341:. In this revised stern, a set of straight post timbers (also called "whiskers", "horn timbers", or "fan tail timbers") stretches from the keel diagonally aft and upward. It rests on the top of the sternpost and runs on either side of the rudder post (thus creating the "helm port" through which the rudder passes) to a point well above the vessel's waterline. Whereas the timbers of the transom stern all heeled on the wing transom, the timbers of the elliptical stern all heel on the whiskers, to which they are affixed at a 45° angle (i.e., "canted") when viewed from overhead and decrease in length as they are installed aft until the curvature is complete. The finished stern has a continuous curved edge around the outside and is raked aft.
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curve, and the counter reached from the sternpost all the way to the taffrail in a continuous arch. It was soon discovered that vessels with cruiser sterns experienced less water resistance when under way than those with elliptical sterns, and between World War I and World War II most merchant ship designs soon followed suit.
164:. But Seppings' design left the rudder head exposed, and was regarded by many as simply ugly—no American warships were designed with such sterns, and the round stern was quickly superseded by the elliptical stern. The United States began building the first elliptical stern warship in 1820, a decade before the British.
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and through the first eight decades of steamship construction (roughly 1840–1920). Despite the design's leaving the rudder exposed and vulnerable in combat situations, many counter-sterned warships survived both World Wars, and stylish high-end vessels sporting them were coming off the ways into the
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era, when wedding-cake-like structures became so heavy that crews sometimes threw the decoration overboard rather than be burdened with its useless weight. Until a new form of stern appeared in the 19th century, the transom stern was a floating house—and required just as many timbers, walls, windows,
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1. Keel (light peach) 2. Skeg (dark purple) 3. Deadwood (olive drab) 4. Stern post (forest green) 5. Filling chock (bright yellow) 6. Filling transoms (pale yellow-green) 7. Wing transom (turquoise) 8. Helm port (orange) 9. Counter timbers (pale violet) 10. Margin (indigo) 11. Horn timber (green) 12.
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stern is a kind of transom stern that is raked backwards (common on modern yachts, rare on vessels before the 20th century); the vertical transom stern or plumb stern is raked neither forward nor back, but falls directly from the taffrail down to the wing transom. The rocket ship stern is a term for
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became the first sailing ship to sport such a stern. Though a great improvement over the transom stern in terms of its vulnerability to attack when under fire, elliptical sterns still had obvious weaknesses which the next major stern development — the iron-hulled cruiser stern — addressed far better
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None of these three main types of stern has vanished from the modern naval architectural repertoire, and all three continue to be used in one form or another by designers for many uses. Variations on these basic designs have resulted in an outflow of "new" stern types and names, only some of which
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stern—became the next prominent development in ship stern design, particularly in warships of the earlier half of the 20th century. The intent of this re-design was to protect the steering gear by bringing it below the armor deck. The stern now came to a point rather than a flat panel or a gentle
491:
A lute stern is to be found on inshore craft on the Sussex, England, shore. It comprises a watertight transom with the topside planking extended aft to form a non-watertight counter which is boarded across the fashion timbers curving outward aft from the transom. Some working boats and modern
438:
stern. A double ended ship with a very narrow square counter formed from the bulwarks or upper deck above the head of the rudder is said to have a pink stern or pinky stern. The torpedo stern or torpedo-boat stern describes a kind of stern with a low rounded shape that is nearly flat at the
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counter. The lower counter stretches from directly above the wing transom to the lower counter rail, and the upper counter from the lower counter rail to the upper counter rail, immediately under the stern's lowest set of windows (which in naval parlance were called "lights").
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A bustle stern refers to any kind of stern (transom, elliptical, etc.) that has a large "bustle" or blister at the waterline below the stern to prevent the stern from "squatting" when getting underway. It only appears in sailboats, never in power-driven craft.
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refers to a
Bermudan boat with this form of counter, using the term "square tuck stern" to describe it. The term "tuck" is used in the northwest of England for this area of the hull at the sternpost, and for the bulkhead across the counter if one is fitted.
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stern, and were developed in that order. The hull sections of a sailing ship located before the stern were composed of a series of U-shaped rib-like frames set in a sloped or "cant" arrangement, with the last frame before the stern being called the
285:– that is, if the stern timbers end up producing a final transom that falls vertically to the water, this is considered a transom with no rake; if the stern timbers produce a stern with some degree of slope; such a stern is considered a raked stern.
227:– These timbers extend across the low parts of the hull near the rudder, and are secured (notched and/or bolted) to the sternpost. The transom located at the base of the stern, and the uppermost of the main transoms, was typically called the
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second, it can refer specifically to the flat or slightly curved surface that is the very back panel of a transom stern. In this sense, a transom stern is the product of the use of a series of transoms, and hence the two terms have blended.
