Western honey bee - Knowledge

483: 1416:) which they call "the only insect that has been domesticated", and refer to the "popular belief among many biologists as well as beekeepers that bees are domesticated". They argue that western honey bees are able to survive without human help, and in fact require to "be left at liberty" to survive. Further, they argue that even if bees could be raised away from the wild, they would still have to fly freely to gather nectar and pollinate plants. Therefore, they argue, beekeeping is "the exploitation of colonies of a wild insect", with little more than the provision of a weatherproof cavity for them to nest in. Likewise, Pilar de la Rua and colleagues argue that western honey bees are not fully domesticated, because "endemic subspecies-specific genetic footprints can still be identified in Europe and Africa", making conservation of wild bee diversity important. Further, they argue that the difficulty of controlling drones for mating is a serious handicap and a sign that domestication is not complete, in particular as "extensive gene flow usually occurs between wild/feral and managed honeybee populations". 1218:

source. About 71% of shaking signals occurred before the first five successful foraging flights of the day; other communication signals, such as the waggle dance, were performed more often after the first five successes. Biesmeijer demonstrated that most shakers are foragers and the shaking signal is most often executed by foraging bees on pre-foraging bees, concluding that it is a transfer message for several activities (or activity levels). Sometimes the signal increases activity, as when active bees shake inactive ones. At other times, such as the end of the day, the signal is an inhibitory mechanism. However, the shaking signal is preferentially directed towards inactive bees. All three forms of communication among honey bees are effective in foraging and task management.

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model system, and investigated whether the loss of a domesticated pollinator (the honey bee) could be compensated for by native, wild bee species." Similarly, Brian Dennis and William Kemp write: "Although the domestication of the honey bee is closely connected to the evolution of food-based socio-economic systems in many cultures throughout the world, in current economic terms, and in the U.S. alone, the estimated wholesale value of honey, more than $ 317 million dollars in 2013, pales in comparison to aggregate estimated annual value of pollination services, variously valued at $ 11–15 billion."

624: 707: 1615: 1300: 1174: 1638: 1706:. In a number of regions the pollination shortage is addressed by migratory beekeepers, who supply hives during a crop bloom and move them after the blooming period. Commercial beekeepers plan their movements and wintering locations according to anticipated pollination services. At higher latitudes it is difficult (or impossible) to overwinter sufficient bees, or to have them ready for early blooming plants. Much migration is seasonal, with hives wintering in warmer climates and moving to follow the bloom at higher latitudes. 1825: 102: 2220:(foot) of an insect falls into one of the flower's stigmatic slits as it obtains nectar from the flower's hood. If the insect is unable to remove its tarsus from the stigmatic slit it is likely to die due to predation or starvation/exhaustion. If the insect is able to escape with damaged or missing tarsi it may also be likely to die from its injuries. Western honey bees which escape with their tarsi intact may have their nectar gathering ability obstructed by parts of the pollinia being stuck to the bee's 955: 2200: 146: 1073: 2435:, which causes American foulbrood, has been demonstrated. The egg-yolk protein Vitellogenin (Vg) plays an important role in TGIP in honey bees, as it participates in the information transmitted between queen and offspring. Immune elicitors such as fragments or microbes are considered pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Vg can bind and deliver PAMPs to offspring and thereafter lead to the induction of immunity-related genes. In laboratory experiments, injecting heat-killed 833: 963: 121: 2454:

rubbing the head with the forelegs, and rubbing the thorax or abdomen with the middle or hind legs. Inter-grooming is a colony-level behavior, and individuals within the colony gain benefits from their nest mates in this manner. By exhibiting a grooming dance, other nest mates are attracted and assist to remove parasites via stroking with antennae or legs and licking. Grooming limits ectoparasite load within colonies, especially eliminating Varroa mites.

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bees by transmitting pathogens. It found an equal number of studies reporting both positive and negative effects on plant communities. Studies examining resource competition had significant variability in their results while most studies on pathogen transmission pointed to potentially detrimental impacts. The researchers noted that most studies documented the possibility of certain interactions without actually measuring the direct effects.

921:– a site near a clearing and generally about 30 feet (9.1 m) above the ground – where drones from different hives congregate. They detect the presence of a queen in their congregation area by her smell, find her by sight and mate with her in midair; drones can be induced to mate with "dummy" queens with the queen pheromone. A queen will mate multiple times, and may leave to mate several days in a row (weather permitting) until her 1436: 560: 1680: 1598: 1573:, D. E. hives, and miller hives. All U.S. states require beekeepers to use movable frames to allow bee inspectors to check the brood for disease. This allows beekeepers to keep Langstroth, top-bar and D.E. hives without special permission, granted for purposes such as museum use. Modern hives also enable beekeepers to transport bees, moving from field to field as crops require pollinating (a source of income for beekeepers). 878:, during the first three days. After that, larval prospective workers are switched to a diet of mixed pollen and nectar (often called "bee bread"), while prospective queens continue to receive royal jelly. In the absence of flavonoids and the presence of a high-protein diet, female bees grow into queens by developing the vigorous reproductive system necessary to maintain a colony of tens of thousands of daughter workers. 7876: 992:(single, unpaired chromosomes) in their genetic structure, and are descended only from their mother (the queen). In temperate regions, drones are generally expelled from the hive before winter, dying of cold and starvation since they cannot forage, produce honey or care for themselves. Given their larger size (1.5 times that of worker bees), inside the hive it is believed that drones may play a significant role in 1280: 455:. Numerous studies indicate that the species has undergone significant declines in Europe; however, it is not clear if they refer to population reduction of wild or managed colonies. Further research is required to enable differentiation between wild and non-wild colonies in order to determine the conservation status of the species in the wild, meaning self sustaining, without treatments or management. 1813: 2224:, resulting in starvation. The pollinia may also stick to the bee's tarsal claws, causing a lack of climbing ability and honey gathering which may result in expulsion from the colony leading to death. Native butterflies, moths, flies, beetles, bees and wasps are common milkweed visitors which are often able to escape without issue, though some species of 2083:. The reason for elevated recombination rates in social Hymenoptera is not fully understood, but one theory is that it is related to their social behaviour. The increased genetic diversity resulting from high recombination rates could make the workers less vulnerable to parasites and facilitate their specialisations to different tasks in the colony. 662:

start "piping", just prior to emerging as adults, and, when the daughter queens eventually emerge, they fight each other until only one remains; the survivor then becomes the new queen. If one of the sisters emerges before the others, she may kill her siblings while they are still pupae, before they have a chance to emerge as adults.

1623: 1198:. Although the round dance tells other foragers that food is within 50 metres (160 ft) of the hive, it provides insufficient information about direction. The waggle dance, which may be vertical or horizontal, provides more detail about the distance and direction of a food source. Foragers are also thought to rely on their 780:, with which they defend the hive. Unlike those of bees of any other genus and of the queens of their own species, the stinger of worker western honey bees is barbed. Contrary to popular belief, a bee does not always die soon after stinging; this misconception is based on the fact that a bee will usually die after stinging a 494:. The species is believed to have originated in Africa or Asia, and it spread naturally through Africa, the Middle East and Europe. Humans are responsible for its considerable additional range, introducing European subspecies into North America (early 1600s), South America, Australia, New Zealand, and eastern Asia. 906: 1271:. When the duration of trophallaxis pairings was measured, it was found that like human social interactions, there are durable long-term trends for each individual bee. There is less inter-individual variation than found in humans however, possibly reflecting the higher genetic relatedness between hivema 1601: 2524:

With an increased number of honey bees in a specific area due to beekeeping, domesticated bees and native wild bees often have to compete for the limited habitat and food sources available. Western honey bees may become defensive in response to the seasonal arrival of competition from other colonies,

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concur with us in the tradition that it was brought from Europe; but, when, and by whom, we know not. The bees have generally extended themselves into the country, a little in advance of the white settlers. The Indians therefore call them the white man's fly, and consider their approach as indicating

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Hygienic behavior targeting brood cells consists of three main steps: detection, uncapping and removal. Adults are able to identify the distinct odors associated with healthy or unhealthy broods and subsequently remove the unhealthy ones from the hive. Hygienic behavior effectively responds to Varroa

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These modifications, along with artificial change of location, have improved western honey bees from the point of view of the beekeeper, and simultaneously made them more dependent on beekeepers for their survival. In Europe, cold weather survival was likely selected for, consciously or not, while in

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The western honey bee needs an internal body temperature of 35 °C (95 °F) to fly; this temperature is maintained in the nest to develop the brood, and is the optimal temperature for the creation of wax. The temperature on the periphery of the cluster varies with outside air temperature, and

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When a fertile female worker produces drones, a conflict arises between her interests and those of the queen. The worker shares one-half of her genes with the drone and one-quarter with her brothers, favouring her offspring over those of the queen. The queen shares one-half of her genes with her sons

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eggs. Workers are essential for social structure and proper colony functioning. They carry out the main tasks of the colony, because the queen is occupied solely with reproducing. These females raise their sister workers and future queens that eventually leave the nest to start their own colony. They

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used to build the hive, clean, maintain and guard it, raise the young and forage for nectar and pollen; the nature of the worker's role varies with age. For the first 10 days of their lives, worker bees clean the hive and feed the larvae. After this, they begin building comb cells. On days 16 through

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A 2017 systematic review looked at the impacts of managed bees on wild bee populations. In addition to honey bees, this includes bumble bees and some solitary bees. The analysis looked at resource competition and changes in plant communities. It also discussed how managed bees may interact with wild

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Propolis is a resinous mixture collected by honey bees from tree buds, sap flows or other botanical sources, which is used as a sealant for unwanted open spaces in the hive. Although propolis is alleged to have health benefits (tincture of propolis is marketed as a cold and flu remedy), it may cause

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while holding another bee with its front legs. Jacobus Biesmeijer, who examined shaking signals in a forager's life and the conditions leading to its performance, found that experienced foragers executed 92% of observed shaking signals and 64% of these signals were made after the discovery of a food

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is 22–25 °C (72–77 °F). During flight, the bee's relatively large flight muscles create heat which must be dissipated. The honey bee uses evaporative cooling to release heat through its mouth. Under hot conditions, heat from the thorax is dissipated through the head; the bee regurgitates a

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The behavior of bees using their legs and mandibles to remove parasites like mites and dust-like materials from their bodies is referred to as grooming. Grooming includes self-grooming (auto-grooming) and inter-grooming (allo-grooming) between nest mates. Self-grooming involves pulling on antennae,

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Since 2018 a new version of the honey bee genome is available on NCBI (Amel_HAv3.1, BioProject ID: PRJNA471592). This assembly contains full chromosome length scaffolds, which means that the sequence data for each chromosome is contiguous, and not split between multiple pieces called scaffolds. The

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Honey bees are one of the products of a beehive. They can be purchased as mated queens, in spring packages of a queen along with two to five pounds (0.91 to 2.27 kg) of honey bees, as nucleus colonies (which include frames of brood), or as full colonies. Commerce of western honey bees dates back to

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The lifespan of workers varies considerably over the year in regions with long winters. Workers born in spring and summer work hard, and live only a few weeks, but those born in autumn remain inside for several months as the colony clusters. On average during the year, about 1% of a colony's worker

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The very generalized nature of the honey bee's nectar-gathering activities, potentially visiting dozens of different species in a single day, means that a flower visited by a honey bee will often get very little pollen from its species. This diminished pollination can reduce the plant's ability to

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On the other hand, P. R. Oxley and B. P. Oldroyd (2010) consider the domestication of western honey bees, at best, partial. Oldroyd observes that the lack of full domestication is somewhat surprising, given that people have kept bees for at least 7,000 years. Instead, beekeepers have found ways to

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wrote "The Bee I may well reckon a domestic insect, being so pliable to the benefit of the keeper." More recently, many biologists working on pollination take the domesticated status of western honey bees for granted. For example, Rachael Winfree and colleagues write "We used crop pollination as a

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when they lodge. This apparatus (including barbs on the stinger) is thought to have evolved in response to predation by vertebrates, since the barbs do not function (and the stinger apparatus does not detach) unless the stinger is embedded in elastic material. The barbs do not always "catch", so a

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and return to the hive, where worker bees remove the nectar. The worker bees digest the raw nectar for about 30 minutes, using digestive enzymes to break down the complex sugars into simpler ones. Raw honey is then spread in empty honeycomb cells to dry, reducing its water content to less than 20

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The queen lays all the eggs in a healthy colony. The number and pace of egg-laying is controlled by weather, resource availability and specific racial characteristics. Queens generally begin to slow egg-laying in the early fall, and may stop during the winter. Egg-laying generally resumes in late

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comb. When the queen finishes her larval feeding and pupates, she moves into a head-downward position and later chews her way out of the cell. At pupation, workers cap (seal) the cell. The queen asserts control over the worker bees by releasing a complex suite of pheromones, known as queen scent.

