27:
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334:, the numerical value of the character's health points is hidden from the player. However, when the player character receives a large amount of damage, the game screen (or the part of the screen to which damage was dealt) is painted red, often including drops of blood, which simulates the effect of real-life injury. As health is restored, these effects gradually disappear.
378:, the player rolls the dice during each battle, and depending on the number rolled, the character either kills the enemy or is killed. Because players did not want to lose the characters they had become accustomed to, Arneson created a "hit point" system based on similar mechanics previously used in the wargames
472:
system in which the player could only take damage once, but could continue the game at the expense of a life. The introduction of health meters granted players the right to make mistakes and allowed game developers to influence a game's difficulty by adjusting the damage an enemy character inflicts.
250:
The health indicator can be represented in various ways. The most basic forms are fractions and health bars, as well as various icons such as hearts or shields. More recent games can use a nonlinear health bar, where earlier hits take off more damage than later ones, in order to make the game appear
220:
that indicates how difficult it is to land a successful blow on a character with an attack; it can also indicate damage reduction to a character's health. AC is typically a representation of a character's physical defenses such as their ability to dodge attacks and their protective equipment. Armor
121:
The use of health points simplifies the game development process (since developers do not need to create complex damage systems), allows computers to simplify calculations associated with the game, and makes it easier for the player to understand the game. However, more complex and realistic damage
189:
A number of games incorporate a regeneration system that automatically replenishes health if the character does not take damage. This makes the game easier to play by giving the player the opportunity to restore the character's health after a difficult battle. This system may allow the player to
260:
uses a character portrait located at the bottom of the screen as such an indicator, in addition to a numerical health percentage display. If the hero takes damage, his face will appear increasingly pained and blood-covered. The health point indicator can also be part of the character. In
73:
or inanimate objects such as vehicles and their individual parts. In video games, health is often represented by visual elements such as a numerical fraction, a health bar or a series of small icons, though it may also be represented acoustically, such as through a character's heartbeat.
563:, uses a health meter to represent player health, with the bar depleting when taking damage. In addition to the player character having a health meter, the bosses also have health meters, which leads to the game temporarily becoming a one-on-one fighting game during boss battles.
182:. A number of games incorporate a mechanic known as "life steal" or "life leech", which allows a character to restore health by siphoning it from an enemy. Methods for replenishing health differ from each other and are dependent on the game's genre. In more dynamic
238:
682:, there is not an explicit attribute with that name in the game's rules. It seems more likely that Arneson's house rules for armor class never made it into the final published version of the wargame". However, many role-playing games that followed
519:, has a stamina meter that replenishes every time the player successfully strikes the opponent and decreases if the player fails to dodge the opponent's blow; if the meter is fully depleted, the player character loses consciousness.
374:, Arneson felt that it was more interesting for players to manage small squads than a large army. This also allowed them to act out the role of each squad member. However, this approach had one drawback: according to the rules of
279:, a VR game, the indicator is located on the back of the player's non-dominant hand, requiring the player to physically look at their tracked hand to check their health. The character's condition can be conveyed through sound. In
165:
series have both the player's and the opponent's health meters clearly visible, which allows the player to understand how successful their combat strategy is and how many remaining blows need to be inflicted on the enemy.
86:
usually have more health and armor. In many games, particularly role-playing video games, the player starts with a small number of health and defense points, but can increase them by gaining the required number of
159:, only the player's health points are visible. This is done so that the player does not know how many blows still need to be delivered, which makes the game less predictable. Contrariwise, other games such as the
102:, game designer Scott Rogers wrote that "health should deplete in an obvious manner, because with every hit, a player is closer to losing their life". As examples of visualizing health loss, Rogers cited
82:
In video games, as in tabletop role-playing games, an object usually loses health as a result of being attacked. Protection points or armor help them to reduce the damage taken. Characters acting as
390:. According to this system, each character has a certain number of hit points, which decreases with each blow dealt to them. This allows the character to survive several hits from an enemy.
