185:, to get a better understanding of the characteristics of cults to relate those behaviors with fraternity hazing. Nuwer believes that hazing, along with a cult, is a “’systematic’ manipulation and coercion to effect ‘psychological and social influence’”. The first aspect Nuwer wrote about was “’enforced dependency’”. He talked about how the hazing process where fraternities make their pledges stay at the house the whole time, keeping them sleep deprived and cutting them off from daily activities makes them dependent on their fraternity. Even though the "pledges" may fall behind in school or lose friends outside of their fraternity, the fraternity convinces the pledge that after the hazing ceases, it will all be worth it. This reassurance keeps the pledges coming back, reliant on the people who are hazing them; relating to the next aspect of "family". Fraternities continually tell their pledges they are joining a family. This aspect appeals to most college freshman that are having a hard time making friends in a different environment. Last, Nuwer discussed how fraternities "make it hard for their members to leave". He says that those who decide not to join after being hazed have already given up so much for the fraternity that they feel alone and may even experience
89:(NIC) definition of hazing also includes anything that could turn into hazing. This is the reason that many potentially innocent activities, such as a scavenger hunt, are included under hazing; they could start out as perfectly legal events, but could easily be modified to include some activity that could make it hazing (ex. stealing some of the items on the list or adding heavy drinking before or during). Requiring candidates, or even members as there is "brother on brother hazing", to attend events or be at a certain place at a certain time is also hazing. Many also consider the use of the term 'pledge' to be hazing. Things like physical activity will be condoned if there are fraters that are in the
54:
excessive fatigue, physical and psychological shocks, quests, treasure hunts, scavenger hunts, road trips or any other such activities carried on outside or inside of the confines of the chapter house; wearing of public apparel which is conspicuous and not normally in good taste, engaging in public stunts and buffoonery, morally degrading or humiliating games and activities, and other activities which are not consistent with academic achievement, fraternal law, ritual or policy or the regulations and policies of the educational institution or applicable state law.
66:"Hazing" means any intentional, knowing or reckless act committed by a student, whether individually or in concert with other persons, against another student, and in which both of the following apply: (a) The act was committed in connection with an initiation into, an affiliation with or the maintenance of membership in any organization that is affiliated with an educational institution. (b) The act contributes to a substantial risk of potential physical injury, mental harm or degradation or causes physical injury, mental harm or personal degradation.
78:"Hazing" means any intentional, knowing or reckless act committed by a student, whether individually or in concert with other persons, against another student, and in which both of the following apply: (a) The act was committed in connection with an initiation into, an affiliation with or the maintenance of membership in any organization that is affiliated with the University. (b) The act contributes to a substantial risk of potential physical injury, mental harm or degradation or causes physical injury, mental harm or personal degradation.
110:(NALFO), prohibit their pledges (also known as “interests” or “new members”) from revealing their association with their organization until they have been initiated, it becomes increasingly difficult for institutions to reach out to members in anti-hazing efforts. It also becomes virtually impossible for these pledges or interests to reach out for help, especially if they wish to remain members, pledges, or interests of their organizations. However, Cheryl Drout and Christie Corsoro of
197:. Veterans brought the hazing practices of their battalions back with them, adopting such activities into fraternity life. The purpose of hazing was perceived as a way of providing young males an outlet to prove their manliness through rites and trials, showing themselves to be men and not boys. Other hazing practices served to put an individual in his place, reducing his sense of personal omnipotence to "subsume his individuality into something larger and better than himself".
156:, which governs 26 national and international women’s sororities, includes sanctions against both individuals and groups ranging from member/chapter probation to expulsion of offending members or revocation of the chapter’s charter. The organization also runs an anti-hazing hotline for anonymous incident reporting.
164:“The intention of the hazer is to create unity, to create trust, to establish a person’s commitment to the organization,” he said. “But in reality, what he is doing is creating a bond among the hazees while eliminating the trust between hazer and hazee, ultimately breaking down the bond of brotherhood.”
