:
15710:
15704:
15681:
15548:
15546:
15542:
15499:
15244:Current Biology
15102:
15090:
15088:
15026:
15024:
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14386:
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14371:
14367:
14311:
14307:
14302:
14298:
14291:
14287:
14276:
14272:
14265:
14258:
14251:
14244:
14237:
14233:
14226:
14222:
14216:Wayback Machine
14207:
14203:
14196:
14192:
14185:"E-A5604 YTree"
14183:
14182:
14178:
14171:
14167:
14128:
14124:
14117:
14113:
14106:
14102:
14095:
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14018:
14009:
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13990:
13981:
13980:
13976:
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13958:
13951:
13943:
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13921:
13917:
13910:
13906:
13899:
13892:
13885:
13881:
13874:
13870:
13863:
13859:
13843:
13839:
13785:
13781:
13734:Current Biology
13726:
13722:
13705:
13701:
13648:
13644:
13636:
13629:
13625:
13624:
13620:
13613:
13609:
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13524:
13509:
13502:
13498:
13491:
13484:
13477:
13470:
13463:
13452:
13445:
13434:
13425:
13424:
13417:
13413:
13408:
13407:
13398:
13394:
13374:
13370:
13364:founder effects
13345:
13341:
13307:
13303:
13295:
13291:
13282:
13278:
13273:
13268:
13263:
13262:
13261:
13260:
13255:
13251:
13246:
13242:
13218:
13214:
13209:
13205:
13200:
13196:
13191:
13187:
13174:
13170:
13165:
13161:
13156:
13152:
13147:
13143:
13138:
13134:
13123:
13119:
13080:
13076:
13071:
13065:
13046:
12589:
12584:
12578:
12575:
12572:
12563:
12559:
12547:
12541:
12511:
12506:
12482:Haplogroup E-M2
12462:Haplogroup E-P2
12409:
12404:
12335:
12330:
12135:E-Z2198/E-MZ46
11896:
11887:
11865:
11856:
11807:
11785:
11675:
11670:
11603:
10153:
10147:
10142:
10131:
10096:
10080:
10058:Sandawe peoples
10042:Southern Africa
10026:
10017:
10006:
10000:
9991:
9955:
9940:
9859:Reggio Calabria
9831:Piazza Armerina
9784:Valles Pasiegos
9741:demic diffusion
9660:Maghrebi Arabic
9586:
9566:
9534:
9528:
9413:
9398:desertification
9351:variance data,
9310:
9304:
9302:E-V68 (E1b1b1a)
9299:
9177:Trombetta 2015
9169:
9155:
9150:
8368:Erzurum Turkish
5819:Spanish Basques
4954:Southern Africa
683:Bouhria Berbers
435:Northern Africa
353:
308:
248:Abusir el-Meleq
219:
203:Sinai Peninsula
131:
123:Southern Africa
35:Coalescence age
17:
12:
11:
5:
18526:
18516:
18515:
18501:
18500:
18488:
18483:
18478:
18473:
18468:
18463:
18458:
18451:
18450:External links
18448:
18446:
18445:
18419:(3): 358â361.
18408:
18386:10.1086/302680
18365:
18329:
18306:10.1086/323299
18299:(3): 615â628.
18284:
18241:
18206:
18184:10.1086/318205
18178:(2): 432â443.
18162:
18160:
18157:
18155:
18154:
18116:
18107:
18080:(5): 633â642,
18068:
18041:(4): 873â882,
18029:
17995:
17976:(7): 867â876,
17965:
17927:
17885:
17857:
17852:
17839:
17804:
17771:
17765:
17716:
17663:
17624:
17619:
17604:
17549:
17500:
17470:(6): 829â837,
17455:
17414:Human Mutation
17402:
17381:10.1086/386295
17365:
17336:10.1086/338306
17328:Am J Hum Genet
17316:
17264:
17223:(9): 871â884,
17205:
17185:(7): 856â866,
17174:
17148:10.1086/316890
17125:
17077:
17040:
17015:(3): 132â143,
17004:
16974:
16968:
16932:
16897:(8): 915â923,
16879:
16870:(1): 242â243,
16858:
16820:
16785:
16764:10.1086/324070
16745:
16696:
16669:(4): 485â493,
16657:
16609:
16575:10.1086/382286
16569:(3): 532â544,
16549:
16516:
16467:
16450:(2): 336â346,
16439:
16411:
16378:(2): 205â214,
16360:
16328:
16323:
16306:
16260:
16243:(8): 356â362,
16232:
16218:
16215:public release
16156:
16113:
16073:
16023:
15998:(3): 307â316,
15983:
15934:
15917:(3): 270â279,
15905:
15886:(9): 435â441,
15874:
15835:
15808:(1): 121â126,
15796:
15769:(6): 568â581,
15757:
15732:(5702): 1680,
15721:
15702:
15674:
15636:
15592:
15559:Human Mutation
15553:
15518:10.1086/386294
15492:
15471:10.1086/340257
15451:
15402:
15365:
15338:(6): 848â852,
15326:
15301:(4): 357â360,
15290:
15250:(11): 979â84,
15238:
15208:
15178:(4): 459â487,
15163:
15142:10.1086/319521
15130:Am J Hum Genet
15124:
15095:
15068:
15043:(2): 181â194,
15031:
14978:
14949:10.1086/378506
14935:
14908:(6): 820â830,
14896:
14847:
14826:10.1086/423147
14820:(2): 338â345,
14803:
14776:(3): 407â409,
14764:
14724:
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14719:
14717:
14716:
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14296:
14285:
14270:
14256:
14242:
14231:
14220:
14201:
14190:
14176:
14165:
14138:(2): 336â346.
14122:
14111:
14100:
14086:
14059:(2): 271â280.
14042:
14030:
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14002:
13988:
13974:
13963:
13949:
13937:
13926:
13915:
13904:
13890:
13879:
13868:
13857:
13837:
13779:
13720:
13714:10.1101/191569
13699:
13642:
13639:on 2015-07-21.
