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685:. In deep water the effect is small but in shallow water it is greater, because as the water that passes underneath it moves faster and causes the draught to increase. This reduced the clearance between the bow doors and water line to between 1.5 and 1.9 metres (4 ft 11 in and 6 ft 3 in). After extensive tests, the investigators found that when the ship travelled at a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h), the wave was enough to engulf the bow doors. This caused a "step change": if the ship had been sailing at less than 18 knots and not in shallow water, people on the car deck would probably have had time to notice the bow doors were open and close them.
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identified a "disease of sloppiness" and negligence at every level of the corporation's hierarchy. Issues relating to the breaking of waves high on the bow doors while under way and requests to have an indicator installed on the bridge showing the position of the doors were dismissed; the former because of the attitude that ships' masters would come and "bang on the desk" if an issue was truly important, and the latter because it was thought frivolous to spend money on equipment to indicate if employees had failed to do their job correctly.
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Leslie Sabel, was required to stay on deck to make sure the doors were closed. Sabel said he thought he saw
Stanley approaching. He was seriously injured in the disaster and the court concluded that his evidence was inaccurate. It is believed that, under pressure to get to his harbour station on the bridge, he had left G deck with the bow doors open in the expectation that Stanley would arrive shortly.
550:. The entire event took place within 90 seconds. The water quickly reached the ship's electrical systems, destroying both main and emergency power and leaving the ship in darkness. The ship ended up on her side half-submerged in shallow water 1 kilometre (0.5 nmi; 0.6 mi) from the shore. Only a fortuitous turn to starboard in her last moments, and then capsizing on a
515:
328:, who was asleep in his cabin when he should have been closing the bow door. However, the official inquiry placed more blame on his supervisors and a general culture of poor communication in Townsend Thoresen. The vessel was salvaged, put up for sale, and sold to Naviera SA Kingstown on 30 September 1987, renamed
709:
directed the jury to acquit the company and the five most senior individual defendants. This was because the various acts of negligence could not be attributed to any individual who was a so-called "controlling mind". It did, however, set a precedent that corporate manslaughter is an offence known to
669:
had sailed from Dover to
Zeebrugge with the bow doors open, after her assistant boatswain fell asleep. It was therefore believed that leaving the bow doors open alone should not have caused the ship to capsize. Tests by the Danish Maritime Institute after the accident, however, found that once water
427:
was positioned at the forward end, and the ship had clam shell doors rather than raising a visor door, making it difficult to see the bow doors. Loading of vehicles onto E deck and D deck was through a weathertight door at the bow and an open portal at the stern. Vehicles could be loaded and unloaded
634:
The fact that
Stanley was asleep at the time of departure led Sheen to examine the working practices of Townsend Thoresen, from which he concluded that the poor workplace communication and stand-off relationship between ship operators and shore-based managers was the root cause of the capsizing, and
630:
in 1987. It found the capsizing was caused by three main factors—Stanley's failure to close the bow doors, Sabel's failure to make sure the bow doors were closed, and Lewry leaving port without knowing whether the bow doors were closed. While the court determined the immediate cause of the capsizing
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was also found to be a contributory cause of the capsizing. Unlike other ships, which are subdivided into watertight compartments, the vehicle decks of RORO vessels are normally contiguous: any flooding on these decks would allow the water to flow the entire length of the ship. This issue had been
498:
to close the doors before moorings were dropped. The assistant boatswain, Mark
Stanley, however, had returned to his cabin for a short break after cleaning the car deck upon arrival, and was still asleep when the harbour-stations call sounded and the ship dropped her moorings. The first officer,
487:-class vessels: it used a single deck, preventing the simultaneous loading of both E and G decks, and the ramp could not be raised high enough to reach E deck. To compensate for this, the vessel's bow ballast tanks were filled. The ship's natural trim was not restored after loading. Had
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The court also described the attitude of boatswain
Terence Ayling, believed to have been the last person on G deck. Asked why he did not close the doors given there was no one else there to do it, he said it was not his duty. The court nevertheless praised his work in the rescue.