134:
games use health points, but allow characters to inflict damage to different parts of the enemy's body, which affects gameplay. For example, if a leg is injured, the character can get a
2048:
1930:
1096:
314:
series, the player character initially only has one health point, and the character's appearance is used to signify the number of health points; if the character collects a
1277:
863:
541:(1984) with a health meter system. Each fighter has a health meter, which depletes as they take hits; once a fighter's health meter is fully depleted, it leads to a
178:
such as potions, food or first-aid kits. In role-playing video games, the player often can also restore a character's health by visiting a doctor or resting at an
1785:
1541:
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186:, it is important to quickly restore a character's health, while role-playing games feature slower-paced methods of health restoration to achieve realism.
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138:, which will reduce their movement speed, and if their arm is injured, the character can drop their weapon. Health can also serve as a plot element. In
2086:
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144:, if the protagonist takes too much damage, thus departing from the "correct" route, the game ends and returns the player to the nearest checkpoint.
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98:, it is considered important to clearly show that the player's character (or other object that they control) is losing health. In his book
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series, the character's health (represented as both hit points and a health meter) are restored when the character does not move.
505:(1952–1968), has an energy bar that gradually depletes over time and some of which can be sacrificed for temporary invincibility.
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quality that determines the maximum amount of damage or fatigue something takes before leaving the main game. In
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285:, the frequency of the player character's audible heartbeat is dependent on how much damage has been received.
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also began moving away from one-hit deaths to health systems allowing players to take multiple hits, such as
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Like Thomas, the end bosses all had health meters, so the game would momentarily become a one-on-one fighter
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series, in which smoke begins to flow from the hood after the car takes a significant amount of damage.
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displays health as a number from 3 (full) to 0 (dead), and health gradually regenerates over time. In
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308:, it occupies one third of the HUD. However, a number of games do without such an indicator. In the
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The player character's health point indicator often occupies a significant position in the game's
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128:, instead of health points, dwarves have separate body parts, each of which can be damaged. The
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2275:"Dungeons & Deceptions: The First D&D Players Push Back On The Legend Of Gary Gygax"
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The Game
Developer's Dictionary: A Multidisciplinary Lexicon for Professionals and Students
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445:(1982) allowing players to take multiple hits at the cost of reducing maneuverability.
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1996:
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moved away from the term "armor class" and simply replaced the term with "defense".
431:(1979) numerically representing an energy supply that depletes when taking hits and
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114:
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58:
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112:, who loses a piece of armor with each sustained hit, as well as the cars in the
1600:"The History of Computer Role-Playing Games Part 1: The Early Years (1980–1983)"
3035:
2857:
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2804:
2784:
1873:(DVD) (in English and Japanese). Hardcore Gaming 101. Event occurs at 1:34:00.
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representing the health of a character or object. The game character can be a
3154:
3134:
3129:
2927:
2922:
2822:
1921:"Yie Ar Kung Fu, one of the earliest fighting games, comes to Switch and PS4"
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uses a similar system, but transmits the heartbeat via vibrations from the
612:(1984) further popularized the use of a health bar in role-playing games.
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2465:
Game Design
Workshop: A Playcentric Approach to Creating Innovative Games
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The indicator can be combined with other elements of the game interface.
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318:, they grow in size and gain an additional health point. In a number of
26:
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Arneson is also credited for the term "armor class" which was used in
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2606:
2491:
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2403:
1992:
1989:
History of
Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction
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safely run through dangerous parts of the game without consequence.
30:
A health bar, a possible representation of the health of a character
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2334:
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established health meters as a standard feature in fighting games.
542:
516:
193:
1805:"Playing With Power: Great Ideas That Have Changed Gaming Forever"
273:, it is represented as a tattoo on the main character's chest. In
221:
class is a mechanic that can be used as part of health and combat
196:
games often regenerate part of the health of a resting character.
