99:
1026:
1694:
810:
666:
743:
25:
1279:, during the reign of their sons, in order to exercise power, by secret alliance with the Grand Viziers and some important members of the Divan, they overshadowed the authority of the Sultan; Moreover separately by influencing the decisions of the Sultan, who had direct and intimate access to the Sultan's person, they often influenced government decisions bypassing the
933:) as an attachment. In some cases, rather than prepare a separate summary document, the grand vizier or his deputy would write his summary and views diagonally, on the top or bottom margins of documents coming from lower functionaries (see an example in the first figure above). Such annotations on a written document were called
1299:
acted on their behalf because of their sons' youth or incapacity and they were responsible for key decisions (removals and major promotions in the government) that were in the hands of the Sultan. By giving detailed instructions or advice, the
Sultans reduced the role of the grand viziers to be just
1474:
s on the white were considered the most important, along with those on international relations, border transactions and internal regulations. Documents of secondary importance were routinely placed in trunks and stored in cellars in need of repair. Presumably as a sign of respect toward the Sultan,
908:
When the sultan contacted the public for Friday prayer or other occasions, people would hand in petitions addressed to him. These were later discussed and decided upon by the council of viziers. They would prepare a summary of all petitions and the action decided upon for each one. The sultan would
1705:
and his grand vizier. "My Vizier. Today where do you intend to go? How is my girl, the piece of my life? Make me happy with news of the health of your holy disposition. My body is in good health, thank be God. Those of my imperial family are in good health as well. Let me know when you know."
957:
on the cover page. In other cases, the grand vizier would summarize the matter directly in the margin of the document submitted by the lower functionary and the Sultan would write on the same page as well. Sometimes the Sultan would write his decision on a fresh piece of paper attached to the
1148:
s on the white were more elaborate and some may have been drafted by a scribe before being penned by the Sultan. They often started by addressing the recipient. The Sultan would refer to his grand vizier as "My Vizier", or if his grand vizier was away at war, would refer to his deputy as
1182:
727:). Some edicts to the title would start with a note from the Sultan praising the person(s) to whom the edict was addressed, in order to encourage or honor him. Rarely, there might be a threat such as "if you want to keep your head, carry out this order as required" (
1564:
s belonging to the Âmedi Kalemi. It consists of 31 volumes listing 62,312 documents, with their short summaries. This catalog lists documents from 1730 to 1839 but covers primarily those from the reigns of Selim III and Mahmud II within this period.
1364:
s on the white between the Sultan and the grand vizier continued on for matters of great importance such as high level appointments or promotions. Infrequently, the grand vizier and the Sultan wrote to each other directly as well.
1168:
was to be delivered ceremoniously, with an imperial sword and a cloak, as in an appointment to a high rank, there would be a flowery salutation such as "after I have honored you with my glorious greeting you should know that..."
1496:
s until the late period of the empire, in most cases the documents associated with them are not known. Conversely, the decisions on many a memorandum, petition, or request submitted to the Sultan are unknown. The separation of
1300:
a supervisor to the execution of his commands. This situation appears to have created some backlash, as during most of the 17th century there were attempts to return to grand viziers' prestige and the power of "supreme proxy" (
1450:, the secretariat of the grand vizier. The Âmedi Kalemi organized and recorded all correspondence between the grand vizier and the Sultan, as well as any correspondence with foreign rulers and with Ottoman ambassadors. Other
1491:
s were not cross-referenced with the documents to which they referred and were only annotated by the palace office using general terms and an approximate date. Because
Sultans were not in the habit of dating their
1244:
to authorize the actions of the grand vizier came into existence in the reign of Murad III. This led to a loss of authority and independence in the grand vizier while other palace people such as the Master of the
1308:
s returned to their former simplicity. However, in the eighteenth century, Selim III became concerned by the over-centralization of the bureaucracy and its general inefficacy. He created consulting bodies
1666:
The Reform Decree of 1856 is sometimes referred to by another name, "The
Rescript of Reform". Here, the word 'rescript' is used to sense of "edict, decree", not "reply to a query or other document."
491:
1173:). Correspondence to a military commander could have a lengthy and ornate salutation or just address him by his title. A note without an address was meant for the grand vizier or his deputy.
1573:
is a chronological catalog of 181,239 documents organized according to the periods of sovereignty of
Sultans, from the foundation of the Ottoman state to the Abdülmecid period. Along with
771:) rather than a notation on an existing document. They were so called because the edict was written on a blank (i.e. white) page. They could be documents such as a command, an
695:) were written by a scribe, but those written to certain officials and those that were particularly important were preceded by the Sultan's handwritten note beside his seal (
2390:
286:) of 1856. The first one, which opened the Tanzimat era, is so called because it carries a handwritten order by the sultan to the grand vizier to execute his command.
917:, the Sultan's decision came to be written directly by the Chief Scribe at the bottom of the summary document, and this one writing applied to all decisions.
1193:" on new coins: "My Deputy Grand Vizier! My imperial decree has been that, if not contrary to current law, the word of Konstantiniye is not to be printed."
