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1025:. These are "eardrums", that cover air filled chambers on the legs. Similar to the hearing process with vertebrates, the eardrums react to sonar waves. Receptors that are placed on the inside translate the oscillation into electric signals and send them to the brain. Several groups of flying insects that are preyed upon by
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Many insects detect sound through the way air vibrations deflect hairs along their body. Some insects have even developed specialized hairs tuned to detecting particular frequencies, such as certain caterpillar species that have evolved hair with properties such that it resonates most with the sound
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are audible, but that time discrimination is not directly coupled with frequency range. Georg Von Békésy in 1929 identifying sound source directions suggested humans can resolve timing differences of 10μs or less. In 1976 Jan
Nordmark's research indicated inter-aural resolution better than 2μs.
837:. Many animals use sound to communicate with each other, and hearing in these species is particularly important for survival and reproduction. In species that use sound as a primary means of communication, hearing is typically most acute for the range of pitches produced in calls and speech.
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671:- People with severe hearing loss depend on powerful hearing aid. However, they often rely on lip-reading even when they are using hearing aids. The most quiet sounds heard by people with severe hearing loss with their better ear are between 70 and 95 dB HL.
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665:- People with moderate hearing loss have difficulty keeping up with conversations when they are not using a hearing aid. On average, the most quiet sounds heard by people with moderate hearing loss with their better ear are between 40 and 70 dB HL.
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659:- People with mild hearing loss have difficulties keeping up with conversations, especially in noisy surroundings. The most quiet sounds that people with mild hearing loss can hear with their better ear are between 25 and 40 dB HL.
677:- People with profound hearing loss are very hard of hearing and they mostly rely on lip-reading and sign language. The most quiet sounds heard by people with profound hearing loss with their better ear are from 95 dB HL or more.
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was the first scientist to formally show this phenomenon through rigorously controlled experiments in ants. Turner ruled out the detection of ground vibration and suggested that other insects likely have auditory systems as well.
439:, so that each frequency has a characteristic place of resonance along it. Characteristic frequencies are high at the basal entrance to the cochlea, and low at the apex. Basilar membrane motion causes
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The loss of hearing, when it is caused by neural loss, cannot presently be cured. Instead, its effects can be mitigated by the use of audioprosthetic devices, i.e. hearing assistive devices such as
312:, also called the tympanic membrane. The pinna serves to focus sound waves through the ear canal toward the eardrum. Because of the asymmetrical character of the outer ear of most mammals, sound is
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which include the malleus, incus, and stapes (also known as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, respectively). They aid in the transmission of the vibrations from the eardrum into the inner ear, the
724:. The various means used to prevent hearing loss generally focus on reducing the levels of noise to which people are exposed. One way this is done is through environmental modifications such as
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have the ability to hear more sensitively due to a well-developed, bony connection between the ear and their swim bladder. This "aid to the deaf" for fishes appears in some species such as
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The middle ear consists of a small air-filled chamber that is located medial to the eardrum. Within this chamber are the three smallest bones in the body, known collectively as the
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Akinpelu, Olubunmi V.; Mujica-Mota, Mario; Daniel, Sam J. (2014). "Is type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with alterations in hearing? A systematic review and meta-analysis".
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Even though they do not have ears, invertebrates have developed other structures and systems to decode vibrations traveling through the air, or “sound”.
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allows the respective possessors to create intricate melodies and tones. The middle avian ear is made up of three semicircular canals, each ending in an
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are reduced underwater in humans, but not in aquatic animals, including whales, seals, and fish which have ears adapted to process water-borne sound.
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Human perception of audio signal time separation has been measured to less than 10 microseconds (10μs). This does not mean that frequencies above
1938:
596:. Electrophysiological tests of hearing can provide accurate measurements of hearing thresholds even in unconscious subjects. Such tests include
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Tautz, Jürgen, and
Michael Rostás. "Honeybee buzz attenuates plant damage by caterpillars." Current Biology 18, no. 24 (2008): R1125-R1126.
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or sonic. The range is typically considered to be between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. Frequencies higher than audio are referred to as
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integrates auditory input with limited input from other parts of the brain and is involved in subconscious reflexes such as the auditory
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The middle ear uses three tiny bones, the malleus, the incus, and the stapes, to convey vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.
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differently on its way into the ear depending on the location of its origin. This gives these animals the ability to localize sound
262:, audition requires sensitivity to the movement of molecules in the world outside the organism. Both hearing and touch are types of
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385:, which protect the hearing mechanism through a stiffening reflex. The stapes transmits sound waves to the inner ear through the
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in the skin of the human ear canal, protecting the ear canal and tympanic membrane from physical damage and microbial invasion.