3081:
2182:
2177:
1809:
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760:
678:; "although armor class might have been inspired by the rules in
652:'s Jeff Dunn, regeneration in its current form was introduced in
628:
590:
237:
644:(2001) is credited with popularizing the use of regeneration in
174:
Players can often restore a character's health by using various
2677:
2020:. Vol. 2 (First ed.). S.M.G Szczepaniak. p. 32.
972:
898:
708:, a real-world indicator of health status for hospital patients
602:, which took it a step further with a regenerating health bar.
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Health meters also began being used to represent hit points in
532:
432:
409:(1982), which includes an audible heartbeat influenced by the
603:
496:
492:
1646:
1578:"Half-Life: Alyx Wiki Guide, Chapter 2: The Quarantine Zone"
1343:"CAPCOM: STREET FIGHTER X TEKKEN | Official Web Manual"
832:
718:
560:
241:
A heart-based health point indicator similar to the one in
2077:"Stop, Drop, and Heal: The history of regenerating health"
1742:
1740:
1738:
1456:
1373:"Beyond Hit Points: The Evolution of RPG Combat Mechanics"
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403:(1980), in which health is represented by a fraction, and
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1128:
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820:
1955:
Attract Mode: The Rise and Fall of Coin-Op Arcade Games
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2253:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 237.
1349:
267:, it is located on the main character's costume. In
2351:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1444:
1403:
The
Fantasy Role-Playing Game: A New Performing Art
1038:
808:
784:
772:
766:
567:established health meters as a standard feature in
2580:Game Development Essentials: Game Interface Design
2065:
730:
1760:"Weird of Oz Huffs About Hit Points – Black Gate"
3152:
2534:The Official GameSalad Guide to Game Development
1868:
1670:
1491:"The Weird Story Behind Doom's Rare "Ouch Face""
883:
881:
453:"Health bar" redirects here. For the candy, see
2557:Level Up!: The Guide to Great Video Game Design
1425:
968:Beaten in Under 15 Minutes, A New World Record"
100:Level Up!: The Guide to Great Video Game Design
2251:Level Up! The Guide to Great Video Game Design
2018:The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers
1871:The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers
1570:
1476:"Guilty Gear Strive: Damage Scaling Explained"
2704:
2577:
1834:
1832:
1652:
878:
71:destructible elements of the game environment
2328:
1593:
1591:
1083:"A starter's guide to Robot Entertainment's
838:
2649:The Evolution of Fantasy Role-Playing Games
2488:Level Design: Concept, Theory, and Practice
2352:Brathwaite, Brenda; Schreiber, Ian (2009).
2204:
2175:
2110:"Top 7… Games you didn't know did it first"
2015:
1982:
1980:
1786:"Rogue Instruction Manual © 1985 EPYX, Inc"
1554:. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from
588:. This inspired the use of a health bar in
2711:
2697:
2169:
1829:
1508:
1013:
464:Before the introduction of health meters,
122:systems are used in a number of games. In
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1772:
1588:
1298:
961:
924:
862:(Interview). Interviewed by Josh Harris.
856:"Interview: The Making Of Dwarf Fortress"
754:
724:
2603:The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses
2578:Saunders, Kevin; Novak, Jeannie (2012).
2374:
2107:
1986:
1977:
1714:
1310:
1191:
236:
25:
2718:
2485:
1951:
1539:
1514:
1488:
1426:Schreiber, Ian; Romero, Brenda (2021).
1311:Moriarty, Jonathan (December 2, 2010).
1228:
1192:Goldfarb, Andrew (September 14, 2012).
962:Hernandez, Patricia (January 4, 2016).
887:
802:
535:, replaced the point-scoring system of
3153:
2933:Turns, rounds and time-keeping systems
2646:
2623:
2600:
2554:
2443:
2420:
2329:Adams, Ernest; Dormans, Joris (2012).