1681:
reforms. That document is also generally referred to as "The Hatt-i Sharif", although there are many other hatt-i sharifs, a term that is synonymous with
1324:
During the reign of Mahmud II, in the early 1830s, the practice of writing on the memoranda of the grand vizier was replaced by the Chief Scribe of the
1609:
catalogs 216,572 documents in 34 volumes, organized by topics that include local governments, provincial administration, vakıf and internal security.
71:
1447:
1427:
s are notable for their long and elaborate annotations on official documents. In contrast, Sultans who accessed the throne at an early age, such as
2355:
2320:
1057:
understandable (orally) even today and has changed little over the centuries. Many documents or annotations were short comments such as "I gave" (
889:, etc. depending on the type of the document. The Sultan responded not only to documents submitted to him by his viziers but also to petitions (
1873:
937:. Sometimes the grand vizier would append a separate cover page on top of a proposal coming from a lower-level functionary like the Treasurer (
1589:
s, it lists documents of various other types relating to palace correspondence, private correspondence, appointments, taxation, land grants (
2588:
2232:
1962:
217:, or other government documents. Hatt-i humayuns could also be composed from scratch, rather than as a response to an existing document.
2541:
2293:
965:
s were written by the Sultan himself although there exist some that were penned by the chief scribe or another functionary. Important
2651:
1548:
s were originally not organized systematically, historians in the nineteenth and early twentieth century created several catalogs of
2443:
2473:"Islahata dair taraf-ı Vekâlet-i mutlakaya hitaben balası hatt-ı hümayun ile müveşşeh şerefsadır olan ferman-ı âlinin suretidir".
2646:
2398:
224:
era (1839–1876), aimed at modernizing the
Ottoman Empire, hatt-i humayuns of the routine kind were supplanted by the practice of
1585:
is a catalog created by a committee led by historian İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal. It covers the period of 1290–1873. Along with 329
1156:". Those written to other officials would often start with an expression like "You who are my Vizier of Rumeli, Mehmed Pasha" (
2201:
2120:
1909:
1853:
1470:
During the creation of the State
Archives in the nineteenth century, documents were organized according to their importance.
985:
s usually were not dated, although some, concerning withdrawal of money from the treasury, did carry dates. Most late-period
825:(summary) written by the grand vizier regarding his efforts to ensure a sufficient supply of meat to Istanbul for the coming
2486:
979:). In some cases, there were notations as to who prepared the draft of the document that was then re-written by the Sultan.
1276:
841:), who would summarize a situation for the Sultan, and request the Sultan's will on the matter. Such documents were called
699:). The tughra and the notation might be surrounded by a decorated frame. The note would emphasize a particular part of his
122:. The sultan writes: "I have been informed. Those structures mentioned in this summary are to be rebuilt expeditiously for
1209:
in 1386, commending the commander for his conquests and giving him advice on how to administer people. Until the reign of
913:) multiple times, followed by the item number to which he is referring. When palace bureaucracy was reorganized after the
1213:, Viziers used to present matters orally to the Sultans, who would then give their consent or denial, also orally. While
925:
When a petition or memo requiring the Sultan's decision was to be submitted to him, the grand vizier usually prepared an
782:
s expressing the sultan's opinions or even his feelings on certain matters. For example, after the successful defense of
829:. The Sultan writes his appreciation: "It has become my imperial knowledge. Do even more in the future. Let me see you."
798:
to the governor Haj Husayn Pasha, which praised in verse the heroic exploits of the governor and the warriors of Mosul.
1643:
promised equality in education, government appointments, and administration of justice to all, regardless of creed. In
1639:) of 1856 is well enough known that most history texts refer to it simply as "Hatt-i Hümayun". This decree from Sultan
1104:), and continue with an introduction on the topic, then give their opinion such as "this report's/petition's/record's/
1750:
1655:
is introduced as "a copy of the supreme ferman written to the grand vizier, perfected by decoration above with a
1329:
1552:
s based on different organizing principles. These historic catalogs are still in use by historians at the BOA:
127:
1217:
s were very rare prior to this, they proliferated afterward, especially during the reigns of
Sultans such as
612:
202:
1714:
is occasionally used in the literal sense of the handwriting of the Sultan. For example, the imperial poet
1622:
197:. These notes were commonly written by the sultan personally, although they could also be transcribed by a
1013:
so that he could follow up whether his orders were carried out. However, this suggestion was not adopted.
445:
was often used in
European publications, but by the 21st century it became disused in European languages:
1632:
2487:"Ottoman Financial Integration with Europe: Foreign Loans, the Ottoman Bank and the Ottoman Public Debt"
2176:"Osmanlı Hukukunda Bir Ceza Olarak Sürgün ve İki Osmanlı Sultanının Sürgünle İlgili Hattı-ı Hümayunları"
2367:
2332:
833:
In normal bureaucratic procedure, a document would be submitted by the grand vizier, or his deputy the
551:
201:. They were written usually in response to, and directly on, a document submitted to the sultan by the
1925:
1879:
1256:
1236:
s tends to reflect the power struggle that existed between the Sultan and his council of viziers (the
579:
511:
455:
461:
2420:
1336:, the government bureaucracy was streamlined. For most routine communications, the imperial scribe (
1317:
s to questions asked of him and would make inquiries as to whether his decisions were followed. The
293:
can sometimes also be used in a literal sense, meaning a document handwritten by an
Ottoman sultan.
