652:
1086:
738:
453:
1518:
542:
689:
717:
1534:
563:
959:
150:
980:
402:
631:
474:
1017:
921:
1052:
1184:
862:
4610:
5810:
4961:
514:
894:
112:
2943:
1227:", which lock onto the fore wing, keeping them held together. The smaller species may have only two or three hamuli on each side, but the largest wasps may have a considerable number, keeping the wings gripped together especially tightly. Hymenopteran wings have relatively few veins compared with many other insects, especially in the smaller species.
1649:. Also, the larvae of all Apocrita lack legs, prolegs, or ocelli. The hindgut of the larvae also remains closed during development, with feces being stored inside the body, with the exception of some bee larvae where the larval anus has reappeared through developmental reversion. In general, the anus only opens at the completion of larval growth.
1274:
organs appear to be poorly developed, with no ocelli, very small or absent antennae, and toothlike, sicklelike, or spinelike mandibles. They are also unable to defecate until they reach adulthood due to having an incomplete digestive tract (a blind sac), presumably to avoid contaminating their environment. The larvae of stinging forms (
1324:
However, the actual genetic mechanisms of haplodiploid sex determination may be more complex than simple chromosome number. In many
Hymenoptera, sex is determined by a single gene locus with many alleles. In these species, haploids are male and diploids heterozygous at the sex locus are female, but
1273:
in form, and are adapted to life in a protected environment. This may be the body of a host organism, or a cell in a nest, where the adults will care for the larva. In parasitic forms, the head is often greatly reduced and partially withdrawn into the prothorax (anterior part of the thorax). Sense
1333:
One consequence of haplodiploidy is that females on average have more genes in common with their sisters than they do with their daughters. Because of this, cooperation among kindred females may be unusually advantageous and has been hypothesized to contribute to the multiple origins of
1481:
Different species of
Hymenoptera show a wide range of feeding habits. The most primitive forms are typically phytophagous, feeding on flowers, pollen, foliage, or stems. Stinging wasps are predators, and will provision their larvae with immobilised prey, while bees feed on nectar and
1509:, with the host itself being another parasitoid insect. Habits intermediate between those of the herbivorous and parasitoid forms are shown in some hymenopterans, which inhabit the galls or nests of other insects, stealing their food, and eventually killing and eating the occupant.
1262:. Unlike caterpillars, however, the prolegs have no grasping spines, and the antennae are reduced to mere stubs. Symphytan larvae that are wood borers or stem borers have no abdominal legs and the thoracic legs are smaller than those of non-borers.
1234:
is blade-like, and has evolved for slicing plant tissues. In the majority, however, it is modified for piercing, and, in some cases, is several times the length of the body. In some species, the ovipositor has become modified as a
1329:
or other close relatives. Diploid males are known to be produced by inbreeding in many ant, bee, and wasp species. Diploid biparental males are usually sterile but a few species that have fertile diploid males are known.
1383:
is a particular form of parthenogenesis in which female embryos are created (without fertilisation). The form of thelytoky in hymenopterans is a kind of automixis in which two haploid products (proto-eggs) from the same
1657:
Hymenoptera as a group are highly susceptible to habitat loss, which can lead to substantial decreases in species richness and have major ecological implications due to their pivotal role as plant pollinators.
1856:
Aguiar, A.P.; Deans, A.R.; Engel, M.S.; Forshage, M.; Huber, J.T.; Jennings, J.T.; Johnson, N.F.; Lelej, A.S.; Longino, J.T.; Lohrmann, V.; Mikó, I.; Ohl, M.; Rasmussen, C.; Taeger, A.; Yu, D.S.K. (2013).
2661:"Whole-genome scan in the lytokous-laying workers of the Cape honeybee (Apis mellifera capensis): central fusion, reduced recombination rates and centromere mapping using half-tetrad analysis"
1473:
illustrate the possible deleterious effects of increased homozygosity. Colonies of this species which have more homozygous queens will age more rapidly, resulting in reduced colony survival.
820:
Phylogenetic relationships within the
Hymenoptera, based on both morphology and molecular data, have been intensively studied since 2000. In 2023, a molecular study based on the analysis of
1338:
within this order. In many colonies of bees, ants, and wasps, worker females will remove eggs laid by other workers due to increased relatedness to direct siblings, a phenomenon known as
2049:
Peters, Ralph S.; Krogmann, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Donath, Alexander; Gunkel, Simon; Meusemann, Karen; Kozlov, Alexey; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Petersen, Malte (April 2017).
3006:
1859:"Order Hymenoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013)"
1613:
at the ends unlike the larvae of the
Lepidoptera. The legs and prolegs tend to be reduced or absent in larvae that mine or bore plant tissue, as well as in larvae of
1258:
in appearance, and like them, typically feed on leaves. They have large chewing mandibles, three pairs of thoracic limbs, and, in most cases, six or eight abdominal
1317:
males. The act of fertilization is under the voluntary control of the egg-laying female, giving her control of the sex of her offspring. This phenomenon is called
2988:
1325:
occasionally a diploid will be homozygous at the sex locus and develop as a male, instead. This is especially likely to occur in an individual whose parents were
2762:"Jamaica's Critically Endangered Butterfly: A Review of the Biology and Conservation Status of the Homerus Swallowtail (Papilio (Pterourus) homerus Fabricius)"
3777:
321:
The name
Hymenoptera refers to the wings of the insects, but the original derivation is ambiguous. All references agree that the derivation involves the
2613:
Rey, O.; Loiseau, A.; Facon, B.; Foucaud, J.; Orivel, J.; Cornuet, J. M.; Robert, S.; Dobigny, G.; Delabie, J. H.; Mariano Cdos, S.; Estoup, A. (2011).
5745:
3822:
824:
confirmed many previous findings and produced a relatively robust phylogeny of the whole Order. Basal superfamilies are shown in the cladogram below.
5687:
5667:
3732:
3552:
3495:
5760:
3787:
2433:
6039:
3682:
360:, the Ancient Greek god of marriage, as these insects have married wings in flight. Another suggestion for the inclusion of Hymen is the myth of
5775:
3850:
3812:
3727:
3572:
1250:
Hymenopteran larvae typically have a distinct head region, three thoracic segments, and usually nine or 10 abdominal segments. In the suborder
6078:
5707:
5682:
4072:
3832:
3797:
3687:
4310:
1698:
Ronquist, Fredrik; Klopfstein, Seraina; Vilhelmsen, Lars; Schulmeister, Susanne; Murray, Debra L.; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P. (December 2012).
5702:
4864:
3855:
2390:
Davies, N.R.; Krebs, J.R.; and West, S.A. An
Introduction to Behavioral Ecology. 4th ed. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. pp. 387–388
1945:
6188:
2938:
1499:
as larvae. The adults inject the eggs into a host, which they begin to consume after hatching. For example, the eggs of the endangered
6013:
293:. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are
6052:
2949:
2615:"Meiotic recombination dramatically decreased in thelytokous queens of the little fire ant and their sexually produced workers"
4501:
3033:
2197:
2033:
1292:
6057:
6203:
1349:. As males are haploid, any recessive genes will automatically be expressed, exposing them to natural selection. Thus, the
344:
for the term because species in this order have membranous wings. However, a key characteristic of this order is that the
2218:"Functionally reproductive diploid and haploid males in an inbreeding hymenopteran with complementary sex determination"
1593:
arose. They have an unconstricted junction between the thorax and abdomen. The larvae are herbivorous, free-living, and
2985:
2409:
1911:
1278:) generally have 10 pairs of spiracles, or breathing pores, whereas parasitic forms usually have nine pairs present.
2565:
Kellner, Katrin; Heinze, Jürgen (2011). "Mechanism of facultative parthenogenesis in the ant
Platythyrea punctata".