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455:, which does produce action potentials. In this way, the patterns of oscillations on the basilar membrane are converted to
393:, another flexible membrane, allows for the smooth displacement of the inner ear fluid caused by the entering sound waves.
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Martini A, Mazzoli M, Kimberling W (December 1997). "An introduction to the genetics of normal and defective hearing".
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Not all sounds are normally audible to all animals. Each species has a range of normal hearing for both amplitude and
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320:. The eardrum is an airtight membrane, and when sound waves arrive there, they cause it to vibrate following the
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Daniel
Schacter; Daniel Gilbert; Daniel Wegner (2011). "Sensation and Perception". In Charles Linsmeiser (ed.).
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608:(ECochG). Technical advances in these tests have allowed hearing screening for infants to become widespread.
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as periodic changes in the pressure of a surrounding medium. The academic field concerned with hearing is
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447:, specialized auditory receptors located within the organ of Corti. While the hair cells do not produce
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Hearing can be measured by mobile applications which includes audiological hearing test function or
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1341:"Integrating the biophysical and molecular mechanisms of auditory hair cell mechanotransduction"
555:, a cortical area involved in interpreting sounds that is necessary to understand spoken words.
389:, a flexible membrane separating the air-filled middle ear from the fluid-filled inner ear. The
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Thomson, Rhett S.; Auduong, Priscilla; Miller, Alexander T.; Gurgel, Richard K. (2017-03-16).
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This article is about the ability to sense and perceive sounds. For the legal proceeding, see
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566:) at any of these levels can cause hearing problems, especially if the disturbance is
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Turner CH. 1923. The homing of the
Hymenoptera. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 24: 27–45
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The avian ear is adapted to pick up on slight and rapid changes of pitch found in
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419:, which is a spiral-shaped, fluid-filled tube. It is divided lengthwise by the
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736:, which absorbs nearly all sound. Another means is the use of devices such as
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1493:"Automated Audiometry: A Review of the Implementation and Evaluation Methods"
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themselves, they release neurotransmitter at synapses with the fibers of the
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Kung C. (2005-08-04). "A possible unifying principle for mechanosensation".
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1939:"Audibility of temporal smearing and time misalignment of acoustic signals"
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A cat can hear high-frequency sounds up to two octaves higher than a human.
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Milind
Kuncher's 2007 research resolved time misalignment to under 10μs.
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Lopez-Poveda, Enrique A.; Palmer, A. R. (Alan R.); Meddis, Ray. (2010).
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can perceive the ultrasound emissions this way and reflexively practice
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of buzzing wasps, thus warning them of the presence of natural enemies.
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In humans and other vertebrates, hearing is performed primarily by the
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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form is ovular and slightly conical. Morphological differences in the
728:, which may be achieved with as basic a measure as lining a room with
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D'Ambrose, Christoper; Choudhary, Rizwan (2003). Elert, Glenn (ed.).
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Video showing how sounds make their way from the source to the brain
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543:. Sound is believed to first become consciously experienced at the
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1687:"Hearing loss as a risk factor for dementia: A systematic review"
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37:"Auditory perception" redirects here. The term may also refer to
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are able to hear ultrasound, which is the principle of 'silent'
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Hearing protection is the use of devices designed to prevent
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of firings which transmit information about the sound to the
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tied to a higher risk. There is also an association between
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mismatch between air waves and cochlear waves, by providing
366:. The purpose of the middle ear ossicles is to overcome the
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1000:, a straight short tube to the external ear, branches from.
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900:
740:, which are inserted into the ear canal to block noise, or
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1606:"Definition of hearing loss - hearing loss classification"
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Frequencies capable of being heard by humans are called
766:. In a clinical setting, this management is offered by
493:
The sound information from the cochlea travels via the
1916:"MQA Time-domain Accuracy & Digital Audio Quality"
1831:
744:, objects designed to cover a person's ears entirely.
485:(red) connects lower brainstem auditory nuclei to the
44:"Hear" and "Aural" redirect here. For other uses, see
1968:"Applied comparative anatomy of the avian middle ear"
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1490:
592:
Hearing can be measured by behavioral tests using an
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1339:
Peng, AW.; Salles, FT.; Pan, B.; Ricci, AJ. (2011).
278:: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear.