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Queens are not raised in the typical horizontal brood cells of the honeycomb. A queen cell is larger and oriented vertically. If workers sense that an old queen is weakening, they produce emergency cells (known as supersedure cells) from cells with eggs or young larvae and which protrude from the

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prepared by worker bees. The egg hatches into a legless, eyeless larva fed by "nurse" bees (worker bees who maintain the interior of the colony). After about a week, the larva is sealed in its cell by the nurse bees and begins its pupal stage. After another week, it emerges as an adult bee. It is

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and stored almost indefinitely. In the temperate climates to which western honey bees are adapted, the bees gather in their hive and wait out the cold season, during which the queen may stop laying. During this time, activity is slow, and the colony consumes its stores of honey used for metabolic

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stages of these "daughter queens" are nearly complete, the old queen and approximately two-thirds of the adult workers leave the colony in a swarm, traveling some distance to find a new location suitable for building a hive (e.g., a hollow tree trunk). In the old colony, the daughter queens often

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for his study of honey bee communication, noticed that bees communicate with dance. Through these dances, bees communicate information regarding the distance, the situation, and the direction of a food source by the dances of the returning (honey bee) worker bee on the vertical comb of the hive.

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by rearing the offspring most related to them. This relationship leads to a phenomenon called "worker policing". In these rare situations, other worker bees in the hive, who are genetically more related to the queen's sons than those of the fertile workers, patrol the hive and remove worker-laid

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Emergency supersedure can generally be recognized because new queen cells are built out from comb cells, instead of hanging from the bottom of a frame. Regardless of the trigger, workers develop existing larvae into queens by continuing to feed them royal jelly, rather than switching them to bee

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of crops; this service accounts for much of the species' commercial value. In 2005, the estimated commercial value of western honey bees was just under $ 200 billion worldwide. A large number of the crop species farmed worldwide depend on it. Although orchards and fields have increased in size,

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Humoral and cellular immune mechanisms of western honey bees are similar to those of other insects. Trans-generational immune priming (TGIP) is an approach that insects use to pass specific immunity from one generation to the next. The offspring are more likely to overcome pathogens that their

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Under ordinary circumstances, if the queen dies or is removed, reproduction in workers increases because a significant proportion of workers then have activated ovaries. The workers produce a last batch of drones before the hive collapses. Although during this period worker policing is usually

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In very rare instances, workers subvert the policing mechanisms of the hive, laying eggs faster than other workers remove them; this is known as anarchic syndrome. Anarchic workers can activate their ovaries at a higher rate and contribute a greater proportion of males to the hive. Although an

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Sources may claim that honey bees (Apis mellifera) have become an invasive species in the United States, outcompeting native pollinators for food. However, while the USDA lists Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera scutellata) as an invasive species, it does not classify western honey bees as

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Western honey bees can forage over a 30 °C (86 °F) air-temperature range because of behavioral and physiological mechanisms for regulating the temperature of their flight muscles. From low to high air temperatures, the mechanisms are: shivering before flight and stopping flight for

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In cold climates, some beekeepers have kept colonies alive (with varying degrees of success) by moving them indoors for winter. While this can protect the colonies from extremes of temperature and make winter care and feeding more convenient for the beekeeper, it increases the risk of

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Bee brood, the eggs, larvae, or pupae of honey bees, is edible and highly nutritious. Bee brood contains the same amount of protein that beef or poultry does. Bee brood is often harvested as a byproduct when the beekeeper has excess bees and does not wish to have any more.

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existence of a highly contiguous reference genome for a species enables more detailed investigations of evolutionary processes that affect the genome as well as more accurate estimations of for example differentiation between populations and diversity within populations.

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Another means of communication is the shaking signal, also known as the jerking dance, vibration dance or vibration signal. Although the shaking signal is most common in worker communication, it also appears in reproductive swarming. A worker bee vibrates its body

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She fertilizes each egg (with stored sperm from the spermatheca) as it is laid in a worker-sized cell. Eggs laid in drone-sized (larger) cells are left unfertilized; these unfertilized eggs, with half as many genes as queen or worker eggs, develop into drones.

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Lo, N.; Golag, R.S.; Anderson, D.L.; Oldroyd, B.P. (2010). "A molecular phylogeny of the genus Apis suggests that the Giant Honey Bee of the Philippines, A. breviligula Maa, and the Plains Honey Bee of southern India, A. indica Fabricius, are valid species".

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Throughout the rest of the growing season, the colony produces many workers, who gather pollen and nectar as cold-season food; the average population of a healthy hive in midsummer may be as high as 40,000 to 80,000 bees. Nectar from flowers is processed by

2183:-based insecticides showed "no effects observed in field studies at field-realistic dosages." A new study in 2020 found that neonicotinoid insecticides affected the developmental stability of honey bees, particularly haploid males were more susceptible to 1023:

Another form of worker policing is aggression toward fertile females. Some studies suggest a queen pheromone which may help workers distinguish worker-laid and queen-laid eggs, but others indicate egg viability as the key factor in eliciting the behavior.

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The hive is filled with honey, leaving little room for new eggs. This will trigger a swarm, where the old queen will take about half the worker bees to establish a new colony, and leave a new queen with the other half of the workers to continue the old

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20, workers receive nectar and pollen from older workers and store it. After the 20th day, a worker leaves the hive and spends the remainder of its life as a forager. Although worker bees are usually infertile females, when some subspecies are stressed

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into honey bee queens can prevent 26% of death in their offspring. Offspring produced by queens orally vaccinated in this way were 30%–50% more likely to survive infection. Immune priming in queens triples differentiated hemocytes in their offspring.

1629: 1627: 1624: 1663:. Modern methods of producing queens and dividing colonies for increase date back to the late 1800s. Honey was extracted by killing off the hive, and bees and bee products were mainly an object of local trade. The first commercial beekeeper in the 1725:

require two hives per acre, or 2,000 m (22,000 sq ft) per hive, for maximum yield, and pollination is dependent on the importation of hives from warmer climates. Almond pollination (in February and March in the U.S.) is the largest

2679: 1628: 1000:, which may be compromised at cooler temperatures. Another possible explanation is that a more central location allows drones to contribute to warmth, since at temperatures below 25 °C (77 °F) their ability to contribute declines. 2989: 2987: 2985: 2982: 1255:. Therefore, there is a tradeoff between recruiting guards bees to defend the invaders and attract more beetles. Small hive beetle has a lower sensing threshold for the honeybee pheromone, which exacerbates the damage to honeybee hive. 1054:

more than usual to sons of the queen. Then the benefit of policing is negated. Experiments confirming this hypothesis have shown a correlation between higher mating rates and increased rates of worker policing in many species of social

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Alexandros Papachristoforou, Agnès Rortais, Georgia Zafeiridou, George Theophilidis, Lionel Garnery, Andreas Thrasyvoulou, Gérard Arnold (2007) Smothered to death: Hornets asphyxiated by honeybees. Current Biology 17(18): R795-R796.

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Our review found that the majority of studies reach the conclusion that managed bees negatively affect, or have the potential to negatively affect, wild bees through competition, changes in plant communities, or transmission of

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Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion used to nourish the larvae and queen. It is marketed for its alleged but unsupported claims of health benefits. On the other hand, it may cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals.

1671:, who experimented with movable box hives, which allow extraction without killing the hive. The improvements in roads and motor vehicles after World War I allowed commercial beekeepers to expand the size of their businesses. 1035:

increase in the number of drones decreases the overall productivity of the hive, it increases the reproductive fitness of the drones' mother. Anarchic syndrome is an example of selection working in opposite directions at the

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De la Rúa, P., Paxton, R.J., Moritz, R.F.A., Roberts, S., Allen, D.J., Pinto, M.A., Cauia, E., Fontana, P., Kryger, P., Bouga, M., Buechler, R., Costa, C., Crailsheim, K., Meixner, M., Siceanu, A. & Kemp, J.R. (2014).

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Lawrence D. Harder, Neal M. Williams, Crispin Y. Jordan & William A. Nelson (2001). "The effects of floral design and display on pollinator economics and pollen dispersal". In Lars Chittka; James D. Thomson (eds.).

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Marcelino, Jose; Braese, Charles; Christmon, Krisztina; Evans, Jay D.; Gilligan, Todd; Giray, Tugrul; Nearman, Anthony; Niño, Elina L.; Rose, Robyn; Sheppard, Walter S.; vanEngelsdorp, Dennis; Ellis, James D. (2022).

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Honey is the complex substance made from nectar and sweet deposits from plants and trees, which are gathered, modified and stored in the comb by honey bees. Honey is a biological mixture of inverted sugars, primarily

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Some entomologists have observed that non-native, feral western honey bees can have negative impacts within their non-native environment. Imported bees may displace native bees, and may also promote reproduction of

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Li-Byarlay, Hongmei; Li, Yang; Stroud, Hume; Feng, Suhua; Newman, Thomas C; Kaneda, Megan; Hou, Kirk K; Worley, Kim C; Elsik, Christine G; Wickline, Samuel A; Jacobsen, Steven E; Ma, Jian; Robinson, Gene E (2013).

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Wallberg, Andreas; Bunikis, Ignas; Pettersson, Olga Vinnere; Mosbech, Mai-Britt; Childers, Anna K.; Evans, Jay D.; Mikheyev, Alexander S.; Robertson, Hugh M.; Robinson, Gene E.; Webster, Matthew T. (2019-04-08).

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Ying Wang, Mireia Jorda, Peter L. Jones, Ryszard Maleszka, Xu Ling, Hugh M. Robertson, Craig A. Mizzen, Miguel A. Peinado & Gene E. Robinson (2006). "Functional CpG methylation system in a social insect".

4205: 3418: 2539:, because they forage at the same sites. To resolve the issue and maximize both their total consumption during foraging, bumblebees forage early in the morning, while honey bees forage during the afternoon. 1104:

Below 7–10 °C (45–50 °F) bees are immobile, and above 38 °C (100 °F) their activity slows. Western honey bees can tolerate temperatures up to 50 °C (122 °F) for short periods.

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The old queen dies suddenly, a situation known as emergency supersedure. The worker bees find several eggs (or larvae) of the appropriate age range and feed them royal jelly to try to develop them into new

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Margotta JW, Roberts SP, Elekonich MM. Effects of flight activity and age on oxidative damage in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. J Exp Biol. 2018 Jul 26;221(Pt 14):jeb183228. doi: 10.1242/jeb.183228. PMID:

2032:, resembled those of vertebrates more than other insects. Another significant finding from the honey bee genome study was that the western honey bee was the first insect to be discovered with a functional 2211:

species may be found with dead western honey bees stuck to their flowers. The non-native western honey bees are attracted to the flowers but are not adapted to their pollination mechanisms. The milkweed

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Charles W. Whitfield, Susanta K. Behura, Stewart H. Berlocher, Andrew G. Clark, J. Spencer Johnston, Walter S. Sheppard, Deborah R. Smith, Andrew V. Suarez, Daniel Weaver & Neil D. Tsutsui (2006).