33:
Hazing is often cited as one of the most harmful aspects of fraternities and sororities and poses a major threat to their existence, drawing great criticism from educators and administrators. As fraternities and sororities are very diverse in their structures, regulations, governing entities, and
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propose the creation of a recognized pledge program in which national fraternity and sorority leaders participate, under the recognized supervision of university officials, as well as the yearly evaluation of fraternities and sororities to determine their eligibility for continued recognition and
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state, "Hazing, which is officially banned by all national Greek organizations, frequently comes to the public’s attention through the popular news media when the activities become fatal” (Drout & Corsoro, 2003). Unfortunately for multitudes of members of Greek organizations, “Sororities and
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Due to the nature of hazing, the secretive nature of Greek letter organizations, and the fear of negative repercussions, hazing is largely underreported. Most, if not all, hazing activities take place either during pledge (or “interest”) activities or rituals, which are almost always secretive.
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Additionally, there are individual national Greek Letter
Organizations taking the initiative against activities related to hazing. For example, in 2012 Phi Beta Sigma fraternity adopted an anti-hazing campaign to eradicate hazing practices in its individual chapters, providing numerous support
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Any action taken or situation created, intentionally, whether on or off fraternity premises, to produce mental or physical discomfort, embarrassment, harassment, or ridicule. Such activities may include but are not limited to the following: use of alcohol, paddling in any form, creation of
135:, and provide clear consequences for those students and/or organizations who violate hazing policies. Additionally, hazing has become a central focus of programs designed to help Greek letter organizations become more value congruent through institutionalized standards and expectations.
142:
note the important role of culture change within the North
American fraternity and sorority movement and even encourage the closure of chapters that consistently partake in illegal and risky activities and pose threats to their local and university communities.
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sponsorship. Again, such a proposal is difficult since many NPHC and NALFO organizations, not to mention other organizations not governed by these umbrella organizations, keep their pledge, interest, or new member programs completely secretive.
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In "On
Fraternities & Manliness", an article on the motivations for hazing, Emily Smith states that such actions come from a desire to prove a state of "manliness." Hazing practices in fraternity life began to appear shortly after the
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Greek letter organizations have themselves taken measures to prevent hazing within their member chapters. As such, individual national organizations have taken various measures to ensure the safety of members with regard to hazing. The
949:
Godwin, Kimberly A. (2012). "The
Influence of Standards on the College Fraternity Man: An Evaluative Study on the Impact of the 2004 Implementation of the North American Interfraternity Conference Standards for Member Organizations".
189:. Nuwer gives solutions to hazing in fraternities including stronger consequences for those involved in the hazing and that colleges should become more intertwined with the Greek letter community to learn about hazing and to stop it.
159:
Similarly, the North
American Interfraternity Conference released a resolution condemning the practice. In 2010, NIC CEO and President Peter Smithhisler derided the use of hazing as a means of building comradery:
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Many educational institutions have developed anti-hazing programs, which encourage alternatives to hazing through the planning of purposeful activities, inform students of how to take action and avoid being a
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Generally, institutions of higher education will have their own definitions of hazing, though they may closely mirror definitions found in their respective state statutes. For example, the
181:. Nuwer talks about the aspects of hazing that make the pledge keep coming back to the fraternity and the ramifications of dropping out. Nuwer consulted with a professor in psychology,
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by Brad Land, described as a "searing memoir of fraternity culture and the perils of hazing provides an unprecedented window into the emotional landscape of young men."
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fraternities have come to be synonymous with elitism, sexual assault, high-risk hazing (initiation ceremonies) and other bad behavior on
American university campuses”.
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701:
DeSousa, D. Jason; Gordon, sfnMichael V.W.; Kimbrough, Walter M. (2004). "Pledging and hazing in
African-American fraternities and sororities". In Nuwer, Hank (ed.).
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Drout, Cheryl; Corsoro, Christie (2003). "Attitudes toward fraternity hazing among fraternity members, sorority members, and non-Greek students".
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Note that the
University of Arizona’s definition of hazing is virtually identical to the definition outlined in the Arizona Revised Statutes.
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In an article by Hank Nuwer, a professor of journalism and an author of books on hazing, he compared the hazing rituals of fraternities to
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211:, set in the 1950s, deals with the subject of hazing at a college fraternity, depicting a number of such practices and culminating with
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memberships, and as hazing can take on many forms, the issue of hazing within these organizations is complex and multifaceted.
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provides the following definition of hazing in its "University of
Arizona Hazing Policy", revised October 25, 2001:
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Whipple, Edward G.; Sullivan, Eileen G. (1998). "Greek Letter
Organizations: Communities of Learners?".
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or other armed forces present, whereas if those members weren't there it would be considered hazing.
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Attempts at preventing hazing have also targeted Greek letter organizations at the national level.