2122:
Open
University - OpenLearn - Article about hearing
2038:
The neurophysiological bases of auditory perception
859:, while frequencies below audio are referred to as
641:There are several different types of hearing loss:
3410:
2134:Preventing Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
1430:
1338:
574:or more complex difficulties in perceiving sound.
1548:Keidser, Gitte; Convery, Elizabeth (2016-04-12).
4026:
1250:Jan Schnupp; Israel Nelken; Andrew King (2011).
883:sense infrasound through their jaws, and baleen
527:The inferior colliculus in turn projects to the
405:The inner ear is a small but very complex organ.
1491:Shojaeemend, Hassan; Ayatollahi, Haleh (2018).
1468:Handbook of Psychology: Experimental psychology
1466:. In Alice F. Healy; Robert W. Proctor (eds.).
615:. These applications allow the user to measure
505:. From there, the signals are projected to the
227:. Partial or total inability to hear is called
16:Sensory perception of sound by living organisms
1547:
968:are proportionately shorter to those found in
952:are observed between species. Ossicles within
304:, the visible part of the ear, as well as the
250:into nerve impulses that are perceived by the
85:Please review the contents of the article and
3396:
2158:
1850:
274:There are three main components of the human
2172:
1461:
623:). Despite possible errors in measurements,
652:There are defined degrees of hearing loss:
242:, known as vibrations, are detected by the
3403:
3389:
2165:
2151:
732:, or as complex a measure as employing an
535:where sound information is relayed to the
223:matter. It is one of the traditional five
1991:
1882:
1718:
1691:Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology
1581:
1524:
1372:
1972:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1913:
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824:
570:. In some instances it can also lead to
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400:
349:
291:
161:
1936:
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377:Also located in the middle ear are the
4027:
3714:
1786:
914:
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2383:Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
2146:
1965:
1224:
813:Hearing threshold and the ability to
808:
777:
2368:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
1470:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 130.
1131:Temporal envelope and fine structure
598:auditory brainstem evoked potentials
269:
54:
1926:from the original on 10 March 2023.
1796:. University of Rhode Island. 2019.
1004:
427:. Inside the organ of Corti is the
13:
2363:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
2074:International Society of Audiology
2029:
1955:from the original on 14 July 2014.
1834:"Frequency range of human hearing"
1806:
1656:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51908.x
1400:(3rd ed.). New York: Thieme.
840:
296:Schematic diagram of the human ear
14:
4061:
2378:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
2373:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
2063:
820:
425:mechanical to neural transduction
2630:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
2109:
2095:
2083:
988:and joining to connect with the
933:This section is an excerpt from
577:
151:
59:
2358:Visual system (sense of vision)
2017:
2008:
1959:
1937:Kuncher, Milind (August 2007).
1930:
1907:
1825:
1800:
1794:"Discovery of Sound in the Sea"
1735:
1678:
1627:
1598:
1497:Healthcare Informatics Research
899:use it for communication. Some
722:post-lingual hearing impairment
630:
3799:Reissner's/vestibular membrane
1914:Robjohns, Hugh (August 2016).
1809:Hearing by Whales and Dolphins
1541:
1484:
1455:
1422:
1389:
1281:
1243:
1218:
415:The inner ear consists of the
87:add the appropriate references
1:
3542:promontory of tympanic cavity
2500:Auditory perception (hearing)
2100:The dictionary definition of
1437:. Worth Publishers. pp.
1212:
747:
711:
423:, which is the main organ of
339:
196:through an organ, such as an
192:, is the ability to perceive
3146:Olfactory reference syndrome
2923:Alice in Wonderland syndrome
1966:Mills, Robert (March 1994).
1859:"Sense of Hearing in Fishes"
1396:Gelfand, Stanley A. (2009).
1150:Auditory processing disorder
702:Ototoxic drugs and chemicals
396:
281:
7:
3532:secondary tympanic membrane
3345:Sensory processing disorder
2515:Gustation (taste or flavor)
2505:Equilibrioception (balance)
1550:"Self-Fitting Hearing Aids"
1199:Auditory brainstem response
1039:
927:
466:
300:The outer ear includes the
211:Sound may be heard through
72:reliable medical references
10:
4066:
3537:prominence of facial canal
3299:Supernumerary phantom limb
2635:Infrared sensing in snakes
2495:Visual perception (vision)
1984:10.1177/014107689408700314
1116:Neuronal encoding of sound
932:
844:
754:Management of hearing loss
751:
718:noise-induced hearing loss
699:Noise-induced hearing loss
647:sensorineural hearing loss
634:
619:at different frequencies (
581:
473:Neuronal encoding of sound
470:
435:. The basilar membrane is
408:
343:
308:, which terminates at the
285:
43:
36:
29:
18:
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3050:Microwave auditory effect
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2217:Transduction (physiology)
2197:
2184:
1811:. Springer. p. 485.