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produce seeds, especially when the honey bees are squeezing out the native pollinators for a species, a problem occurring all over the United States because of honey bees and other invasive species.

2020:, whose genome has been mapped. According to scientists who analyzed its genetic code, the honey bee originated in Africa and spread to Europe in two ancient migrations. Scientists have found that 698:. Depending on the subspecies, new queens (and swarms) may be produced every year, or less frequently, depending on local environmental conditions and a number of characteristics inside the hive. 1522:

and storage in a honey cell for partial dehydration. Nectar and honey provide the energy for the bees' flight muscles and for heating the hive during the winter. Western honey bees also collect

1742:. Despite honey bees' inefficiency as blueberry pollinators, large numbers are moved to Maine because they are the only pollinators who can be easily moved and concentrated for this and other 1859:

Mature worker bees secrete beeswax from glands on their abdomen, using it to form the walls and caps of the comb. When honey is harvested, the wax can be collected for use in products like

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Western honey bees adapted to the local environments as they spread geographically. These adaptations include synchronizing colony cycles to the timing of local flower resources, forming a

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also mean that the specialized pollinator will be covered mainly in its host's specific pollen. Unlike native bees, they do not properly extract or transfer pollen from plants with

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and adult. The complex social structure of western honey bee hives means that all of these life stages occur simultaneously throughout much of the year. The queen deposits a single

1589:. Inside wintering has been refined by Canadian beekeepers, who use large barns solely for the wintering of bees; automated ventilation systems assist in carbon dioxide dispersal. 669:, lays all the eggs for the old colony, which her mother has left. Virgin females are able to lay eggs, which develop into males (a trait found in bees, wasps, and ants because of 870:. She is larger than her workers, and has a characteristic rounder, longer abdomen. A female egg can become either a queen or a worker bee. Workers and queen larvae are both fed 5562: 5027: 642:. This means that reproduction of the colony, rather than individual bees, is the biologically significant unit. Western honey bee colonies reproduce through a process called " 544:

analysis. African subspecies belong to branch A, northwestern European subspecies branch M, southwestern European subspecies branch C and Middle Eastern subspecies branch O.

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that specifically visit the early-blooming male flowers before sunrise, when honey bees are inactive, and then return to pollinate the female flowers later in the day. Such

677:, each time mating with 1–17 drones. Once she has finished mating, usually within two weeks of emerging, she remains in the hive, playing the primary role of laying eggs. 1232:

Pheromones (substances involved in chemical communication) are essential to honey bee survival. Western honey bees rely on pheromones for nearly all behaviors, including

673:). However, she requires a mate to produce female offspring, which comprise 90% or more of bees in the colony at any given time. Thus, the new queen goes on one or more 2511:

indeed mentions a species of honey-bee in Brasil. But this has no sting, and is therefore different from the one we have, which resembles perfectly that of Europe. The

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source for brood-rearing. Excess pollen can be collected from the hive; although it is sometimes consumed as a dietary supplement by humans, bee pollen may cause an

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over time. Although crystallized honey is acceptable for human use, bees can only use liquid honey and will remove and discard any crystallized honey from the hive.

451:. There are indications that the species is rare, if not extinct in the wild in Europe and as of 2014, the western honey bee was assessed as "Data Deficient" on the 1538:

by humans have created western honey bees which produce far more honey than the colony needs, and beekeepers (also known as apiarists) harvest the surplus honey.

2388:. Most birds that eat bees do so opportunistically; however, summer tanagers will sit on a limb and catch dozens of bees from the hive entrance as they emerge. 980:

bees. Since they do not have ovipositors, they do not have stingers. Drone honey bees do not forage for nectar or pollen. The primary purpose of a drone is to

1050:, worker policing is not favored if a queen mates just once. In that case, workers are related by three-quarters of their genes, and the sons of workers are 6286:

Hudewenz, Anika; Klein, Alexandra-Maria (2013-12-01). "Competition between honey bees and wild bees and the role of nesting resources in a nature reserve".

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without changing the DNA sequence, but modifications on DNA activity. DNA methylation later was identified to play an important role in gene regulation and

1151:, compared to bees with less flight experience. This increased DNA damage is likely due to an imbalance of pro- and anti-oxidants during flight-associated 1209:, do not. Therefore, western honey bees seem to have evolved a better means of conveying information than their common ancestors with the dwarf honey bee. 4303: 929:

winter when the days lengthen, peaking in the spring. At the height of the season, the queen may lay over 2,500 eggs per day (more than her body mass).

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event in the world, requiring more than one-third of all managed honey bees in the country. Bees are also moved en masse for pollination of apples in

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which is housed, transported by and sometimes fed by beekeepers. Honey bees do not survive and reproduce individually, but as part of the colony (a

820:

is depleted near the end of her life, she begins laying more unfertilized eggs; for this reason, beekeepers often replace queens every year or two.

5617: 5012: 3258: 3065: 2718: 6108: 8108: 1205:

Western honey bees also change the precision of the waggle dance to indicate the type of site that is set as a new goal. Their close relatives,

649:

In most climates, western honey bees swarm in the spring and early summer, when there is an abundance of blooming flowers from which to collect

6732: 4929: 3870:

Davies, N.R., Krebs, J.R., and West, S.A. An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology. 4th ed. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. Print. pp. 387–388

2921:"The Movement of Western Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.) Among U.S. States and Territories: History, Benefits, Risks, and Mitigation Strategies" 2060:, although they were present in the evolutionary past (remains and fossils have been found) and evolved more slowly than those in fly species. 5865: 2176: 436:

activities. With human assistance, the western honey bee now occupies every continent except Antarctica. Western honey bees are threatened by

8276: 8160: 1015:

and one-quarter with the sons of fertile female workers. This pits the worker against the queen and other workers, who try to maximize their

3836:

Châline, N.; Martin, S.J.; Ratnieks, F.L.W. (2004). "Worker policing persists in a hopelessly queenless honey bee colony (Apis mellifera)".

7320: 4125:

Blum, M.S. 1992. Honey bee pheromones in The Hive and the Honey Bee, revised edition (Dadant and Sons: Hamilton, Illinois), pages 385–389.

5805:"Pollination Services Provided by Bees in Pumpkin Fields Supplemented with Either Apis mellifera or Bombus impatiens or Not Supplemented" 4387: 3886: 482: 2172: 5434:"Federal Government Seizes Dozens of Misbranded Drug Products: FDA warned company about making medical claims for bee-derived products" 638:

which persist year after year. Because of this high degree of sociality and permanence, western honey bee colonies can be considered

4278: 3163:

Winston, M.; Dropkin, J.; Taylor, O. (1981). "Demography and life history characteristics of two honey bee races (Apis mellifera)".

8331: 8082: 2656: 2028:

than the fruit fly and the mosquito. The genome sequence also revealed that several groups of genes, particularly those related to

422: 2117: 8121: 4027:

Beekman, Madeleine; et al. (2008). "Dance Precision of Apis florea—Clues to the Evolution of the Honeybee Dance Language?".

3801:

Barron, A.; Oldroyd, B; Ratnieks, F.L.W. (2001). "Worker reproduction in honey-bees (Apis) and the anarchic syndrome: a review".

5082: 2159:. Feral bee populations were greatly reduced during this period; they are slowly recovering, primarily in mild climates, due to 7604: 5497: 2171:

have also depleted bee populations, particularly when used in excess of label directions, as bee pests and diseases (including

1994: 1963: 1692: 1101:

droplet of warm internal fluid — a "honeycrop droplet" – which reduces the temperature of its head by 10 °C (18 °F).

1214: 694:

heat production in the cold season. In mid- through late winter, the queen starts laying again. This is probably triggered by

8196: 7016: 4996: 4767: 4011: 2512: 1186: 996:. Drones are typically located near the center of hive clusters for unclear reasons. It is postulated that it is to maintain 8126: 6675: 4861: 1836:, a clear liquid consisting of nearly 80 percent water and complex sugars. The collecting bees store the nectar in a second 8326: 5908:"Swarming, defensive and hygienic behaviour in honey bee colonies of different genetic origin in a pan-European experiment" 5149:"Antibacterial activity of honey and propolis from Apis mellifera and Tetragonisca angustula against Staphylococcus aureus" 5451:

Leung, R; Ho, A; Chan, J; Choy, D; Lai, CK (March 1997). "Royal jelly consumption and hypersensitivity in the community".

2429:

parents have encountered. TGIP resembles adaptive immune responses but with different underlying mechanisms. TGIP against

2108:

Western honey bee populations face threats to their survival increasing interests into other pollinator species, like the

8366: 8311: 6651:

Schneider, S. S., P. K. Visscher, Camazine, S. "Vibration Signal Behavior of Waggle-dancers in Swarms of the Honey Bee,

3881: 2179:) are becoming resistant to medications, research in this regard has not been conclusive. A 2012 study of the effect of 8321: 8043: 6725: 1457: 577: 471: 2525:

particularly Africanized bees which may be on the offence and defence year round due to their tropical origin. In the

2276:

quipped "... it seems that the flowers are better adapted to kill hive-bees than to produce fruit through their aid."

1453: 8356: 8240: 7198: 6449: 4665: 4335: 4199:

Choi, Sang Hyun; Rao, Vikyath D.; Gernat, Tim; Hamilton, Adam R.; Robinson, Gene E.; Goldenfeld, Nigel (2020-11-30).

3286: 1967: 1578: 1479: 984:

a new queen. Many drones mate with a given queen in flight; each dies immediately after mating, since the process of

599: 503: 437: 274: 8061: 516:

in Africa, and enhanced foraging behavior in desert areas. All together, these variations resulted in 31 recognized

8336: 8316: 7313: 7251: 4840: 2273: 1144: 6158:"Bee careful! Conflict between beekeepers and giant armadillos (Priodontes maximus) and potential ways to coexist" 5893: 4351: 1093:

from regurgitated honey-sac contents. Body temperatures differ, depending on caste and expected foraging rewards.

824:

bees die naturally per day. Except for the queen, all of a colony's workers are replaced about every four months.

8376: 8165: 8074: 7329: 7256: 3048: 260: 4943: 4920: 1518:, which is stored in the hive. The nectar, transported in the bees' stomachs, is converted with the addition of 8306: 8301: 7719: 6802: 6394:

Thompson, Helen; Hunt, Lynn (1999). "Extrapolating from Honeybees to Bumblebees in Pesticide Risk Assessment".

4965: 2499: 1461: 1321:

Humans have been collecting honey from western honey bees for thousands of years, with evidence in the form of

1168: 1031:, where the benefits of worker reproduction are minimized and that of rearing the queen's offspring maximized. 581: 414: 4890: 4626: 4137:"Multitrophic interaction facilitates parasite–host relationship between an invasive beetle and the honey bee" 4135:

Torto, Baldwyn; Boucias, Drion G.; Arbogast, Richard T.; Tumlinson, James H.; Teal, Peter E. A. (2007-05-15).