1929:
1919:
1883:
1250:
1190:
257:, meaning 'ordonnance'), in which the sultan's spoken response was recorded on the document by his
229:
138:
50:
1313:) to share some of the authority with him and the grand vizier. He would give detailed answers on
585:
2603:
2244:
1974:
1808:
1271:) who had greater access to the Sultan gained in influence. The mothers of the sultans, such as
1164:) or the Sultan's personal tutor would be addressed simply and respectfully. In cases where the
1110:"... işbu takrîrin/telhîsin/şukkanın/kaimenin manzûr ve me'azi ma'lûm-ı hümayûnum olmuşdur"
723:) or, "my command is to carried out as required and no one is to interfere with its execution" (
849:(suggestion) later on. The Sultan's handwritten response (his command or decision) were called
545:
67:
2110:
2041:
1908:
and Other
Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
1852:
and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
2547:
2297:
1719:
1396:
673:(in thick script on top) on the appointment document of Vizier Suleiman Pasha to the post of
517:
277:
2569:
2517:
2140:
2088:
2067:
1894:), which have become obsolete today, were quite common at that time in the European press."
2068:"Hatt-ı Hümâyunların Diplomatik Özellikleri ve Padişahı bilgilendirme Sürecindeki Yerleri"
8:
1723:
1392:
971:
540:
2451:
1325:
269:
2641:
2175:
1904:
Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
1867:
1848:
Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
1834:
450:
213:, acknowledgements of a report, grants of permission for a request, an annotation to a
76:
1501:
s from their documents is considered a great loss of information for researchers. The
1100:
Some Sultans would write longer comments, starting with "It has become my knowledge" (
2116:
2028:
1487:
s on the white, while the rest of the documents were stored elsewhere. These cut-out
926:
563:
2270:
2202:"Murad-ı Hüdavendigâr'dan Gazi Evrenos Bey'e mektup... "Sakın ola kibirlenmeyesin!""
1534:
2209:
1522:
1502:
1454:
s, not addressed to the grand vizier, were stored in other document stores (called
1368:
The large number of documents that required the Sultan's decision through either a
1054:
1002:
574:
529:
362:
1134:
s to the position often had clichéd expressions such as "To be done as required" (
719:
to the title). The note might use a clichéd phrase like "to be done as required" (
2636:
2493:
1772:
1376:
is considered to be an indication of how centralized the Ottoman government was.
1161:
898:
624:
495:
479:
333:
242:
1640:
1377:
1321:
became Selim III's tool to ensure rapid and precise execution of his decisions.
1218:
969:
s on the white were sometimes drafted by the head of diplomatic correspondence (
103:
2257:
Benim bir vaktim yokdur ki kalem elimden düşmez. Vallâhü'l-azîm elimden düşmez.
1762:
1408:
1404:
1384:
s "I have no time that my pen leaves my hand, with God's resolve it does not."
1272:
506:
325:
194:
2543:
In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford Islamic Studies Online
2630:
1674:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1267:
1112:). Some common phrases in hatt-ı hümayuns are "according to this report..." (
1014:
206:
193:
term for a document or handwritten note of an official nature composed by an
40:
1042:
114:
needing to be repaired. The red handwriting in diagonal is a summary by the
98:
1292:
1206:
994:
534:
484:
115:
60:
2444:"19. Yüzyıl Türkiye Yönetim Tarihi kaynakları: Bir Bibliyografya Denemesi"
1648:
381:
352:
319:
236:
190:
184:
172:
145:
703:, urging or ordering it to be followed without fault. These were called
568:
2519:
787:
767:
119:
107:
2075:
OTAM, Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi
1229:, who wanted to increase their control and be informed of everything.
893:) submitted to him by his subjects following the Friday prayer. Thus,
500:
1702:
1432:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1226:
1222:
1210:
1186:
1025:
1010:
939:
818:
750:
674:
628:
123:
1693:
809:
264:
There are nearly 100,000 hatt-i humayuns in the Ottoman archives in
2539:
1915:
1859:
1727:
1715:
1678:
1673:
of 1856 was an extension of another important edict of reform, the
1333:
1150:
945:
914:
902:
857:. Other types of documents submitted to the Sultan were petitions (
834:
791:
754:
670:
665:
620:
265:
221:
210:
2518:
Boğaziçi University, Atatürk Institute of Modern Turkish History.
1598:
1171:
seni selâm-ı şâhanemle teşrif eylediğimden sonra malumun ola ki...
1428:
1202:
826:
376:
347:
314:
281:
178:
167:
151:
1734:. The whole poem is a compliment to the writings of the Sultan.
