423:: During those tumultuous years (1930-1933), the movement reached the northern Tamenglong area where the Liangmai tribe of the Zeliangrong community live. The movement made its headquarters at Nreng (Bamrekluang), about 35 KMs from present Tamei. The prophets of this cult had prophesied that the villagers need not have to grow any more crops because paddy would rain down from heaven. Thus the Nreng (Illeng) villagers did not literally cultivate paddy for three years, they drank and danced in exuberance, emptying barns of all the rich people of the village, slaughtering mithuns as sacrifices for the gods. They had also prophesied that humans would begin to fly (it did literally happen when the airplanes flew over their heads), and that there would come a time the people would not suffer anymore politically as they would make their living by selling sand, rocks, trees. Politically this movement asked the people not to pay tax any longer to the British (we still have songs of praises for apou Gandhi/ Kandhi as the bringer of freedom). For all these anti British activities SDOs like S. J. Duncan and others started investigating. SDO CS Booth came to Nreng (Illeng) with 150 soldiers and burnt all the houses to ashes. They also imprisoned 5 people namely; B. Nrenghibou, B. Hujankiu, Ch. Pouhotlinang, Z. Chamaipoinang, B. Kaikhambou. The SDO had warned that they would not be allowed to rebuild their village unless they gave a penalty of Rs 500. Thus every house was made to bring whatever the amount they could gather and pay off the ransom amount. Mr. Kaikhambou was in the prison for 13 long years and only in 1944 when the Japanese bombarded Imphal he could go home.
238:. In the traditional religion, this deity was acknowledged as the creator god, but was only one among the several gods and did not have much importance in everyday life. Jadonang, on the other hand described Tingkao Ragwang as an omnipotent and omniscient god, who permeated the world as a spiritual energy. He encouraged people to offer him regular prayers, and to sing hymns in his praise. The other traditional deities were respected, but given less importance. These concepts of monotheism and a centralized belief system were influenced by Christianity, and probably Islam, which were being preached in Manipur and
403:
whole village, not just him. Higgins summoned some villagers, who testified that
Jadonang was responsible for the murders. According to Jadonang's supporters, he was falsely implicated in the murders, and the witnesses had testified against him under duress. At the time of the murders, Jadonang himself was at Longkao to celebrate a customary house of Ahongyum ("painted house"). The traders had been killed by other villagers, for fear of exposure of secrets and for violating the
219:
386:, the capital of Manipur. Instead of taking the shortest route to Imphal, Higgins moved across the Naga territory on his way. He went all the way up to Tamenglong, showing a chain-bounded Jadonang to people, in order to demonstrate that the Heraka leader did not possess any divine powers. Jadonang was brought to Imphal on 19 March, a month after his arrest.
365:
fiscal year 1931-32. By
February 1931, all the British officers in the area agreed that Jadonang's movement had to be suppressed permanently. On 19 February 1931, Jadonang was imprisoned in the Silchar Jail, after being arrested while returning from the Bhuvan cave with Gaidinliu and 600 other followers.