1263:

There is some degree of variability of sociality between individuals. Like a great many other social insects,

816:) previously used for beekeeping indicate that a queen can live up to eight years. Because a queen's store of 432:

insects, and it is the primary species maintained by beekeepers to this day for both its honey production and

8351: 8253: 8147: 7802: 7395: 6718: 6428: 2729: 8371: 8296: 7193: 5634:"RNA interference knockdown of DNA methyl-transferase 3 affects gene alternative splicing in the honey bee" 5437: 5433: 4214: 3476:

Yan, Hua; Bonasio, Roberto; Simola, Daniel F.; Liebig, Jürgen; Berger, Shelley L.; Reinberg, Danny (2015).

3385: 890: 6217: 4921:"Comparative pollination effectiveness among bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) on lowbush blueberry (Ericaceae: 2473:. Freeze-killed brood assay is a simple strategies to assess the hygienic behavior of honey bee colonies. 1841:

percent. When nectar is being processed, honey bees create a draft through the hive by fanning with their

8346: 7978: 7960: 7942: 7852: 7306: 7221: 6946: 6540: 5194: 1051: 7983: 4474:"The Global Stock of Domesticated Honey Bees Is Growing Slower Than Agricultural Demand for Pollination" 1793:. It has antibacterial and anti-fungal properties. Honey from the western honey bee, along with the bee 8281: 7832: 7812: 6120: 4976: 3318: 2408: 2168: 2155:

mites saved most commercial operations; new bee breeds are beginning to reduce beekeeper dependence on

1148: 657:. In response to these favorable conditions, the hive creates one to two dozen new queens. Just as the 467: 5224: 4304:"Apis mellifera: The Domestication and Spread of European Honey Bees for Agriculture in North America" 866:

The queen bee is a fertile female, who, unlike workers (which are also female), has a fully developed

8175: 7287: 7241: 6022:

Friedli, Andrea; Williams, Geoffrey R.; Bruckner, Selina; Neumann, Peter; Straub, Lars (March 2020).

2865: 685:, who evaporate it until the moisture content is low enough to discourage mold, transforming it into 491: 409:"), many normally non-reproductive females or "workers", and a small proportion of fertile males or " 394:

is the Latin for 'honey-bearing' or 'honey-carrying', referring to the species' production of honey.

6195: 5694:"A hybrid de novo genome assembly of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, with chromosome-length scaffolds" 4687: 4441: 946:

also forage and return to the nest with nectar and pollen to feed the young, and defend the colony.

8361: 8341: 7933: 7797: 7792: 7177: 7152: 6932: 6911: 6897: 6883: 6876: 6680: 5872: 5868: 4547: 2964: 2141: 2136: 2128: 2109: 2006: 1935:

severe allergic reactions in some individuals. Propolis is also used in wood finishes, and gives a

1586: 893:

throughout the hive. This is known as supersedure, and at its end, the old queen is usually killed.

448: 8139: 6142: 2024:

related to smell outnumber those for taste, and the European honey bee has fewer genes regulating

1549:

Beekeepers provide a place for the colony to live and store honey. There are seven basic types of

902:

bread, and by extending the selected larvae's cells to house the developing larger-bodied queens.

7947: 7699: 7676: 7589: 7216: 7071: 6974: 6953: 6939: 3437:"Evo-Devo and the Evolution of Social Behavior: Brain Gene Expression Analyses in Social Insects" 3142: 2037: 2013: 1562: 1446: 1191: 918: 570: 145: 8227: 6261: 5317: 4064:"The evolutionary dynamics of major regulators for sexual development among Hymenoptera species" 881:

Periodically, the colony determines that a new queen is needed. There are three general causes:

8113: 7895: 7764: 6967: 6960: 6918: 6890: 4980: 4542: 4001: 1795: 1751: 1727: 1688: 540:

The subspecies are divided into four major branches, based on work by Ruttner and confirmed by

486:

Visualization showing the various importations of the western honey bee into the United States.

413:". Individual colonies can house tens of thousands of bees. Colony activities are organized by 5147:

Miorin, P.L.; Levy Junior, N.C.; Custodio, A.R.; Bretz, W.A.; Marcucci, M.C. (November 2003).

3766:

Oldroyd, B.; Ratnieks, Francis (2002). "Egg-marking pheromones in honey-bees Apis mellifera".

1349:

paintings depict beekeeping, before 2600 BC. Europeans brought bees to North America in 1622.

8286: 8222: 7857: 7749: 7539: 7534: 7385: 7246: 7231: 5611: 4325: 3252: 3059: 2712: 2268: 2068: 2041: 1845:. When the honey has dried, the honeycomb cells are sealed (capped) with wax to preserve it. 1801: 1770:

food crops. Their calculations came up with a figure of US$ 14.6 billion in food crop value.

1120: 841: 240: 8214: 6172: 4968: 4757: 4272: 4270: 4268: 1401:

manage bees using hives, while the bees remain "largely unchanged from their wild cousins".

1292: 8235: 8017: 7704: 7498: 7485: 7277: 6807: 6792: 6458: 6342: 6116: 6035: 5975: 5919: 5818: 5756:"Variation in genomic recombination rates among animal taxa and the case of social insects" 5645: 5575: 5519: 5044: 4796: 4714: 4591: 4485: 4218: 3935: 3720: 3673: 3530: 3172: 3095: 3016: 2828: 2651: 2431: 2057: 1541: 1304: 1227: 643: 613: 6429:

Do managed bees have negative effects on wild bees?: A systematic review of the literature

5276:"Propolis and bee health: The natural history and significance of resin use by honey bees" 1385:

Africa, selection probably favoured the ability to survive heat, drought, and heavy rain.

1299: 1155:. Flight induced oxidative DNA damage appears to hasten senescence and limit lifespan in 8: 8291: 7862: 7807: 7689: 7574: 7559: 7443: 7272: 7236: 7226: 7172: 7063: 6904: 6838: 6704: 6331:"Modeling the Adaptive Role of Negative Signaling in Honey Bee Intraspecific Competition" 6024:"The weakest link: Haploid honey bees are more susceptible to neonicotinoid insecticides" 5035: 4265: 2147: 1109: 1090: 867: 524: 110: 6462: 6346: 6039: 5979: 5923: 5822: 5803:

Petersen, Jessica D.; Reiners, Stephen; Nault, Brian A.; Ollerton, Jeff (24 July 2013).

5649: 5579: 5523: 5382:

Jung-Hoffmann, L (1966). "Die Determination von Königin und Arbeiterin der Honigbiene".

5048: 4800: 4718: 4595: 4489: 4222: 3939: 3724: 3677: 3534: 3176: 3099: 3020: 2889: 2832: 2743: 2682: 2167:

resistance and repopulation by resistant breeds. Although it is generally believed that

7380: 7167: 6635: 6610: 6411: 6371: 6330: 6311: 6176: 6165:

Edentata: The Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group

6083: 5996: 5963: 5937: 5841: 5804: 5728: 5693: 5668: 5633: 5599: 5540: 5501: 5476: 5464: 5208: 5189: 5089: 5060: 5006: 4948: 4822: 4738: 4675: 4657: 4511: 4429: 4249: 4201:"Individual variations lead to universal and cross-species patterns of social behavior" 4200: 4171: 4136: 4090: 4063: 4044: 3959: 3853: 3818: 3783: 3689: 3551: 3518: 3494: 3478:"DNA Methylation in Social Insects: How Epigenetics Can Control Behavior and Longevity" 3477: 3359: 3334: 3240: 3196: 3116: 3083: 3040: 2844: 2725: 2618: 2594: 2550:

Most flowering plants depend on specialized pollinators to efficiently fertilize them.

2285: 2266:

have been found dead on the flowers. After removing over 140 dead bees from a patch of

2071:, the rate of which is strongly elevated in honey bees and other social insects of the 2044:) were identified in the genome. DNA methylation is one of the important mechanisms in 2025: 1763: 1739: 1703: 1535: 1389: 1097: 623: 282: 140: 6710: 6698: 6553:

Biesmeijer, Jacobus. "The Occurrence and Context of the Shaking Signal in Honey Bees (

6470: 6048: 6023: 5964:"Neonicotinoids in bees: a review on concentrations, side-effects and risk assessment" 5359: 5332: 5025: 3743: 3708: 3575: 8209: 8004: 7584: 7554: 7503: 7493: 7468: 7402: 7157: 7145: 6858: 6853: 6843: 6797: 6766: 6640: 6594: 6376: 6358: 6303: 6180: 6053: 6001: 5846: 5785: 5777: 5733: 5715: 5673: 5591: 5566: 5545: 5468: 5364: 5170: 5165: 5148: 5093: 4992: 4969: 4814: 4763: 4730: 4726: 4702: 4661: 4607: 4603: 4560: 4503: 4392:

The Domestication and Spread of European Honey Bees for Agriculture in North America"

4331: 4254: 4236: 4176: 4158: 4095: 4007: 3951: 3926: 3748: 3646: 3641: 3624: 3598: 3556: 3499: 3458: 3364: 3292: 3282: 3188: 3121: 3032: 3007: 2942: 2840: 2788: 2757: 2381: 2358: 2160: 1614: 1492: 1252: 1036: 1016: 917:

After several days of orientation in and around the hive, the young queen flies to a

809: 760: 748: 627:

A bee swarm. Bees are unaggressive in this state, since they have no hive to protect.

541: 528: 441: 6415: 6315: 5941: 5603: 5480: 5064: 4952: 4826: 4742: 4530: 4515: 3963: 3857: 3822: 3787: 3244: 3200: 3044: 2848: 2576:, a plant with pore anthers, by robbing its stigmas of previously deposited pollen. 2217: 763:

fertile eggs. Since workers are not fully sexually developed, they do not mate with

7754: 7636: 7529: 7524: 7390: 7023: 6630: 6622: 6605:

Lindauer, Martin. "Communication among social bees". Harvard University Press 1971.

6584: 6514: 6466: 6443:

C. L. Gross & D. Mackay (1998). "Honeybees reduce fitness in the pioneer shrub

6403: 6366: 6350: 6295: 6168: 6043: 5991: 5983: 5927: 5836: 5826: 5767: 5723: 5705: 5663: 5653: 5583: 5535: 5527: 5510: 5460: 5413: 5354: 5344: 5297: 5287: 5239: 5203: 5160: 5133: 5129: 5052: 4984: 4938: 4918: 4804: 4722: 4653: 4599: 4579: 4552: 4493: 4244: 4226: 4166: 4148: 4085: 4075: 4048: 4036: 3943: 3899: 3895: 3845: 3810: 3775: 3738: 3728: 3693: 3681: 3636: 3590: 3546: 3538: 3489: 3448: 3354: 3346: 3335:"The Evolution of Multiple Mating Behavior by Honey Bee Queens (Apis mellifera L.)" 3230: 3180: 3111: 3103: 3024: 2932: 2836: 2624: 2572: 2567: 2494: 2483: 2465: 2332: 2313: 2256: 2029: 1824: 1747: 1731: 1668: 1519: 1501: 1245: 1152: 993: 889:

The old queen begins to fail, which is thought to be demonstrated by a decrease in

635: 101: 8009: 7298: 4891:"Pollinators and agriculture: Agricultural productivity and pollinator protection" 3947: 2937: 2920: 801:

bee may occasionally pull its stinger free and fly off unharmed (or sting again).

747:

common for defined regions of the comb to be filled with young bees (also called "

706: 8183: 7119: 7075: 6823: 6547: 5831: 4988: 4456: 3422: 2661: 2535: 2508: 2392: 2049: 2033: 1973: 1806: 1805:. Honey will not rot or ferment when stored under normal conditions, but it will 1755: 1558: 1182: 1009: 997: 845: 840:

Behavioral and physiological differences between castes and subcastes arise from

805: 776: 8152: 6670: 6567:

Collet, T.; Ferreira, K.M.; Arias, M.C.; Soares, A.E.E.; Del Lama, M.A. (2006).