13618:
13607:
13591:
13507:
13496:
13482:
13468:
13450:
13432:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13406:
13405:
13392:
13385:Rio de Janeiro
13368:
13339:
13301:
13289:
13275:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13265:
13264:
13259:
13258:
13249:
13240:
13212:
13203:
13194:
13185:
13168:
13159:
13150:
13141:
13132:
13117:
13084:Human Mutation
13073:
13072:
13067:
13066:
13064:
13063:
13058:
13052:
13051:
13048:
13047:
13043:
13042:
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11999:
11998:
11997:
11992:
11977:
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11975:
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11947:
11936:
11916:
11898:The following
11893:
11892:
11889:
11888:
11884:
11883:
11880:
11879:
11877:E1b1b2 (M281)
11874:
11871:
11870:
11867:
11866:
11862:
11861:
11858:
11857:
11853:
11852:
11849:
11848:
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11813:
11812:
11809:
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11742:
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11727:
11722:
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11712:
11710:
11702:
11700:
11694:
11692:
11679:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11668:
11666:Capelli (2001)
11660:
11652:
11644:
11642:Karafet (2001)
11636:
11628:
11620:
11607:
11602:
11599:
11596:
11595:
11592:
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11473:
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11370:
11367:
11364:
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11351:
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11336:
11333:
11330:
11327:
11324:
11321:
11318:
11315:
11312:
11309:
11306:
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11300:
11297:
11291:
11290:
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11156:
11153:
11150:
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11123:
11120:
11117:
11114:
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11104:
11101:
11098:
11095:
11092:
11089:
11086:
11083:
11080:
11077:
11074:
11071:
11068:
11065:
11062:
11059:
11056:
11053:
11049:
11048:
11045:
11042:
11039:
11036:
11033:
11030:
11027:
11024:
11021:
11018:
11015:
11012:
11009:
11006:
11003:
11000:
10997:
10994:
10988:
10987:
10984:
10981:
10978:
10975:
10972:
10969:
10966:
10963:
10960:
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10954:
10951:
10948:
10945:
10942:
10939:
10936:
10933:
10927:
10926:
10923:
10920:
10917:
10914:
10911:
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10905:
10902:
10899:
10896:
10893:
10890:
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10881:
10878:
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10866:
10865:
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10859:
10856:
10853:
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10847:
10844:
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10838:
10835:
10832:
10829:
10826:
10823:
10820:
10817:
10814:
10811:
10805:
10804:
10801:
10798:
10795:
10792:
10789:
10786:
10783:
10780:
10777:
10774:
10771:
10768:
10765:
10762:
10759:
10756:
10753:
10750:
10744:
10743:
10740:
10737:
10734:
10731:
10728:
10725:
10722:
10719:
10716:
10713:
10710:
10707:
10704:
10701:
10698:
10695:
10692:
10689:
10683:
10682:
10679:
10676:
10673:
10670:
10667:
10664:
10661:
10658:
10655:
10652:
10649:
10646:
10643:
10640:
10637:
10634:
10631:
10628:
10622:
10621:
10618:
10615:
10612:
10609:
10606:
10603:
10600:
10597:
10594:
10591:
10588:
10585:
10582:
10579:
10576:
10573:
10570:
10567:
10561:
10560:
10557:
10554:
10551:
10548:
10545:
10542:
10539:
10536:
10533:
10530:
10527:
10524:
10521:
10518:
10515:
10512:
10509:
10506:
10500:
10499:
10496:
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10490:
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10484:
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10475:
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10469:
10466:
10463:
10460:
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10454:
10451:
10448:
10445:
10439:
10438:
10435:
10432:
10429:
10426:
10423:
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10402:
10399:
10396:
10393:
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10368:
10365:
10362:
10359:
10356:
10353:
10350:
10347:
10344:
10341:
10338:
10335:
10332:
10329:
10326:
10323:
10317:
10316:
10313:
10310:
10307:
10304:
10301:
10298:
10295:
10292:
10289:
10286:
10283:
10280:
10277:
10274:
10271:
10268:
10265:
10262:
10256:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10149:Main article:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10130:
10127:
10113:To the south,
10095:
10092:
10079:
10076:
10025:
10022:
10016:
10013:
10002:Main article:
9999:
9996:
9990:
9987:
9986:
9985:
9975:
9954:
9951:
9939:
9936:
9932:Canary Islands
9912:, and amongst
9792:Canary Islands
9758:and Northwest
9711:Reguibat tribe
9707:microsatellite
9699:Atlantic Ocean
9585:
9582:
9565:
9562:
9550:Horn of Africa
9530:Main article:
9527:
9524:
9523:
9522:
9521:
9520:
9507:
9506:
9505:
9504:
9503:
9497:
9486:
9485:
9484:
9478:
9461:
9460:
9459:
9453:
9447:
9436:
9430:
9412:
9409:
9330:Horn of Africa
9306:Main article:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9292:
9291:
9288:
9285:
9281:
9280:
9277:
9274:
9270:
9269:
9266:
9263:
9259:
9258:
9255:
9252:
9248:
9247:
9244:
9241:
9237:
9236:
9233:
9230:
9226:
9225:
9222:
9219:
9215:
9214:
9211:
9208:
9204:
9203:
9200:
9197:
9193:
9192:
9189:
9186:
9182:
9181:
9178:
9175:
9168:
9165:
9148:
9101:
9100:
9097:
9094:
9091:
9088:
9085:
9082:
9079:
9076:
9073:
9070:
9067:
9064:
9061:
9058:
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4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
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4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
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4129:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
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4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
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4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
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3928:
3925:
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3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
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3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
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3868:
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3809:
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3803:
3800:
3797:
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3779:
3776:
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3767:
3764:
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3754:
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3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
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3681:
3678:
3675:
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3669:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3481:Ethiopian Jews
3478:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
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2841:
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2829:
2827:
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2813:
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2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:Eastern Africa
2769:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
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2723:
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2319:
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2299:
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2239:
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2224:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2210:
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2204:
2201:
2198:
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2192:
2189:
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2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
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2159:
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2150:
2147:
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2141:
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2132:
2129:
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2121:
2118:
2115:
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2109:
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2103:
2100:
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2079:
2076:
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2064:
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2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
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1836:
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1768:
1765:
1762:
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1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
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1723:
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1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
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1702:
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1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
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1489:
1486:
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1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
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1456:
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1447:
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1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
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1426:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
956:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
864:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
680:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
588:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
499:Moroccan Arabs
496:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
453:
451:
449:
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
437:
431:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
350:
347:
344:
341:
307:
304:
295:Iberomaurusian
288:Canary Islands
272:North Africans
260:Iberomaurusian
237:Basal Eurasian
218:
215:
155:Horn of Africa
144:Horn of Africa
130:
127:
111:Horn of Africa
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
36:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18525:
18514:
18511:
18510:
18508:
18499:
18495:
18492:
18489:
18487:
18484:
18482:
18479:
18477:
18474:
18472:
18469:
18467:
18464:
18462:
18459:
18457:
18454:
18453:
18442:
18438:
18434:
18430:
18426:
18425:10.1038/81685
18422:
18418:
18414:
18409:
18405:
18401:
18396:
18391:
18387:
18383:
18379:
18375:
18371:
18366:
18363:
18359:
18355:
18351:
18347:
18343:
18339:
18335:
18330:
18326:
18322:
18317:
18312:
18307:
18302:
18298:
18294:
18290:
18285:
18281:
18277:
18273:
18269:
18264:
18259:
18256:(2): 97â104.
18255:
18251:
18247:
18242:
18238:
18234:
18229:
18224:
18220:
18216:
18212:
18207:
18203:
18199:
18194:
18189:
18185:
18181:
18177:
18173:
18169:
18164:
18163:
18152:
18148:
18143:
18138:
18134:
18130:
18126:
18122:
18117:
18113:
18108:
18105:
18101:
18096:
18091:
18087:
18083:
18079:
18075:
18069:
18066:
18062:
18057:
18052:
18048:
18044:
18040:
18036:
18030:
18027:
18023:
18018:
18013:
18009:
18005:
18001:
17996:
17993:
17989:
17984:
17979:
17975:
17971:
17966:
17963:
17959:
17954:
17949:
17945:
17941:
17937:
17933:
17928:
17924:on 2005-10-29
17920:
17916:
17912:
17907:
17902:
17898:
17891:
17886:
17883:
17879:
17875:
17871:
17867:
17863:
17858:
17855:
17849:
17845:
17840:
17837:
17833:
17829:
17825:
17820:
17815:
17811:
17810:Ann Hum Genet
17805:
17802:
17798:
17794:
17790:
17786:
17785:10.1038/81685
17782:
17778:
17772:
17770:
17766:
17763:
17759:
17754:
17749:
17744:
17739:
17735:
17731:
17728:(1): e16073,
17727:
17723:
17717:
17714:on 2009-03-05
17710:
17706:
17702:
17697:
17692:
17688:
17684:
17680:
17676:
17669:
17664:
17661:on 2011-10-10
17660:
17656:
17652:
17647:
17642:
17638:
17634:
17633:Mol Biol Evol
17630:
17625:
17622:
17616:
17612:
17611:
17605:
17602:
17598:
17593:
17588:
17584:
17580:
17576:
17572:
17568:
17564:
17560:
17556:
17550:
17547:
17543:
17538:
17533:
17528:
17523:
17519:
17515:
17511:
17507:
17501:
17498:on 2012-10-18
17497:
17493:
17489:
17485:
17481:
17477:
17473:
17469:
17465:
17461:
17456:
17447:on 2009-03-05
17443:
17439:
17435:
17431:
17427:
17423:
17419:
17415:
17408:
17403:
17400:
17396:
17391:
17386:
17382:
17378:
17374:
17373:
17366:
17363:on 2006-03-15
17359:
17355:
17351:
17346:
17341:
17337:
17333:
17329:
17322:
17317:
17313:on 2003-11-25
17309:
17305:
17301:
17297:
17293:
17289:
17285:
17281:
17274:
17272:
17265:
17256:on 2012-12-17
17252:
17248:
17244:
17240:
17236:
17231:
17226:
17222:
17218:
17211:
17206:
17202:
17198:
17193:
17188:
17184:
17180:
17175:
17172:on 2008-05-06
17171:
17167:
17163:
17158:
17153:
17149:
17145:
17141:
17137:
17136:
17131:
17126:
17123:
17119:
17114:
17109:
17104:
17099:
17095:
17091:
17087:
17083:
17078:
17075:
17071:
17067:
17063:
17059:
17055:
17051:
17047:
17041:
17038:
17034:
17030:
17026:
17022:
17018:
17014:
17010:
17005:
17002:
16998:
16993:
16988:
16984:
16980:
16975:
16973:
16969:
16964:
16960:
16956:
16951:
16946:
16942:
16938:
16933:
16930:on 2013-05-28
16926:
16922:
16918:
16913:
16908:
16904:
16900:
16896:
16892:
16885:
16880:
16877:
16873:
16869:
16865:
16859:
16856:
16852:
16847:
16842:
16838:
16834:
16830:
16826:
16821:
16818:
16814:
16810:
16806:
16802:
16798:
16791:
16786:
16783:
16779:
16774:
16769:
16765:
16761:
16757:
16753:
16752:
16746:
16743:
16739:
16734:
16729:
16724:
16719:
16715:
16711:
16707:
16703:
16697:
16694:
16690:
16686:
16682:
16677:
16672:
16668:
16664:
16658:
16654:
16650:
16646:
16642:
16638:
16634:
16629:
16624:
16620:
16616:
16610:
16607:
16602:on 2012-02-16
16598:
16594:
16590:
16585:
16580:
16576:
16572:
16568:
16564:
16563:
16555:
16550:
16541:on 2016-05-06
16537:
16533:
16529:
16522:
16517:
16514:
16510:
16505:
16500:
16495:
16490:
16486:
16482:
16478:
16474:
16468:
16465:
16461:
16457:
16453:
16449:
16445:
16440:
16437:
16433:
16429:
16425:
16421:
16417:
16412:
16409:on 2009-03-05
16405:
16401:
16397:
16393:
16389:
16385:
16381:
16377:
16373:
16366:
16361:
16358:
16354:
16350:
16346:
16342:
16338:
16334:
16329:
16326:
16320:
16316:
16312:
16307:
16305:
16300:
16296:
16291:
16286:
16282:
16278:
16274:
16270:
16266:
16261:
16258:
16254:
16250:
16246:
16242:
16238:
16237:Trends Genet.
16233:
16230:(ISOGG), 2011
16229:
16225:
16224:
16219:
16216:
16212:
16208:
16203:
16199:
16194:
16189:
16184:
16179:
16175:
16171:
16167:
16163:
16157:
16154:on 2009-03-04
16150:
16146:
16142:
16138:
16134:
16131:(3): 316â23,
16130:
16126:
16119:
16114:
16111:
16107:
16102:
16097:
16093:
16089:
16085:
16081:
16080:
16074:
16071:
16067:
16063:
16059:
16054:
16053:10400.13/3018
16049:
16045:
16041:
16037:
16033:
16029:
16024:
16021:
16017:
16013:
16009:
16005:
16001:
15997:
15993:
15992:Human Biology
15989:
15984:
15981:
15977:
15972:
15967:
15962:
15957:
15953:
15949:
15945:
15941:
15935:
15932:
15928:
15924:
15920:
15916:
15912:
15906:
15903:
15899:
15894:
15889:
15885:
15881:
15875:
15872:
15868:
15864:
15860:
15855:
15850:
15846:
15842:
15836:
15833:
15829:
15824:
15819:
15815:
15811:
15807:
15803:
15797:
15794:
15790:
15785:
15780:
15776:
15772:
15768:
15764:
15758:
15755:
15751:
15747:
15743:
15739:
15735:
15731:
15727:
15722:
15713:on 2016-10-19
15709:
15705:
15699:
15695:
15691:
15687:
15680:
15675:
15672:
15668:
15663:
15658:
15654:
15650:
15646:
15642:
15637:
15634:
15628:
15624:
15620:
15615:
15610:
15606:
15602:
15598:
15593:
15590:
15586:
15582:
15578:
15573:
15568:
15564:
15560:
15554:
15545:on 2008-06-26
15541:
15537:
15533:
15528:
15523:
15519:
15515:
15511:
15507:
15506:
15498:
15493:
15490:
15486:
15481:
15476:
15472:
15468:
15464:
15460:
15459:
15452:
15449:
15445:
15440:
15435:
15430:
15425:
15421:
15417:
15413:
15409:
15403:
15400:
15396:
15392:
15388:
15384:
15380:
15377:(2): 127â48,
15376:
15372:
15366:
15363:
15359:
15354:
15349:
15345:
15341:
15337:
15333:
15327:
15324:
15320:
15316:
15312:
15308:
15304:
15300:
15296:
15291:
15289:
15285:
15281:
15276:
15271:
15266:
15261:
15257:
15253:
15249:
15245:
15239:
15236:
15232:
15227:
15222:
15218:
15214:
15209:
15206:on 2012-12-10
15205:
15201:
15197:
15193:
15189:
15185:
15181:
15177:
15173:
15169:
15164:
15161:
15157:
15152:
15147:
15143:
15139:
15135:
15131:
15125:
15121:
15116:
15112:
15108:
15101:
15096:
15087:on 2016-04-22
15086:
15082:
15078:
15074:
15069:
15066:
15062:
15058:
15054:
15050:
15046:
15042:
15038:
15032:
15023:on 2011-11-10
15019:
15015:
15011:
15007:
15003:
14999:
14995:
14991:
14984:
14979:
14977:
14973:
14968:
14964:
14959:
14954:
14950:
14946:
14942:
14936:
14933:
14929:
14924:
14919:
14915:
14911:
14907:
14903:
14897:
14894:
14890:
14885:
14880:
14875:
14870:
14866:
14862:
14858:
14854:
14848:
14845:
14841:
14836:
14831:
14827:
14823:
14819:
14815:
14814:
14809:
14808:Paracchini, S
14804:
14801:
14797:
14793:
14789:
14784:
14779:
14775:
14771:
14765:
14762:
14758:
14753:
14748:
14744:
14740:
14737:(6): 725â36,
14736:
14732:
14726:
14725:
14711:
14709:
14707:
14700:
14695:
14689:
14684:
14678:
14673:
14659:on 2015-09-24
14658:
14654:
14648:
14634:on 2015-09-24
14633:
14629:
14623:
14609:on 2015-09-24
14608:
14604:
14598:
14584:on 2015-09-24
14583:
14579:
14573:
14559:on 2015-09-24
14558:
14554:
14548:
14542:
14538:
14530:
14529:"E-M81 YTree"
14524:
14516:
14512:
14508:
14504:
14500:
14496:
14488:
14482:
14476:
14470:
14464:
14457:
14452:
14446:
14442:
14437:
14432:
14427:
14422:
14418:
14414:
14411:(4): e96074.