1181:
949:), introducing it as, for example, "this is the proposal of the
742:
2141:"III. Selim'in İmparatorluk Hakkındaki Bazı Hatt-ı Hümayunları"
1652:
1594:
1261:
1038:
1034:
1030:
696:
687:
678:
632:
258:
214:
111:
106:'s hatt-i humayun (written in red, horizontally, on top) on a
1590:
1529:, or BOA in short) in Istanbul, and they number 95,134. Most
1280:
1246:
1237:
1153:
783:
772:
700:
310:
198:
1446:
s sent to the grand vizier were handled and recorded at the
753:
to his grand vizier to look into the maintenance of dams in
623:), or to another senior official such as the grand admiral (
1045:
responds on the top, in his own handwriting, "Be it given."
870:
2589:"Klasik Türk Şiirinde Tuğra Ve Bir Edebî Tür Olarak Tuğra"
2540:
Shaw, Stanford J. and Gökhan Çetinsaya. "Ottoman Empire".
1189:
on a memorandum regarding printing "İslâmbol" instead of "
209:. Thus, they could be approvals or denials of a letter of
2520:"Rescript of Reform – Islahat Fermanı (18 February 1856)"
1577:
s, this catalog includes documents on foreign relations.
1108:
appearance and meaning has become my imperial knowledge"(
775:, an appointment letter or a letter to a foreign ruler.
556:
1521:
s have been recorded in a computerized database in the
757:
to relieve the misery of his subjects during a drought.
466:
276:, also known as the Tanzimat Fermani ) of 1839 and the
2014:
2012:
1138:) or "To be done as required, not to be contravened" (
1017:
used signatures toward the latter parts of his reign.
725:
emrim mûcebince amel oluna, kimseye müdahale etmeyeler
657:
2441:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
590:
370:
157:
2321:"Osmanlı Arşivciliğinin Teorik Dayanakları Hakkında"
436:
425:
414:
396:
341:
1886:) - Cited: p. 40 (PDF p. 42) // "Other terms, like
1458:in the terminology of current Turkish archivists).
522:
1989:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1097:), "be they without need" ("berhûrdâr olsunlar").
2395:T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü
66:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
2628:
2268:
909:write on the same sheet "I have been informed" (
2230:
1960:
1794:
801:
1841:
1505:in Istanbul has a special section of "cut-out
1124:), "I give, according to the provided facts" (
765:) were documents originating with the sultan (
734:
619:), or in his absence, to his replacement (the
2353:
2199:
1612:
1332:) recording the Sultan's decision. After the
953:". In such cases, the Sultan would write his
365:
2356:"Osmanlı Devleti'nde Arşivcilik Çalışmaları"
2318:
2285:
1732:Der-Vasf-ı Hatt-ı Humayun-ı Sultan Murad Han
1483:) were cut out and stored together with the
865:), reports from a higher to a lower office (
431:
420:
409:
391:
336:
252:
2586:
2291:
2108:
861:), sworn transcriptions of oral petitions (
441:. Around the late Ottoman Empire, the word
2023:(in Turkish). Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı. 1988.
1872:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1461:
1005:, later suggested this practice of dating
599:
2388:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2134:
2132:
2065:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1911:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
1855:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
2173:
2138:
1692:
1180:
1140:Mûcebince amel ve hilâfından hazer oluna
1024:
808:
741:
664:
97:
2484:
2112:Uralic And Altaic Series, Volumes 1-150
1903:
1847:
1435:display poor spelling and calligraphy.
1158:"Sen ki Rumili vezîrim Mehmed Paşa'sın"
1053:s on documents generally was a form of
2629:
2158:
2129:
1935:
1833:(in French). Paris: Hachette. p.
1828:
1688:
1356:, i.e., "glorious will") replaced the
1283:and the Grand Vizier altogether. Even
845:(summary) until the 19th century and
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2391:"Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi Rehberi"
1659:." So, technically this edict was a
1479:s on documents (petitions, reports,
997:was especially inclined to date his
729:Başın gerek ise mûcebiyle amel oluna
645:those addressed to a government post
377:
348:
315:
282:
273:
233:
179:
168:
152:
142:
18:
16:Written order from an Ottoman Sultan
1831:Dictionnaire de la langue française
1533:s are stored at the BOA and in the
1415:, they were only written in riq’a.
1340:) began to record the spoken will (
432:
421:
410:
392:
366:
337:
13:
2048:
1932:) // CITED: p. 39 (PDF p. 41/338).
1627:Although there exist thousands of
1380:has written himself in one of his
1160:). The head of religious affairs (
821:(in thick handwriting above) on a
56:for transliterated languages, and
36:of its non-English content, using
14:
2663:
2475:Düstur (Istanbul: Matbaa-i Âmire)
2115:. Psychology Press. p. 177.
1751:In languages of ethnic minorities
1537:Archive. The BOA contains 58,000
1083:manzûrum oldu / manzûrum olmuştur
897:s on documents were analogous to
2652:Government of the Ottoman Empire
2448:19.Yüzyıl Türkiye Yönetim Tarihi
905:used in other imperial regimes.
705:Hatt-ı Hümayunla Müveşşeh Ferman
611:would usually be written to the
268:. Among the more famous are the
110:(in black, below) about certain
23:
2580:
2562:
2533:
2511:
2466:
2435:
2413:
2382:
2347:
2312:
2262:
2224:
2193:
2102:
1829:Littré, Émile (1886). "iradé".