414:
On 13 June 1931, Jadonang was declared guilty of the murders at a trial by the
British Indian authorities. He was hanged to death on 29 August 1931 at 6 am, on the bank of the Nambul river behind the Imphal jail. His body was taken to his native village Puiluan, where it was buried in accordance with
360:
Subsequently, Jadonang also reached out to other Naga tribes including the
Angamis, Chakhesangs, Rengmas, Maos and Marams. He personally visited some of potential allies, but did not have as much success as he had with the Zeliagrongs. For example, the council of the Angami village Khonoma refused to
308:
territory. He dressed similar to the
British officials of the region, and rode a pony just like them. S. J. Duncan, the Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO) appointed by the British, took a notice of this. In 1928, the SDO asked Jadonang to remove his hat and dismount from his pony. Jadonang considered this
206:
Jadonang saw the growing influence of
Christianity in Naga territory as a sign of foreign imperialism. He considered it as a threat to the traditional religion and society of the Nagas. Besides, the tribals had been suffering from continuing invasions by different powers. The British were especially
402:
traders had been murdered in
Jadonang's native village Puiluan. Jinlakpou – one of the first Christian converts of Tamenglong – informed the government about the murders, and alleged that Jadonang had ordered these murders. Jadonang stated that the decision to kill the traders had been taken by the
202:
From childhood, Jadonang was a deeply religious person. He used to pray to God for hours when alone. He visited places like Bhuvan Cave and Zeliad Lake, which were believed to be the residence of gods and goddesses by the Nagas. By the age of 10, he had become popular among the
Zeliangrong tribals
364:
In
January 1931, the British officials received reports that Jadonang was planning to declare a war against them by the end of that year. There were reports about secret meetings and collection of guns in the Naga villages. Moreover, Jadonang had asked his followers to pay taxes to him from the
291:
The Heraka movement faced opposition from the
Christian converts as well as the traditional believers. Besides its religious aspects, Jadonang's movement had a political aim: he wanted his people to forget the past hatred of the inter-village feuds and communal tension, and unite against the
259:
The traditional Naga faith did not involve construction of temples. But influenced by Christianity and Vaishnavism, Jadonang encouraged construction of Heraka temples called "Kao Kai". He claimed that the Bhuvan god told him in a dream that this would result in good health and prosperity. In
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oppressive with their forced porter system, heavy hill house taxes (Rs. 3 per year), and imposition of new laws. As he reached adulthood, Jadonang made his ideas about the revival of Naga culture to his fellow tribals. He urged them to fight for national prestige and social change.
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to Jadonang's native village Puiluan. There, he destroyed the Heraka temples, claiming to defend the traditional Naga animism. He arrested many elders, confiscated guns from the villagers and imposed heavy fines on several villages in the region. He then arrived in
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At the Imphal jail, Higgins interrogated Jadonang, who denied all the charges against him and refused to provide any information about the anti-British movement. Higgins was also unsuccessful in extracting any information from the village elders and Gaidinliu.
328:), which comprised 500 men and women at its peak. The army was trained in military tactics, handling of weapons including guns, and intelligence operations. In addition, it also received training for civilian tasks such as cattle-grazing, cultivation,
300:
movement in India, and wished to expressed solidarity with him. In January 1927, he made arrangements to take a dance troupe of 200 Naga boys and girls to welcome Gandhi at Silchar. However, Gandhi's visit was canceled, so Jadonang could not meet him.
158:. He also espoused the cause of an independent Naga kingdom ("Makam Gwangdi" or "Naga Raj"), which brought him in conflict with the colonial British rulers of India. He was hanged by the British in 1931, and succeeded by his cousin
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for his dreams and prophecies and healing powers by local herbs and medicines. People from far and near came to Kambiron under the spell of interpretation of dreams, mysterious healing, advice and principles of reformed religion.
332:, and collection of firewood. The army often traveled with Jadonang, and participated in Heraka religious ceremonies. Jadonang also composed songs praising the anti-colonial struggle, which were taught by his disciple Gaidinliu.
369:
The news of Jadonang's arrest caused unrest in the Naga territory. As a result, the British imposed a ban on people walking with spears or in large groups. J. C. Higgins, the British political agent of Manipur, led an
170:
Haipou Jadonang Malangmei was born on 30 July 1905 Sunday at Puiluan (also Puiron or Kambiron) village of the present-day Nungba Sub-Division in Tamenglong district. His family belonged to the Malangmei clan of the
175:
tribe. He was youngest of the three sons of Thiudai and Tabonliu. His father Thiudai died when he was around one year old. Taboliu, his mother brought up the three boys by farming on the family property.