14410:
14406:
14402:
14395:
14389:
14384:
14382:
14375:
14369:
14361:
14357:
14352:
14347:
14343:
14339:
14334:
14329:
14325:
14321:
14317:
14309:
14300:
14294:
14289:
14283:
14279:
14274:
14268:
14263:
14261:
14254:
14249:
14247:
14240:
14235:
14229:
14224:
14217:
14213:
14210:
14205:
14199:
14194:
14186:
14180:
14174:
14169:
14161:
14157:
14153:
14149:
14145:
14141:
14137:
14133:
14126:
14120:
14115:
14109:
14104:
14098:
14093:
14091:
14082:
14078:
14074:
14070:
14066:
14062:
14058:
14054:
14046:
14039:
14034:
14026:
14025:"E-M81 YTree"
14020:
14012:
14011:"E-L19 YTree"
14006:
13998:
13992:
13984:
13978:
13972:
13967:
13961:
13956:
13954:
13947:
13941:
13935:
13930:
13924:
13919:
13913:
13908:
13902:
13897:
13895:
13888:
13883:
13877:
13872:
13866:
13861:
13854:
13850:
13846:
13841:
13833:
13829:
13825:
13821:
13816:
13811:
13807:
13803:
13799:
13795:
13791:
13783:
13775:
13771:
13766:
13761:
13756:
13751:
13747:
13743:
13739:
13735:
13731:
13724:
13715:
13710:
13703:
13695:
13691:
13686:
13681:
13677:
13673:
13669:
13665:
13661:
13657:
13653:
13646:
13635:
13628:
13622:
13616:
13611:
13604:
13600:
13595:
13587:
13583:
13579:
13575:
13570:
13565:
13561:
13557:
13553:
13549:
13545:
13541:
13537:
13533:
13529:
13522:
13520:
13518:
13516:
13514:
13512:
13505:
13500:
13494:
13489:
13487:
13480:
13475:
13473:
13466:
13461:
13459:
13457:
13455:
13448:
13443:
13441:
13439:
13437:
13428:
13427:"E-M35 YTree"
13422:
13420:
13415:
13402:
13396:
13390:
13386:
13382:
13378:
13372:
13365:
13360:
13356:
13352:
13348:
13343:
13335:
13331:
13326:
13322:
13318:
13314:
13310:
13305:
13299:
13293:
13286:
13280:
13276:
13253:
13244:
13237:
13235:
13230:
13228:
13223:
13216:
13207:
13198:
13189:
13182:
13178:
13172:
13163:
13154:
13145:
13136:
13129:
13128:
13121:
13113:
13109:
13105:
13101:
13097:
13093:
13090:(2): 187â91.
13089:
13085:
13078:
13074:
13070:
13062:
13059:
13057:
13054:
13053:
13049:
13041:
13039:
13034:
13028:
13025:
13018:
13011:
13006:
13001:
12995:
12989:
12983:
12981:
12979:
12968:
12959:
12952:
12947:
12937:
12928:
12921:
12917:
12911:
12909:
12902:
12895:
12888:
12879:
12873:
12872:
12864:
12859:
12858:
12850:
12845:
12844:
12838:
12833:
12825:
12816:
12811:
12810:
12804:
12801:
12796:
12790:
12787:
12782:
12776:
12773:
12768:
12762:
12759:
12752:
12743:
12735:
12728:
12725:
12720:
12713:
12708:
12702:
12699:
12694:
12688:
12685:
12680:
12674:
12671:
12665:
12658:
12655:
12649:
12642:
12638:
12632:
12625:
12621:
12615:
12608:
12604:
12597:
12592:
12582:
12579:February 2021
12570:
12565:
12556:
12555:
12550:
12546:
12538:
12533:
12531:
12526:
12524:
12519:
12518:
12515:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12448:
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12443:
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12438:
12435:
12433:
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12427:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
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12412:
12411:
12401:
12398:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12355:Haplogroup DE
12353:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12337:
12318:
12315:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12293:
12292:
12289:
12286:
12283:
12282:
12281:
12278:
12272:
12269:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12234:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12224:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12202:
12199:
12196:
12193:
12190:
12187:
12182:
12179:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12166:
12164:
12163:
12159:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12140:
12137:
12136:
12134:
12131:
12124:
12121:
12118:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12111:
12109:
12104:
12101:
12100:
12098:
12091:
12088:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12079:
12078:
12076:
12075:
12073:
12066:
12065:
12063:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12056:
12054:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12036:
12034:
12033:
12029:
12016:
12015:
12014:
12011:
12008:
12005:
12004:
12003:
12000:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11987:
11986:
11983:
11982:
11981:
11978:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11963:
11960:
11959:
11957:
11954:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11934:
11931:
11930:
11928:
11927:
11923:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11914:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11904:
11903:
11901:
11891:
11890:
11882:
11881:
11878:
11873:
11872:
11869:
11868:
11860:
11859:
11851:
11850:
11847:
11846:
11840:
11839:
11836:
11835:
11832:
11831:
11825:
11824:
11818:
11815:
11814:
11811:
11810:
11802:
11801:
11798:
11793:
11792:
11789:
11788:
11780:
11779:
11776:
11775:
11769:
11768:
11765:
11764:
11761:
11760:
11754:
11753:
11750:
11749:
11746:
11741:
11740:
11737:
11736:
11733:
11732:
11726:
11725:
11719:
11716:
11715:
11709:
11706:
11705:
11698:
11697:
11690:
11686:
11683:
11682:
11678:
11667:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11650:Semino (2000)
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11634:Hammer (2001)
11632:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11615:
11612:
11609:
11608:
11606:
11594:E1b1b1b2a1a1
11593:
11590:
11587:
11584:
11581:
11578:
11575:
11572:
11569:
11566:
11563:
11560:
11557:
11554:
11551:
11548:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11536:
11532:
11529:
11526:
11523:
11520:
11517:
11514:
11511:
11508:
11505:
11502:
11499:
11496:
11493:
11490:
11487:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11475:
11471:
11468:
11465:
11462:
11459:
11456:
11453:
11450:
11447:
11444:
11441:
11438:
11435:
11432:
11429:
11426:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11414:
11410:
11407:
11404:
11401:
11398:
11395:
11392:
11389:
11386:
11383:
11380:
11377:
11374:
11371:
11368:
11365:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11353:
11349:
11346:
11343:
11340:
11337:
11334:
11331:
11328:
11325:
11322:
11319:
11316:
11313:
11310:
11307:
11304:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11292:
11288:
11285:
11282:
11279:
11276:
11273:
11270:
11267:
11264:
11261:
11258:
11255:
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11249:
11246:
11243:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11231:
11227:
11224:
11221:
11218:
11215:
11212:
11209:
11206:
11203:
11200:
11197:
11194:
11191:
11188:
11185:
11182:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11170:
11166:
11163:
11160:
11157:
11154:
11151:
11148:
11145:
11142:
11139:
11136:
11133:
11130:
11127:
11124:
11121:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11109:
11105:
11102:
11099:
11096:
11093:
11090:
11087:
11084:
11081:
11078:
11075:
11072:
11069:
11066:
11063:
11060:
11057:
11054:
11051:
11050:
11046:
11043:
11040:
11037:
11034:
11031:
11028:
11025:
11022:
11019:
11016:
11013:
11010:
11007:
11004:
11001:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10989:
10985:
10982:
10979:
10976:
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10940:
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10912:
10909:
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10900:
10897:
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10868:
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10863:
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10807:
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10781:
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10507:
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10501:
10497:
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10488:
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10473:
10470:
10467:
10464:
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10441:
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10436:
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10427:
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10412:
10409:
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10360:
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10330:
10327:
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10319:
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10314:
10311:
10308:
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10299:
10296:
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10275:
10272:
10269:
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10224:
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10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10160:
10157:
10152:
10140:Phylogenetics
10137:
10135:
10126:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10111:
10109:
10105:
10101:
10091:
10088:
10084:
10075:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10059:
10055:
10051:
10047:
10043:
10039:
10035:
10031:
10021:
10012:
10010:
10005:
9995:
9983:
9979:
9976:
9973:
9970:
9967:
9966:
9965:
9963:
9959:
9950:
9948:
9944:
9935:
9933:
9929:
9925:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9914:Sephardi Jews
9911:
9907:
9903:
9899:
9895:
9890:
9888:
9884:
9880:
9876:
9872:
9867:
9864:
9860:
9856:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9824:
9820:
9819:Ăle-de-France
9816:
9812:
9807:
9805:
9804:Fuerteventura
9802:(11.54%) and
9801:
9797:
9793:
9789:
9785:
9781:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9757:
9753:
9749:
9744:
9742:
9738:
9734:
9732:
9731:Libyan Desert
9728:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9704:
9700:
9695:
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9689:
9685:
9681:
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9272:
9271:
9267:
9264:
9261:
9260:
9256:
9253:
9250:
9249:
9245:
9242:
9240:***E-V257/L19
9239:
9238:
9234:
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9228:
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9220:
9217:
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9212:
9209:
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1235:Tunisian Jews
1234:
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1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
959:Souss Berbers
958:
957:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
865:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
773:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
589:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
497:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
456:
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
433:
432:
338:
335:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
303:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
233:
228:
224:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
135:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
18416:
18412:
18377:
18373:
18337:
18333:
18296:
18292:
18253:
18249:
18218:
18214:
18175:
18171:
18124:
18120:
18111:
18077:
18073:
18038:
18034:
17999:
17973:
17969:
17935:
17919:the original
17896:
17865:
17861:
17843:
17809:
17776:
17725:
17721:
17709:the original
17678:
17674:
17659:the original
17636:
17632:
17609:
17561:(1): 15941,
17558:
17554:
17512:(5): e2105,
17509:
17505:
17496:the original
17467:
17463:
17449:, retrieved
17442:the original
17413:
17370:
17358:the original
17327:
17308:the original
17279:
17270:
17258:, retrieved
17251:the original
17220:
17216:
17182:
17178:
17170:the original
17139:
17133:
17085:
17081:
17052:(3): 251â5,
17049:
17045:
17012:
17008:
16982:
16978:
16963:the original
16940:
16925:the original
16894:
16890:
16867:
16863:
16828:
16824:
16803:(1): 23â35,
16800:
16796:
16755:
16749:
16705:
16701:
16666:
16662:
16618:
16614:
16604:. (Also see
16597:the original
16566:
16560:
16543:, retrieved
16536:the original
16531:
16527:
16476:
16472:
16447:
16443:
16419:
16415:
16404:the original
16375:
16371:
16340:
16336:
16314:
16275:(5): 830â8,
16272:
16268:
16240:
16236:
16222:
16165:
16161:
16149:the original
16128:
16124:
16083:
16077:
16035:
16031:
15995:
15991:
15943:
15939:
15914:
15910:
15883:
15879:
15844:
15840:
15805:
15801:
15766:
15762:
15729:
15725:
15715:, retrieved
15708:the original
15685:
15647:(1): 91â99,
15644:
15640:
15627:the original
15604:
15600:
15565:(8): 831â2,
15562:
15558:
15547:, retrieved
15540:the original
15509:
15503:
15462:
15456:
15414:(1): e1430,
15411:
15407:
15374:
15370:
15335:
15331:
15298:
15294:
15247:
15243:
15216:
15212:
15204:the original
15175:
15171:
15133:
15129:
15110:
15106:
15089:, retrieved
15085:the original
15080:
15076:
15040:
15036:
15025:, retrieved
15018:the original
14989:
14940:
14905:
14901:
14856:
14852:
14817:
14811:
14773:
14769:
14734:
14730:
14729:Peninsula",
14721:Bibliography
14694:
14683:
14677:ISOGG (2011)
14672:
14661:. Retrieved
14657:the original
14647:
14636:. Retrieved
14632:the original
14622:
14611:. Retrieved
14607:the original
14597:
14586:. Retrieved
14582:the original
14572:
14561:. Retrieved
14557:the original
14547:
14537:
14523:
14498:
14494:
14487:
14475:
14463:
14408:
14404:
14394:
14368:
14326:(22): 5763.
14323:
14319:
14308:
14299:
14288:
14273:
14234:
14223:
14204:
14198:Keita (2008)
14193:
14179:
14168:
14135:
14131:
14125:
14114:
14103:
14056:
14052:
14045:
14033:
14019:
14005:
13991:
13977:
13966:
13940:
13929:
13918:
13907:
13882:
13871:
13860:
13853:Keita (2008)
13840:
13797:
13793:
13782:
13737:
13733:
13723:
13702:
13659:
13655:
13645:
13634:the original
13621:
13610:
13602:
13594:
13535:
13531:
13499:
13395:
13379:and of 4.8%
13371:
13342:
13304:
13292:
13279:
13252:
13243:
13233:
13226:
13221:
13215:
13206:
13197:
13188:
13171:
13162:
13153:
13144:
13135:
13126:
13120:
13087:
13083:
13077:
13068:
12933:
12876:
12576:
12568:
12350:Haplogroup D
12317:E-V16/E-M281
12316:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12284:
12279:
12270:
12264:
12259:
12253:
12246:
12241:
12236:
12231:
12226:
12221:
12216:
12210:
12200:
12194:
12188:
12180:
12174:
12168:
12160:
12154:
12049:
12044:
12038:
12030:
12012:
12006:
12001:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11972:
11967:
11961:
11955:
11949:
11944:
11938:
11932:
11924:
11918:
11912:
11906:
11897:
11876:
11843:
11828:
11796:
11772:
11757:
11744:
11729:
11688:
11684:
11676:
11662:
11654:
11646:
11638:
11630:
11622:
11610:
11604:
11411:E1b1b1b1a2a
10925:E1b1a1a1g1c
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10154:
10132:
10112:
10097:
10081:
10067:
10066:
10062:
10027:
10018:
10008:
10007:
9992:
9977:
9968:
9957:
9956:
9941:
9921:
9918:
9894:North Africa
9891:
9868:
9851:Carthaginian
9808:
9800:Gran Canaria
9745:
9735:
9696:
9640:Burkina Faso
9612:Middle Atlas
9604:North Africa
9602:and 51% in
9597:
9588:
9587:
9568:
9567:
9537:
9535:
9509:
9499:
9493:
9488:
9480:
9474:
9468:
9463:
9455:
9449:
9443:
9438:
9432:
9426:
9420:
9414:
9406:
9346:
9326:North Africa
9321:
9311:
9174:TMRCA (kya)
9144:
9136:
9104:
8736:Palestinians
7751:
5294:
5208:South Africa
4953:
2772:
1971:
1327:Libyan Arabs
591:Asni Berbers
434:
332:
309:
306:Distribution
292:
280:Gran Canaria
241:
220:
188:
151:North Africa
148:
140:
107:North Africa
90:
86:
85:
18127:(1): 1â14,
16985:: 439â441,
16825:J Med Genet
16343:: 221â246,
15880:J Hum Genet
15688:: 123â146,
15219:(3): 1â13,
14990:Hum. Genet.
12203:(L791,L792)
12061:E-CTS12227
11533:E1b1b1b2a1
11350:E1b1b1b1a1
11228:E1b1b1a1c1
10922:E1b1a1a1g1c
10087:Beta Israel
10056:(28%), and
10050:Khwe (Kxoe)
10038:East Africa
10034:pastoralism
10020:phylogeny.
9817:(5/89) and
9764:Extremadura
9636:Gorom-Gorom
9284:****E-V1515
8644:Druze Arabs
7291:Macedonians
4585:Other Bantu
4318:AA/Cushitic
4226:AA/Cushitic
4042:AA/Cushitic
3858:AA/Cushitic
3674:AA/Cushitic
3490:AA/Cushitic
3398:AA/Cushitic
3306:AA/Cushitic
3122:AA/Cushitic
2597:NC/Atlantic
2496:Shuwa Arabs
1419:Libyan Jews
340:Population
252:New Kingdom
217:Ancient DNA
199:Pleistocene
115:Middle East
63:Descendants
47:East Africa
17868:: 539â64,
17613:, Bantam,
17451:2008-11-07
17260:2023-04-20
16545:2023-04-20
15717:2023-04-20
15549:2008-05-17
15113:(1): 1â8,
15091:2023-04-20
15027:2009-09-11
14970:. Also at
14714:ISOGG 2015
14663:2013-01-14
14638:2012-04-01
14613:2012-04-01
14588:2012-04-01
14563:2012-04-01
13765:2164/13526
13603:nature.com
13560:5854174538
13411:References
13351:ASD method
12360:Haplogroup
12039:E-V257/L19
12035:(E1b1b1b)
11929:(E1b1b1a)
11591:E1b1b1c1a1
11588:E1b1b1c1a1
11585:E1b1b1c1a1
11582:E1b1b1c1a1
11573:E1b1b1c1a1
11472:E1b1b1b2a
11390:E1b1b1b1b1
11289:E1b1b1b1a
11225:E1b1b1a1c1
11207:E1b1b1a1c1
11047:E1b1a1a1e
10986:E1b1a1a1d
10864:E1b1a1a1c
10742:E1b1a1a1a
10253:ISOGG 2012
10248:ISOGG 2011
10243:ISOGG 2010
10238:ISOGG 2009
10233:ISOGG 2008
10228:ISOGG 2007
10223:ISOGG 2006
10123:Siwa Oasis
9883:California
9806:(13.33%).