4785:"Conserving genetic diversity in the honeybee: Comments on Harpur et al. (2012)" 4703:"Domestication of honey bees was associated with expansion of genetic diversity" 3350: 8069: 8056: 7880: 7771: 7744: 7670: 7544: 7428: 7361: 7124: 7099: 7083: 6980: 6869: 6833: 6573:

L.) from Brazil and Uruguay viewed through mitochondrial DNA COI–COII patterns"

5894:

https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/egyptian-honeybee/

4556: 4141:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3519:"A dietary phytochemical alters caste-associated gene expression in honey bees" 2526: 2385: 2339: 2320: 2199: 2188: 2184: 2101: 1718: 1582: 1082: 723: 674: 509: 459: 125: 6493:

Smith, Deborah R.; Villafuerte, Lynn; Otisc, Gard; Palmer, Michael R. (2000).

6483:

Winston, Mark L. The biology of the honey bee. Harvard University Press, 1991.

6407: 6354: 6299: 5987: 5710: 4498: 4473: 4062:

Biewer, Matthias; Schlesinger, Francisca; Hasselmann, Martin (10 April 2015).

4040: 3903: 3849: 3779: 3312: 3235: 3218: 8270: 8048: 7827: 7372: 6362: 6307: 5781: 5719: 5418: 5401: 5244: 4240: 4162: 4080: 3296: 2946: 2894: 2761: 2748: 2691: 2566:(anthers which only release pollen through tiny apical pores); this requires 2551: 2354: 2262: 2244: 2180: 2124: 2113: 2053: 1914: 1886: 1864: 1799:, has specific antibacterial activity towards an infection-causing bacteria, 1767: 1664: 1642: 1508: 1342: 1338: 1316: 1288: 1284: 1173: 1089:

additional shivering, passive body-temperature regulation based on work, and

1072: 1047: 981: 670: 639: 452: 429: 256: 130: 59: 6519: 6494: 5658: 5587: 5292: 5275: 4231: 4153: 3733: 3453: 3436: 3028: 832: 7918: 7759: 7724: 7648: 7418: 7282: 6828: 6644: 6626: 6598: 6589: 6568: 6380: 6156:

Desbiez, Arnaud L.; Oliveira, Bruna; Labão Catapani, Mariana (2020-12-22).

6057: 6005: 5932: 5850: 5789: 5772: 5755: 5737: 5677: 5595: 5549: 5368: 5174: 4818: 4734: 4611: 4564: 4507: 4258: 4180: 4099: 3955: 3752: 3664:

Ratnieks, F.; Visscher, P. Kirk (1989). "Worker policing in the honeybee".

3650: 3576:"Roles of individual honeybee workers and drones in colonial thermogenesis" 3560: 3542: 3503: 3462: 3192: 3146: 3125: 3036: 2646: 2606: 2570:, a behavior rarely exhibited by honey bees. Honey bees reduce fruiting in 2490: 2412: 2347: 2301: 1936: 1890: 1393: 1334: 1268: 1237: 1195: 1129: 985: 665:

Once she has dispatched all of her rivals, the new queen, the only fertile

463: 6688: 6611:"Dancing for a decision: a matrix model for nest-site choice by honeybees" 6541:

Molecular confirmation of a fourth lineage in honeybees from the Near East

5472: 5349: 5225:"The fine structure of the wax gland of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)" 5056: 4279:"Unexpected Similarity Discovered Between Honey Bee and Human Social Life" 3814: 3602: 3368: 3219:"Partial reproductive isolation between European subspecies of honey bees" 2789:"The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Apis)" 1566: 8134: 8095: 7970: 7927: 7822: 7653: 7624: 7549: 7519: 7473: 7423: 7094: 7038: 6925: 6848: 6771: 5962:

Blacquière, T.; Smagghe, G.; van Gestel, C.A.; Mommaerts, V. (May 2012).

5078: 3924:

Bernd Heinrich (1979). "Keeping a cool head: honeybee thermoregulation".

3594: 3281:. Connor, Lawrence John. (Revised ed.). Kalamazoo, MI: Wicas Press. 2612: 2600: 2377: 2343: 2324: 2072: 2045: 1983: 1948: 1842: 1759: 1743: 1570: 1409: 1206: 1114: 1056: 971: 922: 871: 764: 433: 410: 398: 197: 34: 8188: 5531: 5333:"Contact dermatitis and other skin conditions in instrumental musicians" 5302: 1637: 1085:'s internal temperature may be as low as 20–22 °C (68–72 °F). 941:

Workers are females produced by the queen that develop from fertilized,

8087: 7599: 7594: 7451: 7366: 7129: 7114: 7109: 7089: 6996: 6761: 6087: 4971:

Cognitive Ecology of Pollination: Animal Behaviour and Floral Evolution

3625:"Worker reproduction and policing in insect societies: an ESS analysis" 3184: 2996:"Thrice out of Africa: ancient and recent expansions of the honey bee, 2641: 2628:. These species all originated in southern and southeastern Asia. Only 2555: 1894: 1876: 1710: 1698: 1527: 1464: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1425: 1308: 808:

of a queen in most subspecies is three to five years, reports from the

792:, with musculature and a ganglion allowing them to continue delivering 771: 695: 682: 584: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 517: 79: 44: 7996: 6072: 5496: 4809: 4784: 2963:

Mortensen, Ashley N.; Schmehl, Daniel R.; Ellis, Jamie (August 2013).

2096: 1554: 1333:, dating to around 7,000 BCE. The western honey bee is one of the few 8100: 8030: 7817: 7433: 7104: 7067: 7028: 6756: 6741: 5117: 3685: 3107: 2559: 2530: 2369: 2362: 2350: 2297: 2226: 2221: 2213: 2208: 2156: 1817: 1531: 1352: 1199: 875: 861: 849: 789: 743: 632: 418: 406: 375: 217: 177: 157: 84: 7889: 5961: 5907: 3623:

Wenseleers, T.; Helanterä, H.; Hart, A.; Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2004).

1655:

as early as 1622, when the first colonies of bees were shipped from

1435: 1202:

to help locate a food source after they are directed by the dances.

1143:

honey bees with high amounts of flight experience exhibit increased

962: 954: 559: 8035: 7991: 7912: 7714: 7619: 7461: 7456: 7033: 7001: 6559: 5809: 4841:"History of Beekeeping in the United States | Beesource Beekeeping" 3216: 2328: 2309: 2293: 2250: 2232: 2080: 2017: 1929: 1790: 1766:

attempted to quantify the effects of the western honey bee on only

1735: 1660: 1322: 1028: 797: 513: 74: 69: 54: 49: 39: 3707:

Pirk, C.; Neumann, P.; Hepburn, R.; Moritz, R.; Tautz, J. (2003).

2338:

Reptile and amphibian predators of western honey bees include the

2104:(Apis mellifera capensis) piled up outside the entrance of a hive. 2009:, a decline in western honey bee colonies in a number of regions. 8248: 8201: 7709: 7665: 7631: 7609: 7564: 7162: 7059: 7006: 6787: 3084:"From where did the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) originate?" 2400: 2396: 2373: 2067:

An important process that shapes the honey bee genome is meiotic

2005:

the western honey bee. Since 2007, attention has been devoted to

1987: 1979: 1902: 1898: 1854: 1837: 1786: 1758:

from being clogged with pollen from other species. In 2000, Drs.

1722: 1656: 1550: 1355:

have selected western honey bees for several desirable features:

1241: 989: 942: 905: 755: 690: 402: 89: 64: 8022: 5690: 4919:

S. K. Javorekac; K. E. Mackenziec; S. P. Vander Kloetbc (2002).

2493:, arriving with colonists in North America in the 18th century. 1248:

recognition, food production and integrating colony activities.

909:

Peanut-like queen brood cells extend outward from the brood comb

523:

Previously it was believed that the various subspecies were all

7955: 7643: 7344: 7333: 7054: 5026:

Lars Chittka, James D. Thomson & Nickolas M. Waser (1999).

3622: 3276: 2563: 2305: 2238: 2076: 1998: 1882: 1860: 1833: 1714: 1679: 1633:

Video of western honey bee collecting pollen from blue crocuses

1523: 1504: 1326: 1233: 1125: 785: 666: 654: 650: 207: 187: 167: 7875: 6021: 5502:"Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee 5146: 5083:"The Value of Honey Bees As Pollinators of U.S. Crops in 2000" 4580:"Native bees provide insurance against ongoing honey bee loss" 2866:"Western Honeybees: Facts, Prevention & Honey Bee Control" 2151:. Improved cultural practices and chemical treatments against 1545:

Honey bees removed from the hive for inspection by a beekeeper

1408:, call western honey bees "feral insects", in contrast to the 1279: 7614: 7011: 6236:"Honeybees Help Farmers, But They Don't Help the Environment" 6155: 5077: 4134: 2917: 2404: 1779: 1515: 1330: 817: 793: 781: 731: 686: 387: 379: 5802: 2368:

Specialist bird predators of western honey bees include the

988:

requires a lethally convulsive effort. Drone honey bees are

7658: 6492: 5330: 4944:

10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0345:CPEABH]2.0.CO;2

4061: 2969:

Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida

2632:

is thought to have originated in Europe, Asia, and Africa.

2289: 2021: 1721:

before local hives have built up their populations. Almond

1514:

Western honey bees collect flower nectar and convert it to

1359:

the ability of a colony to survive periods with little food

1346: 977: 735: 658: 5028:"Flower constancy, insect psychology, and plant evolution" 4627:"Allee effects and colony collapse disorder in honey bees" 1812: 751:"), while others are filled with pollen and honey stores. 7079: 6566: 5753: 5274:

Simone-Finstrom, Michael; Spivak, Marla (May–June 2010).

4647: 4531:"Global pollinator declines: Trends, impacts and drivers" 4006:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1534–. 1181:

Western honey bee behavior has been extensively studied.

739: 727: 466:, learning, and memory; they are also used in studies of 6569:"Genetic structure of Africanized honeybee populations ( 5754:

Wilfert, L.; Gadau, J.; Schmid-Hempel, P. (April 2007).

3706: 3517:

Mao, Wenfu; Schuler, Mary A.; Berenbaum, May R. (2015).

3082:

Han, Fan; Wallberg, Andreas; Webster, Matthew T (2012).

1132:, despite not being able to attain lethal temperatures. 6740: 2391:

Mammals that sometimes take western honey bees include

2372:; other birds that may take western honey bees include 2191:

may play a key role in buffering insecticide exposure.

2075:

order compared to most other eukaryotic species except

726:, the western honey bee has four distinct life stages: 631:

Unlike most other bee species, western honey bees have

5630: 5320:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. January 19, 2012. 3475: 2817: 1889:

and carry it back to the hive where, after undergoing

1190:

Honey bees direct other bees to food sources with the

5273: 4399:

University of Michigan Undergraduate Research Journal

4311:

University of Michigan Undergraduate Research Journal

4198: 3835: 3800: 2962: 2187:

than diploid females. The 2020 study also found that

2091: 2012:

The western honey bee is the third insect, after the

462:

in scientific studies, particularly in the fields of

397:

Like all honey bee species, the western honey bee is

6442: 3162: 767:

and thus can only produce haploid (male) offspring.