6150:
5992:
1392:
in the passage of the genome from mother to daughter. It is found in several ant species including the desert ant
301:
for inserting eggs into hosts or places that are otherwise inaccessible. This ovipositor is often modified into a
6083:
6005:
4857:
4811:
1790:
Janke, Axel; Klopfstein, Seraina; Vilhelmsen, Lars; Heraty, John M.; Sharkey, Michael; Ronquist, Fredrik (2013).
651:
230:
6129:
2448:
2811:
Baine, Q.; Looney, C.; Monckton, S. K.; Smith, D. R.; Schiff, N. M.; Goulet, H.; Redford, A. J. (April 2022).
2760:
Lehnert, Matthew S.; Kramer, Valerie R.; Rawlins, John E.; Verdecia, Vanessa; Daniels, Jaret C. (2017-07-10).
2505:
Oxley, P. R.; Ji, L.; Fetter-Pruneda, I.; McKenzie, S. K.; Li, C.; Hu, H.; Zhang, G.; Kronauer, D. J. (2014).
6065:
5494:
1747:
Mayhew, Peter J. (2007). "Why are there so many insect species? Perspectives from fossils and phylogenies".
2659:
Baudry, E.; Kryger, P.; Allsopp, M.; Koeniger, N.; Vautrin D.; Mougel F.; Cornuet JM.; Solignac M. (2004).
2277:"No Need to Discriminate? Reproductive Diploid Males in a Parasitoid with Complementary Sex Determination"
1792:"The Hymenopteran Tree of Life: Evidence from Protein-Coding Genes and Objectively Aligned Ribosomal Data"
5922:
5899:
4577:
1667:
1201:
1196:
Hymenopterans range in size from very small to large insects, and usually have two pairs of wings. Their
2910:
2336:"A unified model of Hymenopteran preadaptations that trigger the evolutionary transition to eusociality"
1305:
an individual possesses. Fertilized eggs get two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent's respective
149:
4850:
4729:
4557:
1641:, characterized by a constriction between the first and second abdominal segments called a wasp-waist (
6142:
5927:
325:
313:)—that is, they have a wormlike larval stage and an inactive pupal stage before they reach adulthood.
6208:
6198:
6183:
6155:
6093:
4494:
3026:
1700:"A Total-Evidence Approach to Dating with Fossils, Applied to the Early Radiation of the Hymenoptera"
1247:. The sting is typically used to immobilize prey, but in some wasps and bees may be used in defense.
4524:
1930:
1610:
1298:
4787:
4582:
2967:
1961:
1646:
1418:
1085:
821:
1243:
are laid from the base of the structure, rather than from the tip, which is used only to inject
6213:
6193:
6119:
5839:
4876:
1448:
1412:
737:
1345:
Another consequence is that hymenopterans may be more resistant to the deleterious effects of
6114:
5877:
2187:
2117:
1672:
1517:
1437:
1429:
1346:
1204:(ectognathous mouthparts). Many species have further developed the mouthparts into a lengthy
120:
6106:
6044:
541:
452:
6178:
5961:
5886:
4487:
3019:
2850:
2574:
2518:
2463:
2347:
2288:
2229:
2126:
2062:
1935:
1803:
1442:
1406:
333:
8:
4827:
4537:
2917:
Hymenoptera of North
America – large format reference photographs, descriptions, taxonomy
1313:
females, while unfertilized eggs only contain one set (from the mother) and develop into
361:
2854:
2578:
2522:
2467:
2351:
2292:
2233:
2130:
2066:
1807:
5785:
5300:
2788:
2761:
2742:
2685:
2660:
2590:
2539:
2506:
2487:
2427:
2368:
2335:
2311:
2276:
2155:
2112:
1990:
1965:
1826:
1791:
1772:
1724:
1699:
1505:
are parasitized at a rate of 77%, mainly by
Hymenoptera species. Some species are even
1394:
144:
4800:
2997:
2252:
2217:
6101:
5948:
5735:
4753:
3915:
3747:
3430:
2874:
2866:
2793:
2734:
2729:
2709:
2690:
2636:
2544:
2479:
2415:
2405:
2373:
2316:
2257:
2193:
2160:
2142:
2090:
2029:
1995:
1907:
1880:
1831:
1764:
1760:
1729:
1542:
1197:
136:
5891:
2980:
2746:
2594:
2491:
2449:"Conditional use of sex and parthenogenesis for worker and queen production in ants"
688:
5904:
5677:
5528:
5214:
4168:
4100:
3900:
3457:
3208:
2858:
2812:
2783:
2773:
2724:
2680:
2672:
2626:
2582:
2534:
2526:
2504:
2471:
2363:
2355:
2306:
2296:
2247:
2237:
2168:
2150:
2134:
2080:
2070:
1985:
1977:
1870:
1821:
1811:
1776:
1756:
1719:
1711:
1642:
1533:
1400:
814:
612:
125:
1440:. Species that display central fusion with reduced recombination include the ants
5953:
5821:
5755:
5672:
5662:
5639:
5206:
4774:
4597:
4562:
4547:
4542:
4129:
3630:
3533:
3439:
3141:
3125:
2992:
2301:
1900:
1816:
1678:
1506:
1501:
1490:
1469:
1368:
1339:
1188:
857:
716:
294:
270:
6070:
5599:
958:
6000:
5987:
5814:
5770:
5765:
5750:
5697:
4671:
4325:
4077:
3950:
3865:
3827:
3717:
3707:
3702:
3638:
3577:
3508:
3467:
3447:
3407:
3378:
3173:
3011:
2839:"Habitat loss alters the architecture of plant–pollinator interaction networks"
2676:
2138:
1875:
1858:
1433:
810:
424:
306:
2586:
2530:
2075:
2050:
1966:"Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics"
6172:
5725:
5717:
4943:
4935:
4567:
4552:
4442:
4406:
4398:
4082:
3905:
3885:
3845:
3817:
3477:
3452:
3415:
3394:
3200:
2916:
2870:
2146:
1940:
1376:
1318:
1240:
1213:
974:
916:
562:
508:
414:
372:
Molecular analysis finds that
Hymenoptera is the earliest branching group of
322:
310:
211:
131:
69:
2631:
2614:
2475:
2419:
2242:
2172:
1715:
979:
5862:
5657:
5430:
5407:
5399:
5341:
5296:
5128:
5071:
4900:
4805:
4697:
4529:
4468:
4429:
4330:
4292:
4275:
4041:
4004:
3996:
3890:
3880:
3870:
3782:
3752:
3648:
3620:
3600:
3582:
3420:
3263:
3255:
3213:
3086:
3000:
2878:
2797:
2778:
2738:
2694:
2658:
2640:
2548:
2483:
2377:
2320:
2261:
2164:
2094:
1999:
1981:
1884:
1835:
1768:
1733:
1614:
1582:
1350:
1223:
The forward margin of the hind wing bears a number of hooked bristles, or "
933:
732:
495:
468:
434:
383:
373:
249:
201:
6026:
5914:
5871:
5780:
5712:
5644:
5545:
5446:
5227:
5165:
5041:
4703:
4639:
4592:
4510:
4315:
4297:
4202:
4181:
4155:
4067:
4054:
3986:
3978:
3968:
3960:
3802:
3792:
3772:
3722:
3712:
3672:
3615:
3592:
3567:
3557:
3523:
3472:
3234:
3157:
1602:
1526:
1460:, the recombination rate during meiosis is reduced more than tenfold. In
1335:
1255:
646:
625:
536:
401:
357:
44:
2359:
2111:
Blaimer, Bonnie B.; Santos, Bernardo F.; Cruaud, Astrid (3 March 2023).
1949:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 177.