1509:10.4258/hir.2018.24.4.263
793:with a greater degree of
681:
529:medial geniculate nucleus
328:(ear wax) is produced by
78:or relies too heavily on
3557:aditus to mastoid antrum
3055:Music-specific disorders
2411:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
1857:Williams, C. B. (1941).
1566:10.1177/2331216516643284
1229:. Psychology Press Ltd.
30:Not to be confused with
25:Hearing (disambiguation)
3035:Auditory verbal agnosia
2889:Juxtacapillary receptor
1398:Essentials of audiology
1081:Auditory scene analysis
1021:Some insects possess a
643:conductive hearing loss
613:hearing aid application
572:auditory hallucinations
549:primary auditory cortex
545:primary auditory cortex
537:primary auditory cortex
457:spatiotemporal patterns
3030:Auditory hallucination
2640:Surface wave detection
2245:Multimodal integration
2114:Quotations related to
2040:. New York: Springer.
935:Bird anatomy § Hearing
830:
815:localize sound sources
558:Disturbances (such as
490:
406:
355:
297:
182:
50:Aural (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
3548:Posterior structures
3289:Phantom limb syndrome
3237:Tactile hallucination
2426:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
2227:Active sensory system
1462:William Yost (2003).
1253:Auditory Neuroscience
1225:Plack, C. J. (2014).
828:
690:Congenital conditions
675:Profound hearing loss
663:Moderate hearing loss
602:otoacoustic emissions
480:
404:
383:tensor tympani muscle
353:
295:
180:
46:Hear (disambiguation)
3789:Cochlear duct /
3753:Perilymphatic space
3653:Auditory tube /
3098:Labyrinthine fistula
3065:Spatial hearing loss
2764:Campaniform sensilla
2479:Somatosensory cortex
2092:at Wikimedia Commons
1946:boson.physics.sc.edu
1838:The Physics Factbook
1636:Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci
1227:The Sense of Hearing
1182:Test and measurement
1034:ultrasound avoidance
1011:Charles Henry Turner
606:electrocochleography
3971:Semicircular canals
3944:Vestibular aqueduct
2884:Nociceptin receptor
2754:Merkel nerve ending
2739:Mechanotransduction
1875:1941Natur.147..543W
1648:1997NYASA.830..361M
1560:: 233121651664328.
1357:2011NatCo...2..523P
1310:10.1038/nature03896
1302:2005Natur.436..647K
980:. In song birds, a
915:Time discrimination
867:use ultrasound for
787:Alzheimer's disease
785:is associated with
669:Severe hearing loss
518:inferior colliculus
507:inferior colliculus
487:inferior colliculus
190:auditory perception
3949:endolymphatic duct
3937:Otolithic membrane
3850:Tectorial membrane
3809:Reticular membrane
3614:posterior ligament
3562:pyramidal eminence
3518:Medial structures
3246:Nociception (pain)
2838:Olfactory receptor
2790:Photoreceptor cell
2744:Lamellar corpuscle
2668:Photomorphogenesis
2530:nociception (pain)
2222:Sensory processing
2127:2018-10-15 at the
1922:. Sound On Sound.
1756:10.1002/lary.24354
1365:10.1038/ncomms1533
1205:Dichotic listening
1155:Endaural phenomena
1106:Human echolocation
831:
809:Hearing underwater
778:Relation to health
720:(NIHL), a type of
617:hearing thresholds
491:
407:
372:impedance matching
356:
298:
254:(primarily in the
183:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4004:crista ampullaris
3954:endolymphatic sac
3886:Vestibular system
3880:
3879:
3762:Cochlear aqueduct
3671:
3670:
3609:superior ligament
3597:anterior ligament
3587:superior ligament
3475:Auricular muscles
3458:intertragic notch
3378:
3377:
3363:Biases and errors
3358:
3357:
3294:Somatoparaphrenia
3263:Pain dissociation
3108:Ménière's disease
3040:Cortical deafness
2918:Visual impairment
2897:
2896:
2759:Bulbous corpuscle
2749:Tactile corpuscle
2717:sensory receptors
2709:
2708:
2592:
2591:
2545:
2544:
2510:Olfaction (smell)
2464:Vestibular cortex
2446:Cerebral cortices
2283:
2282:
2270:Motion perception
2088:Media related to
2047:978-1-4419-5685-9
1818:978-0-387-94906-2
1554:Trends in Hearing
1477:978-0-471-39262-0
1448:978-1-4292-3719-2
1407:978-1-60406-044-7
1296:(7051): 647–654.