245:
Jadonang also abolished several superstitious taboos. He reduced the number of ritual sacrifices, especially the ones offered to deities other than Tingkao Ragwang. He also did away with a number of
249:(rituals), such as the ones associated with childbirth, presence of an animal in the house, disasters such as earthquake and landslides, felling of tree, and weapon injuries. He retained the
234:
were trying to make inroads into the Naga territory, Jadonang sought to standardize the traditional Naga belief systems. The Heraka religion emphasized the worship of the supreme being
256:
Instead of focusing on rituals, Jadonang emphasized qualities that he said were pleasing to Tingkao Ragwang, such as truth, love, and respect for the entire creation.
260:
accordance with the Rongmei tradition, which states that the humans first emerged from a primeval cave, Jadonang established a cave temple at the Bhuvan cave.
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870:
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support him on the grounds that he would only replace the British as their masters. Despite this, Jadonang did gain support from a number of Angamis.
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as an act of subservience, and refused. The SDO brought him to Tamenglong, where Jadonang was interrogated and ordered to be imprisoned for a week.
215:
Jadonang established a socio-religious movement called Heraka (literally "Pure"), derived from ancestral Naga practices known as "Paupaise".
798:
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members to all the Zeliagrong tribes, seeking alliances against the British. He succeeded in gaining allegiance from the Zeliangongs of
880:
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for the Nagas. The arrest only increased his popularity among the Nagas. After his release, Jadonang gradually built an army (called
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as the titular king of Manipur, although direct administration was in the hands of the British political agent J.C. Higgins. The
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521:
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Jadonang fashioned himself as the King of the Nagas. He traveled across the Zeliagrong region, and a part of the
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were under District Commissioner Jimson. The Naga territories were thus completely under the colonial control.
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religious movement, which was based on the ancestral Naga religion, and declared himself to be the "
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villages were controlled by the District Commissioner J.P. Mills (an expert anthropologist) and
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805:. Nagaland Directorate of Information and Public Relations. 31 August 2009. Archived from
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Reform, Identity and Narratives of Belonging: The Heraka Movement in Northeast India
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511:
434:
264:
239:
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Evangelising the Nation: Religion and the Formation of Naga Political Identity
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movement", Periese ("old practice"), Kelumse ("prayer practice") and Ranise ("
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associated with harvest, safety of crop from pests, and safety from animals.
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56:
382:, where the police handed over Jadonang to him. Jadonang was to be taken to
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329:
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419:, who was also arrested and imprisoned by the British Indian government.
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Naga traditions. His movement would continue under the leadership of
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North-West Sub-Division. S.J. Duncan was the S.D.O. appointed by the
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The History of the Zeliangrong Nagas: From Makhel to Rani Gaidinliu
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819:
ZN Sironbou oral interview with Mr Lungsongbibou of Nreng (Illeng)
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131:
64:
263:
The Heraka movement has been variously described as a religious
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383:
86:
283:'s practice"). Khampai is a pejorative term for the movement.
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781:
779:
777:
275:". It also came to be known as the "Kacha Naga movement", "
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Tribals and Their Culture in Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizoram
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Jadonang's first arrest came a week before the Angami-led
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Government of India. The British Government had retained
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351:. Some of these even paid him tributes in the form of
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Wounded Land: Politics and Identity in Modern Manipur
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564:
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639:The rising Nagas: a historical and political study
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179:Tamenglong at that time was the headquarters of
411:(taboo) which prohibits the starting of fire.
27:Naga spiritual leader and activist (1905–1931)
130:spiritual leader and political activist from
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886:People executed by British India by hanging
799:"78th Martyr's Day of Haipou Jadonang held"
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509:
871:Indian independence activists from Manipur
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113:Fighting against the British Raj in India
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550:. Mittal Publications. pp. 45–46.
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105:Spiritual leader and political activist
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292:foreigners. Jadonang had heard about
150:. His movement was widespread in the
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25:
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881:Anti-Christian sentiment in India
642:. Vivek Pub. House. p. 126.
122:(1905–1931), popularly known as
846:People from Tamenglong district
813:
791:
426:
421:Apou ky Racheng/ Kampai Racheng
876:Indian critics of Christianity
510:G. K. Ghosh (1 January 1992).
