216:, in a "brush arbor". As the congregation grew, it built a log structure called Union Bethel AME Church. Another wood church replaced that. By 1891, the community raised money for an architect-designed grand brick church, which they named St. Joseph. Another major black church was White Rock Baptist, built in 1896 by a congregation organized earlier in the 19th century. After the war, blacks founded Baptist congregations independent of white supervision, and soon organized their own state and national associations.
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261:. Durham’s black Ministerial Alliance initially opposed Moore’s "radical" actions, as did the citywide political organization, the Durham Committee on Negro Affairs. Participants in the sit-in included Mary Elizabeth Clyburn, Rev. Douglas Elaine Moore, Claude Edward Glenn, Jesse Willard Gray, Vivian Elaine Jones, Melvin Haywood Willis, and Virginia Lee Williams. Such nonviolent demonstrations became a basic tool in the increasing popular activism of the civil-rights movement.
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pushed out
African-American residents, when a 1950s project took down buildings on more than 200 acres in the heart of Hayti's business district. Efforts to remove substandard housing did not account for damage to the social fabric of communities by such projects; many residents and businesses were
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In the early 1920s and 1930s, the business section on
Pettigrew north of the White Rock Baptist Church was also known as "Lil" Mexico. By then, more than 200 African-American businesses were located along Fayetteville, Pettigrew, and Pine Streets, the major boundaries of Hayti during its heyday.
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in the South. With black-owned businesses and services, a library, a hotel, a theatre, and a hospital, the community became self-sufficient. It declined in the late 20th century, due to suburbanization, which drew some residents to newer housing outside the area. A 1958 urban renewal and freeway
194:(1898), which became the largest and richest African-American company in the United States at the time. It had a land development company as a subsidiary, which helped build much of Hayti. Prosperous African-American funeral home owner J. C. Scarborourgh and his wife Daisy built the
205:(1891), one of numerous AME churches established in the South following the Civil War. The AME Church was the first independent black denomination in the United States, founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by free blacks in the early 19th century. St. Joseph's is listed on the
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coming to work in tobacco warehouses and related jobs in the city. By the early decades of the 20th century, African
Americans owned and operated more than 200 businesses, which were located along Fayetteville, Pettigrew, and Pine Streets, the boundaries of Hayti.
253:, minister of Asbury Methodist in Hayti, led a group of six other blacks (three women, three men) into the Royal Ice Cream Parlor, which had segregated seating according to state law, and sat down in the "white" section. When they were arrested, Moore turned to
158:(built in 1900), and other services, making it quite self-sufficient. All classes lived within Hayti, and the black-owned businesses employed numerous residents. The community of African-American majority population flourished from the 1880s through the 1940s.
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that divided the Hayti district. As most blacks had been excluded from the political system by the state's disfranchising constitution at the end of the 19th century, they were unable to influence the decisions on the location of the freeway.
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permanently displaced. Planned to ease commuting for suburban (mostly white) residents and streamline traffic through older parts of the city, the project was intended to realign streets in coordination with construction of
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It was the first all
African-American community to be fully self-sufficient. By the early 20th century, it had its own schools, library, churches, barbershops, Lincoln Hospital (1900), movie theater, recreation center, and
142:; its congregation was founded in 1868. The church has been used since 1975 as a community and cultural center. Hayti's residents have included African Americans who achieved national reputations for their successes.
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as a private religious school; by 1925, it became the first
African-American liberal arts college in the United States to be state-funded when the state legislature made it part of the state system.
340:, known in the 1950s–1960s as the National Funnyman; his family was the most prominent on its street, which came to be called (and later officially named) Markham Street in the Hayti District
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The neighborhood continued to develop during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, through years of racial segregation imposed by white politicians in the state legislature, following the
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154:, the first independent black republic in the Western Hemisphere, eventually included a variety of businesses, schools, a library, a theatre, a hotel, the
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During the 1880s, the neighborhood increased in population and mostly black-run businesses were established. Hayti
District, named after
539:, Volume 11: 1911-12. Louis R. Harlan and Raymond W. Smock, eds. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981. pp. 56–64.
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The first AME services were held in Hayti
District in 1868 by Edian Markham, a former slave and AME
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project took down houses and businesses in 200 acres of the community and split it with a freeway.
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Louis
Allston, "The History of St. Joseph’s AME Church and the St. Joseph’s Historic Foundation"
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Fayetteville St., Hayti, circa 1940. Courtesy of Durham County
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Washington, Booker T. "Durham, North
Carolina, A City of Negro Enterprises,"
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MacDonald, Thomasi. "Hayti's Ghosts." The Independent Weekly July 9–15, 1997.
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Washington, Booker T. "Durham, North Carolina, A City of Negro Enterprises,"
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This small black community was responsible for some national "firsts":
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Populated places in North Carolina established by African Americans
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Historic African-American neighborhood in Durham, North Carolina
444:, Ibiblio, University of North Carolina, accessed 19 June 2012
456:, St. Joseph Historic Foundation, 2012, accessed 19 June 2012
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Blues Who's Who: A Biographical Dictionary of Blues Singers
550:"St. Joseph's Historic Foundation/Hayti Historical Center"
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Honkers and Shouters. The Golden Years of Rhythm and Blues
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activist, journalist, and 2016 vice presidential candidate
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Two national early 20th-century African-American leaders,
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was one of the founding fathers of Hayti, along with
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Durham neighborhood in North Carolina, United States
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496:Durham County: A History of Durham, North Carolina
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528:Vann, Andre' D., and Beverly Washington Jones.
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203:St. Joseph's African Methodist Episcopal Church
136:St. Joseph's African Methodist Episcopal Church
297:(born Fulton Allen) blues guitarist and singer
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192:North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company
530:Durham's Hayti: An African American History
521:Phillips, Bill. "Piedmont Country Blues,"
190:. Shepard, Moore, and Merrick founded the
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574:Neighborhoods in Durham, North Carolina
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532:, Charleston, SC: Arcadia Press, 1998.
515:. Dover, NH: Arcadia Publishing, 1997.
498:, Durham: Duke University Press, 1990.
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207:National Register of Historic Places
140:National Register of Historic Places
105:(pronounced "HAY-tie"), also called
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121:on the southern edge of Durham by
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442:"Hayti District: General History"
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232:North Carolina Central University
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537:The Booker T. Washington Papers
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306:Late Show with David Letterman
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511:Kotsyu, Joel A. and Frank A.
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334:player and professional coach
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556:"The Lessons of Hayti"
247:Royal Ice Cream Sit-in
115:Durham, North Carolina
364:, fashion consultant
271:Booker T. Washington
251:Douglas Elaine Moore
180:Aaron McDuffie Moore
467:"Black & White"
33:Durham neighborhood
552:, Official Website
381:In popular culture
303:, staff member of
259:U.S. Supreme Court
131:Reconstruction era
119:American Civil War
109:, is the historic
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385:The 2008
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228:hotels.
169:freeway
146:History
51:Country
186:, and
71:Durham
152:Haiti
103:Hayti
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59:State
26:Hayti
478:2018
269:and
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67:City
332:NBA
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