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Shonrock, Michael D. (1998). "Standards and Expectations for Greek Letter Organizations".
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The Fraternal Information & Programming Group (FIPG) defines hazing activities as:
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Additionally, since many Greek letter organizations, such as those governed by the
554:"Phi Beta Sigma General Board Mandates All Chapters Conduct Anti-Hazing Workshops"
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406:. University of Arizona Dean of Student’s Office. 25 October 2001. Archived from
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in their disciplinary procedures, definitions of hazing can vary substantially.
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of members, especially new members or pledges, as part of their hazing rituals.
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Black haze: violence, sacrifice, and manhood in Black Greek-letter fraternities
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Nuwer, Hank (1999). "Greek Letters Don't Justify Cult-Like Hazing of Pledges".
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Black haze: violence, sacrifice, and manhood in Black Greek-letter fraternities
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Cobb, L. Martin; McRee, Michael (2007). "Why We Should Close More Chapters".
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is a story about five students pledging a historically black fraternity at a
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1068:"National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations Shared Standards"
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as a victim of a hazing ritual that inadvertently takes a fatal turn.
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443:"Frat treated student so badly that 'his life may be ruined': suit"
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1045:"National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations By-Laws"
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1077:. National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations. 2008
1054:. National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations. 2008
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261:
History of North American college fraternities and sororities
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Black Greek-letter organizations in the twenty-first century
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Black Greek-letter organizations in the twenty-first century
749:
Hollmann, Barbara B. (2002). "Hazing: Hidden Campus Crime".
705:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 106–109.
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Racism in United States college fraternities and sororities
178:
337:. Fraternal Information & Programming Group. July 2008
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Fraternities and sororities are commonly associated with
936:
Smith, Emily (2015). "On Fraternities & Manliness".
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108:
National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations
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is defined as any act or set of acts that constitutes
1096:. National Pan-Hellenic Council. 2003. Archived from
868:
Taylor, K. (2001). "Is hazing harmless horseplay?".
622:
620:
172:
455:
387:"15-2301 - Hazing prevention policies; definitions"
309:
1155:"StopHazing.org — "Educating to Eliminate Hazing""
1010:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
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786:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
779:
617:
58:Hazing is a crime in 44 states. For example, the
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1029:. London: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
805:. London: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
641:Goat (Movie Tie-in Edition). A Memoir. Brad Land
556:. Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. Archived from
509:. North-American Interfraternity Conference, Inc
1199:
1139:. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.
910:Thwing, C.F. (January 1879). "College Hazing".
880:
824:. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.
303:
1230:North American fraternity and sorority housing
480:. National Panhellenic Council. Archived from
169:resources to effectively combat the practice.
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361:StopHazing.org: Educating to Eliminate Hazing
719:
42:While most educational institutions include
1091:"NPHC Joint Position Hazing Statement 2003"
1192:
1178:
251:List of hazing deaths in the United States
1120:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
1024:
800:
687:
475:"Frequently Asked Questions About Hazing"
139:
87:North American Interfraternity Conference
985:. Anti-hazing.tripod.com. Archived from
838:
748:
461:
318:
256:List of hazing deaths in the Philippines
112:State University of New York at Fredonia
1209:Academic fraternities originating from
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145:DeSousa, Gordon & Kimbrough (2004)
125:
16:Risky initiation rites in fraternities
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1001:
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401:"University of Arizona Hazing Policy"
200:
97:Problems in the quantitative analysis
1245:Hazing in Greek letter organizations
20:Hazing in Greek letter organizations
883:New Directions for Student Services
841:New Directions for Student Services
751:New Directions for Student Services
349:
62:provides the following definition:
13:
967:"A revealing look at hidden rites"
441:Smith, Emily E. (April 22, 2011).
14:
2617:
959:
173:Fraternity hazing characteristics
2606:Fraternity and sorority culture
1404:Asian/Pacific Islander-American
1135:Parks, Gregory S., ed. (2008).
820:Parks, Gregory S., ed. (2008).
722:Social Behavior and Personality
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154:National Panhellenic Conference
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26:and occurs in connection to a
1:
1025:Kimbrough, Walter M. (2003).
925:Chronicle of Higher Education
801:Kimbrough, Walter M. (2003).
681:
332:"FIPG Risk Management Policy"
104:National Pan-Hellenic Council
7:
1307:Lists by country/territory
1278:Fraternities and sororities
1201:Fraternities and sororities
304:Whipple & Sullivan 1998
244:
10:
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239:historically black college
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1116:Nuwer, Hank, ed. (2004).