1697:
1428:
that undergo automixis with central fusion often have a reduced rate of
5730:
5454:
5264:
5173:
5157:
5141:
4969:
4758:
4723:
4689:
4683:
4644:
4572:
4437:
4421:
4413:
4402:
4394:
4373:
4320:
4197:
4189:
4147:
4121:
4049:
3929:
3895:
3807:
3767:
3757:
3742:
3605:
3487:
3462:
3386:
3350:
3226:
3149:
2085:
1902:
Bees, Wasps, and Ants: The Indispensable Role of Hymenoptera in Gardens
1496:
1302:
1231:
1042:
953:
806:
557:
447:
298:
89:
54:
2862:
2707:
2612:
6031:
5974:
5692:
5536:
5496:
5471:
5324:
5235:
5194:
5181:
5012:
4999:
4894:
4716:
4711:
4649:
4587:
4390:
4386:
4340:
4305:
4231:
4223:
4210:
4160:
4134:
4092:
4062:
3942:
3937:
3910:
3875:
3860:
3762:
3737:
3692:
3664:
3610:
3562:
3518:
3513:
3500:
3305:
3297:
3276:
3074:
3062:
1594:
1586:
1578:
1380:
1362:
1205:
1046:
1011:
884:
711:
630:
602:
349:
345:
341:
181:
161:
94:
38:
6018:
5940:
5833:
2838:
2023:
1051:
1016:
920:
473:
5979:
5935:
5856:
5740:
5649:
5438:
5308:
5100:
4906:
4819:
4661:
4654:
4335:
4108:
4018:
3837:
3677:
3326:
3284:
3242:
3192:
3186:
3165:
3097:
3080:
1645:), also involving the fusion of the first abdominal segment to the
1638:
1590:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1554:
1550:
1537:
1521:
1389:
1326:
1275:
1266:
1251:
1183:
1159:
1068:
888:
861:
802:
798:
278:
255:
245:
226:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
32:
28:
4609:
1934:
5079:
4960:
4737:
4676:
4666:
4265:
4111:(paper wasps, potter wasps, pollen wasps, yellowjackets, hornets)
3133:
2921:
1385:
1314:
1310:
1236:
684:
302:
99:
74:
4842:
2446:
513:
119:
Hymenopterans from different families; Clockwise from top-left:
5416:
5316:
5243:
5149:
5058:
5050:
4888:
4873:
4634:
4381:
3697:
3068:
3056:
1789:
1606:
1598:
1483:
1425:
1372:
1306:
1270:
1259:
1224:
1217:
1209:
893:
353:
274:
191:
171:
5809:
4479:
2932:
1388:
fuse to form a diploid zygote. This process tends to maintain
1172:
Symphyta (red bar) are paraphyletic as Apocrita are excluded.
809:. The evolution of this group has been intensively studied by
111:
6137:
3540:
2962:
2905:
2708:
Haag-Liautard C, Vitikainen E, Keller L, Sundström L (2009).
1244:
5966:
2759:
5504:
4273:
2275:
Elias, J.; Mazzi, D.; Dorn, S. (2009). Bilde, Trine (ed.).
1626:
1080:
282:
16:
Order of insects comprising sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants
2710:"Fitness and the level of homozygosity in a social insect"
2216:
Cowan, David P. Cowan; Stahlhut, Julie K. (13 July 2004).
5514:
4629:
4357:
4252:
4244:
2048:
1959:
1634:
1630:
1076:
1072:
290:
286:
2926:
2810:
2113:"Key innovations and the diversification of Hymenoptera"
1855:
364:, a nymph with a prominent role at the wedding of Zeus.
5457:(net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions)
2837:
Spiesman, Brian J.; Inouye, Brian D. (December 2013).
2507:"The genome of the clonal raider ant Cerapachys biroi"
2028:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 320.
1964:; Yavorskaya, Margarita & Beutel, Rolf G. (2016).
2900:
2447:Pearcy, M.; Aron, S.; Doums, C.; Kelle, L. (2004).
2110:
1353:of deleterious genes is purged relatively quickly.
1899:
1783:
801:, with the oldest fossils belonging to the family
2024:Howell, H.V.; Doyen, J.T.; Purcell, A.H. (1998).
1549:The Hymenoptera are divided into two groups; the
6170:
3041:
1467:Single queen colonies of the narrow headed ant
2836:
2274:
2106:
2104:
5294:
4858:
4495:
3027:
2564:
2215:
1265:With rare exceptions, larvae of the suborder
1208:, with which they can drink liquids, such as
1200:are adapted for chewing, with well-developed
356:. Thus, another plausible etymology involves
2701:
2498:
2440:
2432:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2399:
2211:
2209:
2192:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 12.
2179:
2026:Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
5126:
4934:
2334:Quiñones, Andrés E.; Pen, Ido (June 2017).
2333:
2101:
1691:
1585:, as it has been suggested that the family
805:. Social hymenopterans appeared during the
5040:
4865:
4851:
4502:
4488:
3034:
3020:
2946:on MorphBank (a biological image database)
2560:
2558:
1637:together make up the suborder (and clade)
110:
2787:
2777:
2728:
2684:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2630:
2538:
2400:LaSalle, John; David, Gauld, Ian (1993).
2367:
2310:
2300:
2251:
2241:
2206:
2154:
2084:
2074:
2051:"Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera"
1989:
1929:
1874:
1842:
1825:
1815:
1740:
1723:
1597:, usually with three pairs of true legs,
1410:, and the electric ant (little fire ant)
1230:In the more ancestral hymenopterans, the
5586:Four most speciose orders are marked in
5176:(crickets, wetas, grasshoppers, locusts)
1925:
1923:
1897:
1891:
1532:
1516:
1297:Among most or all hymenopterans, sex is
1182:
2922:International Society of Hymenopterists
2555:
1416:. It also occurs in the Cape honey bee
1192:drinking nectar with its long proboscis
6171:
2939:Sphecos Forum for Aculeate Hymenoptera
2927:Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society
2647:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1970:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1746:
5838:
5837:
5624:
4919:
4846:
4483:
3015:
1920:
1367:Some hymenopterans take advantage of
1293:Haplodiploid sex-determination system
6143:CD4B8E7A-D356-8842-64C8-187259A396AE
6094:51a73bfa-ea04-434d-bfd0-8a73564fc839
6006:a0e05fa5-31fa-4636-a045-52b03eae546b
5449:(alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies)
2901:Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology project
2185:
1286:
340:) for membrane provides a plausible
297:. Females typically have a special
3007:checklist of Australian Hymenoptera
2601:
2006:
1953:
1216:, and typically three simple eyes,
13:
14:
6225:
6189:Extant Triassic first appearances
4872:
2889:
1512:
5808:
4959:
4608:
2730:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01635.x
1761:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00018.x
1589:may be the group from which the
1084:
1050:
1015:
978:
957:
919:
892:
860:
736:
715:
687:
650:
629:
561:
540:
512:
472:
451:
400:
148:
42:
4812:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
4509:
4213:(sapygid, or club-horned wasps)
2830:
2804:
2753:
2393:
2384:
2327:
2268:
1464:the reduction is 45 fold.
1281:
2042:
1540:, with narrow waist: the wasp
1524:, without a waist: the sawfly
797:Hymenoptera originated in the
332:) for wing. The Ancient Greek
1:
5379:(sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)
4432:(mason bees, leafcutter bees)
2189:The Evolution of Social Wasps
1684:
1553:which have no waist, and the
1495:A huge number of species are
5327:(cicadas, aphids, true bugs)
3003:Hymenoptera Excellent images
2906:Hymenoptera Anatomy Glossary
2402:Hymenoptera and biodiversity
2302:10.1371/journal.pone.0006024
1817:10.1371/journal.pone.0069344
1356:
367:
316:
305:. The young develop through
7:
6204:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
5625:
4578:Sexual selection in insects
1668:Hymenoptera Genome Database
1661:
1620:
1560:
1557:which have a narrow waist.