1263:978-0-262-11318-2
1136:World Hearing Day
946:tympanic membrane
871:while in flight.
764:cochlear implants
726:acoustic quieting
657:Mild hearing loss
649:and mixed types.
627:can be detected.
449:action potentials
270:Hearing mechanism
178:
160:
159:
136:
4057:
3994:Ampullary cupula
3891:
3890:
3821:Stria vascularis
3804:Basilar membrane
3712:
3711:
3682:
3681:
3626:annular ligament
3592:lateral ligament
3507:
3506:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3025:Auditory agnosia
2957:Optic neuropathy
2906:
2905:
2774:Stretch receptor
2722:
2721:
2620:Magnetoreception
2615:Electroreception
2603:
2602:
2525:mechanoreception
2474:Gustatory cortex
2469:Olfactory cortex
2303:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2212:Sensory receptor
2195:
2194:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2113:
2099:
2087:
2070:Global Audiology
2059:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1920:soundonsound.com
1911:
1905:
1904:
1886:
1884:10.1038/147543b0
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1807:Au, W.L (2000).
1804:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1744:The Laryngoscope
1739:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1612:. Archived from
1602:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1459:
1453:
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1436:
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1393:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1266:. Archived from
1247:
1241:
1240:
1222:
1086:Auditory science
1005:In invertebrates
944:. General avian
922:
734:anechoic chamber
531:, a part of the
522:startle response
499:cochlear nucleus
489:in the midbrain.
483:lateral lemnisci
429:basilar membrane
379:stapedius muscle
334:sebaceous glands
264:mechanosensation
240:mechanical waves
206:auditory science
179:
155:
154:
146:
143:
137:
135:
94:
63:
62:
55:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4050:Auditory system
4025:
4024:
4023:
4010:
3965:
3961:Ductus reuniens
3876:
3855:Sulcus spiralis
3826:Spiral ligament
3790:
3783:
3747:Cochlear cupula
3727:Vestibular duct
3707:Auditory system
3701:
3667:
3655:Eustachian tube
3654:
3647:
3568:
3511:Tympanic cavity
3496:
3419:
3409:
3379:
3374:
3354:
3303:
3272:
3241:
3193:
3160:
3112:
3074:
3006:
2997:Stereoblindness
2938:Color blindness
2893:
2870:
2847:
2819:
2778:
2726:Mechanoreceptor
2715:
2705:
2701:Machine hearing
2696:Computer vision
2691:Robotic sensing
2677:
2654:
2588:
2541:
2483:
2459:Auditory cortex
2440:
2387:
2350:Sensory systems
2344:
2279:
2231:
2189:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2129:Wayback Machine
2066:
2048:
2032:
2030:Further reading
2027:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1912:
1908:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1805:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1740:
1736:
1703:10.1002/lio2.65
1683:
1679:
1632:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1546:
1542:
1489:
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1478:
1460:
1456:
1449:
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1408:
1394:
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1337:
1333:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1271:
1264:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1179:
1140:
1121:Psychoacoustics
1096:Bone conduction
1091:Auditory system
1066:
1042:
1007:
1002:
1001:
996:, of which the
990:macula sacculus
938:
930:
920:
917:
849:
843:
841:Frequency range
823:
811:
799:type 2 diabetes
780:
756:
750:
714:
684:
639:
633:
590:
582:Main articles:
580:
475:
469:
413:
399:
348:
342:
290:
284:
276:auditory system
272:
236:auditory system
200:, by detecting
162:
156:
152:
147:
141:
138:
95:
84:
80:primary sources
64:
60:
53:
42:
39:Psychoacoustics
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3899:
3897:
3888:
3882:
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3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3833:Organ of Corti
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3785:
3784:
3782:
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3780:
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3774:
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3699:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3663:Torus tubarius
3659:
3657:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3641:tensor tympani
3638:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3578:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3515:
3513:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3277:Proprioception
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
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2903:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2853:Thermoreceptor
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2833:Taste receptor
2829:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2559:Proprioception
2555:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2431:Trigeminal (V)
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
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2354:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
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2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2307:Sensory organs
2300:
2291:
2285:
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2280:
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2277:
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2267:
2262:
2257:
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2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2182:
2181:
2170:
2169:
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2155:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2093:
2081:
2076:
2065:
2064:External links
2062:
2061:
2060:
2046:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1958:
1929:
1906:
1849:
1824:
1817:
1799:
1785:
1750:(3): 767–776.