854:(in the case of RORO vessels, defined as the height between the vehicle deck and the water line) for all new ROROs, instead of the previous 76 centimetres (30 in). Some vessels omit the bow door configuration altogether and vehicles enter and exit from rear doors only. New
913:, a government minister at the time, was criticised for alluding to the accident (while speaking on another subject) on 10 March 1987. He was quoted as saying that "although he is the pilot of the Bill, he has not got his bow doors open". He apologised for the remark.
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divers limited the death toll. Recoverable bodies were removed in the days following the accident. During the rescue the tide started to rise and the rescue team was forced to stop all efforts until morning. The last of the people left on board died of hypothermia.
382:
To remain competitive with other ferry operators on the route, Townsend
Thoresen required ships designed to permit fast loading and unloading and quick acceleration. The ships comprised eight decks numbered A to H from top to bottom, which contained the following:
841:
Since the accident, several improvements to the design of this type of vessel have been made. These include indicators on the bridge that display the state of the bow doors, watertight ramps being fitted to the bow sections of the front of the ship, and
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s lights disappear, and notified the port authorities. They also reported that the bow doors appeared to be wide open. The alarm was raised at 18:37 (GMT). Rescue helicopters were quickly dispatched, shortly followed by assistance from the
1724:
Disaster some years back, when he and his ship saved a large number of the passengers. For his heroic actions, he received a letter of commendation from the Prime
Minister of the United Kingdom (Margaret Thatcher) and a medal from the
1206:
324:. The ship left harbour with her bow door open, and the sea immediately flooded the decks; within minutes, she was lying on her side in shallow water. The immediate cause of the capsizing was found to be negligence by the assistant
806:
The
Townsend Thoresen brand name had inevitably been seen on television and in newspapers around the world. P&O, who had only just taken over TT before the disaster, quickly decided to re-brand the company as
443:, Germany. Propulsive power was by means of three 6,000 kW (8,000 bhp) 12-cylinder Sulzer medium-speed diesel engines driving variable-pitch propellers. The vehicle deck bow doors were constructed by
2003:
755:(Flushing, Netherlands), where her fate was decided. It had originally been assumed that she could be repaired and continue sailing. However, no buyer was found; she was sold to Compania Naviera SA of
655:
in June and
November 1977 respectively. The need to adjust the ship's bow trim to use the port facilities at Zeebrugge and failure to readjust before departure was another factor in the capsizing.
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was
Stanley's failure to close the bow doors, it was very critical of Sabel for not being in a position to prevent the disaster, calling his actions "the most immediate" cause of the capsizing.
1564:
335:
Since the disaster, improvements have been made to the design of RORO vessels, with watertight ramps, indicators showing the position of the bow doors, and the banning of undivided decks.
574:
799:
was cast adrift after its tow rope parted, resuming on 19 October 1987. The hull began to disintegrate while off the coast of South Africa on 27 December 1987, and had to be towed into
506:
Captain David Lewry assumed that the doors had been closed since he could not see them from the wheelhouse owing to the ship's design, and had no indicator lights in the wheelhouse.
858:(IMO) regulations are in place that prohibit an open (undivided) deck of this length on a passenger RORO vessel. The capsizing of the ship is used as a standard example of the
701:. Seven people involved at the company were charged with gross negligence manslaughter, and the operating company, P&O European Ferries (Dover) Ltd, was charged with
522:
The ship left her berth in Zeebrugge inner harbour at 18:05 (GMT) with a crew of 80 and carrying 459 passengers, 81 cars, three buses and 47 trucks. She passed the outer
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and was successfully concluded in late April 1987, allowing the remaining bodies trapped underwater to be removed. The ship was towed to Zeebrugge, and then across the
2011:
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2681:- Denotes order in which different vessels carried the name - Requisitioned by MoD for Falklands War - Capsized/sunk
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17:
948:), telling the story of the disaster and its aftermath. A second edition, updated to reflect the thirtieth anniversary, was released on 1 March 2018 (
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began to enter the vehicle deck of a RORO, it was likely that the vessel would capsize within 30 minutes, while other tests showed that the lack of
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978:, there is a stained-glass window dedicated to Bob Crone, Bryan Eades and Graham Evans, three of the crewmen who died during the disaster.