835:
10:
6230:
5517:(gnats, mosquitoes, flies)
5410:(twisted-winged parasites)
5082:(dragonflies, damselflies)
4920:
4730:Austroplatypus incompertus
4558:Identity in social insects
2677:10.1534/genetics.167.1.243
2139:10.1038/S41467-023-36868-4
1876:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12
1652:
1609:. The prolegs do not have
1601:(on every segment, unlike
1488:
1432:, which helps to maintain
1360:
1290:
1178:
956:(horntails or wood wasps)
5846:
5802:
5635:
5631:
5620:
5582:
5527:
5485:
5470:
5429:
5398:
5389:
5371:
5340:
5290:
5263:
5226:
5193:
5137:
5122:
5099:
5070:
5049:
5036:
5011:
4995:
4968:
4957:
4930:
4926:
4915:
4883:
4767:
4746:
4617:
4606:
4517:
4463:
4356:
4264:
4243:
4222:
4180:
4146:
4120:
4091:
4040:
4017:
3995:
3977:
3959:
3928:
3647:
3629:
3591:
3532:
3486:
3438:
3429:
3406:
3377:
3348:
3325:
3296:
3275:
3254:
3225:
3199:
3185:
3124:
3120:
3095:
3051:
2587:10.1007/s10682-010-9382-5
2531:10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.018
2076:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027
1931:Carpenter, George Herbert
1066:
1040:
1033:
1009:
1002:
972:
951:
944:
937:
914:
907:
882:
875:
855:
848:
730:
709:
702:
682:
675:
644:
623:
616:
606:
555:
534:
527:
506:
499:
471:(twisted-wing parasites)
466:
445:
438:
428:
418:
394:
387:
242:
237:
145:Scientific classification
143:
118:
109:
23:
5168:(stick and leaf insects)
4525:Evolution of eusociality
2963:Hymenopteran Systematics
2913:German and International
2404:. C.A.B. International.
1398:, the clonal raider ant
822:ultra-conserved elements
539:(alderflies and allies)
5595:are paraphyletic groups
5238:(cockroaches, termites)
5002:(silverfish, firebrats)
4788:Charles Duncan Michener
3216:(web-spinning sawflies)
2986:New Zealand Hymenoptera
2476:10.1126/science.1105453
2243:10.1073/pnas.0402481101
2186:Hunt, James H. (2007).
1946:Encyclopædia Britannica
1898:Grissell, Eric (2010).
1476:
1454:Apis mellifera capensis
1452:and the Cape honey bee
1430:crossover recombination
1419:Apis mellifera capensis
560:(Lacewings and allies)
4946:(jumping bristletails)
4343:(thread-waisted wasps)
4171:(sierolomorphid wasps)
4103:(rhopalosomatid wasps)
3308:(parasitic wood wasps)
2813:"Biology and behavior"
2779:10.3390/insects8030068
1982:10.1098/rsif.2016.0363
1546:
1530:
1449:Wasmannia auropunctata
1413:Wasmannia auropunctata
1254:, the larvae resemble
1193:
258:(wasps, bees and ants)
135:(Tenthredinidae), and
6115:Paleobiology Database
4793:The Bees of the World
2632:10.1093/molbev/msr082
2340:Nature Communications
2118:Nature Communications
1716:10.1093/sysbio/sys058
1673:Insects in literature
1536:
1520:
1438:inbreeding depression
1404:, the predaceous ant
1269:have no legs and are
1186:
628:(butterflies, moths)
348:are connected to the
132:Tenthredopsis sordida
121:Red imported fire ant
6001:Fauna Europaea (new)
5548:(moths, butterflies)
2567:Evolutionary Ecology
1579:parasitic wood wasps
1443:Platythyrea punctata
1407:Platythyrea punctata
4828:Journey to the Ants
3152:(cimbicid sawflies)
2855:2013Ecol...94.2688S
2579:2011EvEco..25...77K
2523:2014CBio...24..451O
2468:2004Sci...306.1780P
2360:10.1038/ncomms15920
2352:2017NatCo...815920Q
2293:2009PLoSO...4.6024E
2234:2004PNAS..10110374C
2228:(28): 10374–10379.
2131:2023NatCo..14.1212B
2067:2017CBio...27.1013P
1936:"Hymenoptera"
1808:2013PLoSO...869344K
1581:. The group may be
1309:) and develop into
5815:Insects portal
5786:Triadophlebioptera
3237:(cedar wood wasps)
3160:(conifer sawflies)
2991:2007-11-13 at the
2968:Hymenoptera Online
2944:Hymenoptera images
2933:Ants Photo Gallery
1749:Biological Reviews
1704:Systematic Biology
1547:
1531:
1395:Cataglyphis cursor
1371:, the creation of
1212:. They have large
1194:
1064:"wasp waist"
399:(sawflies, wasps)
6166:
6165:
6102:Open Tree of Life
5840:Taxon identifiers
5831:
5830:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5736:Palaeodictyoptera
5721:
5653:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5549:
5540:
5518:
5508:
5500:
5478:
5466:
5465:
5458:
5450:
5442:
5420:
5411:
5380:
5336:
5335:
5328:
5320:
5312:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5247:
5239:
5218:
5215:Mantophasmatodea
5210:
5199:
5185:
5177:
5169:
5161:
5153:
5145:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5083:
5062:
5051:Ephemeropteroidea
5003:
4955:
4954:
4947:
4840:
4839:
4754:Bees in mythology
4477:
4476:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4433:
4425:
4417:
4410:
4377:
4367:
4352:
4351:
4344:
4301:
4300:(cockroach wasps)
4286:
4256:
4235:
4214:
4206:
4193:
4172:
4169:Sierolomorphidae
4164:
4138:
4112:
4104:
4101:Rhopalosomatidae
4058:
4013:
4012:
3946:
3924:
3923:
3916:Trichogrammatidae
3841:
3778:Eutrichosomatidae
3748:Epichrysomallidae
3668:
3658:
3546:
3504:
3431:Proctotrupomorpha
3398:
3397:(ichneumon wasps)
3390:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3288:
3267:
3246:
3238:
3217:
3177:
3176:(common sawflies)
3169:
3168:(pergid sawflies)
3161:
3153:
3145:
3137:
2981:Insetos do Brasil
2952:Insect Life Forms
2950:Order Hymenoptera
2911:Hymenoptera Forum
2863:10.1890/13-0977.1
2849:(12): 2688–2696.
2199:978-0-19-804207-5
2035:978-0-19-510033-4
1543:Vespula germanica
1301:by the number of
1287:Sex determination
1176:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1097:
991:
990:
794:
793:
785:
784:
776:
775:
767:
766:
758:
757:
749:
748:
714:(scorpionflies)
663:
662:
592:
591:
583:
582:
574:
573:
485:
484:
277:, comprising the
264:
263:
233:
137:Western honey bee
6221:
6209:Triassic insects
6199:Mesozoic insects
6184:Cenozoic insects
6159:
6158:
6146:
6145:
6133:
6132:
6123:
6122:
6110:
6109:
6097:
6096:
6087:
6086:
6074:
6073:
6071:NHMSYS0000841349
6061:
6060:
6048:
6047:
6035:
6034:
6022:
6021:
6009:
6008:
5996:
5995:
5983:
5982:
5970:
5969:
5957:
5956:
5944:
5943:
5931:
5930:
5918:
5917:
5908:
5907:
5895:
5894:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5835:
5834:
5813:
5812:
5746:Permoplectoptera
5719:
5678:Diaphanopterodea
5651:
5633:
5632:
5622:
5621:
5547:
5538:
5529:Amphiesmenoptera
5516:
5510:
5506:
5498:
5488:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5474:
5456:
5448:
5440:
5418:
5409:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5378:
5369:
5368:
5326:
5318:
5311:(barklice, lice)
5310:
5302:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5245:
5237:
5216:
5208:
5207:Grylloblattodea
5197:
5183:
5175:
5167:
5159:
5151:
5143:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5081:
5060:
5047:
5046:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5001:
4993:
4992:
4963:
4945:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4917:
4916:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4844:
4843:
4780:The Dancing Bees
4612:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4481:
4480:
4431:
4423:
4416:(plasterer bees)
4415:
4384:
4375:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4353:
4342:
4299:
4285:
4284:
4283:(sphecoid wasps)
4280:
4271:
4270:
4254:
4233:
4212:
4204:
4191:
4170:
4162:
4136:
4110:
4102:
4056:
4038:
4037:
3944:
3901:Tanaostigmatidae
3839:
3823:Melanosomellidae
3666:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3545:
3544:
3536:
3502:
3458:Neuroscelionidae
3436:
3435:
3396:
3388:
3375:
3374:
3346:
3345:
3307:
3286:
3265:
3244:
3236:
3215:
3209:Megalodontesidae
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3142:Blasticotomidae
3136:(argid sawflies)
3135:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3013:
3012:
2883:
2882:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2781:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2732:
2714:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2656:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2610:
2599:
2598:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2462:(5702): 1780–3.