1734:
1677:
1626:
1597:
1540:
1503:(4): 263–275.
1483:
1476:
1454:
1447:
1421:
1406:
1388:
1331:
1280:
1262:
1242:
1236:978-1848725157
1235:
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1157:
1152:
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1144:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1126:Safe listening
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1023:tympanal organ
1006:
1003:
966:house sparrows
939:
931:
929:
926:
916:
913:
842:
839:
822:
821:In vertebrates
819:
810:
807:
779:
776:
752:Main article:
749:
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680:
679:
678:
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660:
635:Main article:
632:
629:
579:
576:
553:Wernickes area
495:auditory nerve
471:Main article:
468:
465:
453:auditory nerve
441:depolarization
421:organ of Corti
409:Main article:
398:
395:
344:Main article:
341:
338:
324:of the sound.
286:Main article:
283:
280:
271:
268:
158:
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150:
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67:
65:
58:
15:
9:
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3992:
3990:
3987:
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3887:
3883:
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3872:Spiral limbus
3870:
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3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
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3841:
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3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:Tympanic duct
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3710:
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3583:
3580:
3579:
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3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:mastoid cells
3550:
3549:
3547:
3543:
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3538:
3535:
3533:
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3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
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3514:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3491:
3490:pars flaccida
3488:
3486:
3483:
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3478:
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3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:Hallucination
3333:
3331:
3330:Derealization
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Asomatognosia
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:Hyperesthesia
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Astereognosis
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
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3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
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3129:
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3124:
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3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
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3103:Labyrinthitis
3101:
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3018:
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2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2825:Chemoreceptor
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:Photoreceptor
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:Slit sensilla
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
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2618:
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2613:
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2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2584:Visceral pain
2582:
2580:
2577:
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2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2536:
2535:thermoception
2533:
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2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Visual cortex
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Olfactory (I)
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2398:spinal nerves
2395:
2390:
2384:
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2256:
2255:Consciousness
2253:
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2240:
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2132:
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2112:
2108:
2106:at Wiktionary
2105:
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2011:
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1999:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1951:
1947:
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1933:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:(3731): 543.
1868:
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1645:
1642:(1): 361–74.
1641:
1637:
1630:
1616:on 2021-06-28
1615:
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1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1270:on 2011-01-29
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:. MIT Press.
1255:
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1107:
1104:
1102:
1101:Hearing range
1099:
1097:
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1079:
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1031:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1012:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:Mallard ducks
971:
967:
963:
962:song thrushes
959:
955:
954:green finches
951:
947:
943:
936:
925:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
848:
847:Hearing range
838:
836:
827:
818:
816:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
755:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
704:
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689:
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685:
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673:
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664:
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648:
644:
638:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
589:
585:
578:Hearing tests
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
547:. Around the
546:
542:
541:temporal lobe
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
488:
484:
479:
474:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
412:
403:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
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369:
365:
361:
352:
347:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
294:
289:
279:
277:
267:
265:
261:
257:
256:temporal lobe
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
149:
145:
134:
131:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103: –
102:
98:
97:Find sources:
92:
88:
82:
81:
77:
73:
68:This article
66:
57:
56:
51:
47:
40:
33:
26:
22:
21:Hearing (law)
3854:
3527:round window
3268:Phantom pain
3253:Hyperalgesia
3227:Hypoesthesia
3045:Hearing loss
2866:TRP channels
2843:Osmoreceptor
2810:Photopigment
2734:Baroreceptor
2673:Gravitropism
2645:Frog hearing
2625:Echolocation
2421:Facial (VII)
2118:at Wikiquote
2102:
2037:
2019:
2010:
1978:(3): 155–6.
1975:
1971:
1961:
1945:
1932:
1919:
1909:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:
1827:
1808:
1802:
1788:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1697:(2): 69–79.