2248:
2236:
2140:
1958:. Steel Gear Press. pp. 289–290.
1869:John Szczepaniak (2014). "Flash Boy".
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1962:from the original on 14 February 2023
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1280:from the original on October 21, 2020
1210:from the original on November 1, 2020
1173:from the original on October 29, 2020
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906:from the original on October 30, 2020
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814:
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739:
2331:Game Mechanics: Advanced Game Design
2157:from the original on August 26, 2020
2122:from the original on January 8, 2015
2089:from the original on January 8, 2015
2074:
1952:Lendino, Jamie (27 September 2020).
1918:
1840:"Gaming's most important evolutions"
1696:from the original on August 22, 2004
1099:from the original on August 25, 2012
980:from the original on August 23, 2020
606:'s arcade action role-playing title
368:based on the latter's previous game
347:The term "hit points" was coined by
2190:from the original on April 23, 2016
2016:Szczepaniak, John (November 2015).
1313:"Video Game Basics: The Health Bar"
1080:
1014:Martindale, Jon (October 3, 2012).
943:from the original on April 25, 2020
571:action games such as beat 'em ups.
91:and raising the character's level.
69:. Health can also be attributed to
45:, this typically takes the form of
13:
2205:Szczepaniak, John (July 8, 2011).
2176:Szczepaniak, John (July 7, 2011).
2108:Sulliven, Lucas (March 10, 2014).
1987:Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017).
1919:Good, Owen S. (24 November 2019).
1598:Barton, Matt (February 23, 2007).
1515:Antista, Chris (August 17, 2010).
1243:from the original on March 5, 2016
1229:Hancock, Patrick (June 27, 2013).
1136:from the original on June 22, 2012
14:
3177:
2670:
2446:Fantasy Roleplaying Gamer's Bible
2141:Greene, Robert (August 1, 2017).
2042:"Crisis Mountain Apple II Manual"
1846:. October 8, 2010. Archived from
1682:Rausch, Allen (August 19, 2004).
1489:Zwiezen, Zack (4 February 2019).
1118:Onyett, Charles (June 19, 2012).
1081:Tan, Maurice (January 13, 2012).
615:
2676:
2448:. Obsidian Studios Corporation.
2217:from the original on 16 May 2019
2075:Dunn, Jeff (November 15, 2012).
1933:from the original on 10 May 2021
1584:from the original on 2020-08-08.
1517:"The 10 most creative life bars"
1262:Carter, Chris (March 14, 2013).
620:The 1982 Apple II platform game
2299:
2285:from the original on 2020-06-29
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2242:
2134:
2101:
2054:from the original on 2022-06-26
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2009:
1945:
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1901:from the original on 2017-10-22
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1540:Pearson, Craig (May 16, 2007).
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1419:
1394:
1383:from the original on 2022-02-23
1364:
1335:
1304:
1255:
1222:
1185:
1155:Carter, Chris (June 17, 2013).
1148:
1124:: Playing the Phantom Assassin"
1111:
1074:
1007:
955:
925:Stapleton, Dan (July 2, 2010).
918:
888:Burford, GB (August 21, 2015).
866:from the original on 2013-11-12
844:
767:Brathwaite & Schreiber 2009
662:only used shield regeneration.
448:
232:
225:. AC "is roughly equivalent to
169:
199:
1:
3161:Role-playing game terminology
2444:Fannon, Sean Patrick (1999).
2354:Challenges for Game Designers
1803:Ragan, Jess (June 15, 2006).
1268:single and multiplayer guide"
712:
342:
2730:Glossary of video game terms
1198:Reducing Inferno Difficulty"
1016:"Let's Kill off Health Bars"
204:In some role-playing games,
77:
7:
2308:Fundamentals of Game Design
1525:. p. 2. Archived from
1371:Howley, Greg (2019-04-26).