530:(35.0 km/h; 21.7 mph) 90 seconds after leaving the harbour, water began to enter the car deck in large quantities. The resulting
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375:. The name "Free Enterprise" dates from Townsend Car Ferries' pioneering private sector roll-on/roll-off ferries, introduced in 1962.
2710:
1922:
1802:
Baily, Michael (20 January 1981). "Roll on, roll off freight ships with open garage decks potential death traps, naval men believe".
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on 2 January 1988 to undergo temporary repairs to allow her to continue her voyage. She finally arrived in Taiwan on 22 March 1988.
959:
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1987:
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681:". When a vessel is under way, the movement under it creates low pressure, which has the effect of increasing the vessel's
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674:(which was common on other vessels) allowed the weight of water to flow freely and increase the likelihood of capsizing.
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newspaper offering cheap trips to the continent. Most of the victims were trapped inside the ship and succumbed to
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1940:
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caused the highest death count of any peacetime maritime disaster involving a British ship since the sinking of
599:
The disaster resulted in the deaths of 193 people. Many of those on board had taken advantage of a promotion in
3063:
2080:"Jim Diamond obituary: Singer-songwriter whose top five hits in the 1980s included I Should Have Known Better"
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the law of England and Wales. The disaster was one of a number that influenced thinking leading to the
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and the Townsend Thoresen branding painted over before her final sailing to a scrapyard at
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312:, designed for rapid loading and unloading on the competitive cross-channel route between
8:
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Andrew Clifford Parker, Assistant Bank Manager, Nippon Credit International, George Medal
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was extended to increase her cargo capacity during her time under the P&O flag in a
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2004:"A BBC drama-documentary will delve into one of the biggest disasters in Dover history"
740:
2181:
1941:"UK weather: A look back at the devastating Great Storm of 1987 that nobody predicted"
811:, repaint the fleet's red hulls in navy blue and remove the TT logo from the funnels.
2640:
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2307:
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2108:"March 6, 1987: Zeebrugge disaster claims 193 lives as ferry capsizes mile from port"
2038:
1983:
1415:
1344:
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Business Continuity: Best Practices : World-class Business Continuity Management
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739:
A salvage operation, conducted by Dutch company Smit-Tak Towage and Salvage (part of
589:
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309:
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1980:
Emergency Evacuation Planning for Your Workplace: From Chaos to Life-Saving Solution
743:), was embarked upon almost immediately to refloat the ship. The operation included
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houses a permanent memorial to the disaster. In the village church of St Margaret,
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at 18:24 (GMT) and capsized about four minutes later. When the ferry reached 18.9
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546:. The ship briefly righted herself before listing to port once more, this time
370:
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1873:"[ARCHIVED CONTENT] UK Government Web Archive – The National Archives"
1703:(4). The Council of American Master Mariners, Inc. Winter 2006. Archived from
1618:
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survived, she would have been modified to remove the need for this procedure.
347:
commissioned the design and construction of three new identical ships for its
3007:
1222:
1208:
1101:
Chief Petty Officer Peter Frank Still, Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct
1052:
835:
222:
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regulations were changed in 1990 to require 125 centimetres (49 in) of
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H-deck: engine rooms, stores and passenger accommodation at the forward end.
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mv Herald of Free Enterprise: Report of Court No. 8074 Formal Investigation
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1154:
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Lieutenant-Ter-Zee 1ste Klas Alfons M. A. C. Daems, Queen's Gallantry Medal
1071:
1029:
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to allow water to escape from a vehicle deck in the event of flooding. The
682:
678:
570:
1076:
Lieutenant-Ter-Zee 1ste Klas Guido A. Couwenbergh, Queen's Gallantry Medal
787:. The voyage was interrupted for four days when the ships encountered the
2831:
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because of the frigid water. The rescue efforts of the Belgian Navy and
2842:
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2383:
2283:
Whittingham, Robert B. (2004). "Organizational and management errors".
1818:"The "Squat" effect and the sinking of the "Herald of Free Enterprise""
1168:
1084:
752:
610:
416:
170:
1092:
Able Seaman Eamon Christopher McKinley Fullen, Queen's Gallantry Medal
872:
s two sister ships have since been withdrawn from service. The former
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Loading of vehicles onto G deck was through watertight doors at the
2822:
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480:
429:
2790:
1623:
1007:
843:
775:. She began her final voyage on 5 October 1987, together with MV
694:
650:
558:
554:, prevented the ship from sinking entirely in much deeper water.