1525:of the Turkish Prime Minister (
761:"Hatt-ı hümayun on the white" (
2647:Politics of the Ottoman Empire
2602:(2): 1008–1024. Archived from
2442:Mehmet Seyitdanlıoğlu (2009).
2081:
1897:
1822:
1759:Bulgarian: Imperatorskyi Ukaz.
1756:Armenian: kayserakan hramanagr
1744:
1722:of 22 couplets describing the
1597:), and charitable endowments (
1423:were skilled penmen and their
1081:), "it has come to my sight" (
1073:), "is clear/is clear to me" (
943:) or the Minister of Defence (
346:, 'handwriting, command') and
72:multilingual support templates
1:
1787:
1527:Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri
1344:) of the Sultan and thus the
1075:malûm oldu / malûmum olmuştur
2450:(in Turkish). Archived from
2397:(in Turkish). Archived from
2296:(in Turkish). Archived from
2294:"Hazine-i Evrakın Kurulması"
2208:(in Turkish). Archived from
1623:Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856
1240:). The process of using the
1009:s to Abdulhamid's successor
975:) or the Secretary of Navy (
920:
763:beyaz üzerine hatt-ı hümâyun
681:: "Be it done as required."
635:. There were three types of
382:
353:
320:
296:
237:
185:
173:
146:
7:
2389:Yunus Sarinay; et al.
2200:Mehmet İnbaşı (June 2010).
2077:(in Turkish) (11): 305–313.
1512:
1438:
1352:, i.e., "supreme will", or
1020:
627:) or the governor-general (
591:
557:
523:
467:
437:
426:
415:
397:
371:
342:
158:
10:
2668:
2243:(365): 230. Archived from
1973:(365): 230. Archived from
1620:
1330:Mabeyn-i hümayun başkatibi
1201:is the one sent by Sultan
1176:
1126:vech-i meşruh üzere verdim
1116:), "the matter is clear" (
691:) or titles of privilege (
205:or another officer of the
2574:Oxford English Dictionary
2366:: 414–434. Archived from
2331:: 271–303. Archived from
1766:
1677:of 1839, and part of the
1633:the Imperial Reform Edict
881:). These would be called
707:(ferman decorated with a
578:
544:
510:
454:
2231:Hüseyin Özdemir (2009).
1961:Hüseyin Özdemir (2009).
1930:Martin Luther University
1920:Orient-Institut Istanbul
1884:Martin Luther University
1737:
1675:Hatt-i Sharif of Gülhane
887:hatt-ı hümâyûn on mahzar
869:), religious reports by
855:hatt-ı hümâyûn on takrir
851:hatt-ı hümâyûn on telhis
270:Hatt-i Sharif of Gulhane
1890:("ordonnance;” Turkish
1776:
1185:Response (ca. 1788) of
1114:işbu telhisin mûcebince
713:Unvanına Hatt-ı Hümayun
2421:"Başbakanlık archives"
2354:Fatih Rukancı (2008).
2269:Sertaç Kayserilioğlu.
1769:(Avtokratorikou Iradé)
1707:
1606:Muallim Cevdet Tasnifi
1560:is the catalog of the
1557:Hatt-ı Hümâyûn Tasnifi
1403:(a variant of tâlik),
1391:s were written in the
1194:
1093:), "be it supplied" (
1065:), "will not happen" (
1046:
830:
786:against the forces of
758:
682:
567:
533:
499:
483:
408:is an ezafe of Arabic
387:
358:
329:
253:
246:
131:
2319:İshak Keskin (2007).
1696:
1184:
1085:), "be it answered" (
1028:
883:hatt-ı hümâyûn on arz
812:
745:
668:
278:Imperial Reform Edict
101:
2587:Ahmet Topal (2009).
2401:on 27 September 2011
2360:Türk Kütüphaneciliği
2325:Türk Kütüphaneciliği
2109:Denis Sinor (1996).
1767:Αυτοκρατορικού Ιραδέ
1338:Serkâtib-i şehriyârî
1136:Mûcebince amel oluna
1069:), "be it written" (
1001:s. His grand vizier
958:submitted document.
877:) and record books (
721:mûcebince amel oluna
661:to a government post
648:those "on the white"
34:specify the language
32:This article should
2550:on 20 November 2009
2483:See footnote 4 in:
2089:"Osmanlıca Tercüme"
2021:İslam Ansiklopedisi
1689:The Sultan's script
1651:, the text of this
1393:calligraphic styles
1197:The earliest known
1029:Upon note that the
873:to higher offices (
651:those on a document
401:, 'lofty, noble').
251:or less standardly
2300:on 1 November 2010
2271:"Imperial Fermans"
2066:Bekir Koç (2000).
2019:"Hatt-ı Hümâyun".
1708:
1195:
1061:), "be it given" (
1047:
831:
790:, in 1743, Sultan
759:
683:
430:, the feminine of
283:اصلاحات خط همايونى
272:(Ottoman Turkish:
207:Ottoman government
132:
2292:Seyfullah Aslan.