689:
10:
3182:
2626:AI Game Engine Programming
2207:"History of Ys interviews"
1405:. McFarland. p. 173.
665:
457:. For the cereal bar, see
452:
359:tabletop role-playing game
337:
18:
3102:
3049:
3028:
2953:
2803:
2772:
2736:
2727:
2486:Kremers, Rudolph (2009).
2463:Fullerton, Tracy (2014).
1653:Saunders & Novak 2012
491:action game based on the
2961:Destructible environment
2647:Tresca, Michael (2010).
2421:Duggan, Michael (2011).
2398:Costikyan, Greg (2013).
1885:"Glass Joe Boxes Clever"
1684:"Dave Arneson Interview"
839:Adams & Dormans 2012
696:Magic (game terminology)
648:. However, according to
596:action role-playing game
576:role-playing video games
19:Not to be confused with
16:Gaming-related attribute
2653:McFarland & Company
2532:Novak, Jeannie (2013).
2509:Moore, Michael (2011).
1542:"PC Feature Long Play:
1401:Mackay, Daniel (2017).
680:Don't Give Up the Ship!
357:. While developing the
3166:Video game terminology
2624:Schwab, Brian (2009).
2601:Schell, Jesse (2008).
2555:Rogers, Scott (2010).
2375:Carreker, Dan (2012).
2306:Adams, Ernest (2010).
2249:Rogers, Scott (2014).
2178:"Falcom: Legacy of Ys"
1890:Computer + Video Games
1231:"Review: Rogue Legacy"
684:Dungeons & Dragons
676:Dungeons & Dragons
483:(1981) for the arcade
397:to use hit points are
381:Don't Give Up the Ship
362:Dungeons & Dragons
350:Dungeons & Dragons
247:
147:In some games such as
31:
3003:Procedural generation
2561:John Wiley & Sons
2511:Basics of Game Design
1529:on December 28, 2014.
1266:God of War: Ascension
646:first-person shooters
586:Bullet-Proof Software
584:(1984), developed by
406:Dungeons of Daggorath
320:first-person shooters
282:Dungeons of Daggorath
240:
29:
2790:Non-player character
2685:at Wikimedia Commons
2515:Taylor & Francis
2400:Uncertainty in Games
1995:. pp. 143–146.
1558:on September 9, 2007
1465:, pp. 172, 276.
1071:, pp. 109, 141.
1059:, pp. 151, 194.
894:Isn't Really an RPG"
854:(27 February 2008).
660:Halo: Combat Evolved
641:Halo: Combat Evolved
485:DECO Cassette System
3029:Movement techniques
2813:Collision detection
2423:RPG Maker for Teens
2281:. August 26, 2019.
2211:Hardcore Gaming 101
2151:Hardcore Gaming 101
1897:: 47. August 1984.
1850:on January 18, 2016
1631:, pp. 166–167.
1580:. IGN. 2020-03-26.
829:, pp. 276–277.
727:, pp. 79, 130.
395:home computer games
305:The Legend of Zelda
244:The Legend of Zelda
150:The Legend of Zelda
55:numerical attribute
37:is a video game or
3110:Advance And Secure
1317:Baltimoregamer.com
929:Fallout: New Vegas
555:(1984), an arcade
527:(1984), an arcade
511:(1983), an arcade
466:action video games
442:Tron: Deadly Discs
393:Some of the first
248:
43:role-playing games
32:
21:Life (video games)
3148:
3147:
3125:Last man standing
2908:Scripted sequence
2681:Media related to
2630:Course Technology
2358:Course Technology
2186:(111): 152–159 .