7328: 3516: 3441:

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology

2284:Insect predators of western honey bees include the 2116:and European populations were severely depleted by 5120:(1990). "Honey from honeybees and other insects". 4194: 4192: 4190: 3882:"How the honey bee regulates its body temperature" 3143:"Research upsetting some notions about honey bees" 3081: 6266:USDA National Invasive Species Information Center 6070: 3709:"Egg viability and worker policing in honey bees" 2319:Arachnid predators of western honey bees include 492:can be found on every continent except Antarctica 8268: 6329:Johnson, Brian R.; Nieh, James C. (2010-11-01). 3999: 3663: 2507:The honey-bee is not a native of our continent. 1043:absent, in certain groups of bees it continues. 6550:Apidologie 31 (2000) 167–180, accessed Oct 2005 6193: 6017: 6015: 5955: 5749: 5747: 5638:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5450: 5258: 5190:"Honey as a Functional Food for Apis mellifera" 4625:Dennis, Brian; Kemp, William (1 October 2015). 4472:Aizen, Marcelo A.; Harder, Lawrence D. (2009). 4206:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4187: 3985: 3983: 3765: 2786: 1388:Authors do not agree on whether this degree of 1362:the ability of a colony to survive cold weather 1251:The alarm pheromone has shown to be attractive 5863: 5331:Gambichler T; Boms S; Freitag M (April 2004). 5187: 4930:Annals of the Entomological Society of America 3923: 3879: 2529:, honey bees are known to compete with native 2516:the approach of the settlements of the whites. 1177:A large honey bee swarm on a fallen tree trunk 470:, especially via pollen, to assess non-target 7314: 6726: 6285: 5381: 5140: 2958: 2956: 2476: 1717:pollination occurs in February, early in the 6393: 6073:"Insect Relations of Certain Asclepiads. I." 6012: 5744: 5616:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5222: 5011:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4323: 3993: 3980: 3434: 3257:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3217:Oleksa, A., Wilde, J., Tofilski, A. (2013). 3064:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2717:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1404:Leslie Bailey and B. V. Ball, in their book 1392:constitutes genuine domestication. In 1603, 701: 374:) is the most common of the 7–12 species of 6328: 6082:(9). University of Chicago Press: 207–216. 5899: 5188:Berenbaum, May R.; Calla, Bernarda (2021). 5019: 4471: 4385: 2588:, there are six other species in the genus 2443: 2423: 477: 428:The western honey bee was one of the first 7321: 7307: 6733: 6719: 6608: 6537:A. I. Root's The ABC and XYZ of Beekeeping 5866:"Mystery bee disappearances sweeping U.S." 4959: 4755: 4624: 4419: 4324:Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). 2953: 2469:which causes chalkbrood diseases, and the 1147:in flight muscle, as measured by elevated 119: 100: 6634: 6588: 6518: 6370: 6145:. Smithsonian National Zoo. 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The genome is unusual in having few 1995:Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium 1964:Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium 1697:The western honey bee is an important 1693:List of crop plants pollinated by bees 1683:Western honey bee pollinating a flower 874:, which is high in protein and low in 7894: 7893: 7302: 6714: 6187: 4529:Potts, Simon G.; et al. (2010). 4528: 4358: 4327:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 4301: 4276: 3435:Toth, A. L.; Robinson, G. E. (2009). 3380: 3378: 3328: 3326: 3308: 3306: 3265: 3212: 3210: 3158: 3156: 3137: 3135: 3077: 3075: 2203:A dead honey bee on a milkweed flower 2131:in 2006 and 2007. Some subspecies of 2036:system since functional key enzymes ( 1187:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 689:, which can then be capped over with 8277:IUCN Red List data deficient species 8254:9082C709-6347-4768-A0DC-27DC44400CB2 8176:0ad225a4-927d-4819-9c60-e492ae83eeed 8075:a8737456-b34b-4009-bc9f-5fdc5988b4ab 6557:) Exploiting Natural Food Sources". 6071:Charles Robertson (September 1887). 5864:Stefan Lovgren (February 23, 2007). 4756:Bailey, Leslie; Ball, B. V. (2013). 4648:Oxley, P.R.; Oldroyd, B. P. (2010). 4330:. Taylor & Francis. p. 58. 4119: 4106: 3332: 2913: 2911: 2860: 2858: 2457: 2418: 2127:beekeepers were further affected by 1610:Western honey bee in a park in Tokyo 1462:adding citations to reliable sources 1452:Relevant discussion may be found on 1429: 618: 582:adding citations to reliable sources 553: 527:, but in 2013 it was found that the 458:Western honey bees are an important 6503:Smith: insights from mtDNA studies" 6194:Daniel Rubinoff (16 January 2018). 4029:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 4000:John L. Capinera (11 August 2008). 3803:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3768:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2895:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2749:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2692:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2673: 1581:and causes an excessive buildup of 1530:, supplies protein and fat for the 1067: 770:Queens and workers have a modified 13: 6240:National Geographic Education Blog 5465:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00712.x 5318:"Propolis:MedlinePlus Supplements" 5209:10.1146/annurev-ento-040320-074933 4658:10.1016/B978-0-12-381387-9.00003-8 4352:"Egyptian honeybee – Ark of taste" 3495:10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020803 3375: 3323: 3303: 3207: 3153: 3132: 3072: 2925:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2736: 2579: 2092:Parasites, diseases and pesticides 417:between individuals, through both 405:with a single fertile female (or " 14: 8388: 6817:Subspecies, Breeds and Phenotypes 6664: 6119:. August 31, 2004. Archived from 6049:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125145 5223:Sanford, M.T.; Dietz, A. (1976). 4652:. Vol. 39. pp. 83–118. 4535:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2908: 2855: 2554:, for example, are pollinated by 2346:, and other lizards, and various 2207:In North America, various native 1997:fully sequenced and analyzed the 1968:List of Apis mellifera subspecies 1832:Bees produce honey by collecting 1124:, is capable of killing invading 1027:Worker policing is an example of 504:List of Apis mellifera subspecies 348:Apis mellifica mellifica silvarum 275:31 currently recognized, see list 7874: 6486: 5166:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02050.x 5122:Ethology Ecology & Evolution 4727:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05641.x 4604:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01110.x 3642:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00751.x 3396:. Human Ageing Genomic Resources 3279:Honey bee biology and beekeeping 2841:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00504.x 1828:Western honey bee on a honeycomb 1750:by transferring pollen to other 1526:which, after being processed to 1434: 1274: 1162: 1096:The optimal air temperature for 722:Like other insects that undergo 558: 472:impacts of commercial pesticides 340:Apis mellifica mellifica lehzeni 144: 32: 8332:Symbols of Georgia (U.S. state) 6530: 6477: 6436: 6422: 6387: 6322: 6279: 6254: 6228: 6210: 6149: 6135: 6101: 6064: 5912:Journal of Apicultural Research 5887: 5796: 5684: 5624: 5556: 5444: 5426: 5394: 5375: 5324: 5310: 5267: 5252: 5181: 5153:Journal of Applied Microbiology 5071: 4912: 4883: 4854: 4833: 4776: 4749: 4694: 4641: 4618: 4571: 4522: 4465: 4448: 4413: 4344: 4317: 4295: 4128: 4116:. 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Centuries of 1497: 1496:Queen bee with workers 1454:Talk:Western honey bee 1371:reduced aggressiveness 1312: 1296: 1178: 1077: 967: 959: 910: 837: 788:. The stinger and its 724:complete metamorphosis 719: 628: 490:The western honey bee 487: 332:Apis mellifica nigrita 8307:Hymenoptera of Europe 8302:Hymenoptera of Africa 8223:Paleobiology Database 7948:Apis_(Apis)_mellifera 7750:Alfred Russel Wallace 7535:Entomological warfare 7386:Insects in literature 6676:FAO: Honeybee anatomy 6615:Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 6520:10.1051/apido:2000121 6198:. Scientific American 5350:10.1186/1471-5945-4-3 5293:10.1051/apido/2010016 5057:10.1007/s001140050636 4458:A Display of Heraldry 4068:Frontiers in Genetics 3815:10.1007/s002650100362 3088:Ecology and Evolution 2821:Systematic Entomology 2505: 2202: 2099: 2058:transposable elements 1972:Further information: 1875:Further information: 1827: 1815: 1802:Staphylococcus aureus 1752:biologically specific 1682: 1640: 1632: 1617: 1609: 1544: 1495: 1377:reduced nest building 1365:resistance to disease 1337:animals to have been 1315:Further information: 1302: 1282: 1176: 1121:Apis mellifera cypria 1075: 1004:Queen–worker conflict 965: 957: 908: 842:phenotypic plasticity 835: 798:pull free of the body 709: 626: 485: 415:complex communication 8352:Symbols of Wisconsin 8070:Fauna Europaea (new) 7705:Insect sting allergy 7499:Cicadas in mythology 7278:Bee Museum of Rhodes 7194:Topics in beekeeping 6793:Honey bee life cycle 6689:Sound recordings of 6447:(Melastomataceae)". 6117:Royal Alberta Museum 5906:Andonov, S. (2014). 5875:on February 26, 2007 5402:"Scientific Opinion" 4386:Weber, Ella (2012). 3595:10.1242/jeb.129.1.53 3416:Phaenomen Honigbiene 3149:. December 29, 2006. 2965:"European honey bee" 2432:Paenibacillus larvae 2340:black girdled lizard 2087:Hazards and survival 1986:, whereas males are 1458:improve this article 1390:artificial selection 1228:Honey bee pheromones 1017:reproductive fitness 742:into each cell of a 614:Honey bee life cycle 578:improve this article 351:Goetze, 1964 (Unav.) 8372:Symbols of Kentucky 8297:Hymenoptera of Asia 7808:Habitat destruction 7560:Insects in religion 7273:Malacca Bee Gallery 7173:Deformed wing virus 7064:BS National Beehive 6905:Apis mellifera meda 6839:Carniolan honey bee 6705:UCSC Genome Browser 6463:1998BCons..86..169G 6347:2010JIBeh..23..459J 6109:"Goldenrod Spider ( 6040:2020Chmsp.24225145F 5980:2012Ecotx..21..973B 5924:2014JApiR..53..248U 5823:2013PLoSO...869819P 5650:2013PNAS..11012750L 5644:(31): 12750–12755. 5580:2006Sci...314..645W 5532:10.1038/nature05260 5524:2006Natur.443..931T 5049:1999NW.....86..361C 5036:Naturwissenschaften 4801:2013MolEc..22.3208D 4759:Honey Bee Pathology 4719:2012MolEc..21.4409O 4596:2007EcolL..10.1105W 4490:2009CBio...19..915A 4223:2020PNAS..11731754C 3940:1979Sci...205.1269H 3934:(4412): 1269–1271. 3725:2004PNAS..101.8649P 3678:1989Natur.342..796R 3535:2015SciA....1E0795M 3177:1981Oecol..48..407W 3100:2012EcoEv...2.1949H 3021:2006Sci...314..642W 2833:2010SysEn..35..226L 2744:"Western honey bee" 1728:managed pollination 1406:Honey Bee Pathology 1091:evaporative cooling 868:reproductive system 111:Conservation status 8347:Symbols of Vermont 7881:Insects portal 7853:Insects and humans 7381:Arthropods in film 7330:Human interactions 7168:American foulbrood 6546:2006-03-08 at the 6222:www.monticello.org 5453:Clin. Exp. Allergy 5090:Cornell University 4843:. 24 February 2016 3421:2016-03-03 at the 3185:10.1007/bf00346502 2728:}}: old-form url ( 2619:Apis koschevnikovi 2595:Apis andreniformis 2463:mites, the fungus 2382:tyrant flycatchers 2286:Asian giant hornet 2205: 2173:American foulbrood 2106: 1990:and have only 16. 1830: 1822: 1820:partially extended 1764:Cornell University 1685: 1647: 1635: 1620: 1612: 1547: 1536:selective breeding 1498: 1410:domestic silk moth 1313: 1297: 1293:Cuevas de la Araña 1179: 1078: 1076:Foraging honey bee 968: 960: 911: 844:, which relies on 838: 720: 629: 488: 468:pesticide toxicity 438:pests and diseases 366:European honey bee 16:European honey bee 8282:Western honey bee 8264: 8263: 8210:Open Tree of Life 7896:Taxon identifiers 7887: 7886: 7776:Insect Literature 7733: 7732: 7632:Carmine/Cochineal 7585:Beneficial insect 7555:Insects in ethics 7504:Scarab (artifact) 7494:Bees in mythology 7403:Insects on stamps 7296: 7295: 7158:Small hive beetle 7147:Varroa destructor 6864:Western honey bee 6859:Russian honey bee 6854:Maltese honey bee 6844:European dark bee 6767:Laying worker bee 6621:(1515): 577–582. 6495:"Biogeography of 6242:. 29 January 2018 6076:Botanical Gazette 5574:(5799): 645–647. 5518:(7114): 931–949. 5412:(4): 2083. 2011. 5128:(sup1): 100–105. 4998:978-0-511-54226-8 4810:10.1111/mec.12333 4795:(12): 3208–3210. 4789:Molecular Ecology 4769:978-1-4832-8809-3 4713:(18): 4409–4411. 4707:Molecular Ecology 4590:(11): 1105–1113. 4147:(20): 8374–8378. 4013:978-1-4020-6242-1 3719:(23): 8649–8651. 3672:(6251): 796–797. 3015:(5799): 642–645. 