2122:978-0-7007-0380-7
2036:Missing or empty
1926:info page on book
1922:. pp. 21–51.
1880:info page on book
1862:. pp. 21–51.
1582:İbnülemin Tasnifi
1570:Ali Emiri Tasnifi
1311:meclis-i meşveret
1077:), "provide it" (
927:executive summary
911:manzurum olmuştur
778:There also exist
685:Routine decrees (
589:
555:
521:
465:
386:(Modern Turkish:
375:, 'imperial') or
357:(Modern Turkish:
313:constructions of
162:), also known as
159:ḫaṭṭ-ı hümayunlar
94:
93:
74:may also be used.
2659:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2609:on 21 March 2012
2608:
2593:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2546:. Archived from
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2492:. Archived from
2491:
2482:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2247:on 19 April 2011
2233:"Hatt-ı Humayın"
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2206:Tarih ve Düşünce
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2063:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2024:
2016:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1977:on 19 April 2011
1963:"Hatt-ı Humayın"
1958:
1933:
1923:
1901:
1895:
1877:
1871:
1863:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1809:"Hatt-ı Hümâyun"
1805:
1781:
1768:
1748:
1523:Ottoman Archives
1517:Today all known
1503:Ottoman Archives
1326:Mabeyn-i hümayun
1304:) and over time
1118:cümlesi malumdur
1095:tedârik görülsün
1089:), "record it" (
1049:The language of
1003:Koca Yusuf Pasha
915:Tanzimat reforms
749:on the white of
594:
584:
582:
560:
550:
548:
526:
516:
514:
494:
470:
460:
458:
440:
435:
434:
429:
424:
423:
418:
413:
412:
400:
395:
394:
385:
380:
379:
374:
369:
368:
356:
351:
350:
345:
340:
339:
323:
318:
317:
285:
284:
275:
256:
240:
235:
188:
182:
181:
176:
171:
170:
161:
155:
154:
149:
144:
118:of the original
89:
86:
80:
65:
59:
55:
49:
45:
39:
27:
26:
19:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2596:Turkish Studies
2591:
2585:
2581:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2454:on 25 July 2010
2440:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2370:on 18 July 2011
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2335:on 18 July 2011
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2250:
2248:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2212:on 10 July 2011
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2070:
2064:
2049:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2017:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1959:
1936:
1902:
1898:
1865:
1864:
1846:
1842:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1697:A non-official
1691:
1637:Islâhat Fermânı
1625:
1619:
1515:
1468:
1441:
1374:irade-i senniye
1350:irâde-i seniyye
1265:), especially (
1232:The content of
1179:
1120:), "I permit" (
1091:mukayyet olasın
1023:
923:
899:Papal rescripts
839:Kâ'immakâm Paşa
807:
740:
669:Note by Sultan
663:
637:hatt-ı hümayuns
625:Kapudan-i Derya
605:
597:
490:
406:irade-i seniyye
299:
238:irâde-i seniyye
230:Ottoman Turkish
226:irade-i seniyye
186:ḫaṭṭ-ı şerîfler
139:Ottoman Turkish
90:
84:
81:
75:
63:
57:
53:
51:transliteration
47:
43:
37:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2665:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2621:
2620:
2598:(in Turkish).
2579:
2561:
2532:
2510:
2477:(in Turkish).
2465:
2434:
2412:
2381:
2362:(in Turkish).
2346:
2327:(in Turkish).
2311:
2284:
2261:
2239:(in Turkish).
2223:
2192:
2174:Osman Köksal.
2157:
2139:Yücel Özkaya.
2128:
2121:
2101:
2080:
2047:
1988:
1969:(in Turkish).