1694:
1690:
1680:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:the original
1609:
1600:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1467:
1457:
1432:
1424:
1397:
1391:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1272:. Retrieved
1268:the original
1252:
1245:
1226:
1220:
1160:Hearing loss
1062:Hearing test
1057:Hearing loss
1027:echolocating
1020:
1016:
1008:
918:
877:dog whistles
869:echolocation
850:
832:
812:
803:hearing loss
795:hearing loss
783:Hearing loss
781:
772:audiologists
760:hearing aids
757:
715:
674:
668:
662:
656:
651:
640:
637:Hearing loss
631:Hearing loss
625:hearing loss
610:
591:
584:Hearing test
557:
526:
492:
414:
391:round window
376:
357:
299:
273:
233:
229:hearing loss
210:
189:
185:
184:
139:
129:
122:
115:
108:
96:
76:verification
69:
3838:stereocilia
3791:scala media
3732:Helicotrema
3522:oval window
3411:Anatomy of
3350:Synesthesia
3258:Hypoalgesia
3232:Paresthesia
3217:Formication
3212:CMT disease
3179:Hypergeusia
3002:Visual snow
2977:Photophobia
2972:Papilledema
2962:Oscillopsia
2948:Hemeralopia
2815:Aureochrome
2650:Toad vision
2574:Suffocation
2488:Perceptions
1610:hear-it.org
1170:Presbycusis
1165:Hyperacusis
693:Presbycusis
387:oval window
70:needs more
4029:Categories
3989:Horizontal
3927:Kinocilium
3692:membranous
3685:Labyrinths
3502:Middle ear
3453:antitragus
3370:Pareidolia
3325:Allochiria
3308:Multimodal
3189:Parageusia
3184:Hypogeusia
3156:Phantosmia
3136:Hyperosmia
3080:Vestibular
3060:Palinopsia
3020:Amblyaudia
2967:Palinopsia
2952:Nyctalopia
2876:Nociceptor
2683:Artificial
2406:Optic (II)
2237:Perception
2186:Processes
2178:perception
1843:2022-01-22
1620:2013-08-07
1464:"Audition"
1433:Psychology
1345:Nat Commun
1274:2011-04-13
1213:References
1194:Audiometry
958:blackbirds
950:middle ear
861:infrasonic
857:ultrasonic
845:See also:
768:otologists
748:Management
712:Prevention
604:(OAE) and
594:audiometer
588:Audiometry
445:hair cells
346:Middle ear
340:Middle ear
330:ceruminous
318:vertically
248:transduced
202:vibrations
112:newspapers
4045:Audiology
3984:Posterior
3895:Vestibule
3843:tip links
3816:Endolymph
3777:Boettcher
3757:Perilymph
3677:Inner ear
3636:stapedius
3470:Ear canal
3443:antihelix
3425:Outer ear
3166:Gustatory
3118:Olfactory
2982:Photopsia
2928:Amaurosis
2902:Disorders
2795:Cone cell
2714:Types of
2325:Inner ear
2260:Cognition
2250:Awareness
2199:Sensation
2174:Sensation
2056:471801201
1893:0028-0836
1764:1531-4995
1711:2378-8038
1574:2331-2165
1517:2093-3681
1416:276814877
1189:Audiogram
1143:Disorders
1111:Listening
1076:Audiology
978:sea birds
970:pheasants
942:bird song
897:elephants
835:frequency
705:Infection
696:Acquired
621:audiogram
568:bilateral
503:brainstem
461:brainstem
437:tonotopic
433:endolymph
411:Inner ear
397:Inner ear
368:impedance
306:ear canal
288:Outer ear
282:Outer ear
101:"Hearing"
3999:Ampullae
3979:Superior
3865:internus
3860:externus
3772:Claudius
3742:Modiolus
3632:Muscles
3574:Ossicles
3151:Parosmia
3141:Hyposmia
3131:Dysosmia
3070:Tinnitus
3012:Auditory
2987:Polyopia
2943:Diplopia
2800:Rod cell
2598:Nonhuman
2551:Internal
2392:Sensory
2298:External
2207:Stimulus
2190:concepts
2125:Archived
1950:Archived
1924:Archived
1780:25569962
1772:23945844
1729:28894825
1592:27072929
1535:30443414
1383:22045002
1318:16079835
1175:Tinnitus
1040:See also
928:In birds
893:dolphins
889:giraffes
791:dementia
742:earmuffs
738:earplugs
730:curtains
687:Heredity
533:thalamus
511:midbrain
467:Neuronal
360:ossicles
322:waveform
314:filtered
258:). Like
142:May 2019
4035:Hearing
3932:Otolith
3915:Saccule
3903:Utricle
3722:Cochlea
3715:General
3582:Malleus
3480:Eardrum
3463:earlobe
3433:Auricle
3417:balance
3413:hearing
3320:Agnosia
3199:Tactile
3174:Ageusia
3126:Anosmia
3088:Vertigo
2992:Scotoma
2933:Anopsia
2394:cranial
2265:Feeling
2116:Hearing
2103:hearing
2090:Hearing
2002:8158595
1993:1294398
1901:4095706
1871:Bibcode
1720:5527366
1672:7209008
1664:9616696
1644:Bibcode
1583:4871211
1526:6230538
1439:158–159
1374:3418221
1353:Bibcode
1351:: 523.