2458:Hygienic behavior 2419:Immune mechanisms 2359:American bullfrog 2329:goldenrod spiders 2274:Charles Robertson 2161:natural selection 1903:allergic reaction 1893:and turning into 1630: 1607: 1520:digestive enzymes 1490: 1489: 1482: 1253:small hive beetle 619:Colony life cycle 610: 609: 602: 542:mitochondrial DNA 440:, especially the 362:western honey bee 358: 357: 352: 344: 336: 328: 320: 312: 304: 296: 232:A. mellifera 134: 24:Western honey bee 8384: 8257: 8256: 8244: 8243: 8231: 8230: 8218: 8217: 8205: 8204: 8192: 8191: 8179: 8178: 8169: 8168: 8156: 8155: 8153:NHMSYS0000875423 8143: 8142: 8130: 8129: 8117: 8116: 8104: 8103: 8091: 8090: 8078: 8077: 8065: 8064: 8052: 8051: 8039: 8038: 8026: 8025: 8013: 8012: 8000: 7999: 7987: 7986: 7974: 7973: 7964: 7963: 7951: 7950: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7923: 7922: 7921: 7891: 7890: 7879: 7878: 7755:Jean-Henri Fabre 7530:Cricket fighting 7525:Cockroach racing 7391:Insects in music 7352: 7351: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7300: 7299: 7024:Honey extraction 7017:Alcoholic drinks 6735: 6728: 6721: 6712: 6711: 6648: 6638: 6602: 6592: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6490: 6484: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6445:Melastoma affine 6440: 6434: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6374: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6294:(6): 1275–1283. 6283: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6218:"Bees and Honey" 6214: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6196:"Bees gone wild" 6191: 6185: 6184: 6162: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6051: 6019: 6010: 6009: 5999: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5935: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5871:. Archived from 5861: 5855: 5854: 5844: 5834: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5775: 5751: 5742: 5741: 5731: 5713: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5671: 5661: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5615: 5607: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5543: 5494: 5485: 5484: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5362: 5352: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5295: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5229: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5168: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5098: 5092:. Archived from 5087: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5032: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5010: 5002: 4974: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4946: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4895: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4866: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4812: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4685: 4681: 4679: 4671: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4550: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4501: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4439: 4435: 4433: 4425: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4396: 4383: 4356: 4355: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4308: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4274: 4263: 4262: 4252: 4234: 4196: 4185: 4184: 4174: 4156: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4117: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4093: 4083: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4035:(8): 1259–1265. 4024: 4018: 4017: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3902:. Archived from 3877: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3746: 3736: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3686:10.1038/342796a0 3661: 3655: 3654: 3644: 3635:(5): 1035–1047. 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3580: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3554: 3523:Science Advances 3514: 3508: 3507: 3497: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3456: 3432: 3426: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3382: 3373: 3372: 3362: 3330: 3321: 3315: 3310: 3301: 3300: 3274: 3263: 3262: 3256: 3248: 3238: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3160: 3151: 3150: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3119: 3108:10.1002/ece3.312 3094:(8): 1949–1957. 3079: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3055: 3053: 3047:. Archived from 3004: 2991: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2940: 2915: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2876: 2862: 2853: 2852: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2784: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2722: 2716: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2677: 2625:Apis nigrocincta 2573:Melastoma affine 2568:buzz pollination 2495:Thomas Jefferson 2466:Ascosphaera apis 2393:giant armadillos 2314:European beewolf 2030:circadian rhythm 1978:Female bees are 1748:flower constancy 1645:back to the hive 1631: 1608: 1559:Langstroth hives 1485: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1465: 1438: 1430: 1207:dwarf honey bees 1153:oxidative stress 1068:Thermoregulation 994:thermoregulation 891:queen pheromones 810:German honey bee 806:average lifespan 605: 598: 594: 591: 585: 562: 554: 464:social evolution 350: 342: 334: 326: 318: 310: 302: 294: 252: 149: 148: 128: 123: 122: 104: 94: 31: 30:Oligocene–Recent 27:Temporal range: 21: 20: 8392: 8391: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8362:Vermont culture 8342:Symbols of Utah 8267: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8252: 8247: 8239: 8234: 8226: 8221: 8213: 8208: 8200: 8195: 8187: 8184:Observation.org 8182: 8174: 8172: 8164: 8159: 8151: 8146: 8138: 8133: 8125: 8120: 8112: 8107: 8099: 8094: 8086: 8081: 8073: 8068: 8060: 8055: 8047: 8042: 8034: 8029: 8021: 8016: 8008: 8003: 7995: 7990: 7982: 7977: 7969: 7967: 7959: 7954: 7946: 7941: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7917: 7916: 7911: 7898: 7888: 7883: 7873: 7867: 7845: 7839: 7781: 7729: 7691: 7684: 7576: 7569: 7508: 7480: 7438: 7407: 7347: 7342: 7336: 7327: 7297: 7292: 7261: 7209: 7203: 7182: 7134: 7120:Honey extractor 7076:Langstroth hive 7043: 6985: 6824:Africanized bee 6812: 6776: 6745: 6739: 6693:at BioAcoustica 6667: 6662: 6548:Wayback Machine 6533: 6528: 6491: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6392: 6388: 6327: 6323: 6284: 6280: 6270: 6268: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6243: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6201: 6199: 6192: 6188: 6160: 6154: 6150: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6123:on May 11, 2011 6107: 6106: 6102: 6092: 6090: 6069: 6065: 6020: 6013: 5960: 5956: 5946: 5944: 5904: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5878: 5876: 5862: 5858: 5801: 5797: 5752: 5745: 5689: 5685: 5629: 5625: 5609: 5608: 5561: 5557: 5495: 5488: 5449: 5445: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5380: 5376: 5329: 5325: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5272: 5268: 5257: 5253: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5186: 5182: 5145: 5141: 5115: 5111: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5085: 5076: 5072: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4964: 4960: 4917: 4913: 4903: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4874: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4846: 4844: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4754: 4750: 4699: 4695: 4683: 4682: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4646: 4642: 4632: 4630: 4623: 4619: 4584:Ecology Letters 4576: 4572: 4527: 4523: 4484:(11): 915–918. 4478:Current Biology 4470: 4466: 4453: 4449: 4437: 4436: 4427: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4394: 4384: 4359: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4322: 4318: 4306: 4300: 4296: 4287: 4285: 4275: 4266: 4217:: 31754–31759. 4197: 4188: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4112:Free, John B., 4111: 4107: 4060: 4056: 4025: 4021: 4014: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3981: 3975: 3971: 3922: 3918: 3909: 3907: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3834: 3830: 3799: 3795: 3764: 3760: 3705: 3701: 3662: 3658: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3529:(7): e1500795. 3515: 3511: 3474: 3470: 3433: 3429: 3423:Wayback Machine 3413: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3384: 3383: 3376: 3331: 3324: 3313: 3311: 3304: 3289: 3275: 3266: 3250: 3249: 3215: 3208: 3161: 3154: 3141: 3140: 3133: 3080: 3073: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3002: 2992: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2961: 2954: 2916: 2909: 2900: 2898: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2872: 2864: 2863: 2856: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2785: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2723: 2710: 2709: 2702: 2700: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2662:Worker policing 2638: 2582: 2580:Close relatives 2536:Bombus hortorum 2484:invasive plants 2479: 2460: 2451: 2446: 2426: 2421: 2321:fishing spiders 2282: 2272:, entomologist 2197: 2135:show naturally 2102:Cape honey bees 2094: 2089: 2034:DNA methylation 2003:Apis mellifera, 1976: 1974:DNA methylation 1970: 1960: 1951: 1945: 1932: 1926: 1917: 1911: 1897:, it becomes a 1879: 1873: 1857: 1851: 1782: 1776: 1695: 1687:Main articles: 1677: 1652: 1622: 1597: 1595: 1585:from the bees' 1486: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1451: 1439: 1428: 1422: 1319: 1277: 1261: 1240:, orientation, 1230: 1224: 1200:olfactory sense 1183:Karl von Frisch 1171: 1165: 1138: 1110:thermal defense 1070: 1065: 1029:forced altruism 1012: 1010:Worker policing 1006: 998:sperm viability 974: 966:Pupae of drones 952: 939: 864: 858: 846:gene expression 830: 814:A. m. mellifera 704: 675:nuptial flights 621: 616: 606: 595: 589: 586: 575: 563: 552: 535:A. m. mellifera 530:A. m. mellifera 506: 500: 480: 390:for 'bee', and 378:worldwide. The 263: 254: 248: 235: 143: 135: 124: 120: 113: 95: 93: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 42: 37: 29: 28: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8390: 8380: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8245: 8232: 8219: 8206: 8193: 8180: 8170: 8157: 8144: 8131: 8118: 8105: 8092: 8079: 8066: 8057:Fauna Europaea 8053: 8040: 8027: 8014: 8001: 7988: 7975: 7965: 7961:apis-mellifera 7952: 7939: 7934:Apis mellifera 7924: 7908: 7906: 7904:Apis mellifera 7900: 7899: 7885: 7884: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7849: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7772:Lafcadio Hearn 7769: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7745:Jan Swammerdam 7741: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7696: 7694: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7671:Model organism 7668: 7663: 7662: 7661: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7592: 7587: 7581: 7579: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7545:Insect farming 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7490: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7466: 7465: 7464: 7459: 7448: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7429:Artificial fly 7426: 7421: 7415: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7369: 7362:Insects in art 7358: 7356: 7349: 7338: 7337: 7326: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7303: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7254: 7252:United Kingdom 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7213: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7125:Queen excluder 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7100:Wax foundation 7097: 7092: 7087: 7084:Stewarton hive 7057: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6981:Honey bee race 6978: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6873: 6870:Apis laboriosa 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6834:Cape honey bee 6831: 6826: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6738: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6695: 6691:Apis mellifera 6686: 6683:Apis mellifera 6678: 6673: 6666: 6665:External links 6663: 6661: 6660: 6653:Apis mellifera 6649: 6606: 6603: 6583:(5): 329–335. 6571:Apis mellifera 6564: 6555:Apis mellifera 6551: 6538: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6513:(2): 265–279. 6501:A. nigrocincta 6485: 6476: 6457:(2): 169–178. 6435: 6421: 6402:(3): 147–166. 6386: 6341:(6): 459–471. 6321: 6278: 6253: 6227: 6209: 6186: 6148: 6134: 6111:Misumena vatia 6100: 6063: 6011: 5954: 5918:(2): 248–260. 5898: 5886: 5856: 5795: 5766:(4): 189–197. 5743: 5683: 5623: 5555: 5504:Apis mellifera 5486: 5443: 5440:. Apr 5, 2010. 5425: 5393: 5384:Z Bienenforsch 5374: 5323: 5309: 5286:(3): 295–311. 5266: 5251: 5238:(3): 197–207. 5215: 5202:(1): 185–208. 5180: 5159:(5): 913–920. 5139: 5109: 5070: 5043:(8): 361–377. 5018: 4997: 4958: 4937:(3): 345–351. 4911: 4882: 4853: 4832: 4775: 4768: 4748: 4693: 4684:|journal= 4666: 4640: 4617: 4570: 4548:10.1.1.693.292 4541:(6): 345–353. 4521: 4464: 4447: 4412: 4390:Apis mellifera 4357: 4343: 4336: 4316: 4294: 4264: 4186: 4127: 4118: 4105: 4054: 4019: 4012: 3992: 3979: 3969: 3916: 3894:(3): 130–137. 3872: 3863: 3828: 3809:(3): 199–208. 3793: 3774:(6): 590–591. 3758: 3699: 3656: 3615: 3566: 3509: 3488:(1): 435–452. 3468: 3427: 3407: 3394:AnAge database 3388:Apis mellifera 3374: 3345:(1): 253–273. 3322: 3302: 3287: 3264: 3229:(5): 611–619. 3206: 3171:(3): 407–413. 