551:
473:
448:
2304:
Ninety Seconds at Zeebrugge: The Herald of Free Enterprise Story
938:
Ninety Seconds at Zeebrugge: The Herald of Free Enterprise Story
1042:
990:, who lost his daughter and son-in-law in the tragedy, founded
772:
352:
317:
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on the night of 6 March 1987, killing 193 passengers and crew.
301:(RORO) ferry which capsized moments after leaving the Belgian
2854:
2718:
469:
420:
348:
313:
192:
916:
The disaster was the subject of an episode from Series 2 of
735:
towed into the harbour at Vlissingen after salvage, May 1987
697:'s inquest jury into the capsizing returned 187 verdicts of
2182:"Zeebrugge disaster marked by memorial service 25 years on"
210:
1746:
1643:
677:
Another factor that contributed to the capsizing was the "
332:. It was taken to Taiwan on 22 March 1988 to be scrapped.
2050:
1886:
1536:"Zeebrugge Herald of Free Enterprise disaster remembered"
936:
On 1 July 2014, The History Press released a book called
355:
route for delivery from 1980. The ships were branded the
1758:
1089:
Lieutenant Simon Nicholas Bound, Queen's Gallantry Medal
888:
remained more or less as built, being scrapped in 2015.
483:
at Zeebrugge had not been designed specifically for the
1619:"Seconds from Disaster S02E05 Zeebrugge Ferry Disaster"
1510:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1631:
1484:
1482:
1480:
848:
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
393:
B-deck: passenger areas, crew accommodation and galley
2133:"House of Commons PQs – Margaret Thatcher Foundation"
1734:
1467:
1465:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
643:
identified as early as 1980, following the losses of
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onto E and G decks simultaneously, using double-deck
390:
Half deck (between A and B decks) wheelhouse (bridge)
1369:
1357:
1320:
1293:
1269:
1234:
Capsize location of the MS Herald of Free Enterprise
1195:, an automobile cargo ship which sank nearby in 2002
1122:
1048:
William Sean Walker, Seaman, Queen's Gallantry Medal
308:
The eight-deck car and passenger ferry was owned by
2385:
Ships of Townsend Thoresen (European Ferries Group)
2285:
The Blame Machine: why human error causes accidents
2078:Sweeting, Adam; MacAskill, Ewen (11 October 2015).
2053:
Coastal skipper/Yachtmaster offshore theory course.
1783:
1499:
1497:
1477:
1281:
1462:
1443:
320:. As was common at the time, it was built with no
2329:DOT Report Of Court No. 8074 Formal Investigation
2155:"Seconds from Disaster: Zeebrugge Ferry Disaster"
2077:
2068:, The ferry site, www page, accessed 22 June 2007
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1390:
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998:which assists people affected by similar events.
862:in manuals of seamanship dealing with stability.
573:, which was undertaking an exercise in the area.
3005:
1562:
1494:
925:The disaster was also featured in an episode of
838:, when at least 205 perished of the 280 aboard.
1112:Dirk van Mullem, Diver, Queen's Gallantry Medal
596:for his heroic efforts in rescuing passengers.
405:F-deck: crew accommodation (port and starboard)
1770:
1582:
1558:
1556:
1425:
1381:
1185:List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll
1171:, a ferry lost in 1994 due to bow door failure
2704:
2369:
1840:"Herald of Free Enterprise disaster in 1987"
1533:
1406:
1404:
617:
584:, the German captain of a nearby ferry (M/V
538:. In a matter of seconds, the ship began to
399:D-deck: suspended vehicle deck within E deck
2237:(Supplement). 30 December 1987. p. 61.
2037:. Adlard Coles Nautical. pp. 132–133.
1892:
1806:. No. 61529. London. col A, p. 2.