2453:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2423:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2304:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2245:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2158:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2078:
2061:(7): 1013–1018.
2046:
2040:
2039:
2021:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1906:. Timber Press.
1905:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1853:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1695:
1675:(ant, bee, wasp)
1401:Cerapachys biroi
1088:
1054:
1036:
1035:
1019:
1014:(stem sawflies)
1005:
1004:
982:
961:
947:
946:
940:
939:
923:
910:
909:
896:
878:
877:
864:
851:
850:
841:
840:
836:
827:
826:
815:Michael S. Engel
740:
719:
705:
704:
691:
678:
677:
654:
633:
619:
618:
613:Amphiesmenoptera
609:
608:
565:
544:
530:
529:
516:
502:
501:
476:
455:
441:
440:
431:
430:
421:
420:
404:
390:
389:
380:
379:
225:
153:
152:
126:Vespula vulgaris
114:
104:
41:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6154:
6149:
6141:
6136:
6128:
6126:
6118:
6113:
6105:
6100:
6092:
6090:
6082:
6077:
6069:
6064:
6056:
6051:
6043:
6038:
6030:
6025:
6017:
6012:
6004:
5999:
5991:
5986:
5978:
5973:
5965:
5960:
5952:
5947:
5939:
5934:
5926:
5921:
5913:
5911:
5903:
5898:
5890:
5885:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5842:
5832:
5827:
5807:
5790:
5756:Protelytroptera
5688:Eudiaphanoptera
5673:Coxoplectoptera
5668:Carbotriplurida
5663:Campylopteridae
5640:Aethiocarenodea
5627:
5608:
5554:
5523:
5499:(scorpionflies)
5486:
5475:
5473:
5462:
5425:
5390:
5385:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5332:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5251:
5222:
5196:
5189:
5184:(angel insects)
5127:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5087:
5066:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5007:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4964:
4951:
4922:
4911:
4879:
4871:
4841:
4836:
4801:Bert Hölldobler
4775:Karl von Frisch
4768:Pioneers, works
4763:
4742:
4613:
4604:
4598:Worker policing
4583:Social conflict
4563:Kin recognition
4548:Group selection
4534:Social insects
4513:
4508:
4478:
4473:
4447:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4348:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4260:
4239:
4234:(scoliid wasps)
4218:
4176:
4142:
4137:(tiphiid wasps)
4130:Bradynobaenidae
4116:
4087:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4009:
3991:
3973:
3955:
3920:
3733:Cynipencyrtidae
3655:(chalcid wasps)
3654:
3653:
3651:
3643:
3631:Mymarommatoidea
3625:
3587:
3553:Proctorenyxidae
3538:
3537:
3534:Proctotrupoidea
3528:
3496:Austrocynipidae
3482:
3440:Platygastroidea
3425:
3402:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3313:
3292:
3287:(stem sawflies)
3271:
3250:
3221:
3195:
3181:
3174:Tenthredinidae
3144:(fern sawflies)
3126:Tenthredinoidea
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3091:
3047:
3040:
2993:Wayback Machine
2892:
2887:
2886:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2809:
2805:
2758:
2754:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2657:
2648:
2625:(9): 2591–601.
2619:Mol. Biol. Evol
2611:
2602:
2563:
2556:
2503:
2499:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2425:
2424:
2412:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2332:
2328:
2273:
2269:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2184:
2180:
2109:
2102:
2055:Current Biology
2047:
2043:
2036:
2022:
2007:
1960:Kjer, Karl M.;
1958:
1954:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1896:
1892:
1854:
1843:
1788:
1784:
1745:
1741:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1679:Worker policing
1664:
1655:
1623:
1563:
1515:
1507:hyperparasitoid
1502:Papilio homerus
1493:
1491:Parasitoid wasp
1479:
1470:Formica exsecta
1462:W. auropunctata
1369:parthenogenesis
1365:
1359:
1340:worker policing
1295:
1289:
1284:
1189:Bombus muscorum
1181:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
992:
858:Tenthredinoidea
795:
786:
777:
768:
759:
750:
664:
593:
584:
575:
486:
370:
352:by a series of
319:
224:
147:
105:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6227:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6147:
6134:
6124:
6111:
6098:
6088:
6075:
6062:
6049:
6036:
6023:
6010:
5997:
5988:Fauna Europaea
5984:
5971:
5958:
5945:
5932:
5919:
5909:
5896:
5883:
5868:
5852:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5818:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5771:Protozygoptera
5768:
5766:Protorthoptera
5763:
5761:Protephemerida
5758:
5753:
5751:Protanisoptera
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5720:(griffinflies)
5718:Meganisoptera
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5698:Glosselytrodea
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5629:
5628:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5596:
5590:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5542:
5533:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5511:
5491:
5489:
5480:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5452:
5444:
5439:Raphidioptera
5435:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5413:
5404:
5402:
5393:
5391:Neuropteroidea
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5372:
5366:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5322:
5314:
5305:
5303:
5285:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5241:
5232:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5212:
5209:(ice-crawlers)
5203:
5201:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5179:
5171:
5163:
5155:
5147:
5138:
5132:
5117:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5076:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:Ephemeroptera
5055:
5053:
5044:
5031:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
4996:
4990:
4966:
4965:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:Archaeognatha
4940:
4938:
4924:
4923:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4870:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4824:
4816:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4672:Dwarf mongoose
4669:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4507:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4427:
4419:
4411:
4407:stingless bees
4399:carpenter bees
4379:
4370:
4368:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4326:Pemphredonidae
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4228:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4208:
4205:(spider wasps)
4200:
4195:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4166:
4163:(flower wasps)
4158:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4106:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4078:Sclerogibbidae
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4057:(cuckoo wasps)
4052:
4046:
4044:
4035:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3951:Gasteruptiidae
3948:
3945:(ensign wasps)
3940:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3866:Pelecinellidae
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3835:
3830:
3828:Metapelmatidae
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3788:Hetreulophidae
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3718:Chrysolampidae
3715:
3710:
3708:Chalcedectidae
3705:
3703:Cerocephalidae
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3661:
3659:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3639:Mymarommatidae
3635:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3578:Proctotrupidae
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3509:Diplolepididae
3506:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3468:Platygastridae
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3448:Geoscelionidae
3444:
3442:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3408:Ceraphronoidea
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:Ichneumonidae
3392:
3383:
3381:
3379:Ichneumonoidea
3372:
3343:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3240:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3130:
3128:
3115:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2995:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2975:Regional Lists
2972:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2890:External links
2888:
2885:
2884:
2829:
2803:
2752:
2723:(1): 134–142.
