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350:, the spermatheca is covered in fat and tissue and has three main regions: the distal region, the medial region and the proximal region. The coiled distal region is responsible for the control of sperm flow. It can modulate how much sperm is excreted which ensures that the female does not lose an excess of sperm. The proximal region contains valves which prevent the backflow of sperm when muscles dilate. This region is connected to the spermathecal duct where sperm exits. Stacconi and Romani (2011) found that, overall, the saccular structure within the spermatheca plays a key role in identifying mated and unmated females. Males are able to identify a mated versus unmated female by the volume of the saccular gland. The study also shows that
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420:. (2008) found that mature male insects produced pheromones that recruited females, other males and young insects based on attractiveness. For females, the pheromone is used as a sex-pheromone to attract mates. Other males use a different version of this pheromone to aggregate more males to a given area to signal the availability of food and it serves a similar purpose with nymphs. Nymphs use the pheromone to guide themselves to the food source in starving conditions.
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plant and females mostly remained on the original plant. The results of this study were appropriate because males are more inclined to find mates and reduce competition by migrating away from a dense area while females need to oviposit. Plants with higher flowering capability were more likely to house females for a long period of time because flowers and buds are able to provide more nourishment for nymphs.
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site choice. The researchers used broccoli and mustard as two different host plants and found that individuals reared on broccoli were more likely to mate in general and all individuals reared on mustard mated. Individuals reared on mustard were larger than individuals reared on broccoli. Also, the
435:. In a study conducted by Ludwig and Kok (2001), researchers tested broccoli, mustard and rape plants for attractiveness to the harlequin bug and found that these plants do not significantly delay development in the bugs. This is what leads to these economically important plants to be targeted by
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to migrate from plant to plant depending on seasonal and insect density changes. In a study conducted by
Englishloeb and Collier (1987), insects released from the original bush had different migration preferences depending on their sex. Males tended to migrate to short distances from the original
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as adults in crop residues or field edges. Organic control involves hand-picking the insects off the plants (they can be dropped into soapy water to drown them) and being especially careful to remove and destroy all the eggs, which are black-and-white striped, laid in clutches of twelve.
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is based heavily on host plants because male size and coloration, which is important in mating, is determined by the type of host plant they were reared on. During mating, females also prefer males which have similar odor cues to the host plant of the female. Females of
308:, and then pairs of legs in order from anterior to posterior. Craig et al. also tested the time it takes for blood to form a homogeneous mixture (complete mixing). The time it took for blood to completely mix in harlequin bugs was about twenty-five minutes.
270:, and often cause blotching by their piercing-sucking feeding. These plants are economically important and are abundant in crop fields but when they are not in production, harlequin bugs are able to feed on wild plants as well.
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and murgantinol. These substances, found specifically in male pheromones, are responsible for aggregation of the insects to aid in sexual reproduction and can also be used in warning predators. A study conducted by Zahn
304:. To map out the circulation of blood in these insects, Craig et al. injected radioactive phosphorus into the posterior end of the heart and traced it through the body cavity. The blood reached the wings first, then the
439:. The study showed that all plants, especially small and young plants even at lower densities of insects, experienced death after being targeted by harlequin bugs, although larger plants could bear more numbers.
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oviposit on specific plants that are able to provide better nutrition and habitat for their offspring. One study done by Hemley-Hartman and Miller (2014) studied the effects of host plants on female
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Mating in harlequin bugs is similar to other insects in that the male transfers sperm to the female and the female stores this sperm in a specialized structure called the
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Zahn, D.K., Moreira, J.A., & Millar, J.G. (2008). "Identification, synthesis, and bioassay of a male-specific aggregation pheromone from the harlequin bug,
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288:. As glucosinolates are often used by crucifers to reduce insect herbivory, their sequestration could also reduce attack rates by insect predators.
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as they feed. The adult bugs have been shown to be unpalatable to some species of birds thanks to this chemical defense, which could explain their
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insects. Adults and nymphs feed on the stems and leaves of plants such as cabbage, broccoli, kale, turnip, radish, horseradish, mustard and
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have variation in mate choice depending on changing seasons because the availability of these commercial plants also changes with season.
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are active during the summer and in the tropics the bug can achieve three to six generations a year. In the northern range there is only
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Khrimian, A., Shirali, S., Vermillion, K.E., Siegler, M.A., Guzman, F., Chauhan, K., Aldrich, J.R., & Weber, D.C. (2014).
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Harlequin bugs reproduce rapidly and females mate multiple times with many males before laying up to 149 eggs per female.
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Aliabadi, A., Renwick, J.A.A., & Whitman, D.W. (2002). "Sequestration of glucosinolates by harlequin bug
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which give them a stinging flavor. This chemical compound is sequestered by harlequin bugs and stored in the
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received from males during copulation. It can maximize efficiency and use of sperm. Derived from the
550:(Hahn) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) development on three crucifers and feeding damage on broccoli".