3152: 3131: 3071: 2998:Apis mellifera 2981: 2952: 2907: 2881: 2854: 2827:(2): 226–233. 2810: 2774: 2735: 2685:Apis mellifera 2671: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2637: 2634: 2630:Apis mellifera 2586:Apis mellifera 2581: 2578: 2527:United Kingdom 2478: 2475: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2386:summer tanager 2353:including the 2310:water striders 2281: 2278: 2269:A. sullivantii 2196: 2193: 2189:heterozygosity 2185:neonicotinoids 2177:tracheal mites 2139:, for example 2133:Apis mellifera 2114:North American 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 1959: 1956: 1947:Main article: 1944: 1941: 1928:Main article: 1925: 1922: 1913:Main article: 1910: 1907: 1872: 1869: 1853:Main article: 1850: 1847: 1778:Main article: 1775: 1772: 1719:growing season 1676: 1673: 1651: 1648: 1594: 1591: 1583:carbon dioxide 1488: 1487: 1456:. Please help 1442: 1440: 1433: 1424:Main article: 1421: 1418: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1276: 1273: 1260: 1257: 1226:Main article: 1223: 1220: 1215:dorsoventrally 1167:Main article: 1164: 1161: 1141:Apis mellifera 1137: 1134: 1108:They lack the 1083:winter cluster 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1008:Main article: 1005: 1002: 970:Main article: 951: 948: 938: 935: 899: 898: 894: 887: 860:Main article: 857: 854: 829: 826: 703: 700: 640:superorganisms 620: 617: 612:Main article: 608: 607: 566: 564: 557: 551: 548: 510:winter cluster 502:Main article: 499: 496: 479: 476: 460:model organism 423:dance language 371:Apis mellifera 356: 355: 354: 353: 345: 337: 329: 327:Pollmann, 1879 321: 313: 305: 303:Geoffroy, 1762 297: 295:Linnaeus, 1761 292:Apis mellifica 286: 285: 279: 278: 270: 269: 265: 264: 255: 250:Apis mellifera 244: 243: 237: 236: 229: 227: 223: 222: 215: 211: 210: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 137: 136: 126:Data Deficient 118: 115: 114: 109: 106: 105: 97: 96: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 43: 38: 33: 26: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8389: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8255: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8171: 8167: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7966: 7962: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7944: 7940: 7935: 7929: 7925: 7920: 7914: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7892: 7882: 7877: 7870: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7842: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7828:Neonicotinoid 7826: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7687: 7679: 7678: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513:Other aspects 7511: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7373:Musca depicta 7370: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7324: 7319: 7317: 7312: 7310: 7305: 7304: 7301: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7257:United States 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6949: 6948: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6900: 6899: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6736: 6731: 6729: 6724: 6722: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6706: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6572: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6489: 6480: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6439: 6430: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6396:Ecotoxicology 6390: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6282: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6197: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6144: 6138: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6112: 6104: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6018: 6016: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5974:(4): 973–92. 5973: 5969: 5968:Ecotoxicology 5965: 5958: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5890: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5817:(7): e69819. 5816: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5799: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5748: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5619: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5491: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5378: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5327: 5319: 5313: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5262: 5255: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5099:on 2014-07-22 5095: 5091: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5029: 5022: 5014: 5008: 5000: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4915: 4899: 4892: 4886: 4870: 4863: 4857: 4842: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4689: 4677: 4669: 4667:9780123813879 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4628: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4459: 4451: 4443: 4431: 4423: 4416: 4400: 4393: 4391: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4353: 4347: 4339: 4337:9781884964985 4333: 4329: 4328: 4320: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4122: 4115: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4015: 4009: 4005: 4004: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3920: 3906:on 2011-07-23 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3824: 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3009: 3001: 2999: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2957: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2912: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2885: 2871: 2870:www.orkin.com 2867: 2861: 2859: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2714: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2676: 2672: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2455: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2355:American toad 2352: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2201: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2181:neonicotinoid 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2098: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2069:recombination 2065: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2054:gene splicing 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1931: 1921: 1916: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1887:pollen basket 1884: 1881:Bees collect 1878: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1826: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1700: 1694: 1690: 1681: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1665:United States 1662: 1658: 1644: 1639: 1616: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563:top-bar hives 1560: 1556: 1552: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1509:superorganism 1506: 1503: 1494: 1484: 1481: 1473: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1443:This section 1441: 1437: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1343:ancient Egypt 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1318: 1317:Domestication 1311:(d. 1,926 BC) 1310: 1306: 1301: 1294: 1290: 1289:cave painting 1286: 1281: 1275:Domestication 1272: 1270: 1266: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1219: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1175: 1170: 1163:Communication 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1116: 1112:exhibited by 1111: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1086: 1084: 1074: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1048:kin selection 1044: 1040: 1038: 1032: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1011: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 973: 964: 956: 947: 944: 934: 930: 926: 924: 920: 915: 907: 903: 895: 892: 888: 884: 883: 882: 879: 877: 873: 869: 863: 853: 851: 847: 843: 834: 825: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 804:Although the 802: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 778: 773: 768: 766: 762: 757: 752: 750: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 717: 713: 708: 699: 697: 692: 688: 684: 678: 676: 672: 671:haplodiploidy 668: 663: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 634: 625: 615: 604: 601: 593: 590:December 2017 583: 579: 573: 572: 567:This section 565: 561: 556: 555: 547: 545: 543: 538: 536: 532: 531: 526: 525:cross-fertile 521: 519: 515: 511: 505: 495: 493: 484: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 456: 454: 453:IUCN Red List 450: 446: 444: 439: 435: 431: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 372: 367: 363: 349: 346: 341: 338: 333: 330: 325: 322: 317: 314: 311:Scopoli, 1770 309: 308:Apis cerifera 306: 301: 300:Apis gregaria 298: 293: 290: 289: 287: 284: 280: 277: 276: 271: 266: 262: 258: 253: 251: 245: 242: 241:Binomial name 238: 234: 233: 228: 225: 224: 221: 220: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 203: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 182: 179: 176: 173: 172: 169: 166: 163: 162: 159: 156: 153: 152: 147: 142: 138: 132: 127: 116: 112: 107: 103: 98: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 41: 36: 22: 19: 8287:Apis (genus) 7903: 7858:Insecticides 7775: 7763: 7760:Hans Zinsser 7725:Clothes moth 7675: 7486:In mythology 7419:Fishing bait 7371: 7283:Honey Museum 7210:by countries 7146: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6863: 6829:Buckfast bee 6699: 6690: 6682: 6656: 6652: 6618: 6614: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6558: 6554: 6531:Bibliography 6510: 6506: 6500: 6496: 6488: 6479: 6454: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6424: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6338: 6334: 6324: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6269:. Retrieved 6265: 6256: 6244:. Retrieved 6239: 6230: 6221: 6212: 6200:. Retrieved 6189: 6167:(21): 1–12. 6164: 6151: 6137: 6125:. Retrieved 6121:the original 6110: 6103: 6091:. Retrieved 6079: 6075: 6066: 6031: 6027: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5945:. Retrieved 5915: 5911: 5901: 5889: 5877:. Retrieved 5873:the original 5859: 5814: 5808: 5798: 5763: 5759: 5701: 5698:BMC Genomics 5697: 5686: 5641: 5637: 5626: 5612:cite journal 5571: 5565: 5558: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5459:(3): 333–6. 5456: 5452: 5446: 5428: 5409: 5406:EFSA Journal 5405: 5396: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5340: 5337:BMC Dermatol 5336: 5326: 5312: 5303:11299/182451 5283: 5279: 5269: 5260: 5254: 5235: 5231: 5218: 5199: 5193: 5183: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5125: 5121: 5112: 5101:. Retrieved 5094:the original 5073: 5040: 5034: 5021: 4970: 4961: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4914: 4902:. Retrieved 4897: 4885: 4873:. Retrieved 4868: 4856: 4845:. Retrieved 4835: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4758: 4751: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4649: 4643: 4631:. Retrieved 4620: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4457: 4450: 4421: 4415: 4403:. Retrieved 4398: 4389: 4346: 4326: 4319: 4310: 4297: 4286:. Retrieved 4283:SciTechDaily 4282: 4210: 4204: 4144: 4140: 4130: 4121: 4113: 4108: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4002: 3995: 3972: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3908:. Retrieved 3904:the original 3891: 3885: 3875: 3866: 3841: 3838:Insectes Soc 3837: 3831: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3606:. Retrieved 3586: 3582: 3569: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3410: 3398:. Retrieved 3393: 3387: 3342: 3338: 3278: 3253:cite journal 3226: 3222: 3168: 3164: 3147:ScienceDaily 3091: 3087: 3060:cite journal 3049:the original 3012: 3006: 2997: 2972:. Retrieved 2968: 2928: 2924: 2899:. Retrieved 2893: 2884: 2873:. Retrieved 2869: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2801:. Retrieved 2799:(2): 165–196 2796: 2792: 2765:. Retrieved 2753: 2747: 2738: 2713:cite journal 2701:. 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These are 2589: 2585: 2583: 2571: 2564:pore anthers 2549: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2523: 2519: 2506: 2498: 2491:the Americas 2488: 2480: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2452: 2436: 2430: 2427: 2413:honey badger 2390: 2378:hummingbirds 2367: 2337: 2325:lynx spiders 2318: 2302:green darner 2300:such as the 2294:robber flies 2283: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2206: 2169:insecticides 2164: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2132: 2118: 2107: 2066: 2062: 2011: 2002: 1992: 1982:and have 32 1977: 1952: 1937:Stradivarius 1933: 1918: 1891:fermentation 1880: 1858: 1831: 1800: 1794: 1783: 1708: 1696: 1653: 1575: 1548: 1513: 1499: 1476: 1467: 1447:verification 1444: 1413: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1394:John Guillim 1387: 1383: 1351: 1339:domesticated 1335:invertebrate 1320: 1285:honey hunter 1269:trophallaxis 1265:A. mellifera 1264: 1262: 1250: 1231: 1211: 1204: 1196:waggle dance 1180: 1157:A. mellifera 1156: 1140: 1139: 1130:asphyxiation 1119: 1113: 1107: 1103: 1095: 1087: 1079: 1045: 1041: 1033: 1026: 1022: 1013: 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