2700:
2671:(1): 243–252.
2646:
2600:
2554:
2497:
2439:
2411:978-0851988306
2410:
2392:
2383:
2326:
2267:
2205:
2198:
2178:
2100:
2041:
2034:
2005:
1952:
1941:Chisholm, Hugh
1919:
1912:
1890:
1841:
1782:
1755:(3): 425–454.
1739:
1710:(6): 973–999.
1689:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1622:
1619:
1562:
1559:
1514:
1513:Classification
1511:
1489:Main article:
1478:
1475:
1458:A. m. capensis
1434:heterozygosity
1390:heterozygosity
1361:Main article:
1358:
1355:
1291:Main article:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1008:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
993:
989:
988:
985:
984:
977:(wood wasps)
971:
968:
967:
964:
963:
950:
945:
943:
938:
936:
930:
929:
926:
925:
913:
908:
906:
903:
902:
899:
898:
881:
876:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:
854:
849:
847:
839:
832:
831:
817:, and others.
811:Alex Rasnitsyn
792:
791:
788:
787:
783:
782:
779:
778:
774:
773:
770:
769:
765:
764:
761:
760:
756:
755:
752:
751:
747:
746:
743:
742:
729:
726:
725:
722:
721:
708:
703:
701:
698:
697:
694:
693:
681:
676:
674:
670:
669:
666:
665:
661:
660:
657:
656:
649:(caddisflies)
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
622:
617:
615:
607:
605:
599:
598:
595:
594:
590:
589:
586:
585:
581:
580:
577:
576:
572:
571:
568:
567:
554:
551:
550:
547:
546:
533:
528:
526:
523:
522:
519:
518:
505:
500:
498:
492:
491:
488:
487:
483:
482:
479:
478:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
444:
439:
437:
429:
427:
425:Neuropteroidea
419:
417:
411:
410:
407:
406:
393:
388:
386:
378:
369:
366:
318:
315:
307:holometabolism
262:
261:
260:
259:
253:
240:
239:
235:
234:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
141:
140:
123:(Formicidae),
116:
115:
107:
106:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6226:
6215:
6214:Hymenopterida
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6194:Insect orders
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6157:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6121:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6085:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5869:
5864:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5726:Megasecoptera
5724:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5623:
5619:
5605:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5551:
5550:
5543:
5541:
5539:(caddisflies)
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5512:
5509:
5505:Siphonaptera
5502:
5501:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:(Mecopterida)
5469:
5459:
5453:
5451:
5445:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5414:
5412:
5408:Strepsiptera
5406:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5339:
5329:
5323:
5321:
5317:Thysanoptera
5315:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5262:
5248:
5242:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5172:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5160:(webspinners)
5156:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5098:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4967:
4962:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4868:
4863:
4861:
4856:
4854:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4568:Kin selection
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4553:Haplodiploidy
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4444:
4443:Stenotritidae
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4430:Megachilidae
4428:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4192:(velvet ants)
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4083:Scolebythidae
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4016:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3997:Trigonaloidea
3994:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:Tetracampidae
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Signiphoridae
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Neanastatidae
3844:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3818:Megastigmidae
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:Baeomorphidae
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3542:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3478:Sparasionidae
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Janzenellidae
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:Ceraphronidae
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3324:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3264:Xiphydriidae
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3256:Xiphydrioidea
3253:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3214:Pamphiliidae
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3201:Pamphilioidea
3198:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:J. Evol. Biol
2711:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2435:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1915:
1913:9780881929881
1909:
1904:
1903:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:(8): e69344.
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:crochet hooks
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1569:includes the
1568:
1565:The suborder
1558:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1377:fertilization
1374:
1370:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1319:haplodiploidy
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1214:compound eyes
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1171:
1170:
1161:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
987:
986:
983:
981:
976:
975:Xiphydrioidea
970:
969:
966:
965:
962:
960:
955:
949:
948:
942:
941:
935:
932:
931:
928:
927:
924:
922:
918:
917:Pamphilioidea
912:
911:
905:
904:
901:
900:
897:
895:
890:
886:
880:
879:
873:
872:
869:
868:
865:
863:
859:
853:
852:
846:
843:
842:
838:
837:
834:
833:
829:
828:
825:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
790:
789:
781:
780:
772:
771:
763:
762:
754:
753:
745:
744:
741:
739:
734:
728:
727:
724:
723:
720:
718:
713:
707:
706:
700:
699:
696:
695:
692:
690:
686:
680:
679:
672:
671:
668:
667:
659:
658:
655:
653:
648:
642:
641:
638:
637:
634:
632:
627:
621:
620:
614:
611:
610:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
588:
587:
579:
578:
570:
569:
566:
564:
559:
553:
552:
549:
548:
545:
543:
538:
532:
531:
525:
524:
521:
520:
517:
515:
511:(snakeflies)
510:
509:Raphidioptera
504:
503:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
481:
480:
477:
475:
470:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
454:
449:
443:
442:
436:
433:
432:
426:
423:
422:
416:
415:Aparaglossata
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
403:
398:
392:
391:
385:
382:
381:
377:
375:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
323:Ancient Greek
314:
312:
311:metamorphosis
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
257:
254:
251:
247:
244:
243:
241:
236:
232:
228:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:Hymenopterida
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:
128:
127:
122:
117:
113:
108:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
34:
30:
22:
19:
5847:
5820:
5806:
5776:Syntonoptera
5658:Caloneurodea
5650:Blattoptera
5601:
5592:
5587:
5546:Lepidoptera
5544:
5537:Trichoptera
5513:
5495:
5447:Megaloptera
5441:(snakeflies)
5431:Neuropterida
5415:
5400:Coleopterida
5377:Hymenoptera
5376:
5375:
5297:Paraneoptera
5295:
5217:(gladiators)
5166:Phasmatodea
5144:(stoneflies)
5129:Polyneoptera
5072:Odonatoptera
4936:Monocondylia
4901:Pancrustacea
4899:(unranked):
4826:
4818:
4810:
4806:E. O. Wilson
4792:
4779:
4728:
4702:
4698:Thysanoptera
4688:
4624:
4530:Presociality
4469:Unicalcarida
4424:(sweat bees)
4376:(mason bees)
4331:Philanthidae
4298:Ampulicidae
4293:Ammoplanidae
4276:Spheciformes
4274:
4055:Chrysididae
4042:Chrysidoidea
4005:Trigonalidae
3979:Megalyroidea
3961:Stephanoidea
3891:Spalangiidae
3881:Pteromalidae
3871:Perilampidae
3851:Neodiparidae
3840:(fairyflies)
3813:Macromesidae
3783:Herbertiidae
3753:Eucharitidae
3728:Coelocybidae
3649:Chalcidoidea
3621:Monomachidae
3601:Austroniidae
3583:Vanhorniidae
3573:Peradeniidae
3503:(gall wasps)
3421:Megaspilidae
3349:
3266:(wood wasps)
3235:Anaxyelidae
3158:Diprionidae
3096:
3087:Holometabola
3085:Superorder:
3079:Infraclass:
3044:Hymenopteran
3043:
3001:Afrotropical
2970:1000+ images
2846:
2842:
2832:
2822:February 15,
2820:. Retrieved
2816:
2806:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2720:
2716:
2703:
2668:
2664:
2622:
2618:
2573:(1): 77–89.
2570:
2566:
2517:(4): 451–8.
2514:
2510:
2500:
2459:
2455:
2442:
2401:
2395:
2386:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2287:(6): e6024.
2284:
2280:
2270:
2225:
2221:
2188:
2181:
2122:
2116:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2025:
1976:(121): 121.