9798:(10.68%),
9733:in Egypt.
9680:Tizi Ouzou
9618:and other
9390:Asia Minor
9382:Mesolithic
9378:Lake Nubia
9021:AA/Semitic
8929:AA/Semitic
8837:AA/Semitic
8745:AA/Semitic
8653:AA/Semitic
8561:AA/Semitic
7475:Bulgarians
7107:Hungarians
6923:Slovenians
6739:Sardinians
4778:NS/Sudanic
4410:NS/Sudanic
4134:NS/Sudanic
3950:AA/Semitic
3582:AA/Semitic
3214:AA/Semitic
2938:NS/Sudanic
2846:AA/Semitic
2689:NC/Adamawa
2505:AA/Semitic
1888:AA/Semitic
1796:AA/Semitic
1704:AA/Semitic
1612:AA/Semitic
1520:AA/Semitic
1428:AA/Semitic
1336:AA/Semitic
1244:AA/Semitic
508:AA/Semitic
91:E1b1b1-M35
17777:Nat Genet
17583:2045-2322
17225:CiteSeerX
17009:Hum Hered
16685:1018-4813
16623:CiteSeerX
16436:160359661
16416:Antiquity
16357:163020672
15631:Also see
15371:Hum Genet
14501:: 20â28.
14342:1422-0067
14282:see table
14209:see table
14152:1096-8644
14073:1096-8644
13832:206666517
13662:: 15694.
13552:1759-6653
13234:PhyloTree
13069:Footnotes
12380:Paragroup
12365:Haplotype
12116:E-PF6789
12113:E-PF6794*
12110:E-PF6794
12058:E-PF2546*
12055:E-PF2546
11921:(E1b1b1)
11658:Su (1999)
11570:E1b1b1c1a
11408:E1b1b1b2a
11405:E1b1b1b2a
11402:E1b1b1b2a
11399:E1b1b1b2a
11347:E1b1b1b1a
11329:E1b1b1b1a
11222:E1b1b1a3a
11219:E1b1b1a3a
11216:E1b1b1a3a
11204:E1b1b1a3a
11167:E1b1b1a1
11044:E1b1a1a1e
10983:E1b1a1a1d
10861:E1b1a1a1c
10739:E1b1a1a1a
9928:El Hierro
9881:men from
9788:Cantabria
9780:Cantabria
9772:Andalusia
9756:Andalusia
9554:Near East
9334:West Asia
9297:Subclades
9273:****E-M34
9262:***E-Z830
9251:****E-M81
9012:Yemenites
7752:Near East
7659:Albanians
7297:Macedonia
7199:Romanians
7015:Estonians
6647:Sicilians
6095:Corsicans
5635:Asturians
3766:AA/Omotic
3030:NS/Cunama
2413:AA/Chadic
2321:AA/Chadic
2229:AA/Chadic
2137:AA/Berber
1152:AA/Berber
1060:AA/Berber
968:AA/Berber
876:AA/Berber
784:AA/Berber
692:AA/Berber
600:AA/Berber
423:E-V1785*
405:E-V2881*
402:E-V1486*
399:E-V1515*
366:E-V1083*
349:Language
324:Ashkenazi
256:Roman era
171:Neolithic
159:Near East
38:23,900 BP
30:34,800 BP
18507:Category
18494:Archived
18441:12893406
18433:11062480
18404:10577926
18362:11073453
18325:11481588
18280:21432405
18272:11313742
18237:11420360
18202:11170891
18151:19058044
18104:18976729
18065:18374297
18026:11827954
17992:15856073
17962:14504230
17936:Genetics
17915:12082121
17882:18076332
17828:11415522
17801:12893406
17793:11062480
17762:21253605
17722:PLOS ONE
17705:17002951
17655:17656633
17601:29162904
17546:18461126
17506:PLOS ONE
17492:23778828
17484:17039481
17430:15300852
17399:15069642
17354:11719903
17304:11073453
17247:11543889
17201:15756297
17166:11078479
17122:17662131
17074:11556974
17066:17909833
17029:16770078
17001:85134429
16959:15944443
16921:20234393
16855:14627670
16817:15896936
16782:11573163
16742:18644108
16693:17264870
16653:40355653
16645:12914567
16593:14973781
16513:22042855
16464:19425100
16400:22406638
16392:18269686
16299:18385274
16257:10904265
16202:18678889
16145:18618658
16110:12930755
16079:Genetics
16062:15996172
16020:13347549
16012:17216803
15980:19650893
15931:12772214
15902:16142507
15871:16765118
15863:15280900
15832:17047675
15793:19686289
15746:15576591
15671:18685561
15623:17351267
15589:26886757
15581:16835895
15536:15042509
15489:11910562
15448:18183308
15408:PLOS ONE
15399:10763736
15391:14586639
15362:19156170
15315:19430804
15287:also at
15284:12781138
15235:17928816
15200:23156886
15192:16759179
15160:11254456
15057:16626329
15014:10310338
15006:14740294
14967:13680527
14932:19107149
14893:23382925
14853:PLOS ONE
14844:15202071
14792:19213004
14761:19061982
14445:24788788
14405:PLOS ONE
14360:31744094
14212:Archived
14160:19425100
14081:21915847
13824:29545507
13774:29107554
13694:28556824
13586:16352575
13578:26108492
13377:Portugal
13355:Ï method
13231:, and;
13222:op. cit.