1795:
1553:
1109:Piet Lagast, Diver, Queen's Gallantry Medal
454:
2711:
2697:
2376:
2362:
2287:. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
338:
2719:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1987
1401:
963:Memorial window at St Margaret's Church,
626:into the incident was held under British
494:It was normal practice for the assistant
387:A-deck: crew accommodation and radio room
2227:
1661:
1655:
1343:. Rothstein Associates Inc. p. 20.
958:
726:
513:
479:. This was not her normal route and the
27:Ferry sunk at Zeebrugge, Belgium in 1987
2301:
1977:
1938:
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3034:Connections across the English Channel
3006:
2334:Hundreds trapped as car ferry capsizes
1870:
1720:Captain Schröder was a hero of the MV
1565:"Zeebrugge Ferry Disaster 30 Years On"
1529:
1527:
1525:
1097:Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct
1095:Chief Petty Officer Edward Gene Kerr,
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2252:
2152:
2105:
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1789:
1516:
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1471:
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1106:Tijdelijke Vereniging Bergingswerken
379:began active service on 29 May 1980.
233:131.91 m (432 ft 9 in)
54:
1958:
1664:"Tragic death of Wolfgang Schroeder"
277:22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph)
2153:Hooks, Barbara (28 November 2005).
1982:. Rothstein Publishing. p. 2.
1522:
1041:Stephen Robert Homewood, Assistant
1014:on 30 December 1987, alongside the
1010:on the night of the capsizing were
1001:
891:In the UK, an ensemble group named
856:International Maritime Organization
712:Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998
588:), was commended by Prime Minister
518:The ship on her side half-submerged
241:23.19 m (76 ft 1 in)
24:
2344:Zeebrugge disaster was no accident
2010:. 14 February 2017. Archived from
1412:The evolution of the British ferry
1028:Michael Ian Skippen, Head Waiter,
981:
396:C-deck: passenger areas and galley
249:5.72 m (18 ft 9 in)
25:
18:Herald of Free Enterprise disaster
3080:
2322:
2262:, Crown Department of Transport,
1662:Maitland, Clay (26 August 2010).
1563:Holmes, Geoffrey (4 March 2017).
1006:The following British awards for
763:, for scrapping. She was renamed
99:Compania Naviera S.A. (1987–1988)
3029:Belgium–United Kingdom relations
2989:
2984:
1939:Gripper, Ann (25 October 2013).
1153:
1139:
1125:
882:operation and scrapped in 2012.
761:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
257:23,967 bhp (17,872 kW)
55:
35:
2221:
2200:
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2062:Koefoed-Hansen, Michael (2007)
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1996:
1971:
1932:
1912:
1895:"M/S Herald of Free Enterprise"
1864:
1858:
1832:
1810:
1678:
1602:
705:, but the case collapsed after
592:and received a medal from King
464:On the day the ferry capsized,
1332:
468:was working the route between
435:The ships were constructed by
44:in Dover's Eastern Docks, 1984
13:
1:
3054:Ships built in Bremen (state)
3039:Ferries of the United Kingdom
2035:Yachmaster for sail and power
1871:Foundation, Internet Memory.
1534:Bell, Bethan (6 March 2017).
1245:
1180:List of RORO vessel accidents
929:(Season 1, Episode 5) on the
751:to the yard of De Schelde in
459:
109:Townsend Thoresen (1980–1987)
2106:Early, Chas (4 March 2019).