2002:978-1-317-50381-1
1895:Future Publishing
1610:on April 19, 2007
1159:League of Legends
468:typically used a
227:defensive dodging
218:derived statistic
109:Ghosts 'n Goblins
89:experience points
3173:
3140:King of the hill
3115:Capture the flag
2998:Persistent world
2966:Instance dungeon
2893:Random encounter
2888:Quick time event
2795:Player character
2754:Experience point
2713:
2706:
2699:
2690:
2689:
2680:
2666:
2643:
2620:
2597:
2584:Cengage Learning
2574:
2551:
2538:Cengage Learning
2528:
2505:
2482:
2459:
2440:
2427:Cengage Learning
2417:
2394:
2381:Cengage Learning
2371:
2348:
2325:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2271:
2265:
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2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1813:. Archived from
1800:
1794:
1793:
1788:. Archived from
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1762:. 25 March 2013.
1756:
1750:
1749:, p. 53-54.
1744:
1733:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1679:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1606:. Archived from
1595:
1586:
1585:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1495:Kotaku Australia
1486:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1323:on 28 April 2012
1319:. Archived from
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1022:. Archived from
1011:
1005:
999:
990:
989:
987:
985:
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
922:
916:
915:
913:
911:
885:
876:
875:
873:
871:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
743:
737:
728:
722:
701:Experience point
578:, starting with
411:player character
300:heads-up display
212:; also known as
141:Assassin's Creed
115:Grand Theft Auto
59:player character
3181:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3098:
3045:
3024:
2949:
2799:
2768:
2732:
2723:
2717:
2673:
2663:
2640:
2617:
2594:
2571:
2548:
2525:
2502:
2479:
2456:
2437:
2414:
2391:
2368:
2345:
2322:
2302:
2297:
2288:
2286:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2220:
2218:
2193:
2191:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2073:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1985:
1978:
1965:
1963:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1801:
1797:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1736:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1680:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1596:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1538:
1534:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1487:
1483:
1478:. 17 June 2021.
1474:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1026:on May 28, 2015
1020:Kit Guru Gaming
1012:
1008:
1000:
993:
983:
981:
960:
956:
946:
944:
931:trait revealed"
923:
919:
909:
907:
886:
879:
869:
867:
849:
845:
837:
833:
825:
821:
813:
809:
801:
797:
789:
785:
777:
773:
765:
761:
753:
746:
738:
731:
723:
719:
715:
692:
668:
632:(1984) and the
623:Crisis Mountain
618:
462:
451:
345:
340:
276:Half-Life: Alyx
251:more exciting.
235:
229:in war games".
202:
172:
80:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3036:Rocket jumping
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2858:Loading screen
2855:
2850:
2845:
2843:Invisible wall
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2672:
2671:External links
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:978-0786460090
2661:
2644:
2639:978-1584506287
2638:
2621:
2616:978-0123694966
2615:
2598:
2593:978-1285401379
2592:
2575:
2570:978-0470970928
2569:
2552:
2547:978-1285712666
2546:
2529:
2524:978-1568814339
2523:
2506:
2501:978-1439876954
2500:
2483:
2478:978-1482217179
2477:
2460:
2454:
2441:
2436:978-1435459670
2435:
2418:
2413:978-0262018968
2412:
2395:
2390:978-1435460829
2389:
2372:
2367:978-1584505808
2366:
2349:
2344:978-0132946681
2343:
2326:
2321:978-0132104753
2320:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2266:
2259:
2241:
2239:, p. 277.
2229:
2168:
2133:
2100:
2064:
2033:
2027:978-1518818745
2026:
2008:
2001:
1976:
1944:
1911:
1876:
1861:
1828:
1795:
1792:on 2016-07-31.
1777:
1773:Costikyan 2013
1765:
1751:
1734:
1732:, p. 249.
1719:
1717:, p. 334.
1707:
1669:
1667:, p. 173.
1657:
1655:, p. 231.
1645:
1643:, p. 237.
1633:
1621:
1587:
1569:
1532:
1507:
1481:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1436:
1418:
1411:
1393:
1363:
1361:, p. 466.
1348:
1334:
1303:
1299:Fullerton 2014
1291:
1254:
1221:
1184:
1157:"Impressions:
1147:
1110:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1006:
1004:, p. 172.