1973:
1969:
1962:Simon, Chris
1955:
1944:
1901:
1893:
1866:
1862:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1656:
1624:
1615:Pamphiliidae
1583:paraphyletic
1564:
1548:
1541:
1525:
1500:
1494:
1480:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1424:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1366:
1351:genetic load
1344:
1332:
1323:
1296:
1282:Reproduction
1264:
1256:caterpillars
1249:
1229:
1222:
1195:
1187:
1067:
1049:wood wasps)
1041:
1029:
1010:
973:
952:
934:Unicalcarida
915:
883:
856:
844:
830:Hymenoptera
819:
796:
733:Siphonaptera
731:
710:
683:
673:Antliophora
645:
624:
556:
535:
507:
496:Neuropterida
469:Strepsiptera
467:
446:
435:Coleopterida
396:
395:
384:Holometabola
374:Holometabola
371:
337:
329:
320:
266:
265:
250:paraphyletic
248:(sawflies) (
221:
208:Superorder:
202:Holometabola
198:(unranked):
130:
129:(Vespidae),
124:
18:
6179:Hymenoptera
6130:hymenoptera
6027:iNaturalist
5905:Hymenoptera
5892:Hymenoptera
5878:Hymenoptera
5872:Wikispecies
5848:Hymenoptera
5822:Wikispecies
5781:Titanoptera
5713:Lapeyriidae
5708:Hypoperlida
5683:Eoblattodea
5652:(roachoids)
5645:Archodonata
5487:Antliophora
5455:Neuroptera
5417:Coleoptera
5228:Dictyoptera
5198:(Xenonomia)
5174:Orthoptera
5158:Embioptera
5150:Dermaptera
5142:Plecoptera
5042:Palaeoptera
4905:Subphylum:
4704:Kladothrips
4640:Crabronidae
4625:Hymenoptera
4538:Agriculture
4511:Eusociality
4422:Halictidae
4414:Colletidae
4403:orchid bees
4395:cuckoo bees
4374:Andrenidae
4316:Crabronidae
4253:Formicidae
4245:Formicoidea
4203:Pompilidae
4190:Mutillidae
4182:Pompiloidea
4156:Chyphotidae
4073:Plumariidae
4068:Embolemidae
3987:Megalyridae
3969:Stephanidae
3833:Moranilidae
3803:Leucospidae
3798:Idioporidae
3793:Heydeniidae
3773:Eurytomidae
3723:Cleonymidae
3713:Chalcididae
3688:Boucekiidae
3673:Aphelinidae
3667:(fig wasps)
3616:Maamingidae
3593:Diaprioidea
3568:Pelecinidae
3558:Roproniidae
3524:Liopteridae
3473:Scelionidae
3389:(braconids)
3387:Braconidae
3245:(horntails)
3150:Cimbicidae
2957:Systematics
2817:idtools.org
2086:2434/801122
1603:Lepidoptera
1527:Arge pagana
1497:parasitoids
1336:eusociality
1303:chromosomes
845:Hymenoptera
647:Trichoptera
626:Lepidoptera
537:Megaloptera
397:Hymenoptera
269:is a large
267:Hymenoptera
222:Hymenoptera
37:235–0
24:Hymenoptera
6173:Categories
5731:Miomoptera
5497:Mecoptera
5325:Hemiptera
5246:(mantises)
5236:Blattodea
5182:Zoraptera
5061:(mayflies)
5000:Zygentoma
4895:Arthropoda
4759:Coalescent
4747:In culture
4724:Coleoptera
4690:Synalpheus
4684:Crustacean
4645:Halictidae
4573:Polyethism
4467:See also:
4438:Melittidae
4391:bumblebees
4387:honey bees
4358:Anthophila
4341:Sphecidae
4321:Mellinidae
4311:Bembicidae
4232:Scoliidae
4224:Scolioidea
4211:Sapygidae
4198:Myrmosidae
4161:Thynnidae
4148:Thynnoidea
4135:Tiphiidae
4122:Tiphioidea
4050:Bethylidae
3943:Evaniidae
3930:Evanioidea
3896:Systasidae
3838:Mymaridae
3808:Lyciscidae
3768:Eupelmidae
3758:Eulophidae
3743:Encyrtidae
3665:Agaonidae
3606:Diapriidae
3501:Cynipidae
3488:Cynipoidea
3463:Nixoniidae
3306:Orussidae
3298:Orussoidea
3243:Siricidae
3227:Siricoidea
3073:Subclass:
3063:Arthropoda
2511:Curr. Biol
2173:Q117865968
1685:References
1436:and avoid
1347:inbreeding
1299:determined
1271:maggotlike
1239:, and the
1232:ovipositor
1198:mouthparts
1043:Orussoidea
1030:parasitism
954:Siricoidea
891:-present)
807:Cretaceous
558:Neuroptera
450:(beetles)
448:Coleoptera
309:(complete
299:ovipositor
238:Suborders
182:Arthropoda
5703:Heraridea
5693:Geroptera
5598:Based on
5472:Panorpida
5419:(beetles)
5309:Psocodea
5244:Mantodea
5195:Notoptera
5152:(earwigs)
4887:Kingdom:
4717:Aphididae
4712:Hemiptera
4650:Honey bee
4588:Thelytoky
4543:Gamergate
4306:Astatidae
4109:Vespidae
4093:Vespoidea
4063:Dryinidae
3938:Aulacidae
3911:Torymidae
3876:Pirenidae
3861:Ormyridae
3856:Ooderidae
3763:Eunotidae
3738:Diparidae
3693:Calesidae
3611:Ismaridae
3563:Heloridae
3519:Ibaliidae
3514:Figitidae
3285:Cephidae
3277:Cephoidea
3187:Xyeloidea
3166:Pergidae
3075:Pterygota
3055:Kingdom:
2871:0012-9658
2772:(3): 68.
2428:cite book
2346:: 15920.
2147:2041-1723
1595:eruciform
1587:Orussidae
1575:horntails
1381:Thelytoky
1363:Thelytoky
1357:Thelytoky
1206:proboscis
1202:mandibles
1047:parasitic
1012:Cephoidea
885:Xyeloidea
712:Mecoptera
603:Panorpida
368:Evolution
350:forewings
346:hindwings
342:etymology
317:Etymology
295:parasitic
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
139:(Apidae)
5936:BugGuide
5912:BioLib:
5857:Wikidata
5741:Paoliida
5515:Diptera
5319:(thrips)
5080:Odonata
4907:Hexapoda
4893:Phylum:
4889:Animalia
4820:The Ants
4738:Isoptera
4662:Mammalia
4655:Vespidae
4336:Psenidae
3678:Azotidae
3193:Xyelidae
3134:Argidae
3081:Neoptera
3061:Phylum:
3057:Animalia
3046:families
2989:Archived
2879:24597216
2798:28698508
2747:19566175
2739:19127611
2695:15166151
2665:Genetics
2641:21459760
2595:24645055
2549:24508170
2492:37558595
2484:15576621
2420:28576921
2378:28643786
2321:19551142
2281:PLOS ONE
2262:15232002
2169:Wikidata
2165:36869077
2095:28343967
2000:27558853
1933:(1911).
1885:26146682
1869:: 1–82.
1836:23936325
1796:PLOS ONE
1769:17624962
1734:22723471
1662:See also
1639:Apocrita
1621:Apocrita
1591:Apocrita
1571:sawflies
1567:Symphyta
1561:Symphyta
1555:Apocrita
1551:Symphyta
1538:Apocrita
1522:Symphyta
1375:without
1327:siblings
1276:Aculeata
1267:Apocrita
1252:Symphyta
1160:Symphyta
1069:Apocrita
889:Triassic
803:Xyelidae
799:Triassic
735:(fleas)
279:sawflies
256:Apocrita
246:Symphyta
227:Linnaeus
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
29:Triassic
5626:Extinct
5600:Sasaki
5507:(fleas)
5301: *
4677:Meerkat
4667:Blesmol
4266:Apoidea
3069:Insecta
3067:Class:
3042:Extant
2998:Waspweb
2895:General
2851:Bibcode
2843:Ecology
2789:5620688
2766:Insects
2686:1470879
2575:Bibcode
2540:3961065
2519:Bibcode
2464:Bibcode
2456:Science
2369:5490048
2348:Bibcode
2312:2696080
2289:Bibcode
2230:Bibcode
2156:9984522
2127:Bibcode
2063:Bibcode
1991:5014063
1943:(ed.).