316:submitted a memorandum to the
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1:
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165:
454:Longkumer, Arkotong (2010).
7:
516:. Ashish Publishing House.
460:. Continuum International.
10:
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156:conversion to Christianity
433:Kabui, Gangmumei (2004).
109:
101:
93:
72:
44:
34:
861:Indian religious leaders
481:. Taylor & Francis.
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349:Tamenglong Sub-Division
287:Anti-British activities
398:Earlier in 1930, four
232:Vaishnavism of Manipur
223:
544:John Parratt (2005).
475:Thomas, John (2015).
221:
189:Meidingngu Churachand
154:territory before the
138:. He established the
809:on 21 February 2010.
636:Asoso Yonuo (1974).
851:History of Nagaland
788:, pp. 120–121.
759:, pp. 119–120.
723:, pp. 116–117.
585:, pp. 103–104.
61:Tamenglong district
341:North Cachar Hills
335:Jadonang sent the
322:self-determination
298:civil disobedience
224:
120:Jadonang Malangmei
55:Kambiron village,
49:Jadonang Malangmei
557:978-81-8324-053-6
523:978-81-7024-455-4
488:978-1-317-41398-1
467:978-0-8264-3970-3
446:978-81-87502-76-0
185:British colonialn
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16:(Redirected from
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318:Simon Commission
271:, and the "Naga
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856:Indian animists
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265:reform movement
236:Tingkao Ragwang
226:At a time when
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211:Heraka movement
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124:Haipou Jadonang
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670:Longkumer 2010
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417:Rani Gaidinliu
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294:Mahatma Gandhi
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222:Heraka Prayers
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160:Rani Gaidinliu
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110:Known for
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83:29 August 1931
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296:'s plans for
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240:Cachar plains
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146:king" of the
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136:British India
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102:Occupation(s)
100:
96:
92:
88:
75:
71:
66:
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59:(present-day
58:
57:British India
47:
43:
33:
30:
19:
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807:the original
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672:, p. 2.
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653:. Retrieved
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527:. Retrieved
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439:. Spectrum.
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372:Assam Rifles
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363:
359:
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336:
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311:
303:
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262:
258:
255:
250:
246:
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228:Christianity
225:
214:
205:
201:
197:Cachar areas
178:
173:Rongmei Naga
169:
139:
123:
119:
118:
29:
866:Naga people
841:1931 deaths
836:1905 births
786:Thomas 2015
769:Thomas 2015
757:Thomas 2015
745:Thomas 2015
733:Thomas 2015
721:Thomas 2015
709:Thomas 2015
697:Thomas 2015
685:Thomas 2015
600:Thomas 2015
583:Thomas 2015
571:Thomas 2015
273:renaissance
152:Zeliangrong
94:Nationality
830:Categories
624:Kabui 2004
497:References
345:Naga Hills
193:Naga Hills
166:Early life
79:1931-08-29
803:Naga News
314:Naga Club
277:Gaidinliu
380:Jirighat
126:, was a
39:Jadonang
400:Manipur
354:mithuns
181:Manipur
144:messiah
132:Manipur
65:Manipur
655:5 June
646:
554:
529:5 June
520:
485:
464:
443:
405:Dihnei
384:Imphal
375:column
337:Riphen
326:Riphen
306:Angami
251:gennas
247:gennas
140:Heraka
97:Indian
87:Imphal
36:Haipou
18:Heraka
409:genna
390:Death
148:Nagas
657:2013
644:ISBN
552:ISBN
531:2013
518:ISBN
483:ISBN
462:ISBN
441:ISBN
407:, a
347:and
281:Rani
269:cult
267:, a
230:and
128:Naga
73:Died
52:1905
45:Born
63:of
832::
801:.
776:^
677:^
590:^
357:.
343:,
242:.
162:.
134:,
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20:)
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