991:
954:
917:
877:
843:
841:, p. 290.
831:
819:
817:, p. 142.
807:
805:, p. 378.
795:
793:, p. 408.
783:
771:
769:, p. 225.
759:
757:, p. 130.
755:Fullerton 2014
744:
729:
725:Fullerton 2014
716:
714:
711:
710:
709:
703:
698:
691:
688:
667:
664:
617:
614:
581:The Black Onyx
569:side-scrolling
565:Kung-Fu Master
552:Kung-Fu Master
547:Yie Ar Kung-Fu
524:Yie Ar Kung-Fu
450:
447:
413:'s condition.
344:
341:
339:
336:
316:Super Mushroom
234:
231:
223:game balancing
201:
198:
171:
168:
162:Street Fighter
156:Monster Hunter
125:Dwarf Fortress
79:
76:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3178:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:New Game Plus
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3089:Single-player
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:Forms of play
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Tank controls
2926:
2924:
2923:Status effect
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:Line of sight
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:Dialogue tree
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2262:
2260:9781118877197
2256:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1817:on 2006-06-17
1816:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1775:, p. 46.
1774:
1769:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1715:Carreker 2012
1711:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1453:, p. 46.
1452:
1447:
1439:
1437:9781351643412
1433:
1430:. CRC Press.
1429:
1422:
1414:
1412:9780786450473
1408:
1404:
1397:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1338:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1301:, p. 79.
1300:
1295:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1258:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1047:, p. 31.
1046:
1041:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1003:
998:
996:
979:
975:
974:
969:
967:
958:
942:
938:
937:
932:
930:
921:
905:
901:
900:
895:
893:
884:
882:
865:
861:
857:
853:
847:
840:
835:
828:
823:
816:
811:
804:
799:
792:
787:
781:, p. 85.
780:
775:
768:
763:
756:
751:
749:
742:, p. 91.
741:
736:
734:
726:
721:
717:
707:
706:Medical state
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
663:
661:
657:
656:
651:
647:
643:
642:
637:
636:
631:
630:
625:
624:
613:
611:
610:
609:Dragon Buster
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:
587:
583:
582:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
559:developed by
558:
554:
553:
548:
544:
540:
539:
534:
531:developed by
530:
529:fighting game
526:
525:
520:
518:
515:developed by
514:
510:
509:
504:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
471:
467:
460:
456:
446:
444:
443:
438:
437:Intellivision
434:
430:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:
402:
401:
396:
391:
389:
388:
383:
382:
377:
373:
372:
367:
363:
360:
356:
352:
351:
335:
333:
332:
327:
326:
321:
317:
313:
312:
307:
306:
301:
296:
294:
290:
289:
284:
283:
278:
277:
272:
271:
266:
265:
259:
258:
252:
246:
245:
239:
230:
228:
224:
219:
215:
211:
208:(abbreviated
207:
197:
195:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
167:
164:
163:
158:
157:
152:
151:
145:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
126:
119:
117:
116:
111:
110:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
85:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:tabletop game
36:
28:
22:
3094:Speedrunning
2898:Replay value
2764:Critical hit
2743:
2648:
2625:
2602:
2579:
2556:
2533:
2510:
2487:
2464:
2445:
2422:
2399:
2376:
2353:
2330:
2307:
2300:Bibliography
2287:. Retrieved
2278:
2269:
2250:
2244:
2232:
2219:. Retrieved
2210:
2192:. Retrieved
2181:
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2150:
2144:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2113:
2103:
2091:. Retrieved
2080:
2056:. Retrieved
2036:
2017:
2011:
1988:
1971:
1964:. Retrieved
1954:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1924:
1914:
1903:. Retrieved
1888:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1848:the original
1843:
1819:. Retrieved
1815:the original
1808:
1798:
1790:the original
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415:Action games
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3082:Competitive
3077:Cooperative
3072:Multiplayer
2976:Bonus stage
2943:Fast travel
2237:Rogers 2010
2221:6 September
2115:GamesRadar+
1747:Tresca 2010
1730:Fannon 1999
1665:Rogers 2010
1641:Schell 2008
1629:Rogers 2010
1551:PC Gamer UK
1522:GamesRadar+
1463:Rogers 2010
1273:Destructoid
1236:Destructoid
1166:Destructoid
1092:Destructoid
1069:Duggan 2011
1002:Rogers 2010
927:"Exclusive
852:Adams, Tarn
827:Rogers 2010
779:Schwab 2009
658:(2002), as
655:The Getaway
650:GamesRadar+
594:(1984), an
557:beat 'em up
513:boxing game
508:Punch-Out!!