734:10.2224/sbp.2003.31.6.535
1002:Jones, Ricky L. (2004).
952:Academic Search Complete
778:Jones, Ricky L. (2004).
529:"Can Hazing Be Stopped?"
357:"State Anti-Hazing Laws"
291:
60:Arizona Revised Statutes
140:Cobb & McRee (2007)
1262:Mother of Fraternities
183:Margaret Thaler Singer
166:
80:
68:
56:
28:fraternity or sorority
276:The Gordie Foundation
224:is based on the book
187:post-traumatic stress
162:
76:
72:University of Arizona
64:
51:
969:. Cornell University
2251:Social fraternities
1575:Historically Jewish
1103:on 12 December 2006
286:Death of Tim Piazza
126:Responses to hazing
1255:Philippines deaths
201:In popular culture
2578:
2577:
2093:Social sororities
1146:978-0-8131-2491-9
1127:978-0-253-21654-0
1118:The hazing reader
1036:978-0-8386-4024-1
1017:978-0-7914-5976-8
912:Scribners Monthly
831:978-0-8131-2491-9
812:978-0-8386-4024-1
793:978-0-7914-5976-8
712:978-0-253-21654-0
703:The hazing reader
507:"NIC Resolutions"
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2596:Rites of passage
2591:Education issues
2565:Gentlemen's club
1335:African-American
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1157:. StopHazing.org
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989:on 10 April 2004
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870:Education Digest
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533:Inside Higher Ed
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363:. Archived from
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213:Gregory Harrison
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1027:Black Greek 101
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853:10.1002/ss.8107
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803:Black Greek 101
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560:on 24 July 2015
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2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
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2040:
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2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2011:Major specific
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
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1924:
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1796:
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1776:
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1765:
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1189:
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1174:
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1087:
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999:
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960:External links
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431:(Godwin, 2012)
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226:Goat: A Memoir
218:The 2016 film
208:Fraternity Row
205:The 1977 film
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2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
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1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
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1958:
1955:
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1948:
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1725:Historically
1723:
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1628:Multicultural
1625:
1619:
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1528:
1526:
1523:
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1518:
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1371:
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1330:
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1309:
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1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:North America
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
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1223:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:North America
1206:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1000:
988:
984:
983:"Anti-Hazing"
980:
968:
964:
963:
953:
947:
943:
939:
938:New Criterion
934:
930:
926:
921:
918:(3): 331–334.
917:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
875:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:(81): 79–85.
846:
842:
837:
833:
827:
823:
818:
814:
808:
804:
799:
795:
789:
784:
783:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:10.1002/ss.57
760:
757:(99): 11–24.
756:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
714:
708:
704:
699:
695:
691:
686:
685:
679:
670:
658:
643:
642:
635:
628:
623:
621:
611:
602:
593:
584:
575:
559:
555:
549:
534:
530:
524:
508:
502:
483:
476:
470:
463:
462:Shonrock 1998
458:
450:
449:
448:New York Post
444:
437:
428:
409:
402:
396:
388:
382:
366:
362:
358:
352:
333:
327:
320:
319:Hollmann 2002
315:
313:
305:
300:
296:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
266:Chuck Stenzel
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
242:
240:
236:
235:
234:Burning Sands
229:
227:
223:
222:
216:
214:
210:
209:
198:
196:
190:
188:
184:
180:
170:
165:
161:
157:
155:
149:
146:
141:
136:
134:
123:
121:
116:
113:
109:
105:
94:
92:
88:
83:
79:
75:
73:
67:
63:
61:
55:
50:
47:
45:
35:
31:
29:
25:
21:
2499:ΦΜΑ Sinfonia
1849:Puerto Rican
1498:fraternities
1402:Historically
1333:Historically
1293:Professional
1244:
1159:. Retrieved
1136:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1098:the original
1079:. Retrieved
1056:. Retrieved
1026:
1005:
991:. Retrieved
987:the original
971:. Retrieved
951:
941:
937:
928:
924:
915:
911:
889:(81): 7–17.