1250:
814:
722:
717:
509:
7:
3059:Shipwrecks in the North Sea
3044:March 1987 events in Europe
1118:
10:
3085:
3049:Maritime incidents in 1987
2253:Sheen, Mr Justice (1987),
2245:
1175:List of maritime disasters
688:
402:E-deck: upper vehicle deck
2979:
2891:
2759:Herald of Free Enterprise
2724:
2679:
2572:Spirit of Free Enterprise
2537:Herald of Free Enterprise
2391:
1968:, visited 6 November 2011
1966:Herald of Free Enterprise
1929:, visited 5 November 2011
1722:Herald of Free Enterprise
1414:, Kilgetty : Ferry,
1061:Herald of Free Enterprise
1055:, Queen's Gallantry Medal
1045:, Queen's Gallantry Medal
1035:Leigh Cornelius, Seaman,
1023:Herald of Free Enterprise
880:stretch and total rebuild
875:Spirit of Free Enterprise
867:Herald of Free Enterprise
821:Herald of Free Enterprise
797:Herald of Free Enterprise
733:Herald of Free Enterprise
660:Herald of Free Enterprise
640:Herald of Free Enterprise
618:Investigation and inquiry
563:Herald of Free Enterprise
489:Herald of Free Enterprise
466:Herald of Free Enterprise
408:G-deck: main vehicle deck
377:Herald of Free Enterprise
367:Herald of Free Enterprise
362:Spirit of Free Enterprise
294:Herald of Free Enterprise
201:
73:Herald of Free Enterprise
49:
42:Herald of Free Enterprise
34:
3019:1987 disasters in Europe
2565:Pride of Free Enterprise
885:Pride of Free Enterprise
809:P&O European Ferries
667:Pride of Free Enterprise
455:Accident of 6 March 1987
372:Pride of Free Enterprise
359:-class, and were named:
269:12ZV 40/48 diesel engine
1690:accident in Mobile, AL"
1037:Queen's Gallantry Medal
986:Australian businessman
976:St Margaret's at Cliffe
972:St Mary's Church, Dover
965:St Margaret's at Cliffe
830:on 1 January 1919 near
339:Design and construction
322:watertight compartments
213:car and passenger ferry
202:General characteristics
2302:Yardley, Iain (2014).
2033:Noice, Alison (2015).
1918:History and photos of
1339:Hiles, Andrew (2004).
968:
736:
703:corporate manslaughter
672:watertight subdivision
519:
437:Schichau-Unterweser AG
138:, Bremerhaven, Germany
3064:Shipwrecks of Belgium
2809:July (unknown date):
2306:. The History Press.
2160:Sydney Morning Herald
1978:Burtles, Jim (2014).
1223:51.374583°N 3.19056°E
1147:United Kingdom portal
1016:1988 New Year Honours
962:
919:Seconds From Disaster
730:
557:Crew aboard a nearby
517:
432:at Dover and Calais.
225:; 3439.05 net tonnage
186:Capsized 6 March 1987
2523:Free Enterprise VIII
1410:Robins, Nick (1995)
1199:Why–because analysis
1051:Thomas Hume Wilson,
189:Raised 24 April 1987
2516:Free Enterprise VII
2488:Free Enterprise III
2446:European Enterprise
2014:on 14 February 2017
1925:12 May 2012 at the
1755:, pp. 86, 100.
1218: /
860:free surface effect
789:Great Storm of 1987
693:In October 1987, a
594:Baudouin of Belgium
532:free surface effect
343:In the late 1970s,
136:Schichau Unterweser
2509:Free Enterprise VI
2495:Free Enterprise IV
2481:Free Enterprise II
2234:The London Gazette
2049:Text book for the
1710:on 28 October 2016
1666:. ClayMaitland.com
1652:, p. 114-116.
1228:51.374583; 3.19056
969:
927:Deadly Engineering
741:Smit International
737:
520:
3001:
3000:
2686:
2685:
2502:Free Enterprise V
2439:European Clearway
2313:978-0-7509-5736-6
2208:"Disaster Action"
2044:978-1-4729-2549-7
1989:978-1-931332-56-9
1893:Micke Asklander.
1778:The Blame Machine
1767:, pp. 137–8.
1597:The Blame Machine
1519:, p. 68, 71.
1505:The Blame Machine
1438:The Blame Machine
1396:The Blame Machine
1350:978-1-931332-22-4
1317:, pp. 11–12.