13112:23291764
13104:24166809
12742:F-Y27277
12385:Subclade
12333:Genetics
12328:See also
12296:E-V1785*
12271:E-V3065*
12237:E-V2881*
12227:E-V1486*
12217:E-V1515*
12099:E-A2227
12089:E-Z5013*
12086:E-Z5013
12080:E-Z5009*
12077:E-Z5009
12045:E-PF2431
12017:E-CTS194
11962:E-V1083*
11909:(E1b1b)
11797:E-V2729
11691:)
11530:E1b1b1c1
11527:E1b1b1c1
11524:E1b1b1c1
11521:E1b1b1c1
11512:E1b1b1c1
11509:E1b1b1c1
11387:E1b1b1b2
11344:E1b1b1b1
11341:E1b1b1b1
11338:E1b1b1b1
11326:E1b1b1b1
11286:E1b1b1b1
11268:E1b1b1b1
11164:E1b1b1a1
11146:E1b1b1a1
11106:removed
10803:removed
10748:E-M116.2
9879:Hispanic
9873:5.4% in
9823:Sardinia
9815:Auvergne
9796:Tenerife
9727:el-Hayez
9608:Mozabite
9444:E-V1083*
9370:refugium
9314:Sardinia
9229:**E-Z827
9218:***E-M78
9149:â
8920:Omanites
8828:Emiratis
8552:Bedouins
7573:Bulgaria
7481:Bulgaria
6929:Slovenia
5457:Portugal
5365:Portugal
5211:NC/Bantu
4870:NC/Bantu
4686:NC/Bantu
4594:NC/Bantu
4502:NC/Bantu
3947:Ethiopia
3855:Ethiopia
3763:Ethiopia
3671:Ethiopia
3579:Ethiopia
3487:Ethiopia
3395:Djibouti
3303:Djibouti
2680:Moundang
2045:NC/Mande
2036:Mandenka
417:E-V3065
414:E-M293*
408:E-V1792
393:E-M123*
387:E-V257*
363:E-V1477
357:E-V2009
328:Sephardi
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53:Ancestor
18395:1288383
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17088:: 124,
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16912:2987384
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16710:Bibcode
16708:: 213,
16584:1182266
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16170:Bibcode
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16070:3229760
15971:2728732
15948:Bibcode
15946:: 181,
15823:2588664
15784:3312577
15754:8057990
15726:Science
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15527:1181964
15439:2174525
15416:Bibcode
15353:2947089
15323:5657112
15252:Bibcode
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15065:4652154
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14503:Bibcode
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14413:Bibcode
14351:6888588
13802:Bibcode
13794:Science
13742:Bibcode
13709:bioRxiv
13685:5459999
13664:Bibcode
13569:4524485
12946:K-M2313
12939:
12880:
12865:
12851:
12835:
12826:
12817:
12639:
12622:
12569:updated
12291:E-V1785
12280:E-V1700
12260:E-M293*
12256:(M293)
12242:E-V1792
12232:E-V2881
12222:E-V1486
12211:E-V1515
12165:(M123)
12092:E-A1152
12083:E-Z5010
12074:E-A929
12064:E-MZ11
11980:E-V1129
11956:E-V1083
11950:E-V1477
11933:E-V2009
11913:E-M215*
11687: (
11579:E3b1c1a
11576:E3b1c1a
11469:E1b1b1c
11466:E1b1b1c
11463:E1b1b1c
11460:E1b1b1c
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11283:E1b1b1b
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11277:E1b1b1b
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11143:E1b1b1a
11103:removed
10800:removed
10681:E1b1a1
10108:Wolayta
10104:Somalis
10054:Burunge
10052:(31%),
10048:(43%),
10046:Datooga
10015:E-V1515
9924:Guanche
9906:Lebanon
9855:Cosenza
9843:Islamic
9776:Castile
9768:Galicia
9760:Castile
9752:Galicia
9729:in the
9684:Algiers
9668:Tunisia
9664:Algeria
9632:Saharan
9630:in two
9600:Maghreb
9593:Maghreb
9569:E-V257*
9546:Maghreb
9464:E-V1129
9439:E-V1083
9433:E-V1477
9342:Balkans
9207:**E-V68
9132:Jawzjan
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7665:Albania
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7113:Hungary
7021:Estonia
6285:Germany
6279:Germans
6193:Denmark
5116:Namibia
4867:Burundi
4125:Turkana
4039:Somalia
3757:Wolayta
3119:Eritrea
3027:Eritrea
2935:Eritrea
2843:Eritrea
2404:Mandara
2042:Senegal
1241:Tunisia
1149:Algeria
1057:Morocco
965:Morocco
873:Morocco
781:Morocco
689:Morocco
597:Morocco
505:Morocco
381:E-V259
375:E-V12*
360:E-M78*
354:E-M215
346:Region
286:on the
276:Guanche
268:Morocco
129:Origins
93:, is a
18439:
18431:
18402:
18392:
18360:
18323:
18313:
18278:
18270:
18235:
18200:
18190:
18149:
18139:
18102:
18092:
18063:
18053:
18024:
18017:155271
18014:
17990:
17960:
17950:
17913:
17880:
17850:
17834:
17826:
17799:
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17760:
17750:
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17617:
17599:
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17581:
17544:
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17490:
17482:
17436:
17428:
17397:
17387:
17352:
17345:384897
17342:
17302:
17245:
17227:
17199:
17164:
17154:
17120:
17110:
17072:
17064:
17035:
17027:
16999:
16957:
16919:
16909:
16853:
16843:
16815:
16780:
16770:
16740:
16730:
16691:
16683:
16651:
16643:
16625:
16606:Errata
16591:
16581:
16511:
16501:
16462:
16434:
16398:
16390:
16355:
16321:
16297:
16287:
16255:
16205:. See
16200:
16190:
16143:
16108:
16098:
16068:
16060:
16018:
16010:
15978:
15968:
15929:
15900:
15869:
15861:
15830:
15820:
15791:
15781:
15752:
15744:
15700:
15669:
15659:
15621:
15587:
15579:
15534:
15524:
15487:
15480:447595
15477:
15446:
15436:
15397:
15389:
15360:
15350:
15321:
15313:
15282:
15233:
15198:
15190:
15158:
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15063:
15055:
15012:
15004:
14965:
14955:
14930:
14920:
14891:
14881:
14842:
14832:
14798:
14790:
14759:
14749:
14443:
14433:
14358:
14348:
14340:
14158:
14150:
14079:
14071:
13830:
13822:
13772:
13711:
13692:
13682:
13605:, 2015
13584:
13576:
13566:
13558:
13550:
13181:K-M526
13110:
13102:
12969:
12965:
12960:
12948:
12929:
12756:
12748:
12744:
12739:
12254:E-M293
12201:E-L791
12191:(M290)
12189:E-M290
12183:(M136)
12181:E-M136
12177:(M84)
12171:(M34)
12162:E-M123
12155:E-Z830
12141:E-L351
12138:E-A601
12132:E-A930
12125:E-MZ80
12122:E-MZ23
12119:E-MZ21
12105:E-MZ16
12102:E-A428
12067:E-MZ12
12052:(M81)
12032:E-Z827
12007:E-V259
12002:E-V264
11990:E-V12*
11945:E-M78*
11907:E-M215
11845:E-M123
11745:E-V65
11567:E3b3a1
11539:E-M136
11518:E3b1c1
11515:E3b1c1
11503:E3b3a*
11417:E-M123
11396:E3b1b2
11393:E3b1b2
11356:E-M165
11335:E3b1b1
11332:E3b1b1
11295:E-M107
11173:E-M148
11100:E1b1b1
11097:E1b1b1
11094:E1b1b1
11085:E1b1b1
11082:E1b1b1
11041:E1b1a6
11038:E1b1a6
11035:E1b1a6
11026:E1b1a6
11023:E1b1a6
10980:E1b1a5
10977:E1b1a5
10974:E1b1a5
10965:E1b1a5
10962:E1b1a5
10931:E-M155
10919:E1b1a4
10916:E1b1a4
10913:E1b1a4
10904:E1b1a4
10901:E1b1a4
10870:E-M154
10858:E1b1a3
10855:E1b1a3
10852:E1b1a3
10843:E1b1a3
10840:E1b1a3
10809:E-M149
10797:E1ba12
10794:E1b1a2
10791:E1b1a2
10782:E1b1a2
10779:E1b1a2
10736:E1b1a1
10733:E1b1a1
10730:E1b1a1
10721:E1b1a1
10718:E1b1a1
10678:E1b1a1
10024:E-M293
10009:E-M123
9998:E-M123
9978:E-L351
9969:E-M165
9958:E-M183
9953:E-M183
9938:E-M107
9910:Turkey
9898:Sahara
9889:2.4%.