886:
882:
873:
869:
844:
840:
821:
802:
781:
754:
750:
725:
721:
702:
693:
690:Perspectives
689:
677:
645:. Retrieved
640:
634:
610:
601:
592:
583:
574:
562:. Retrieved
558:the original
548:
536:. Retrieved
532:
523:
511:. Retrieved
501:
489:. Retrieved
482:the original
469:
457:
446:
436:
427:
415:. Retrieved
408:the original
395:
381:
369:. Retrieved
365:the original
360:
351:
339:. Retrieved
326:
299:
232:
230:
225:
219:
217:
206:
204:
191:
176:
167:
163:
158:
150:
137:
129:
117:
100:
85:The current
84:
81:
77:
69:
65:
57:
52:
48:
41:
32:
19:
18:
2560:Odd Fellows
2555:Freemasonry
1729:-affiliated
1321:Puerto Rico
1316:Philippines
1288:High school
1250:U.S. deaths
1240:U.S. racism
944:(9): 61–63.
605:(Nuwer, B7)
596:(Nuwer, B7)
587:(Nuwer, B7)
578:(Nuwer, B7)
38:Definitions
2585:Categories
2354:ΚΑ Society
1502:sororities
728:(6): 535.
692:. Spring.
682:References
647:August 24,
627:Smith 2015
271:Matt's Law
2078:FarmHouse
1496:Christian
931:(14): B7.
903:0164-7970
861:0164-7970
771:0164-7970
742:0301-2212
667:ignored (
657:cite book
195:Civil War
133:bystander
2548:See also
2349:ΚΑ Order
2083:Triangle
1235:Stepping
973:6 August
876:(2): 25.
245:See also
120:paddling
1716:Delphic
1530:ΒΕΓΓΑΡΣ
1298:Service
1271:History
1218:General
564:20 July
538:19 July
513:16 July
491:16 July
91:US Army
2601:Hazing
2539:Acacia
2241:Clovia
1845:Latino
1311:France
1303:Canada
1225:Colony
1161:31 May
1143:
1124:
1107:27 May
1081:27 May
1058:27 May
1033:
1014:
993:31 May
954:: 210.
901:
859:
828:
809:
790:
769:
740:
709:
696:: 4–8.
417:31 May
371:26 May
341:27 May
44:hazing
24:hazing
2073:Ceres
1761:LGBTQ
1727:Scout
1101:(PDF)
1094:(PDF)
614:Nuwer
485:(PDF)
478:(PDF)
411:(PDF)
404:(PDF)
335:(PDF)
292:Notes
179:cults
1847:and
1598:ΣΑΕΠ
1500:and
1411:αΚΔΦ
1163:2009
1141:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1109:2009
1083:2009
1060:2009
1031:ISBN
1012:ISBN
995:2009
975:2010
899:ISSN
887:1998
857:ISSN
845:1998
826:ISBN
807:ISBN
788:ISBN
767:ISSN
755:2002
738:ISSN
707:ISBN