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replicas have a similar form of counter, built to be water tight as described in the "transom stern" section above. These are being confused with lute sterns but as a lute is not watertight, a better term is needed. Chappelle in
117:, the foremost part of a ship. Originally, the term only referred to the aft port section of the ship, but eventually came to refer to the entire back of a vessel. The stern end of a ship is indicated with a white
261:) – These timbers are mounted vertically in a series; each timber typically rests or "steps" on the wing transom and then stretches out (aft) and upward. Those not reaching all the way to the
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Stern timbers (apricot) 13. Side-counter timbers (pale yellow) 14. Quarter-timbers (red) 15. Fashion timber (fuchsia) 16. Cant frames (blue) 17. Square body frames (uncolored)
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The stern of a traditional sailing ship housed the captain's quarters and became increasingly large and elaborate between the 15th and 18th centuries, especially in the
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Other names for the elliptical stern include a "counter stern", in reference to its very long counter, and a "cutaway stern". The elliptical stern began use during the
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Illustrations of several kinds of stern: Fig. 21 Fantail; Fig. 22 Transom; Fig. 23 "Compromise"; Fig. 24 "V" stern; Fig. 25 Round; Fig. 26 Torpedo; Fig. 27 Canoe
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In naval architecture, the term transom has two meanings. First, it can be any of the individual beams that run side-to-side or "athwart" the hull at any point
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and frames. The stern frame provided the foundational structure of the transom stern, and was composed of the sternpost, wing transom, and fashion piece.
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introduced the concept of a rounded stern. The square stern had been an easy target for enemy cannon, and could not support the weight of heavy stern
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waterline, but which then slopes upward in a conical fashion towards the deck (practical for small high-speed power boats with very shallow drafts).
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transoms. If the stern had transoms above the wing transom, they would no longer be affixed to the sternpost. The first of these might be called a
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As ships of wooden construction gave way to iron and steel, the cruiser stern—another design without transoms and known variously as the
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transom. The larger the vessel, the more numerous and wider the transoms required to support its stern.
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Abaft the fashion timber, the transom stern was composed of two different kinds of timbers:
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Sterns on
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transom; the principal transom below this and level with the lower deck was called the
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A Costanzi stern is a type of stern designed for use on ocean-going vessels. Its hard-
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American Small
Sailing Craft: Their Design, Development, and Construction
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design is a compromise between the 'spoon-shaped' stern usually found on
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The flat surface of any transom stern may begin either at or above the
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Whitney, William Dwight (1911), Smith, Benjamin E. (ed.),
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The reverse stern, reverse transom stern, sugar-scoop, or
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Report on the Ship-Building
Industry of the United States
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The elliptical stern of the metal-hulled three-masted
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The self-bailing transom stern of a modern fiberglass
301:; a large vessel may have two such counters, called a
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Detailed schematic of an elliptical or "fantail" stern
1065:, New York: WW Norton & Company, pp. 80–81,
895:. Naval History & Heritage Command. 17 March 2007
105:, technically defined as the area built up over the
947:Leitch, Albert Clark (1920). Victor W. Pagé (ed.).
920:(Second ed.), Woburn: Butterworth-Heinemannn,
754:, London: Navigation-Warehouse, pp. 120, 136,
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1006:Queen Mary 2: The Greatest Ocean Liner of our Time
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698:Falconer's New Universal Dictionary of the Marine
109:, extending upwards from the counter rail to the
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788:, Edinburgh: Published for author, p. 122,
914:Schneekluth, Herbert; Bertram, Volker (1998) ,
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502:widens from the waterline as it goes upwards.
235:transom; between these two were a series of
172:and with significantly different materials.
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700:, London: Chatham Publishing, p. 457,
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951:. New York: Norman W. Henley. p. 32.
893:"Glossary-"Counter" (or "Cutaway") Sterns"
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326:Diagram of a rounded stern as designed by
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337:'s rounded stern was soon rectified by
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917:Ship Design for Efficiency and Economy
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677:. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 59.
567:The transom stern of the 18th century
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973:The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
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727:, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press,
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1061:Chapelle, Howard Irving (1971) ,
785:A Treatise On Marine Architecture
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725:Sailing Warships of the U.S. Navy
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1008:. Bulfinch Press. p. 21.
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113:. The stern lies opposite the
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813:Mondfeld, Wolfram zu (2005),
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84:Sichem Princess Marie-Chantal
494:American Small Sailing Craft
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949:Motor Boats and Boat Motors
751:The Shipwright's vade-mecum
673:Estep, Harvey Cole (1918).
333:The visual unpopularity of
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782:Hedderwick, Peter (1830),
723:Canney, Donald L. (2001),
675:How Wooden Ships Are Built
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1063:Yacht Design and Planning
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247:transom; above that, the
243:transom; next up was the
569:Dutch East India Company
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31:latest accepted revision
1147:Apparent wind indicator
1030:Chapelle, Howard Irving
604:The transom stern of a
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508:and the ill-fated RMS
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56:Stern (disambiguation)
1448:Watercraft components
838:"Sir Robert Seppings"
748:Steel, David (1805),
609:Severn-class lifeboat
554:Jean BĂ©rain the Elder
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348:The counter stern of
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1438:Nautical terminology
1002:Maxtone-Graham, John
861:Hall, Henry (1884),
815:Historic Ship Models
434:an extremely angled
275:side-counter timbers
54:For other uses, see
426:are itemized here.