1326:4374012
1298:Bibcode
1069:General
998:cochlea
986:ampulla
921:100 kHz
909:herring
863:. Some
600:(ABR),
539:in the
509:in the
501:in the
497:to the
443:of the
417:cochlea
364:cochlea
326:Cerumen
310:eardrum
221:gaseous
186:Hearing
126:scholar
91:removed
3920:macula
3908:macula
3768:Cells
3621:Stapes
3448:tragus
2910:Visual
2861:Cilium
2607:Animal
2579:Nausea
2569:Thirst
2564:Hunger
2436:Spinal
2275:Qualia
2054:
2044:
2000:
1990:
1899:
1891:
1863:Nature
1815:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1727:
1717:
1709:
1670:
1662:
1590:
1580:
1572:
1533:
1523:
1515:
1474:
1445:
1414:
1404:
1381:
1371:
1324:
1316:
1290:Nature
1260:
1233:
1207:(test)
1201:(test)
1045:Basics
994:lagena
982:syrinx
976:, and
964:, and
885:whales
881:Snakes
682:Causes
564:trauma
560:stroke
516:. The
514:tectum
225:senses
217:liquid
194:sounds
128:
121:
114:
107:
99:
4040:Sound
3604:Incus
3438:helix
2805:ipRGC
2660:Plant
2520:Touch
2335:Mouth
2289:Human
2138:NIOSH
1953:(PDF)
1942:(PDF)
1897:S2CID
1776:S2CID
1668:S2CID
1322:S2CID
853:audio
551:lies
302:pinna
260:touch
252:brain
219:, or
213:solid
188:, or
133:JSTOR
119:books
3697:bony
3485:umbo
3415:and
3340:HSAN
3315:Aura
3093:BPPV
2950:and
2396:and
2340:Skin
2330:Nose
2320:Ears
2315:Eyes
2188:and
2176:and
2052:OCLC
2042:ISBN
1998:PMID
1889:ISSN
1813:ISBN
1768:PMID
1760:ISSN
1725:PMID
1707:ISSN
1660:PMID
1588:PMID
1570:ISSN
1531:PMID
1513:ISSN
1472:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1412:OCLC
1402:ISBN
1379:PMID
1314:PMID
1258:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1030:bats
992:and
907:and
905:carp
901:fish
895:and
873:Dogs
865:bats
801:and
789:and
770:and
762:and
586:and
481:The
381:and
332:and
246:and
105:news
74:for
48:and
32:Oral
1988:PMC
1980:doi
1879:doi
1867:147
1752:doi
1748:124
1715:PMC
1699:doi
1652:doi
1640:830
1578:PMC
1562:doi
1521:PMC
1505:doi
1369:PMC
1361:doi
1306:doi
1294:436
1052:Ear
562:or
244:ear
198:ear
4031::
2136:,
2072:-
2050:.
1996:.
1986:.
1976:87
1974:.
1970:.
1948:.
1944:.
1918:.
1895:.
1887:.
1877:.
1865:.
1861:.
1836:.
1774:.
1766:.
1758:.
1746:.
1723:.
1713:.
1705:.
1693:.
1689:.
1666:.
1658:.
1650:.
1638:.
1608:.
1586:.
1576:.
1568:.
1558:20
1556:.
1552:.
1529:.
1519:.
1511:.
1501:24
1499:.
1495:.
1441:.
1410:.
1377:.
1367:.
1359:.
1347:.
1343:.
1320:.
1312:.
1304:.
1292:.
1036:.
972:,
960:,
956:,
911:.
891:,
887:,
879:.
805:.
774:.
645:,
524:.
463:.
374:.
266:.
238::
231:.
215:,
208:.
93:.
3404:e
3397:t
3390:v
2166:e
2159:t
2152:v
2058:.
2004:.
1982::
1903:.
1881::
1873::
1846:.
1821:.
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