694:2007
669:help
649:2018
566:2015
540:2015
515:2015
493:2015
419:2009
373:2009
343:2009
221:Goat
2519:ΧΓΕ
2514:ΦΣΦ
2509:ΦΣΚ
2504:ΦΜΔ
2494:ΦΛΧ
2489:ΦΚΨ
2484:ΦΚΤ
2479:ΦΚΣ
2474:ΦΚΘ
2469:ΦΔΨ
2464:ΦΔΘ
2459:ΦΓΔ
2454:ΤΚΕ
2444:ΣΦΕ
2439:ΣΦΔ
2429:ΣΤΓ
2414:ΣΘΠ
2409:ΣΔΑ
2404:ΣΑΕ
2399:ΠΛΦ
2394:ΠΚΦ
2389:ΠΚΑ
2384:OΚΕ
2379:ΛΧΑ
2369:ΚΛΨ
2364:ΚΔΦ
2359:ΚΔΡ
2334:ΘΔΧ
2309:ΔΤΔ
2304:ΔΣΦ
2299:ΔΚΕ
2294:ΒΘΠ
2289:ΑΧΡ
2284:ΑΧΑ
2279:ΑΦΔ
2274:ΑΤΩ
2269:ΑΣΦ
2264:ΑΚΛ
2259:ΑΔΦ
2231:ΦΣΣ
2216:ΣΣΣ
2206:ΣΔΤ
2201:ΠΒΦ
2196:ΚΚΓ
2186:ΚΒΓ
2181:ΚΑΘ
2176:ΘΦΑ
2171:ΖΤΑ
2166:ΔΦΕ
2151:ΔΔΔ
2146:ΓΦΒ
2141:ΑΧΩ
2131:ΑΣΤ
2126:ΑΣΑ
2121:ΑΟΠ
2116:ΑΞΔ
2111:ΑΕΦ
2106:ΑΔΠ
2101:ΑΓΔ
2068:ΦΣΡ
2063:ΦΣΓ
2058:ΤΒΣ
2053:ΣΑΙ
2048:ΚΚΨ
2043:ΔΣΠ
2038:ΑΩΕ
2033:ΑΣΚ
2028:ΑΚΨ
2023:ΑΓΣ
2018:ΑΓΡ
2002:ΩΦΒ
1997:ΧΥΣ
1992:ΦΣΑ
1987:ΦΙΑ
1982:ΦΗΜ
1977:ΦΔΓ
1972:ΣΠΑ
1967:ΣΛΥ
1962:ΣΛΒ
1957:ΣΛΑ
1952:ΣΙΑ
1947:ΣΔΑ
1942:ΝΣΒ
1937:ΝΑΚ
1932:ΜΑΦ
1927:ΛΥΛ
1922:ΛΘΦ
1917:ΛΘΝ
1912:ΛΘΑ
1907:ΛΣΥ
1902:ΛΠΧ
1897:ΛΠΥ
1892:ΛΑΥ
1887:ΚΔΧ
1882:ΗΓΔ
1877:ΓΖΑ
1872:ΓΑΩ
1867:ΔΤΛ
1862:ΑΟΣ
1857:ΑΨΛ
1835:ΣΟΕ
1830:ΦΣΝ
1825:ΑΠΩ
1809:ΣΦΒ
1804:ΟΕΠ
1799:ΚΘΕ
1794:ΚΑΛ
1789:ΘΠΣ
1784:ΓΡΛ
1779:ΔΛΦ
1774:ΑΠΔ
1769:ΑΛΖ
1751:ΩΦΑ
1746:ΓΣΣ
1741:ΕΤΠ
1736:ΑΦΩ
1711:ΩΦΧ
1706:ΩΔΦ
1701:ΨΣΦ
1696:ΤΦΣ
1691:ΣΘΨ
1686:ΣΛΓ
1681:ΜΣΥ
1676:ΛΨΔ
1671:ΛΤΩ
1666:ΘΝΞ
1661:ΖΧΦ
1656:ΖΦΡ
1651:ΖΣΧ
1641:ΔΞΦ
1636:ΔΞΝ
1618:ΤΕΦ
1613:ΤΔΦ
1608:ΣΔΤ
1603:ΣΑΜ
1593:ΖΒΤ
1588:ΑΕΦ
1583:ΑΕΠ
1565:ΧΑΩ
1560:ΦΒΧ
1555:ΣΦΛ
1550:ΣΘΕ
1545:ΣΑΩ
1540:ΒΥΧ
1535:ΒΣΨ
1525:ΑΛΩ
1520:ΑΓΩ
1515:ΑΔΧ
1510:ΑΔΓ
1486:XPO
1481:ΣΦΩ
1476:ΣΨΖ
1471:ΣΟΠ
1466:ΣΒΡ
1461:ΠΔΨ
1456:ΠΑΦ
1451:ΛΦΕ
1446:ΚΦΛ
1441:ΙΝΔ
1436:ΔΦΩ
1431:ΔΚΔ
1426:ΔΕΨ
1421:ΒΧΘ
1416:ΑΦΓ
1393:WΨΦ
1388:ΩΨΦ
1383:ΦΡΗ
1378:ΦΒΣ
1373:ΣΓΡ
1368:ΚΑΨ
1363:ΙΦΘ
1358:ΖΦΒ
1353:ΔΣΘ
1348:ΑΦΑ
1343:ΑΚΑ
1073:DOC
1050:RTF
891:doi
849:doi
759:doi
730:doi
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2534:ΨΥ
2529:ΧΨ
2524:ΧΦ
2449:ΣΧ
2434:ΣΦ
2424:ΣΠ
2419:ΣΝ
2374:ΚΣ
2344:ΘΧ
2339:ΘΞ
2329:ΖΨ
2324:ΔΧ
2319:ΔΦ
2314:ΔΥ
2236:ΧΩ
2226:ΦΜ
2221:ΣΨ
2211:ΣΚ
2191:ΚΔ
2161:ΔΖ
2156:ΔΓ
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