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Weber, D.C., Walsh, G.C., DiMeglio, A.S., Athanas, M.M., Leskey, T.C., & Khrimian, A. (2014).
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Englishloeb, G.M., & Collier, B.D. (1987). "Nonmigratory movement of adult harlequin bugs
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which plays a role in mate choice, was not affected by host plants. This study shows that
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throughout tropical and North
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Craig, R., & Olson, N.A. (1951). "Rate of circulation of the body fluid in adult
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IFAS – Institute of Food and
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Walsh, G.C., Dimeglio, A.S., Khrimian, A., & Weber, D.C. (2015).
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1191:- Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2018, October 15).
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of male harlequin bug pheromones consists of two compounds:
453:, an Australian insect also known as the "harlequin bug"
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insects are able to identify mated and unmated females.
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Ludwig, S.W., & Kok, L.T. (2001). "Harlequin bug,
758:Helmey-Hartman, W.L., & Miller, C.W. (2014).
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768:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
403:males contain 10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol, a
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225:, as well as the ornamental flower
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1027:"Attractiveness of harlequin bug,
254:Young insects slowly destroying a
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1407:Taxa named by Carl Wilhelm Hahn
713:10.1590/S1519-566X2011000200011
45:Adult (left) and nymph (right)
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572:10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00150-2
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371:distinctive orange color of
246:Feeding and chemical defense
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1417:Invasive agricultural pests
1035:Journal of Chemical Ecology
959:Journal of Chemical Ecology
890:Journal of Chemical Ecology
830:American Midland Naturalist
484:Journal of Chemical Ecology
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338:A saccular dilation in the
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1397:Hemiptera of North America
764:(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)"
696:(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)"
396:Pheromones and aggregation
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1412:Agricultural pest insects
1402:Insects described in 1834
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1120:10.1007/s10340-015-0663-1
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19:Not to be confused with
1193:Encyclopedia Britannica
1108:Journal of Pest Science
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298:open circulatory system
235:one generation annually
700:Neotropical Entomology
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31:Harlequin cabbage bug
1213:Murgantia histrionica
1189:Harlequin cabbage bug
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170:Murgantia histrionica
387:It is important for
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971:2008JCEco..34..238Z
902:2014JCEco..40.1260K
630:1951Sci...113..648C
564:2001CrPro..20..247L
450:Dindymus versicolor
262:Harlequin bugs are
152:M. histrionica
16:Species of true bug
1166:on 2 November 2009
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274:Cruciferous plants
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1364:Open Tree of Life
1205:Taxon identifiers
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1338:NatureServe
1312:iNaturalist
774:: 264–273.
368:oviposition
359:mate choice
344:spermatozoa
340:spermatheca
329:spermatheca
320:Mating pair
302:body cavity
292:Circulation
118:Heteroptera
1386:Categories
608:Linnaeus,
458:References
352:parasitoid
278:glycosides
239:overwinter
207:calico bug
114:Suborder:
88:Arthropoda
1114:: 21–29.
616:(Hahn)".
413:tridecane
405:pheromone
383:Migration
282:prothorax
146:Species:
139:Murgantia
108:Hemiptera
74:Kingdom:
68:Eukaryota
1343:2.896221
1260:BugGuide
1236:BioLib:
1222:Wikidata
1128:18870579
1063:25380993
995:54631212
987:18204884
926:15093682
918:25408429
790:54089824
722:21584404
646:14845697
512:36781975
504:12449503
443:See also
348:ectoderm
306:antennae
268:rapeseed
211:fire bug
124:Family:
84:Phylum:
78:Animalia
64:Domain:
1369:3472618
1304:2078935
1278:2645099
1228:Q765506
1183:(Hahn).
1071:6494862
1043:Bibcode
967:Bibcode
898:Bibcode
850:2425642
626:Bibcode
618:Science
560:Bibcode
357:Female
342:stores
180:, 1834)
134:Genus:
104:Order:
98:Insecta
94:Class:
1356:460024
1330:721829
1291:MURGHI
1252:372507
1239:898285
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312:Mating
256:turnip
231:Nymphs
227:cleome
1317:56756
1124:S2CID
1067:S2CID
991:S2CID
922:S2CID
846:JSTOR
786:S2CID
508:S2CID
418:et al
333:et al
1351:NCBI
1325:ITIS
1299:GBIF
1286:EPPO
1247:BOLD
1172:2008
1142:link
1085:link
1059:PMID
1009:link
983:PMID
940:link
914:PMID
864:link
804:link
736:link
718:PMID
660:link
642:PMID
586:link
526:link
500:PMID
258:crop
195:The
178:Hahn
1273:EoL
1265:557
1116:doi
1051:doi
975:doi
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