353:co-creator
311:Super Mario
288:Silent Hill
206:armor class
200:Armor class
96:game design
3155:Categories
3120:Deathmatch
3103:Game modes
2993:Open world
2903:Saved game
2873:Permadeath
2863:Paper doll
2828:Fog of war
2773:Characters
2737:Attributes
2720:Video game
2455:0967442907
2335:New Riders
2312:New Riders
2289:2022-02-23
2161:August 25,
2126:January 8,
2093:January 8,
2082:GamesRadar
2058:2021-02-06
1905:2015-01-02
1854:August 14,
1844:GamesRadar
1700:January 9,
1614:August 14,
1544:Trespasser
1451:Moore 2011
1387:2022-02-23
1359:Adams 2010
1284:August 25,
1214:August 25,
1196:Diablo III
1177:August 25,
1140:August 25,
1103:August 25,
1057:Moore 2011
1045:Novak 2013
984:August 25,
947:August 25,
910:August 25,
815:Moore 2011
791:Adams 2010
740:Moore 2011
713:References
459:Energy bar
421:'s arcade
366:Gary Gygax
343:Hit points
322:, such as
270:Trespasser
264:Dead Space
47:hit points
3062:Nonlinear
3015:Overworld
2833:Game over
2805:Mechanics
2607:CRC Press
2492:CRC Press
2469:CRC Press
2404:MIT Press
1993:CRC Press
1604:Gamasutra
1562:April 12,
1161:: Aatrox"
966:Fallout 3
892:Fallout 3
860:Gamasutra
674:and then
672:Chainmail
502:Astro Boy
489:scrolling
481:Flash Boy
477:Data East
455:Heath bar
428:Ozma Wars
387:Ironclads
376:Chainmail
371:Chainmail
293:DualShock
78:Mechanics
3135:Survival
3057:Emergent
3041:Strafing
3008:Map seed
2988:Mini-map
2981:Minigame
2913:Spawning
2878:Power-up
2868:Password
2818:Cutscene
2722:concepts
2283:Archived
2215:Archived
2194:April 7,
2188:Archived
2155:Archived
2120:Archived
2087:Archived
2049:Archived
2047:. 1982.
1966:26 April
1960:Archived
1931:Archived
1899:Archived
1694:Archived
1582:Archived
1381:Archived
1278:Archived
1241:Archived
1208:Archived
1171:Archived
1134:Archived
1097:Archived
978:Archived
941:Archived
936:PC Gamer
904:Archived
870:17 April
864:Archived
690:See also
543:knockout
517:Nintendo
194:Tag team
136:fracture
2954:Scenery
2145:Hydlide
1926:Polygon
1810:1UP.com
1689:GameSpy
1500:12 June
1377:GeekDad
1247:July 5,
666:Defense
629:Hydlide
591:Hydlide
499:series
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899:Kotaku
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433:Mattel
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2971:Level
2918:Stats
2883:Quest
2759:Magic
2183:Games
2052:(PDF)
2045:(PDF)
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493:manga
470:lives
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176:items
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2163:2020
2128:2015
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1432:ISBN
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