339:Sir William Symonds
328:Sir Robert Seppings
279:outer stern timbers
267:short stern timbers
158:Sir Robert Seppings
21:Page version status
500:The fantail stern
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1357:Ship's wheel
1222:Companionway
1116:sailing ship
1080:
1062:
1056:
1035:
1024:
1005:
996:
985:, retrieved
972:
965:
948:
942:
931:, retrieved
916:
909:
897:. Retrieved
887:
876:, retrieved
863:
856:
845:. Retrieved
841:
832:
814:
808:
797:, retrieved
784:
763:, retrieved
750:
724:
697:
691:
674:
650:Empire Sandy
649:
628:
624:full-rigged
573:
549:Soleil Royal
548:
520:
516:
509:
506:tea clippers
499:
493:
490:
486:Queen Mary 2
485:
468:
463:
457:Queen Mary 2
456:
448:ocean liners
441:
435:
430:
428:
424:
406:double-ended
405:
401:
397:
395:
385:Independence
384:
378:Constitution
377:
371:age of steam
364:
359:Independence
358:
352:Constitution
351:
332:
310:
306:
302:
298:
288:
278:
274:
270:
266:
259:stern frames
258:
254:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
211:
199:
167:
155:
150:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
123:
90:
88:
83:
60:
38:
29:This is the
23:
1342:Quarterdeck
1232:Daggerboard
1227:Crow's nest
1207:Centreboard
1177:Bow or prow
1127:Aftercastle
1114:Parts of a
842:HMS Unicorn
571:cargo ship
367:age of sail
265:are called
245:window sill
1432:Categories
1312:Orlop deck
1247:Forecastle
1242:Figurehead
1172:Boom brake
1162:Bilgeboard
1040:. Norton.
847:2020-03-16
658:References
626:tall ship
592:(Tirion28)
318:Elliptical
168:Brandywine
162:chase guns
134:elliptical
121:at night.
81:cargo ship
1412:Whipstaff
1382:Sternpost
1372:Starboard
1322:Poop deck
1317:Outrigger
1132:Afterdeck
957:314767880
794:220933246
733:201931743
683:561361622
574:Amsterdam
480:The hard-
470:Eugenio C
436:retroussé
431:retroussé
402:parabolic
295:archboard
291:waterline
249:spar deck
166:USS
107:sternpost
75:The flat
1392:Taffrail
1332:Porthole
1302:Leeboard
1277:Jackline
1182:Bowsprit
1152:Beakhead
1032:(1951).
1004:(2004).
873:11633113
760:34631820
646:schooner
523:ice horn
335:Seppings
263:taffrail
225:Transoms
142:merchant
111:taffrail
35:reviewed
1407:Transom
1282:Jibboom
1262:Gunwale
1257:Gangway
1217:Cockpit
1197:Cathead
1192:Capstan
982:1062940
933:23 July
899:24 July
799:29 July
765:23 July
544:transom
511:Titanic
464:Oceanic
400:stern,
392:Cruiser
299:counter
241:counter
237:filling
214:baroque
181:Transom
138:fantail
130:transom
77:transom
1397:Tiller
1387:Strake
1352:Rudder
1297:Kelson
1212:Chains
1137:Anchor
1069:
1044:
1012:
980:
955:
924:
871:
821:
792:
758:
731:
704:
681:
482:chines
444:chined
413:Others
307:second
126:square
1417:Winch
1252:Frame
1187:Cable
1167:Bitts
1157:Bilge
987:1 May
878:5 May
590:sloop
552:, by
398:canoe
311:upper
303:lower
202:abaft
176:Types
140:, or
91:stern
1367:Stem
1362:Skeg
1327:Port
1307:Mast
1287:Keel
1272:Hull
1267:Head
1237:Deck
1067:ISBN
1042:ISBN
1010:ISBN
989:2011
978:OCLC
953:OCLC
935:2011
922:ISBN
901:2011
880:2011
869:OCLC
819:ISBN
801:2011
790:OCLC
767:2011
756:OCLC
729:OCLC
702:ISBN
679:OCLC
622:The
467:and
381:and
283:rake
233:deck
229:wing
204:the
103:boat
99:ship
89:The
1402:Top
1347:Rib
521:An
462:SS
383:SS
376:SS
357:SS
350:SS
309:or
277:or
149:or
128:or
115:bow
101:or
95:aft
37:on
1434::
840:.
774:^
740:^
715:^
665:^
606:UK
514:.
388:.
136:,
33:,
1107:e
1100:t
1093:v
1050:.
1018:.
959:.
903:.
850:.
685:.
58:.
41:.
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