1934:
1896:
1840:
1821:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1777:irade imperial
1770:
1760:
1757:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1718:has written a
1712:hatt-ı hümayun
1699:hatt-ı hümayun
1690:
1687:
1683:hatt-ı hümayun
1671:Hatt-ı Hümayun
1661:hatt-ı hümayun
1657:hatt-ı hümayun
1647:, the Ottoman
1629:hatt-ı hümayun
1621:Main article:
1618:
1615:Hatt-ı Hümâyun
1611:
1587:hatt-ı hümayun
1575:hatt-ı hümayun
1562:hatt-ı hümayun
1550:hatt-ı hümayun
1546:hatt-ı hümayun
1539:hatt-ı hümayun
1535:Topkapı Museum
1531:hatt-ı hümayun
1519:hatt-ı hümayun
1514:
1511:
1507:hatt-ı hümayun
1499:hatt-ı hümayun
1494:hatt-ı hümayun
1489:hatt-ı hümayun
1485:hatt-ı hümayun
1477:hatt-ı hümayun
1472:Hatt-ı hümayun
1467:
1464:hatt-ı hümayun
1460:
1452:hatt-ı hümayun
1444:Hatt-ı hümayun
1440:
1437:
1425:hatt-ı hümayun
1389:hatt-ı hümayun
1382:hatt-ı hümayun
1370:hatt-ı hümayun
1362:hatt-ı hümayun
1358:hatt-ı hümayun
1354:irâde-i şâhâne
1319:hatt-ı hümayun
1315:hatt-ı hümayun
1306:hatt-ı hümayun
1302:vekil-i mutlak
1273:Nurbanu Sultan
1242:hatt-ı hümayun
1234:hatt-ı hümayun
1215:hatt-ı hümayun
1199:hatt-ı hümayun
1178:
1175:
1166:hatt-ı hümayun
1146:Hatt-ı hümayun
1132:Hatt-ı hümayun
1079:tedârük edesin
1051:hatt-ı hümayun
1033:to be sent to
1022:
1019:
1007:hatt-ı hümayun
999:hatt-ı hümayun
987:hatt-ı hümayun
983:Hatt-ı hümayun
972:Reis ül-Küttab
967:hatt-ı humayun
963:hatt-ı humayun
961:In most cases
955:hatt-ı hümayun
922:
919:
895:hatt-ı hümayun
815:hatt-ı hümâyûn
806:
803:Hatt-ı hümayun
800:
796:hatt-ı hümayun
780:hatt-ı hümayun
747:Hatt-ı hümayun
739:
736:Hatt-ı hümayun
733:
717:hatt-ı hümayun
709:hatt-ı hümayun
662:
659:Hatt-ı hümayun
656:
655:
654:
653:
652:
649:
646:
609:hatt-ı hümayun
604:
602:hatt-ı hümayun
598:
596:
595:
572:
561:
538:
527:
504:
488:
477:
471:
447:
390:, from Arabic
326:Modern Turkish
303:hatt-i humayun
298:
295:
291:hatt-i humayun
274:خط شریف گلخانه
195:Ottoman sultan
147:ḫaṭṭ-ı hümayun
135:Hatt-i humayun
92:
91:
70:. Knowledge's
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2664:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2625:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:. April 2010.
2575:
2571:
2570:"Rescript, n"
2565:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2521:
2514:
2499:on 3 May 2006
2495:
2488:
2485:Edhem Eldem.
2480:
2476:
2469:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2422:
2416:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2090:
2084:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2030:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:Kanun-ı Esasi
1900:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1850:Kanun-ı Esasi
1844:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1663:to the rank.
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:tâlik kırması
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1360:. The use of
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:(also called
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1297:Turhan Sultan
1294:
1290:
1289:Halime Sultan
1286:
1285:Handan Sultan
1282:
1278:
1277:Safiye Sultan
1274:
1270:
1269:
1268:Valide Sultan
1264:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1037:requires 134
1036:
1032:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1015:Abdulhamid II
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:s had dates.
992:
988:
984:
980:
978:
974:
973:
968:
964:
959:
956:
952:
948:
947:
942:
941:
936:
932:
928:
918:
916:
912:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
805:on a document
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
769:
764:
756:
752:
748:
744:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:
680:
676:
672:
667:
660:
650:
647:
644:
643:
642:
641:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
603:
593:
587:
581:
576:
573:
571:
570:
565:
562:
559:
553:
547:
542:
539:
537:
536:
531:
528:
525:
519:
513:
508:
505:
503:
502:
497:
493:
489:
487:
486:
481:
478:
476:
472:
469:
463:
457:
452:
449:
448:
446:
444:
439:
428:
417:
407:
402:
399:
389:
384:
373:
364:
360:
355:
344:
335:
331:
327:
322:
312:
308:
307:hatt-i sharif
304:
294:
292:
287:
279:
271:
267:
262:
260:
255:
250:
249:
244:
239:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:palace scribe
196:
192:
187:
175:
165:
164:hatt-i sharif
160:
148:
140:
136:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
96:
88:
78:
73:
69:
62:
52:
42:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2624:
2611:. Retrieved
2604:the original
2599:
2595:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2548:the original
2542:
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2494:the original
2478:
2474:
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2452:the original
2447:
2437:
2425:. Retrieved
2423:(in Turkish)
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2399:the original
2394:
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2368:the original
2363:
2359:
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2333:the original
2328:
2324:
2314:
2302:. Retrieved
2298:the original
2287:
2275:. Retrieved
2273:(in Turkish)
2264:
2256:
2249:. Retrieved
2245:the original
2240:
2236:
2226:
2214:. Retrieved
2210:the original
2205:
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2181:(in Turkish)