819:The capsizing of
707:Mr Justice Turner
658:In October 1983,
590:Margaret Thatcher
575:Wolfgang Schröder
477:port of Zeebrugge
345:Townsend Thoresen
310:Townsend Thoresen
303:port of Zeebrugge
289:
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94:Townsend Thoresen
16:(Redirected from
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988:Maurice de Rohan
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699:unlawful killing
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624:Court of Inquiry
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299:roll-on/roll-off
146:21 December 1979
114:Port of registry
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2474:Free Enterprise
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931:Science Channel
911:Nicholas Ridley
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844:"freeing flaps"
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779:, towed by the
749:Western Scheldt
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2188:. 6 March 2012
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897:charity record
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765:Flushing Range
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665:s sister ship
638:The design of
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1377:
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1328:
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899:of the song "
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586:Gabriele Wehr
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195:22 March 1988
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124:Saint Vincent
121:
118:
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48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2968:
2958:
2948:
2942:
2932:
2922:
2913:Daniel Boone
2912:
2902:Nordic Ferry
2901:
2880:
2869:
2864:
2853:
2844:
2833:
2821:
2812:
2801:
2789:
2780:
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2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2558:Nordic Ferry
2557:
2550:
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2536:
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2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
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2473:
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2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2404:Cerdic Ferry
2403:
2397:Baltic Ferry
2396:
2303:
2284:
2273:, retrieved
2255:
2232:
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2202:
2190:. Retrieved
2185:
2176:
2164:. Retrieved
2158:
2148:
2136:. Retrieved
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2111:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2085:The Guardian
2083:
2073:
2065:M/F Oleander
2064:
2058:
2034:
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
2012:the original
2007:
1998:
1979:
1973:
1960:
1948:. Retrieved
1945:Daily Mirror
1944:
1934:
1920:Gaelic Ferry
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1866:
1860:
1848:. Retrieved
1843:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1812:
1803:
1797:
1785:
1777:
1776:Wittingham,
1772:
1765:Yardley 2014
1760:
1753:Yardley 2014
1748:
1741:Yardley 2014
1736:
1721:
1719:
1712:. Retrieved
1705:the original
1700:
1696:
1687:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1657:
1650:Yardley 2014
1645:
1638:Yardley 2014
1633:
1622:
1610:Ghostarchive
1608:Archived at
1604:
1596:
1595:Wittingham,
1572:. Retrieved
1568:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:
1512:
1504:
1503:Wittingham,
1474:, p. 9.
1459:, p. 8.
1437:
1436:Wittingham,
1411:
1395:
1394:Wittingham,
1376:Yardley 2014
1371:
1364:Yardley 2014
1359:
1340:
1334:
1327:Yardley 2014
1322:
1315:Yardley 2014
1310:
1303:Yardley 2014
1290:, p. 6.
1288:Yardley 2014
1283:
1276:Yardley 2014
1271:
1266:, p. 1.
1259:
1210:51°22′28.5″N
1203:
1191:
1072:Belgian Navy
1060:
1032:(posthumous)
1030:George Medal
1022:
1005:
985:
970:
937:
935:
926:
924:
918:
915:
909:
890:
883:
873:
866:
864:
840:
826:
820:
818:
805:
796:
784:
776:
764:
738:
732:
692:
679:squat effect
676:
666:
659:
657:
651:
645:
639:
637:
633:
621:
600:
598:
585:
571:Belgian Navy
562:
556:
521:
505:
501:
493:
488:
484:
465:
463:
451:, Scotland.
434:
414:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
342:
334:
329:
307:
293:
291:
290:
78:
72:
41:
29:
2843:USCGC
2832:USCGC
2770:Comodoro Py
2544:Ionic Ferry
2425:Doric Ferry
2418:Doric Ferry
2229:"No. 51183"
1904:23 February
1844:Kent Online
1226: /
905:the Beatles
895:released a
745:parbuckling
607:hypothermia
578: [
441:Bremerhaven
122:Kingstown,
96:(1980–1987)
81:(1987–1988)
75:(1980–1987)
3014:1979 ships
3008:Categories
2923:Saint Eloi
2747:HMAS
2726:Shipwrecks
2614:Viking III
2117:13 January
2091:13 January
1790:Sheen 1987
1714:28 October
1697:Sidelights
1670:4 February
1517:Sheen 1987
1507:, p. 120–1
1489:Sheen 1987
1472:Sheen 1987
1457:Sheen 1987
1264:Sheen 1987
1246:References
1232: (
1169:MS Estonia
1085:Royal Navy
1063:passenger
785:Markusturm
753:Vlissingen
611:Royal Navy
460:Background
445:Cargospeed
425:wheelhouse
262:Propulsion
171:IMO number
151:In service
3069:Zeebrugge
2933:Bridgeton
2911:USS
2811:USS
2800:USS
2779:HMS
2736:USS
2670:Vortigern
2621:Viking IV
2607:Viking II
2411:Chantilly
2192:9 October
2008:Kent Live
1820:. ExpoNav
1804:The Times
1251:Citations
1213:3°11′26″E
1008:gallantry
901:Let It Be
893:Ferry Aid
852:freeboard
832:Stornoway
815:Long-term
769:Kaohsiung
757:Kingstown
723:Immediate
718:Aftermath
622:A public
548:capsizing
536:stability
510:Capsizing
496:boatswain
430:linkspans
326:boatswain
119:Dover, UK
2966:20 Dec:
2959:Bowbelle
2940:16 Oct:
2930:24 Jul:
2881:Doña Paz
2878:20 Dec:
2862:12 Dec:
2841:28 Nov:
2830:27 Nov:
2823:Iran Ajr
2820:26 Sep:
2798:17 Jul:
2788:16 Jul:
2781:Yarmouth
2777:16 Jun:
2766:15 Jun:
2738:Accokeek
2734:20 Feb:
2600:Viking I
2348:BBC News
2338:BBC News
2186:BBC News
1923:Archived
1780:, p. 119
1612:and the
1599:, p. 122
1540:BBC News
1440:, p. 120
1398:, p. 121
1192:Tricolor
1190:MV
1119:See also
1012:gazetted
865:Both of
795:, where
561:noticed
481:linkspan
472:and the
282:Capacity
221:7951.44
193:Scrapped
143:Launched
106:Operator
2956:5 Nov:
2943:Hengist
2920:1 May:
2909:7 Apr:
2899:4 Feb:
2852:5 Dec:
2802:Bausell
2756:6 Mar:
2745:4 Mar:
2551:Leopard
2275:31 July
2246:Sources
2213:7 March
2166:5 March
2138:7 March
2018:6 March
1878:7 March
1850:4 April
1824:6 March
1624:YouTube
1574:6 March
1545:6 March
1422:, p. 89
996:charity
827:Iolaire
695:coroner
689:Inquest
683:draught
602:The Sun
559:dredger
552:sandbar
474:Belgian
449:Glasgow
246:Draught
218:Tonnage
175:7820485
173::
132:Builder
50:History
2969:Vector
2871:Samson
2813:McKean
2530:Hellas
2432:Dragon
2310:
2291:
2266:
2041:
1986:
1950:30 May
1418:
1347:
1043:Purser
967:, Kent
952:
944:
777:Gaelic
773:Taiwan
485:Spirit
423:. The
369:, and
357:Spirit
353:Calais
318:Calais
297:was a
267:Sulzer
230:Length
2855:Cason
2834:Duane
2791:Havel
2749:Colac
2593:Tiger
2586:Syria
2260:(PDF)
1708:(PDF)
1693:(PDF)
1025:crew
903:" by
870:'
781:Dutch
663:'
582:]
566:'
528:knots
470:Dover
421:stern
349:Dover
314:Dover
285:1,400
274:Speed
88:Owner
2995:1988
2982:1986
2845:Bibb
2768:ARA
2308:ISBN
2289:ISBN
2277:2018
2264:ISBN
2215:2017
2194:2015
2168:2019
2140:2017
2119:2020
2093:2020
2039:ISBN
2020:2017
1984:ISBN
1952:2015
1906:2008
1880:2017
1852:2023
1826:2017
1716:2016
1672:2016
1576:2017
1547:2017
1416:ISBN
1345:ISBN
994:, a
950:ISBN
942:ISBN
825:HMY
791:off
783:tug
652:Hero
649:and
544:port
540:list
524:mole
419:and
316:and
265:3 x
238:Beam
211:RORO
181:Fate
162:1987
154:1980
67:Name
2051:RYA
956:).
731:MS
439:in
417:bow
292:MS
3010::
2946:,
2868:,
2231:.
2184:.
2157:.
2110:.
2082:.
2006:.
1943:.
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1842:.
1718:.
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1621:.
1616::
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1555:^
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1524:^
1496:^
1479:^
1464:^
1445:^
1427:^
1403:^
1383:^
1295:^
1018::
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922:.
907:.
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771:,
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714:.
580:de
447:,
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223:gt
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2336:(
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