1863:Zootaxa
1827:3732274
1804:Bibcode
1777:9356614
1725:3478566
1653:Threats
1643:petiole
1599:prolegs
1426:Oocytes
1386:meiosis
1373:embryos
1315:haploid
1311:diploid
1307:gametes
1260:prolegs
1237:stinger
1179:Anatomy
1149:250mya
1094:200mya
685:Diptera
362:Melissa
303:stinger
275:insects
218:Order:
192:Insecta
188:Class:
33:present
6156:151155
6107:753726
6091:NZOR:
6058:152741
5980:1HYMEO
5863:Q22651
5604:(2013)
5602:et al.
5593:Italic
4921:Extant
4877:orders
4874:Insect
4635:Apidae
4618:Groups
4518:Topics
4382:Apidae
4364:(bees)
4255:(ants)
3698:Ceidae
3541:s.str.
2877:
2869:
2796:
2786:
2745:
2737:
2693:
2683:
2639:
2593:
2547:
2537:
2490:
2482:
2418:
2408:
2376:
2366:
2319:
2309:
2260:
2253:478579
2250:
2196:
2171:
2163:
2153:
2145:
2093:
2032:
1998:
1988:
1910:
1883:
1834:
1824:
1775:
1767:
1732:
1722:
1647:thorax
1633:, and
1607:ocelli
1605:) and
1577:, and
1484:pollen
1225:hamuli
1218:ocelli
1210:nectar
330:pteron
326:πτερόν
289:, and
6151:WoRMS
6138:Plazi
6127:PPE:
6120:70707
6045:10830
6040:IRMNG
6032:47201
5993:11273
5915:16888
2743:S2CID
2713:(PDF)
2591:S2CID
2488:S2CID
2452:(PDF)
1939:. In
1773:S2CID
1627:wasps
1456:. In
1245:venom
1081:wasps
358:Hymen
354:hooks
338:hymen
283:wasps
271:order
6084:7399
6079:NCBI
6053:ITIS
6019:1457
6014:GBIF
5975:EPPO
5923:BOLD
5588:bold
4831:1994
4823:1990
4815:1975
4795:2000
4782:1927
2935:(RU)
2929:(UK)
2875:PMID
2867:ISSN
2824:2024
2794:PMID
2735:PMID
2691:PMID
2637:PMID
2545:PMID
2480:PMID
2434:link
2416:OCLC
2406:ISBN
2374:PMID
2317:PMID
2258:PMID
2222:PNAS
2194:ISBN
2161:PMID
2143:ISSN
2091:PMID
2030:ISBN
1996:PMID
1908:ISBN
1881:PMID
1867:3703
1832:PMID
1765:PMID
1730:PMID
1635:ants
1631:bees
1625:The
1477:Diet
1446:and
1241:eggs
1077:bees
1073:ants
334:ὑμήν
291:ants
287:bees
231:1758
45:PreꞒ
6066:NBN
5967:648
5962:EoL
5954:HYM
5949:CoL
5928:125
5900:AFD
5887:ADW
4630:Ant
4593:War
2859:doi
2784:PMC
2774:doi
2725:doi
2681:PMC
2673:doi
2669:167
2627:doi
2583:doi
2535:PMC
2527:doi
2472:doi
2460:306
2364:PMC
2356:doi
2307:PMC
2297:doi
2248:PMC
2238:doi
2226:101
2151:PMC
2135:doi
2081:hdl
2071:doi
1986:PMC
1978:doi
1871:doi
1822:PMC
1812:doi
1757:doi
1720:PMC
1712:doi
1083:)
273:of
6175::
6153::
6140::
6117::
6104::
6081::
6068::
6055::
6042::
6029::
6016::
6003::
5990::
5977::
5964::
5951::
5941:59
5938::
5925::
5902::
5889::
5874::
5859::
5503:+
4405:,
4401:,
4397:,
4393:,
4389:,
2873:.
2865:.
2857:.
2847:94
2845:.
2841:.
2815:.
2792:.
2782:.
2768:.
2764:.
2741:.
2733:.
2721:22
2719:.
2715:.
2689:.
2679:.
2667:.
2663:.
2649:^
2635:.
2623:28
2621:.
2617:.
2603:^
2589:.
2581:.
2571:25
2569:.
2557:^
2543:.
2533:.
2525:.
2515:24
2513:.
2509:.
2486:.
2478:.
2470:.
2458:.
2454:.
2430:}}
2426:{{
2414:.
2372:.
2362:.
2354:.
2342:.
2338:.
2315:.
2305:.
2295:.
2283:.
2279:.
2256:.
2246:.
2236:.
2224:.
2220:.
2208:^
2167:.
2159:.
2149:.
2141:.
2133:.
2125:.
2123:14
2121:.
2115:.
2103:^
2089:.
2079:.
2069:.
2059:27
2057:.
2053:.
2008:^
1994:.
1984:.
1974:13
1972:.
1968:.
1922:^
1879:.
1865:.
1861:.
1844:^
1830:.
1820:.
1810:.
1798:.
1794:.
1771:.
1763:.
1753:82
1751:.
1728:.
1718:.
1708:61
1706:.
1702:.
1629:,
1617:.
1573:,
1486:.
1422:.
1379:.
1342:.
1321:.
1220:.
1079:,
1075:,
813:,
376:.
285:,
281:,
229:,
95:Pg
39:Ma
5364:a
5362:l
5360:o
5358:b
5356:a
5354:t
5352:e
5350:m
5348:o
5346:l
5344:o
5342:H
5283:a
5281:l
5279:o
5277:b
5275:a
5273:t
5271:e
5269:m
5267:u
5265:E
5115:a
5113:r
5111:e
5109:t
5107:p
5105:o
5103:e
5101:N
5029:a
5027:t
5025:o
5023:g
5021:y
5019:r
5017:e
5015:t
5013:P
4988:a
4986:i
4984:l
4982:y
4980:d
4978:n
4976:o
4974:c
4972:i
4970:D
4866:e
4859:t
4852:v
4503:e
4496:t
4489:v
4409:)
4385:(
4033:a
4031:t
4029:a
4027:e
4025:l
4023:u
4021:c
4019:A
3543:)
3539:(
3369:a
3367:c
3365:i
3363:t
3361:i
3359:s
3357:a
3355:r
3353:a
3351:P
3341:a
3339:t
3337:i
3335:r
3333:c
3331:o
3329:p
3327:A
3112:a
3110:t
3108:y
3106:h
3104:p
3102:m
3100:y
3098:S
3035:e
3028:t
3021:v
2881:.
2861::
2853::
2826:.
2800:.
2776::
2770:8
2749:.
2727::
2697:.
2675::
2643:.
2629::
2597:.
2585::
2577::
2551:.
2529::
2521::
2494:.
2474::
2466::
2436:)
2422:.
2380:.
2358::
2350::
2344:8
2323:.
2299::
2291::
2285:4
2264:.
2240::
2232::
2202:.
2175:.
2137::
2129::
2097:.
2083::
2073::
2065::
2038:.
2002:.
1980::
1916:.
1887:.
1873::
1838:.
1814::
1806::
1800:8
1779:.
1759::
1736:.
1714::
1071:(
1045:(
887:(
336:(
328:(
252:)
100:N
90:K
85:J
80:T
75:P
70:C
65:D
60:S
55:O
50:Ꞓ
31:–
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