2148:. Retrieved
2146:(in Turkish)
2111:
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2083:
2074:
2020:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:the original
1970:
1966:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1830:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1746:
1731:
1711:
1709:
1698:
1682:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1649:code of laws
1644:
1641:Abdülmecid I
1636:
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1448:Âmedi Kalemi
1443:
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1266:
1260:
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1219:Abdülhamid I
1214:
1198:
1196:
1191:Kostantiniye
1170:
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1125:
1121:
1117:
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1102:Malûmum oldu
1101:
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1090:
1087:cevap verile
1086:
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1078:
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995:Abdulhamid I
990:
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977:Kapudan Paşa
976:
970:
966:
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738:on the white
735:
728:
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608:
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474:
442:
405:
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306:
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225:
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203:grand vizier
174:ḫaṭṭ-ı şerîf
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116:grand vizier
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68:ISO 639 code
64:}}
58:{{
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33:
2427:30 November
2251:29 November
2216:10 December
1981:29 November
1724:calligraphy
1252:Harem Ağası
1207:Evrenos Bey
1162:Şeyhülislam
1122:izin verdim
1041:of copper,
191:diplomatics
189:), was the
153:خط همايونلر
2631:Categories
2554:5 December
2525:5 December
2503:5 December
2458:2 December
2405:6 December
2374:8 December
2339:8 December
2304:1 December
2185:1 December
2150:1 December
2038:|url=
1788:References
1726:of Sultan
1387:The early
1257:concubines
1151:Ka'immakâm
1043:Süleyman I
788:Nadir Shah
768:ex officio
621:ka'immakâm
541:Macedonian
301:The terms
234:اراده سنیه
220:After the
120:memorandum
108:memorandum
104:Abdulmecid
2642:Rescripts
2094:29 August
1868:cite book
1814:29 August
1730:, called
1710:The term
1703:Ahmed III
1433:Mehmed IV
1421:Mahmud II
1417:Ahmed III
1413:Mahmud II
1227:Mahmud II
1223:Selim III
1211:Murad III
1187:Selim III
1011:Selim III
951:Defterdar
940:Defterdar
921:Practices
903:rescripts
819:Selim III
751:Mahmud II
675:Beylerbey
629:Beylerbey
600:Types of
586:romanized
552:romanized
518:romanized
492:‹See Tfd›
473:English:
462:romanized
451:Bulgarian
404:The term
297:Etymology
289:The term
180:خط شریفلر
177:, plural
150:, plural
143:خط همايون
2277:23 March
2029:cite web
1916:Wurzburg
1860:Wurzburg
1728:Murad IV
1701:between
1679:Tanzimat
1513:Catalogs
1462:Cut-out
1439:Archival
1411:. After
1334:Tanzimat
1071:yazılsın
1063:verilsin
1021:Language
946:Serasker
935:derkenar
879:tahrirat
835:kaymakam
792:Mahmud I
755:Istanbul
671:Murad IV
617:Sadrazam
564:Romanian
266:Istanbul
222:Tanzimat
211:petition
130:prayers.
85:May 2019
2613:6 March
2481:. 1856.
2237:Sızıntı
1967:Sızıntı
1720:masnavi
1617:of 1856
1429:Murad V
1203:Murad I
1177:History
1055:Turkish
1039:kantars
891:arzuhâl
859:arzuhâl
827:Ramadan
794:sent a
588::
575:Russian
554::
530:Italian
520::
464::
427:saniyya
422:سَنِيّة
372:homâyun
363:Persian
361:, from
359:hümayun
354:hümayun
332:, from
169:خط شریف
112:mosques
102:Sultan
77:See why
2637:Edicts
2119:
1888:iradèh
1773:Ladino
1653:ferman
1645:Düstur
1595:zeamet
1372:or an
1262:cariye
1059:verdim
1035:Medina
1031:Minbar
989:s and
931:telhis
863:mahzar
847:takrir
843:telhis
823:telhis
697:tughra
688:ferman
679:Rumeli
633:Rumeli
580:ираде́
569:iradea
524:iradés
512:ιραδές
496:German
480:French
456:ираде́
438:saniyy
433:سَنِيّ
416:ʾirāda
398:sharīf
367:همایون
349:همایون
334:Arabic
259:scribe
254:iradèh
243:French
215:decree
128:Bayram
124:Jum'ah
2607:(PDF)
2592:(PDF)
2497:(PDF)
2490:(PDF)
2179:(PDF)
2144:(PDF)
2071:(PDF)
1892:irade
1763:Greek
1738:Notes
1716:Nef'i
1599:vakıf
1591:timar
1409:riq’a
1405:nesih
1397:tâlik
1346:irâde
1342:irâde
1281:Divan
1255:) or
1247:Harem
1238:Divan
1067:olmaz
991:irade
871:Qadis
867:şukka
784:Mosul
773:edict
711:) or
701:edict
693:berat
631:) of
592:iradé
558:irade
546:ираде
535:iradè
507:Greek
501:Irade
485:iradé
475:irade
468:iradé
443:irade
411:إرادة
393:شَريف
388:şerif
383:şerîf
343:khaṭṭ
311:ezafe
248:iradé
2615:2011
2556:2010
2527:2010
2505:2010
2460:2010
2429:2010
2407:2010
2376:2010
2341:2010
2306:2010
2279:2010
2253:2010
2218:2010
2187:2010
2152:2010
2117:ISBN
2096:2012
2042:help
1983:2010
1874:link
1816:2012
1669:The
1635:(or
1613:The
1593:and
1509:s".
1481:etc.
1431:and
1419:and
1407:and
1295:and
1275:and
1225:and
1154:Paşa
1106:etc.
901:and
875:ilâm
607:The
419:and
378:شریف
338:خَطّ
321:ḫaṭṭ
309:are
305:and
126:and
41:lang
1928:at
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1631:s,
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