9887:Hawaii
9875:Brazil
9871:Brasil
9849:, and
9835:Lucera
9827:Sicily
9811:France
9692:Sousse
9628:Tuareg
9620:Berber
9616:Kabyle
9558:Europe
9552:, the
9538:E-Z827
9510:E-M521
9494:E-V259
9489:E-V264
9475:E-V12*
9427:E-M78*
9386:Levant
9338:Europe
9328:, the
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9185:E-M215
9180:YFull
9111:Yemeni
8742:Israel
8650:Israel
8558:Israel
8466:Turkey
8374:Turkey
8282:Turkey
8190:Turkey
8098:Turkey
8006:Turkey
7914:Turkey
7822:Turkey
7389:Greece
6837:Poland
6831:Polish
6187:Danish
6101:France
6012:Basque
6009:France
5917:France
5911:French
5828:Basque
5295:Europe
5024:Angola
4769:Maasai
4677:Kikuyu
4309:Somali
4217:Borana
4033:Somali
3941:Gurage
3849:Somali
3573:Amhara
3389:Somali
3205:Tigrai
3021:Cunama
2312:Guidar
2128:Tuareg
429:E-V16
420:E-V42
411:E-V92
396:E-M34
390:E-M81
384:E-V65
378:E-V32
372:E-V22
369:E-V13
320:Jewish
227:Levant
191:Europe
153:, the
121:, and
119:Europe
103:E-Z827
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57:E-M215
18437:S2CID
18276:S2CID
17922:(PDF)
17893:(PDF)
17832:S2CID
17797:S2CID
17712:(PDF)
17671:(PDF)
17488:S2CID
17445:(PDF)
17434:S2CID
17410:(PDF)
17361:(PDF)
17324:(PDF)
17311:(PDF)
17276:(PDF)
17254:(PDF)
17213:(PDF)
17070:S2CID
17033:S2CID
16997:S2CID
16928:(PDF)
16887:(PDF)
16793:(PDF)
16649:S2CID
16600:(PDF)
16557:(PDF)
16539:(PDF)
16524:(PDF)
16432:S2CID
16407:(PDF)
16396:S2CID
16368:(PDF)
16353:S2CID
16152:(PDF)
16121:(PDF)
16066:S2CID
16016:S2CID
15867:S2CID
15750:S2CID
15711:(PDF)
15682:(PDF)
15585:S2CID
15543:(PDF)
15500:(PDF)
15395:S2CID
15319:S2CID
15196:S2CID
15103:(PDF)
15061:S2CID
15021:(PDF)
15010:S2CID
14986:(PDF)
14796:S2CID
13828:S2CID
13637:(PDF)
13630:(PDF)
13582:S2CID
13381:Italy
13337:ago".
13287::547)
13271:Notes
13108:S2CID
12758:GHIJK
12287:(V42)
12285:E-V42
12267:(P72)
12265:E-P72
12247:E-V92
12197:(V23)
12195:E-V23
12175:E-M84
12169:E-M34
12050:E-M81
12013:E-V65
11995:E-V32
11985:E-V12
11973:E-V22
11968:E-V13
11939:E-M78
11926:E-V68
11919:E-M35
11830:E-M81
11774:E-V22
11759:E-V13
11731:E-V12
11718:E-M78
11685:E1b1b
11564:E3ba1
11506:E3b3a
11478:E-M34
11457:E3b1c
11454:E3b1c
11442:E3b3*
11384:E3b2b
11381:E3b2b
11323:E3b2a
11320:E3b2a
11274:E3b1b
11271:E3b1b
11259:E3b2*
11234:E-M81
11201:E3b1a
11198:E3b1a
11152:E3b1a
11149:E3b1a
11137:E3b1*
11112:E-M78
11052:E-M35
10992:E-M10
10687:E-M58
10675:E1b1a
10672:E1b1a
10669:E1b1a
10660:E1b1a
10620:E1b1
10504:E-M54
10443:E-M75
10437:E1a1
10382:E-M44
10321:E-M33
10260:E-P29
10129:E-V92
10078:E-V42
10068:E-P72
10040:into
10036:from
9902:Sudan
9863:Lecce
9847:Roman
9839:Italy
9786:from
9688:Tunis
9672:Jijel
9656:Niger
9652:Tanut
9638:, in
9589:E-M81
9584:E-M81
9500:E-V65
9481:E-V32
9469:E-V12
9456:E-V22
9450:E-V13
9421:E-M78
9374:Sudan
9361:Libya
9357:Egypt
9322:E-M78
9316:, by
9246:13,9
9235:23,6
9202:23,9
9191:35,4
9139:E-M81
9119:Oromo
9018:Yemen
6745:Italy
6653:Italy
6561:Italy
6469:Italy
6377:Italy
5825:Spain
5733:Spain
5641:Spain
5549:Spain
5202:Bantu
5018:!Kung
4861:Tutsi
4775:Kenya
4683:Kenya
4591:Kenya
4499:Kenya
4493:Luhya
4407:Kenya
4321:100.0
4315:Kenya
4223:Kenya
4131:Kenya
4045:100.0
3665:Oromo
2849:100.0
2837:Tigre
2134:Niger
1885:Egypt
1793:Egypt
1701:Egypt
1609:Egypt
1517:Egypt
1425:Libya
1333:Libya
426:E-V6
352:Total
207:Egypt
186:too.
180:Sopot
99:E-V68
87:E-M35
67:E-V68
18429:PMID
18400:PMID
18358:PMID
18321:PMID
18268:PMID
18233:PMID
18198:PMID
18147:PMID
18100:PMID
18061:PMID
18022:PMID
17988:PMID
17958:PMID
17911:PMID
17878:PMID
17848:ISBN
17824:PMID
17789:PMID
17758:PMID
17701:PMID
17651:PMID
17615:ISBN
17597:PMID
17579:ISSN
17542:PMID
17480:PMID
17426:PMID
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17350:PMID
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17197:PMID
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17118:PMID
17062:PMID
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16813:PMID
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16738:PMID
16689:PMID
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16641:PMID
16589:PMID
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16460:PMID
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16319:ISBN
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16058:PMID
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15976:PMID
15927:PMID
15898:PMID
15859:PMID
15828:PMID
15789:PMID
15742:PMID
15698:ISBN
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15619:PMID
15577:PMID
15532:PMID
15485:PMID
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15358:PMID
15311:PMID
15280:PMID
15231:PMID
15188:PMID
15156:PMID
15053:PMID
15002:PMID
14974:and
14963:PMID
14928:PMID
14889:PMID
14840:PMID
14788:PMID
14757:PMID
14441:PMID
14356:PMID
14338:ISSN
14156:PMID
14148:ISSN
14077:PMID
14069:ISSN
13820:PMID
13770:PMID
13690:PMID
13574:PMID
13556:OCLC
13548:ISSN
13100:PMID
12927:K2b1
12772:HIJK
12664:A1b1
12620:A0-T
12303:(V6)
12301:E-V6
11689:M215
11616:and
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11262:E3b2
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11091:E3b1
11088:E3b1
11076:E3b*
11032:E3a6
11029:E3a6
11020:E3a6
11017:E3a6
10971:E3a5
10968:E3a5
10959:E3a5
10956:E3a5
10910:E3a4
10907:E3a4
10898:E3a4
10895:E3a4
10849:E3a3
10846:E3a3
10837:E3a3
10834:E3a3
10788:E3a2
10785:E3a2
10776:E3a2
10773:E3a2
10727:E3a1
10724:E3a1
10715:E3a1
10712:E3a1
10657:E1b1
10651:E3a*
10626:E-M2
10617:E1b1
10614:E1b1
10611:E1b1
10608:E1b1
10599:E1b1
10565:E-P2
10538:E2b1
10434:E1a1
10431:E1a1
10428:E1a1
10425:E1a1
10416:E1a1
10413:E1a1
10376:E1a
10094:E-V6
9947:Mali
9885:and
9715:Oran
9676:Oran
9666:and
9648:Mali
9644:Gosi
9556:and
9359:and
9257:2,7
9099:1.1
9024:14.9
9007:0.0
8932:15.4
8926:Oman
8915:0.0
8823:0.0
8748:13.8
8731:0.0
8671:10.7
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8639:0.0
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8547:0.0
8487:10.9
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8087:0.0
7995:0.0
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7502:21.4
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7010:0.0
6918:0.0
6826:0.0
6734:0.0
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6458:0.0
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5814:0.0
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5538:0.0
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5214:12.5
5197:0.0
5182:30.8
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5110:Khwe
5105:0.0
5030:10.9
4948:0.0
4933:22.2
4873:22.2
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4841:24.4
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4488:0.0
4473:18.2
4413:45.5
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4253:66.7
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4212:0.0
4197:16.7
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4099:20.0
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3912:16.7
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3769:58.3
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3677:53.2
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3384:0.0
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3297:Afar
3292:0.0
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3241:21.9
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3143:88.3
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